The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
THE QUEST TO PUSH A HUMAN-POWERED BIKE TO
90 MPH
Click to Open Overlay Gallery
Aerovelo Engineer Todd Reichert and his team are on a mission to prove that human strength alone can propel
helicopters, planes---and maybe their 145 kph (90 mph) bicycle. Chris Crisman/WIRED UK
If Todd Reichert cannot regain control of his ultrafast bike, he will be cast at 75 mph into
the unforgiving rock and scrub that lies beside the highway in the Nevada desert.
http://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 1 of 11
The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
Reichert is familiar with extreme situations: the 32-year-old aerospace engineer and
athlete was co-designer and pilot of the first human-powered ornithopter—a craft that
flies by flapping its wings—to soar continuously, and the first ever human-powered
helicopter to become airborne. These remarkable feats have earned him hundreds of
thousands of dollars in prize money and the backing of Google. But today’s attempt to
break the world speed record for a human-powered vehicle is going seriously awry.
Reichert wouldn’t be the first man to perish in this dust-blown corner of northwest
Nevada’s rough sierras. At an elevation of more than 4,500 feet, the valleys burn
beneath treeless peaks. In the 19th century, California Trail pioneers succumbed to thirst
and disease here, or were shot by Native Americans. One such bloody skirmish gave a
name to the range and the small town that sits beneath it on Interstate 80: Battle
Mountain.
Until now, though, no one has contrived to perish in a fibreglass egg. It’s Saturday,
September 13, the last day of the World Human Powered Speed Challenge (WHPSC),
and the egg in question is the ultra-lightweight speed bike Eta. Before he got in,
Reichert, the joint leader of Canadian team AeroVelo, described Eta as “very, very fast—
it could be the fastest man-powered vehicle on Earth.” The claim is based on experience:
AeroVelo first competed at Battle Mountain in 2011 where the team set a new college
record of 116.9 kph (72.63 mph). The following year they entered Bluenose, a bike that
reached 125 kph (77.67 mph).
A few seconds ago, this ingenious machine was hurtling along a dead straight section of
Highway 305, but now it is swerving violently from right to left across the
Tarmac. Named after the Greek letter symbolising the efficiency of power supply, Eta
uses only four gears to transfer the energy produced by a human pedaling two 26-inch
wheels fitted with handmade tubular tires. The vehicle’s ovular appearance results from
its two-part fairing—a structure fitted in order to increase streamlining—that has been
designed using computational fluid dynamics to have 100 times less drag than modern
cars.
http://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 2 of 11
The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
The other 11 entrants in the challenge include near-professionals such as the
Netherlands’ Human Power Team, a joint effort by Amsterdam and Delft Universities,
and the amateur but manically enthusiastic Tetiva team from Russia. The young Dutch
team hold the current record of 133.8 kph (83.13 mph) set at Battle Mountain in 2013 by
Sebastian Bowier in Delft VeloX 3.
“Where else,” Reichert says on the eve of the team’s 1,677-mile drive from Ontario to
Nevada, “will you see 19-year-olds making history?”
But AeroVelo has a wider brief than world records. Established in 2010 by Toronto
University graduates Reichert, 32, and Cameron Robertson, 27, the team—from the
engineering and aerospace department—wants to demonstrate the potential of humanpowered vehicles in a world facing grave energy, transport and climate crises. Over the
past few years, Robertson, who is the calmer and more professorial of the two, and
Reichert, a fizzing cocktail of dash and intellectual curiosity, have established a
production cycle: in winter, with the help of aerospace department PhD Victor Ragusila,
they work on the design and planning of a project; in summer they take on a group of
engineering and aerospace students and set them the task of building the project from
scratch.
Many of the 2014 team—Trefor Evans, Sherry Shi, Calvin Moes, Marc Jutras, Thomas
Ulph, Peter Wen and Alex Selwa—have worked on previous AeroVelo projects. Although
Reichert will do most of the runs, Evans and Moes too will pilotEta; Reichert’s energies
must be rationed if he is going to surpass 133.8 kph. Privately the team are aiming for
140 kph (86.99 mph) and think that it may be possible to reach 145 kph (90 mph).
Reaching that speed would smash a record usually broken in tiny increments—in 2013
Bowier broke the previous one by less than a second.
Reichert and Robertson met playing rugby for Toronto University’s engineering
department and first worked together in 2006, when Reichert and the university’s
Human-Powered Vehicle Design Team attempted to build the first successful
ornithopter. Four years of development and several crashes brought them to their final
http://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 3 of 11
The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
prototype, Snowbird. Made from carbon fibre, balsa wood and foam, it was essentially
one very long wing (105 feet—a Boeing 737 has a 112-foot wingspan) attached to a pod in
which Reichert operates a customized rowing-machine mechanism. On August 2, 2010,
at Toronto’s Great Lakes Gliding Club, Snowbird flew for 9.3 seconds, at a height of 9
feet for a distance of 475 feet—a feat recognised by the Fédération Aéronautique
Internationale as the first man-powered ornithopter flight.
Click to Open Overlay Gallery
Todd Reichert (front) works on Eta’s main drive wheel. Cameron Robertson (second left) leads work on the bike’s
rear section. Chris Crisman/WIRED UK
It was an achievement that showcased Reichert and Robertson’s ambitions and sealed
their professional relationship. “In an engineering and design sense we kind of finish
each other’s sentences,” Robertson says at Battle Mountain civic center, the sports-hallhttp://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 4 of 11
The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
cum-cafeteria where the 12 teams are based for the duration of the challenge. Reichert
agrees: “By the end it was quite clear that he was my counterpart, the guy that makes
things happen. It was a huge four-year lesson in how to solve engineering problems. It
helped us to make innovative decisions when we went on to the helicopter.”
This helicopter is Atlas, a four-rotor craft powered by Reichert, this time on a bicycle.
The vehicle was responsible for AeroVelo winning a seemingly unachievable science and
engineering award—the AHS Sikorsky prize—in 2013. Established in 1980, it required
entrants to build a human-powered helicopter that could stay airborne for a minute and
reach an altitude of three meters while not straying from the confines of a 10-squaremeter box. The $250,000 prize had gone uncollected for 33 years. Atlas weighed 95
pounds: the rotors were made of foam, balsa wood and Mylar. The X-shaped machine
had a span of 160.1 feet along the length of each axis and was so large that practice
sessions and the attempt on the prize had to be made between matches at an indoor
football pitch outside Toronto.
In the run-up to their last attempt, Reichert crashed Atlas on to the pitch’s AstroTurf
twice—both times just as he reached three meters. The carbon-fibre rods in the rotor
arms were buckling under stress. So, with time running out, the team gambled on
shortening the lengths of the arms and risking the overlapping of rotor blades. The rods
held, the blades didn’t clash, and, with impatient footballers looking on, AeroVelo won
the prize on its 75th flight.
“So many people had said it was impossible,” Reichert says. “Someone did the math to
show that it can’t be done. It’s funny how easy it is to show that something’s impossible,
compared to how hard it is to make something that was thought impossible.”
Reichert sat upright in Atlas, suspended in a skein of lines, open to the air. In Eta he is
recumbent on his back in the carbon-fiber cockpit and completely encased in the fairing.
He sees the road ahead on a video screen mounted in the cockpit, which also displays a
read-out of his power and speed levels and projected levels. He steers with handlebars
that offer only 1.5 inches of grip and is so tightly encased in the fairing that after
http://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 5 of 11
The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
encountering bumps on the road he emerges with knees smeared with blood. The brakes
are directly behind his head and, when applied, throw his full weight on to the front
wheel.
The 4.97-mile run begins at a roadside loading yard where thousands of tons of gravel
await transportation, and culminates in a 656-foot speed trap where the vehicles trigger
a series of cameras allowing a mean speed to be calculated. The bikes then decelerate as
they cross a bridge—lined with heavy padding—over a dry creek. They enter a “catching
zone” where slowing vehicles are grabbed before they tumble over. The speed trap is
marked by orange flags and manned by judges sitting at a table erected in the scrub. The
strangeness of the scene is augmented by the presence of three large crows that,
throughout the week, habitually sit alongside the judges.
Highway 305 is the main route into Battle Mountain from the town of Austin to the
south. For the competition, the authorities have agreed to close it for 20 minutes twice a
day—in the early morning and just before sunset. Within these time slots the teams must
ensure the wind drops below 3.7 mph if they want their time to be legal, which can lead
to a frenetic atmosphere at the starting point. Among the Dutch team, a man on roller
skates holds the rear of the bike while another man on skates approaches him at speed.
They make contact and, with the first man holding the bike, they set off down the course
and release the vehicle. The Russians prefer a frantic ruck around their bike from which
it’s catapulted. The team runs behind its creation, shouting and driving pell-mell
through the other competitors, somehow leaving them unscathed. AeroVelo’s approach
is calm and simple: Evans pushes, Reichert pedals.
On the morning of AeroVelo’s record attempt, Robertson is sitting in the team’s chase
vehicle near the end of the course when Eta veers wildly, apparently suffering an
uncontrollable loss of steering. If the crows are hoping for roadkill, this could their
chance.
Thankfully, Reichert has the physical strength required to maintain Eta’s equilibrium:
his thigh muscles are immense outcrops, his arms powerful pistons. This is a man who
http://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 6 of 11
The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
took up speed skating on a whim after seeing it at the 2010 Winter Olympics and rose to
national competition level within a year. His warm-up demonstrates his physical
aptitude and mental focus: before each Eta run he completes a series of dance moves,
sprints, exercise-bike workouts and target visualisation.
Summoning all his strength, Reichert manages to control the machine and bring it into
the catching area. “It was going like a rocket up to 100 [kph],” he gasps as he’s released
by the waiting Shi and Ulph. “My cadence was just right and then something went
wrong.”
Reichert spends less than a minute sucking air into his lungs before he’s back on his feet.
It’s these physical reserves as much as his and Robertson’s intellectual muscle that are
key to AeroVelo’s success.
“I understand the human body as an engineering system,” Reichert says as we drive back
to the starting point. “So much of this is about how the human fits in a machine
comfortably. You need to be able to produce a lot of power, it needs to be stable and yet
you have to feel what you do. Of course, if I’d done anything wrong the whole thing
would have broken.”
http://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 7 of 11
The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
Click to Open Overlay Gallery
Todd Reichert is extracted from Eta in a Highway 305 catching zone following a practice run. Chris
Crisman/WIRED UK
Breakages are always a risk: the week in Battle Mountain had begun badly when Moes
slid the machine off the road at 62 mph. Fortunately he was unharmed and the
scratched fairing was no more than a filling and sanding job. On Wednesday morning
Reichert is working up to full power, posting 61.32 mph on his evening run. As he
applies the brakes he hears an ominous “twang”: the sound of spokes shattering. Other
teams use tri-spokes or disc wheels but AeroVelo, always looking to cut the bike’s
weight, gambled on faired spokes. It transpires that each of the front wheel spoke holes
is the wrong gauge and cannot take the pressure. They must be re-drilled.
http://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 8 of 11
The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
On Thursday—two days before the record attempt—Reichert’s best time is 62.94 mph.
Only six sessions remain to reach 86.99 mph, but there is no tension between the pair.
“We’ve never had any blow-ups,” Robertson says. “We keep cool. Todd has a lot of
physiological issues and I certainly get tired but our minds are always racing—thinking
or talking about the next thing.” On Friday morning more spokes explode and Eta leaves
the road. It’s a controlled exit, but it necessitates Robertson pulling the van to a halt and
the team rushing out to catch Eta before it tumbles into a bush. When he clambers out
Reichert has one word: “Spokes!”
AeroVelo’s helicopter—a four-month summer project that ended up taking 18 months—
serves as AeroVelo’s difficulty benchmark. “This is nearly as bad as the helicopter,” is
heard throughout the week. But the spoke incident provokes something new from a
team member: “This is harder than the helicopter.” Robertson looks up and says with a
finality that settles the issue: “This is not harder than the helicopter.” But the fear that
broken spokes could be the undoing of this attempt has entered the room.
The team sets about rebuilding the wheel in one day and the Friday evening run is fast.
Reichert makes 78.47 mph and he’s smiling when he extracts himself from the frame:
he’s getting closer. “I’m still not up to full power,” he says. “We can go quicker. We can
do it.”
The pressure to succeed and attract funding is not as intense as in previous years—
winning the AHS Sikorsky prize has led to a wealth of opportunities. The pair now give
talks and have begun to attract financial backing, with Google one of the team’s
sponsors. “It’s given us the freedom to expand—we have finally succeeded at making our
business model sustainable. The $250,000 AHS Sikorsky prize was effectively our
current budget. This will allow us to take things to the next level.”
The next level is another plane and another “unwinnable” prize: the £50,000 ($74,120)
Kremer International Marathon Competition. Launched in 1988, it requires a humanpowered aircraft to complete a course with two turning points “not less than 4,051
meters [2.5 miles] apart,” including take off and landing, in under an hour. “No one has
http://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 9 of 11
The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
come close to getting it,” says Reichert. “It’s theoretically impossible. It’s perfect.”
AeroVelo’s plan features a key conceptual shift. “The big difference to previous
attempts,” says Robertson, “is that instead of a single pilot, we have multiple pilots
spread along the span of the aircraft, so the flight speed goes up without a substantial
increase in the power required from each pilot. There’s a lot of difficulty in this solution,
certainly in terms of how flexible the aircraft will be and having that many fit pilots—but
it’s a simple but novel approach. Again, people say it’s impossible, but if you say that you
really should qualify it. Maybe it isn’t possible in a single piloted aircraft with current
technology, but our preliminary calculations show that it can be done. When people say
it’s not possible, it’s because they haven’t thought about how to make it possible. And
that’s our business. Making the impossible happen is what we do.”
Saturday comes around, the day of AeroVelo’s attempt at breaking the speed record. The
team drives out to the track before dawn. The three crows stand by the roadside,
greeting the Sun with a cacophony of squawks. Then, in a flash, a coyote comes out of
the bush and takes one by the throat. It’s not yet fully light and the day has its first
casualty. Will it be the only one? Will those spokes hold?
Three hours later all questions have been answered. After Reichert’s near-disastrous
wobble, the team gather around a long table at the civic centre. Three front-wheel spokes
are broken and it is clear AeroVelo is facing a mission-ending problem. Robertson,
wearing a faded blue boiler suit dotted with Manchester United and Nasa badges,
sketches out the problem, as engineers do. Reichert, still wearing sweat-stained racing
Lycra, addresses the team. For once, his indomitable confidence is dented: “It doesn’t
look good, but I don’t want to stop because there was an idea that we didn’t look at
properly. So what have we got?”
Team members throw solutions at Reichert. Each, in turn, is shot down. “Find new
rims?” The nearest bike shops are in Reno, more than 200 miles away. “Build a new disc
wheel out of carbon fibre?” There isn’t enough time. “Borrow some other wheels?” None
of the other teams has any that will fit Eta.
http://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 10 of 11
The Quest to Push a Human-Powered Bike to 90 MPH | WIRED
4/4/15, 5:37 AM
“What if we just rig up the wheel with spokes and give it one more go?” Eventually
Reichert submits to reality. “There are a lot of problems with these solutions. If
everything goes perfectly we might inch out the record, but I might crash and die.”
Gravely, he looks around the table: “It’s not worth it.”
Despite the disappointment, all is not lost: the AeroVelo bid was always about more than
just breaking a record. “It’s about sharing the information and putting it out there,” says
Reichert. “The ornithopter, the helicopter, the bike—none of them are going to be
practical forms of transportation, it’s just not what they’re for. But the technology in this
bike means it could cross North America on less than a quarter of a tank of petrol if it
had a small engine. It’s not just 10 percent more efficient. It is more than that.”
With such a mission, relationships with headline sponsors such as Google to nurse and a
new flight prize to chase, will AeroVelo be coming to Battle Mountain next year? The
answer is a resounding yes.
“This bike is going to be the fastest next year. We haven’t even hit full power yet. This …
” Reichert says, the fire back in his eyes, ” … is way better than the helicopter.”
Michael Hodges is an award-winning author and journalist. He wrote about Global
Witness in WIRED UK issue 08.14. This article was republished from the February
2015 issue of WIRED magazine.
http://www.wired.com/2015/04/human-powered-machines/
Page 11 of 11