Separate-but-equal
De Facto Segregation
What was a doctrine supporting segregation
as long as equal facilities were provided?
What is Segregation by custom and tradition?
Sit-Ins
NAACP
What is a form of protest first used
by union workers in the 1930s?
Who challenged segregation
through the courts since 1909?
Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka
Montgomery Bus Boycott
When Linda Brown was denied admission to her school,
what case declared that segregation in the public school
as unconstitutional?
What event happened on the day Rosa Parks appeared in court,
and it was led by Martin Luther King Jr?
Racism
Southern Manifesto
What is prejudice or discrimination because of race?
What denounced the Supreme Court’s ruling as “clear abuse of
judicial power” and pledged to use “all lawful means” to reverse the decision?
African American Churches
Crisis in Little Rock, AR (1957)
What provided leadership and meeting places in the
South for the civil rights movement?
What pitted the National Guard vs the U.S. Army, challenging
st
the Constitution for the 1 time since the Civil War?
Inherently Unequal
Thurgood Marshall
“The true
miracle of the
Constitution
was not the
birth of the
Constitution,
but its life”
Who was a brilliant attorney that helped reverse Plessy vs Ferguson
and was an active voice for civil rights?
What did the decision by the Supreme Court in Brown vs
Board of Education Topeka rule about segregated schools?
Freedom Riders
John F. Kennedy
Who were black and whites that traveled to the South to draw
attention to the Southern refusal to integrate the bus terminals?
Who was reluctant to offend Southern members of Congress, responded slowly to
the growing violence in the South, and was preoccupied with foreign affairs?
Filibuster
Robert Kennedy
- John F Kennedy’s younger brother
- Ran the Justice Department
- tried to help African Americans
register to vote
- used his influence to get Dr. King
released from jail after a
demonstration in Georgia
What occurs when small group of senators take turns to speak and
refuse to stop a debate, not allowing a bill to come to a vote?
Who took legal action against Southern cities
that were maintaining segregated bus terminals?
Violence in the South
Civil Rights Act of 1964
“I draw a line in the
dust . . . and I say,
Segregation now!
Segregation tomorrow!
Segregation forever!”
George Wallace
Alabama’s Governor
What did President Kennedy use
as a platform to announce his civil rights bill?
Although many were skeptical that Lyndon B. Johnson would be supportive,
he knew how to build public support, put pressure on members of Congress, and
use the rules and procedures to pass what bill?
Civil Rights Act of 1964
James Meredith
The most comprehensive civil rights law Congress had ever
enacted. It gave the federal government broad power to prevent racial discrimination in a number
of areas.
- The law made segregation illegal in most places of public accommodation, and it gave
citizens of all races and nationalities equal access to such facilities as restaurants,
parks, libraries, and theaters.
- Applied for a transfer
on the very day JFK
was inaugurated
- 1962: tried to register
- Graduated the
following year
- The law gave the attorney general more power to bring lawsuits to force school
desegregation, and it required private employers to end discrimination in the workplace.
- Ross Barnett
(Mississippi Governor)
It also established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) as a
permanent agency in the federal government. This commission monitors the ban on job
discrimination by race, religion, gender, and national origin.
Who was blocked by the governor of Mississippi to attend the University of
Mississippi although he had a court order directing the university to register him?
- Air force veteran
Poll Taxes
Voting Rights Acts of 1965
What are fees paid in order to vote?
What authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners
to register qualified voters bypassing local officials?
Economic Problems
Watts Riots
What did African Americans focus on
after gaining civil and voting rights?
Kerner Commission
What led to burning and looting of entire neighborhoods
due to racial frustrations in Los Angeles?
Chicago Movement
- To study the causes of
urban riots and prevent
them from happening
again
- Blamed white society
and white racism for
inner city problems
What recommended creation of 2 million new jobs, 6 million
new housing units and fight against de facto segregation?
What was Dr. King’s civil rights campaign in the north
addressing economic concerns?
Black Power
Malcolm X
What term had many meanings signifying racial distinctiveness
and pride in the African American cultural group?
Who disagreed with Dr. King’s
passive protest tactics?
Nation of Islam
Black Panthers
- Most believed that
African Americans should
control the social, political,
and economic direction of
their struggle
- Labeled as “philosophy of
hopelessness and despair”
by Dr King
- Very popular idea in
poor urban neighborhoods
What group preached Black Nationalism and
complete separation of Black and Whites?
What militant group considered itself as heirs of Malcolm X?