State Commitee on Statistics
Republic of Tajikistan
Tajikistan
Living Standards Measurement Survey
2007
Indicators at a Glance
State Commitee on Statistics
Republic of Tajikistan
Tajikistan
Living Standards Measurement Survey
2007
Indicators at a Glance
Dushanbe 2009
Foreword
Improving living standards in Tajikistan represents a serious challenge facing both national policymakers
and international development partners. Poverty is a complex, multi-dimensional condition, particularly
for children and women, and – as borne out by this report – relative levels of well-being vary considerably
by rural or urban location, oblast (region), gender, education or age of household head, and other factors.
The Tajikistan Living Standards Survey 2007 (TLSS 2007) is the third in a series designed to provide inclusive information on the distribution of well-being in the country, indicating the direction and magnitude of
changes since the last survey in 2003. In turn, it can serve as a powerful tool to assist greatly in designing
a comprehensive, inclusive pro-poor agenda for development and, in particular, for meeting the National
Development Strategy objectives and Millennium Development Goals by 2015.
Particular acknowledgement must be given to the State Committee on Statistics (SCS) of the Republic of
Tajikistan for its quality job of collecting data for the TLSS 2007. Mirgant Shabozov, SCS Chairman; Bakhtiya
Muhammadieva, First Deputy Chairman of SCS; Barot Turaev, SCS; and Elena Kislitsina, SCS all deserve special thanks for their contributions to the preparation of this report as well as for their valuable comments.
Overall, this report was prepared by United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) consultants Yeva Gulnazaryan and Sasun Tsirunyan, with contributions and technical support from UNICEF and World Bank experts.
Additional support was received from Hongwei Gao, UNICEF Country Representative in Tajikistan, Farhod
Khamidov, UNICEF Monitoring and Evaluation Officer; Oleksiy Ivaschenko, World Bank Economist; Diane
Steele, World Bank Household Survey Coordinator; and Vladimir Kolchin, World Bank Consultant.
The survey itself was funded by the kind generosity of the World Bank, UNICEF, the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
Living standards surveys offer answers to some of the most important development questions: Who is
poor, who is rich, and why? For how many years do parents send their children to school? Is children’s
health being adequately supported? These answers can be used to help shape new sound policies that
profoundly affect the people of Tajikistan. UNICEF hopes that through wide dissemination and use of the
TLSS 2007, including an upcoming analytical report, the Government of Tajikistan will further strengthen a
culture of evidence-based policy and decision making, and in so doing will enhance effective targeting of
public investments for women and children.
Links
www.tojikinfo.tj
www.worldbank.org/lsms
Design
Mikhail Romanyuk
The opinions expressed in the report are those of the author and do not necessary
reflect the positions, policies and views of UNICEF
Acronyms
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
CEE/CIS
Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
DFID
United Kingdom Department for International Development
DRD
Direct Ruled Districts
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organisation
GBAO
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
HFIAS
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale
HH
Household
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IUD
Intrauterine Device
LSMS
Living Standards Measurement Survey
MDGs
Millennium Development Goals
MICS
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
NCHS
National Centre for Health Statistics
NCHS
National Centre for Health Statistics
NDS
National Development Strategy
OPV
Oral polio Vaccine
ppm
Part per million
PPP
Purchasing Power Parity
PRS
Poverty Reduction Strategy
SCS
State Committee on Statistics
TLSS
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey
UNICEF
United Nations Children’s Fund
WHO
World Health Organisation
4
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Contents
Introduction.......................................................................................................... 8
Summary Table of Findings................................................................................. 10
1. Characteristics of households and population...................................... 12
2. POVERTY................................................................................................................. 24
2.1. Poverty Profile.......................................................................................................24
2.2. Poverty Dynamics.................................................................................................28
3. NUTRITIONAL STATUS . .......................................................................................... 32
3.1. Child nutrition and composition of food for poor children...................................32
3.2. Iodized salt............................................................................................................ 40
4. IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE AND VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION...................... 45
5. SOLID FUEL USE: CHILDREN ARE VULNERABLE . ................................................... 48
6. ACCESS TO SAFE WATER AND IMPROVED SANITATION......................................... 51
7. Child mortality.................................................................................................. 60
8. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND MATERNAL AND NEWBORN CARE......................... 62
9. EDUCATION............................................................................................................. 68
9.1. Preschool education . ...........................................................................................68
9.2. School education...................................................................................................75
9.3. Literacy.................................................................................................................. 83
9.4. Education level......................................................................................................85
10. EARLY MARRIAGE.................................................................................................. 88
11. KNOWLEDGE ON HIV AND AIDS .......................................................................... 89
12. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES......................................................................................... 97
12.1. Economic activities during last 14 days............................................................... 97
12.2. Household activities of women.......................................................................... 101
13. UTILITIES............................................................................................................... 104
14. DURABLE GOODS.................................................................................................. 121
15. AGRICULTURAL ASSETS ...................................................................................... 130
15.1. Land.................................................................................................................... 130
15.2. Livestock............................................................................................................. 134
15.3. Farm Equipment..................................................................................................138
Appendix A: Brief technical information on Tajikistan Living
Standards Survey 2007.......................................................................................... 142
Appendix B: Additional notes on TLSS 2007 Data............................................. 145
Appendix C: TLSS Indicators: Numerators and Denominators................... 146
Figures
Figures
Figure 1. Age and sex distribution of household population, Tajikistan.......................................................... 12
Figure 2. Distribution of households and population in Tajikistan based on TLSS 2007.................................. 13
Figure 3. Household size.................................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 4. Proportion of population living below absolute poverty line........................................................... 24
Figure 5. Proportion of population living below absolute poverty line, rural and urban ............................... 25
Figure 6. Proportion of population living below absolute line, children and adults........................................ 26
Figure 7. Child poverty by location.................................................................................................................. 26
Figure 8. Child poverty by household head education.................................................................................... 27
Figure 9. Poverty by household head’s status of employment........................................................................ 27
Figure 10. Poverty by household’s status for migration abroad...................................................................... 27
Figure 11. Poverty by household head’s education level................................................................................ 28
Figure 12. Changes in the Poverty Headcount (PPP US$2.15 poverty line), 2003-2007................................. 28
Figure 13. Changes in the poverty headcount (absolute poverty line), 2003-2007........................................ 29
Figure 14. Changes in the poverty headcount (absolute poverty line), 2003-2007........................................ 29
Figure 15. The composition of food of poor children (calories).................................................................... 32
Figure 16. Food shortages by months, children and adults ........................................................................... 33
Figure 17. Underweight prevalence of children under-5................................................................................ 33
Figure 18. Wasting prevalence of children under-5 5...................................................................................... 34
Figure 19. Stunting prevalence of children under-5........................................................................................ 34
Figure 20. Consumption of iodized salt........................................................................................................... 40
Figure 21. Immunization coverage and trend6................................................................................................ 46
Figure 22. Use of solid fuel, by fuel type......................................................................................................... 48
Figure 23. Comparison of households with and without children using solid fuels ....................................... 48
Figure 24. Quality of drinking water............................................................................................................... 51
Figure 25. Water Treatment Methods............................................................................................................. 52
Figure 26. Use of improved sanitation facilities............................................................................................. 52
Figure 27. Infant and under-5 mortality trends............................................................................................... 60
Figure 28. Main reasons for not attending preschool in last academic year.................................................. 68
Figure 29. Type of preschool attended............................................................................................................ 69
5
6
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Tables
Table 1: Characteristics of households........................................................................................................... 14
Table 2: Characteristics of household heads................................................................................................... 15
Table 3: Characteristics of population............................................................................................................. 16
Table 4: Characteristics of population aged 15+ . ........................................................................................... 18
Table 5: Characteristics of females aged 15-49 .............................................................................................. 20
Table 6: Characteristics of children under-5.................................................................................................... 22
Table 7: Characteristics of children aged 0-8 .................................................................................................. 23
Table 8: Poverty headcount, gap and severity, by household characteristics................................................. 30
Table 9: Underweight prevalence . ................................................................................................................. 35
Table 10: Wasting prevalence.......................................................................................................................... 36
Table 11: Stunting prevalence ........................................................................................................................ 37
Table 12: Initiation of breastfeeding within 1 day of birth.............................................................................. 38
Table 13: Continued breastfeeding rate (at 12-23 months) . .......................................................................... 39
Table 14: Iodized salt consumption (percent of households).......................................................................... 41
Table 15: Iodized salt consumption (15 ppm and more), by location type and region................................... 42
Table 16: Iodized salt consumption (percent of population)........................................................................... 43
Table 17: Iodized salt consumption (15 ppm and more), by location type and region................................... 44
Table 18: Vitamin A supplementation............................................................................................................. 45
Table 19: Tuberculosis, polio and measles immunization coverage................................................................ 47
Table 20: Solid fuels use for heating (percent of population) . ....................................................................... 49
Table 21: Solid fuel use for heating, by location type and region (percent of population)............................. 50
Table 22: Use of improved drinking water sources (percent of population)................................................... 53
Table 23: Use of improved drinking water sources, by location type and region (percent of population)..... 54
Table 24: Use of methods of water treatment (percent of population) ......................................................... 55
Table 25: Use of methods of water treatment, by location type and region (percent of population)............ 56
Table 26: Use of improved sanitation facilities (percent of population)......................................................... 57
Table 27: Use of improved sanitation facilities, by location type and region (percent of population)............ 58
Table 28: Use of improved sanitation facilities, by location type and region (percent of population)............ 59
Table 29: Infant mortality and under-5 mortality rates7................................................................................. 60
Table 30: Contraceptive prevalence................................................................................................................ 62
Table 31: Percent of women aged 15-49 currently married or in union who are using any contraceptive
method, by location type and region.............................................................................................................. 64
Table 32: Antenatal care ................................................................................................................................. 65
Table 33: Skilled attendant at delivery............................................................................................................ 66
Table 34: Institutional deliveries . ................................................................................................................... 67
Table 35: Preschool attendance for last academic year ................................................................................. 69
Table 36: Main reasons for not attending preschool in last academic year (for children 3-5 years old)......... 71
Table 37: Type of preschool for last academic year......................................................................................... 73
Table 38: Average monthly payment (in somoni) for preschool in last academic year .................................. 74
Table 39: Net primary education intake rate (for last academic year) . ......................................................... 75
Table 40: Net primary school attendance rate (for last academic year).......................................................... 76
Table 41: Net basic school attendance rate (for last academic year).............................................................. 77
Table 42: Net secondary school attendance rate (for last academic year) ..................................................... 78
Table 43: Net basic and secondary school (grades 5-11) attendance rate for last academic year.................. 79
Table 44: Gender parity index (primary and basic education) for last academic year . ................................. 80
Table 45: Overall school attendance for last academic year........................................................................... 81
Table 46: Hot meals in grades 1 and 2 for last academic year......................................................................... 82
Table 47: Literacy rate for women aged 15-24 .............................................................................................. 83
Table 48: Adult literacy rate for people aged 15+ . ........................................................................................ 84
Table 49: Education level of adults aged 15+ ................................................................................................. 85
Table 50: Education level of adult men aged 15+ ........................................................................................... 86
Table 51: Education level of adult women aged 15+....................................................................................... 87
Table 52: Proportion of young women aged 15-19 currently married or in union.......................................... 88
Table 53: Proportion of people aged 15-49 with knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention.................................... 89
Tables
Table 54: Proportion of men aged 15-49 with knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention........................................ 91
Table 55: Proportion of women aged 15-49 with knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention................................... 93
Table 56: Agreement with some statements about HIV/AIDS among people aged 15-49.............................. 95
Table 57: Share of economically active population among people aged 14-64.............................................. 97
Table 58: Share of economically active population among men aged 14-64.................................................. 98
Table 59: Share of economically active population among women aged 14-64............................................. 99
Table 60: Share of women in economically active population aged 14-64 .................................................... 100
Table 62: Average time spent by women aged 15-49 in household activities (hours per week)..................... 101
Table 63: Average time spent by women aged 15-49 years in household activities (hours per week)........... 103
Table 64: Density of telephone subscribers (percent of households)............................................................. 104
Table 65: Density of telephone subscribers (percent of population).............................................................. 106
Table 66: Density of mobile phone subscribers (percent of households)....................................................... 107
Table 67: Density of mobile phone subscribers (percent of population)........................................................ 108
Table 68: Percent of households obtaining gas through gas pipeline . ........................................................... 109
Table 69: Percent of population obtaining gas through gas pipeline.............................................................. 110
Table 70: Percent of households having electricity meter.............................................................................. 111
Table 71: Percent of population having an electricity meter . ........................................................................ 112
Table 72: Percent of households using generator as alternative energy source ............................................ 113
Table 73: Percent of population using generator as alternative energy source.............................................. 114
Table 74: Central heating in dwelling (percent of households)....................................................................... 115
Table 75: Central heating in dwelling (percent of population)........................................................................ 116
Table 76: Percent of households using urban/rural plumbing as water source.............................................. 117
Table 77: Percent of population using urban/rural plumbing as water source............................................... 118
Table 78: Percent of households connected to central sewage system.......................................................... 119
Table 79: Percent of population connected to central sewage system........................................................... 120
Table 80: Possession of durable goods............................................................................................................ 121
Table 81: Possession of durable goods (percent of households)..................................................................... 122
Table 82: Possession of durable goods (percent of households) (continued)................................................. 123
Table 83: Possession of durable goods (percent of households) (continued)................................................. 124
Table 84: Possession of durable goods (percent of households) (continued)................................................. 125
Table 85: Average numbers of durable goods (per 1000 households)............................................................ 126
Table 86: Average numbers of durable goods (per 1000 households) (continued)......................................... 127
Table 87: Average numbers of durable goods (per 1000 households) (continued)......................................... 128
Table 88: Average numbers of durable goods (per 1000 households) (continued)......................................... 129
Table 89: Possession of Land........................................................................................................................... 130
Table 90: Average land area (sotka per household)........................................................................................ 131
Table 91: Possession of land in rural area....................................................................................................... 132
Table 92: Average land area in rural area (sotka per household).................................................................... 133
Table 93: Possession of livestock (percent of households).............................................................................. 134
Table 94: Average number of livestock (per 1000 households)....................................................................... 135
Table 95: Possession of livestock in rural areas (percent of households)........................................................ 136
Table 96: Average number of livestock in rural areas (per 1000 households)................................................. 137
Table 97: Possession of farm equipment (percent of households)................................................................. 138
Table 98: Possession of farm equipment (percent of households) (continued).............................................. 138
Table 99: Average numbers of farm equipment (per 1000 households)......................................................... 139
Table 100: Average numbers of farm equipment (per 1000 households) (continued)................................... 139
Table 101: Possession of farm equipment in rural areas (percent of households).......................................... 140
Table 102: Possession of farm equipment in rural areas (percent of households) (continued)...................... 140
Table 103: Average numbers of farm equipment in rural areas (per 1000 households)................................. 141
Table 104: Average numbers of farm equipment in rural areas (per 1000 households) (continued)............. 141
7
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
8
Introduction
The Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey (TLSS) 2007 was implemented by the State Committee on Statistics (SCS) in the last quarter of 2007, with technical and financial support from World
Bank, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
The key objective of TLSS 2007 is to support the Government of Tajikistan in monitoring the progress
of national strategies such as the National Development Strategy (NDS), Poverty Reduction Strategy
(PRS), as well progress toward achieving the global Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). TLSS also
update Tajikistan living standard results with regard to, among others, poverty, dwelling and social assistance, as well as expenditures on labour, agriculture, health and education, migration, food security and consumption, and water and sanitation.
The TLSS 2007 was designed and implemented on an accelerated schedule. Design of the questionnaires and preparations for field work took place during July-August 2007, followed by data collection
in two stages, during Ramadan in September-October 2007 and during October-November 2007.
Three questionnaires were used to collect information for the TLSS07: a household questionnaire,
a female questionnaire and a community questionnaire. These questionnaires were based on TLSS
questionnaires used in 2003, with additional modules taken from MICS 2005.
The TLSS 2007 sample was designed to allow reliable estimation of poverty and most of a variety of
socioeconomic and other living standard indicators at national and sub-national (oblast) levels, further stratified by location, gender, education and gender of household head, and age. In total, 4,860
households across the country were visited for data gathering.
This publication presents major socioeconomic findings in tables, graphs and maps. More in-depth
analysis is provided in the forthcoming Poverty Assessment Report, to be launched by World Bank.
The TLSS data set is thus not limited to the findings presented in this publication.
How to obtain copies of the documentation and data
Copies of the documentation, questionnaires, methodology and technical report, as well as the database for the Tajikistan Living Standards Survey 2007, can be downloaded from the website http://
www. tojikinfo.tj and obtained free of charge through the office of the State Committee on Statistics
of the Republic of Tajikistan from the address below:
State Committee on Statistics
Department for Prices and Tariffs, Registration, Personal Sector Indexing and
Household Surveys
17, Bokhtar Street, 9th floor, Dushanbe
Tel: +992 37 2275628, Fax: +992 37 2214375
e-mail: [email protected]
Copies also can be downloaded from the Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) website:
http://www.worldbank.org/lsms or obtained by mail through the LSMS Office (see address below).
Introduction
9
It is recommended that individuals interested in using the data for analyses read the documentation
before requesting copies to ensure that the data will be useful for their analyses.
LSMS Database Manager
Development Research Group
The World Bank
1818 H Street, NW
MSN MC3-306
Washington, DC 20433
Tel: (202) 473-9041
Fax: (202) 522-1153
e-mail: [email protected]
Documents Available:
Questionnaires used in the first round:
• Household Questionnaire – Tajik, Russian, English
• Female Questionnaire – Tajik, Russian, English
• Community Questionnaire – Tajik, Russian, English
Questionnaires use in the second round:
• Household Questionnaire – Tajik, Russian, English
• Female Questionnaire – Tajik, Russian, English
Questionnaires use for re-Interviews (in Sughd oblast):
• Household Questionnaire – Tajik, Russian, English
• Female Questionnaire – Tajik, Russian, English
Interviewer Manual – Tajik, Russian, English:
Supervisor Manual – Russian, English
Basic Information Document – Russian, English
10
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Summary Table of Findings
Topic
Poverty
PPP US$2.15 poverty line
Absolute poverty line
Nutrition
Nutritional status
Breastfeeding
Salt iodization
Food security
Vitamin A
Meals at school
Health
Maternal and newborn
health
Immunisation
Solid fuel use
Education
Education
Education level
Indicator
Value
Unit
Poverty headcount
Poverty headcount
Child poverty (0-14 years)
Adult poverty (15 + years)
Extreme poverty headcount (absolute poverty line)
Child poverty (0-14 years of age)
Adult poverty (15 + years of age)
40.9
53.5
57.6
51.3
17.1
19.2
15.9
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Underweight prevalence (WHO)
Underweight prevalence (NCHS)
Stunting prevalence (WHO)
Stunting prevalence (NCHS)
Wasting prevalence (WHO)
Wasting prevalence (NCHS)
Initiation of breastfeeding within 1 day of birth
Continued breastfeeding rate (for age 12-23 months)
Iodized salt consumption (households)
Iodized salt consumption (population)
Self-reported food insecure
Vitamin A supplementation
Hot meals in the primary grades 1 and 2
15.0
17.6
39.2
33.9
6.7
5.3
85.7
53.4
49.0
46.0
24
64.8
29.1
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Contraceptive prevalence
Antenatal care
Skilled attendant at delivery
Institutional deliveries
Tuberculosis immunization coverage
Polio immunization coverage (OPV1)
Polio immunization coverage (OPV2)
Polio immunization coverage (OPV3)
Measles immunization coverage
Solid fuels
37.1
88.8
88.4
73.3
87.5
83.3
65.4
50.3
57.3
80.6
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Preschool attendance
Net primary education intake rate
Net primary education (grades 1-4) attendance rate
Net basic education (grades 5-9) attendance rate
Net basic & secondary education (grades 5-11)
attendance rate
Gender parity index in primary education
Gender parity index in basic education
Adult literacy rate for people aged 15+ years
Education level of people aged 15+ years
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
College/technical
Higher
8.7
61.4
97.3
87.0
76.1
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
0.98
0.93
97.4
0.7
8.7
22.1
48.7
11.0
8.8
Ratio
Ratio
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
8.5
Percent
Early marriage
Young women aged 15-19 currently married/in union
Summary Table of Findings
Topic
HIV/AIDs
HIV/AIDs knowledge
Indicator
Population aged 15-49 knowing 3 main methods of
preventing HIV/AIDS transmission
Male
Female
Economically active population
Economic activities
Share of economically active population among people
aged 14-64
Male
Female
Economically active women Share of women in the economically active population
aged 14-64
Household activities of
Average time spent by women aged 15-49 in
women
household activities (hours/week)
Utilities
Phone
Households with telephone line inside dwellings
Population of households with a telephone line inside
dwellings
Households with a mobile phone
Population of households with a mobile phone
Gas pipeline
Households that obtain gas through gas pipeline
Population of households that obtain gas through gas
pipeline
Electricity
Households with an electricity meter
Households with generator as alternative energy
source
Central heating
Households with central heating of dwelling
Population with access to central heating
Water system
Households that use urban/rural plumbing as a water
source
Population of households that use urban/rural
plumbing as a water source
Sewage system
Households connected to central sewage system
Population of households connected to central sewage
system
Agricultural Assets: Land
Possession of own land
Possession of own land
Average owned land area
11
Value
Unit
17.5
Percent
19.0
16.2
Percent
Percent
43.8
Percent
58.1
31.1
37.6
Percent
Percent
Percent
32.1
Percent
21.0
17.8
Percent
Percent
39.9
41.3
22.3
18.2
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
96.38
1.55
Percent
Percent
6.8
5.0
43.8
Percent
Percent
Percent
39.3
Percent
18.9
13.2
Percent
Percent
66.2
Percent of
households
Percent of
households
Sotka2 per
household
Sotka per
household
Possession of own land in rural areas
86.4
Own land area
14.1
Own land area used for farming
13.9
Share of households with any livestock
51.8
Livestock
1
1 sotka = 0.01 ha = 100m2
Percent
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
12
1. Characteristics of households and population
Figure 1. Age and sex MALE
distribution of household population, Tajikistan
FEMALE
100
100
95
95
90
90
85
85
80
80
75
75
70
70
65
65
60
60
55
55
50
50
45
45
40
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
120
100
80
60
thousands
40
20
0
Frequency
20
40
60
80
thousands
100
120
Age
105
Age
105
1. Characteristics of households and population
13
Figure 2. Distribution of households and population in Tajikistan based on TLSS 2007
Distribution of:
Households
Population
100%
100%
32.2%
26.3%
67.8%
73.7%
12.6%
9.4%
19.7%
16.9%
67.8%
73.7%
12.6%
9.4%
32.5%
29.7%
31.5%
35.7%
19.7%
22.2%
3.8%
3.1%
80.7%
48.6%
51.4%
19.3%2
Description Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Gender
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
Count of:
Households
Population
1117949
7063800
360340
1857700
757608
5206100
140323
660900
220018
1196800
757608
5206100
140323
660900
363098
2095700
351843
2519600
220485
1567200
42200
220400
901760
3436289
216188
3627511
Figure 3. Household size
8
7
6.9
7.2
6.9
7.1
6.3
6
5.8
5.4
5.2
5.2
4.7
5
4.7
4
3
2
1
Location type
Location type
GBAO
DRD
Khatlon
Sughd
Dushanbe
Rural
Other
urban
Dushanbe
Rural
Urban
Tajikistan
0
Oblast (region)
chapter
1
2
Gender for households refers to household head
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Household size
1 person
2-3
people
4-5
people
6-7
people
8-9
people
10+
Number of
0
children aged 0-5 1
2
3
4+
Number of
0
children aged 0-17 1
2
3
4+
Number of elderly 0
aged 65+
1
2+
Employment ratio 0
(0) - 0.2
(0.2) - 0.5
(0.5) - 1
Ratio of migrants 0
(0) - 0.2
(0.2) - 1
Total
Oblast (region)
Description
Number of
households
1117949
140323
363098
351843
220485
42200
29656
118485
311846
355740
170724
131498
551654
307253
173137
63664
22241
129334
153650
234886
237065
363013
858839
195819
63291
132804
333473
542360
109312
847440
166358
104151
Percent of
households
100%
12.6%
32.5%
31.5%
19.7%
3.8%
2.7%
10.6%
27.9%
31.8%
15.3%
11.8%
49.3%
27.5%
15.5%
5.7%
2.0%
11.6%
13.7%
21.0%
21.2%
32.5%
76.8%
17.5%
5.7%
11.9%
29.8%
48.5%
9.8%
75.8%
14.9%
9.3%
Table 1: Characteristics of households
5.7%
56.0%
26.4%
12.4%
3.9%
1.4%
19.3%
17.3%
22.5%
19.9%
21.0%
83.0%
13.7%
3.3%
16.1%
27.7%
46.4%
9.8%
83.6%
9.3%
7.1%
8.2%
14.6%
46.2%
28.0%
17.0%
6.6%
2.3%
7.9%
12.0%
20.3%
21.8%
37.9%
73.9%
19.3%
6.8%
9.9%
30.8%
49.5%
9.8%
72.1%
17.5%
10.4%
18.6%
25.3% 34.9%
35.5% 24.3%
3.3%
57.5%
24.7%
13.5%
3.4%
1.0%
23.2%
16.5%
22.1%
20.2%
18.0%
85.3%
12.0%
2.7%
18.7%
28.7%
43.8%
8.8%
85.9%
6.9%
7.2%
4.8%
24.2%
38.7%
7.2%
55.0%
27.5%
11.7%
4.2%
1.7%
16.7%
17.8%
22.8%
19.8%
22.9%
81.6%
14.8%
3.7%
14.4%
27.1%
48.1%
10.4%
82.1%
10.8%
7.1%
10.3%
25.9%
33.5%
Location type
Location type
Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban
100% 100%
100%
100%
38.9% 31.7% 32.9%
18.9% 37.4%
8.8% 24.9%
1.6% 4.8%
6.2% 1.0%
6.9%
5.7%
19.2% 6.5%
22.0%
17.3%
14.6%
46.2%
28.0%
17.0%
6.6%
2.3%
7.9%
12.0%
20.3%
21.8%
37.9%
73.9%
19.3%
6.8%
9.9%
30.8%
49.5%
9.8%
72.1%
17.5%
10.4%
18.6%
34.9%
24.3%
1.0%
6.5%
3.3%
57.5%
24.7%
13.5%
3.4%
1.0%
23.2%
16.5%
22.1%
20.2%
18.0%
85.3%
12.0%
2.7%
18.7%
28.7%
43.8%
8.8%
85.9%
6.9%
7.2%
4.8%
24.2%
38.7%
6.9%
22.0%
7.5%
51.9%
27.1%
14.7%
5.2%
1.1%
13.8%
16.5%
24.2%
22.7%
22.9%
75.3%
18.3%
6.4%
12.0%
27.4%
49.5%
11.0%
75.0%
12.4%
12.5%
12.4%
30.7%
31.9%
3.6%
13.9%
16.9%
43.9%
28.3%
17.9%
7.1%
2.8%
6.2%
10.3%
18.5%
19.7%
45.4%
76.2%
18.2%
5.6%
7.8%
30.8%
50.8%
10.6%
75.8%
17.8%
6.4%
21.5%
35.1%
19.6%
1.3%
5.7%
17.5%
44.4%
30.2%
16.0%
6.3%
3.1%
7.1%
11.8%
18.2%
22.4%
40.5%
76.1%
17.8%
6.1%
12.3%
33.4%
46.7%
7.6%
70.9%
19.6%
9.5%
3.9%
71.6%
19.7%
6.2%
2.3%
0.2%
22.2%
19.9%
25.8%
18.4%
13.7%
70.6%
21.7%
7.8%
19.8%
27.2%
46.2%
6.9%
74.5%
13.2%
12.3%
18.3% 7.0%
34.5% 26.2%
23.7% 48.7%
0.5% 2.9%
5.6% 11.3%
Oblast (region)
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon DRD GBAO
100%
100%
100% 100% 100% 100%
14
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
chapter
Male
Female
Less than
34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and
more
Education level of
None
household head
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special
Secondary
technical
Higher
Graduate
school/
aspirantura
Ethnicity of household Tajik
head
Uzbek
Russian
Kyrgyz
Other
Employment of
Not
household head
employed
Employed
Total
Gender of household
head
Age of household
head
Description
295901
322335
177138
203503
45093
68757
136260
409867
138387
119016
198076
2494
834147
253406
15247
5011
10138
399819
718129
26.5%
28.8%
15.8%
18.2%
4.0%
6.2%
12.2%
36.7%
12.4%
10.6%
17.7%
0.2%
74.6%
22.7%
1.4%
0.4%
0.9%
35.8%
64.2%
Percent of Number of
households households
100%
1117949
80.7%
901760
19.3%
216188
10.7%
119072
25.0%
29.1%
16.9%
20.3%
9.9%
65.0% 63.9%
81.4% 71.4%
11.8% 27.8%
4.0% 0.1%
0.1% 0.6%
2.7% 0.0%
35.0% 36.1%
27.3% 13.2%
0.5% 0.1%
12.3%
11.6% 12.8%
2.7% 4.6%
4.2% 7.1%
8.7% 13.8%
32.6% 38.6%
29.5%
28.2%
13.7%
13.7%
68.3%
82.6%
6.6%
6.5%
0.3%
4.1%
31.7%
39.3%
0.5%
9.3%
13.2%
1.2%
4.2%
7.2%
25.1%
33.4%
23.6%
12.5%
11.8%
63.0%
1.8%
37.0%
80.6%
15.2%
2.4%
19.7%
0.5%
14.1%
10.6%
3.7%
4.3%
9.7%
37.4%
27.0%
31.2%
14.5%
15.0%
Location type
Location type
Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban
100% 100%
100%
100%
72.1% 84.7% 70.8%
73.0%
27.9% 15.3% 29.2%
27.0%
14.9% 8.7%
18.8%
12.3%
Table 2: Characteristics of household heads
63.9%
71.4%
27.8%
0.1%
0.6%
0.0%
36.1%
13.2%
0.1%
9.9%
12.8%
4.6%
7.1%
13.8%
38.6%
25.0%
29.1%
16.9%
20.3%
68.3%
82.6%
6.6%
6.5%
0.3%
4.1%
31.7%
39.3%
0.5%
9.3%
13.2%
1.2%
4.2%
7.2%
25.1%
33.4%
23.6%
12.5%
11.8%
61.2%
65.6%
32.1%
1.4%
0.9%
38.8%
15.3%
0.4%
7.2%
8.0%
4.5%
4.2%
13.4%
46.9%
25.4%
29.5%
14.5%
19.0%
65.9%
75.4%
24.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
34.1%
13.8%
0.1%
15.6%
14.6%
4.0%
6.7%
12.4%
32.9%
25.4%
30.5%
17.3%
18.2%
1.3%
6.7%
10.0%
36.2%
23.7%
27.7%
18.4%
24.6%
GBAO
100%
82.8%
17.2%
5.5%
92.3%
7.4%
0.3%
45.8%
66.0% 54.2%
79.8%
19.5%
0.1%
0.6%
0.1%
34.0%
14.3% 18.3%
0.2%
8.9% 12.3%
15.0% 15.1%
5.5%
9.6%
13.4%
33.3%
26.0%
28.7%
17.4%
19.8%
Oblast (region)
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon DRD
100%
100%
100% 100% 100%
84.7% 70.8%
77.8% 85.4% 83.6%
15.3% 29.2%
22.2% 14.6% 16.4%
8.7%
18.8%
11.6% 8.7%
8.0%
1. Characteristics of households and population
15
1
Total population
Location type Urban
Rural
Location type Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender
Male
Female
Age groups
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70+
Description
Gender
Location type
Location type
100%
26.3%
73.7%
9.4%
16.9%
73.7%
9.4%
29.7%
35.7%
22.2%
3.1%
48.6%
51.4%
11.1%
11.7%
12.4%
12.7%
10.5%
7.4%
6.0%
5.3%
5.3%
4.9%
3.9%
2.6%
1.6%
1.6%
3.0%
7063800
1857700
5206100
660900
1196800
5206100
660900
2095700
2519600
1567200
220400
3436289
3627511
785278
826859
873430
897912
742162
524810
421641
371160
376653
343516
278923
186598
112169
113558
209131
100%
26.8%
73.2%
9.6%
17.2%
73.2%
9.6%
30.4%
35.0%
21.8%
3.2%
10.6%
11.1%
11.5%
12.8%
11.6%
7.8%
6.0%
5.6%
5.4%
4.9%
4.0%
2.7%
1.5%
1.6%
2.9%
100%
25.8%
74.2%
9.1%
16.6%
74.2%
9.1%
28.9%
36.3%
22.6%
3.1%
11.6%
12.3%
13.3%
12.7%
9.4%
7.1%
5.9%
4.9%
5.2%
4.8%
3.9%
2.6%
1.7%
1.6%
3.0%
100%
29.9%
40.0%
26.3%
3.7%
49.0%
51.0%
11.2%
11.7%
12.5%
12.9%
10.8%
7.6%
5.7%
4.9%
5.2%
4.8%
3.8%
2.7%
1.6%
1.7%
3.1%
100%
35.6%
28.9%
23.5%
10.5%
1.6%
47.6%
52.4%
11.0%
11.7%
11.9%
12.1%
9.8%
7.1%
6.7%
6.4%
5.7%
5.1%
4.5%
2.5%
1.6%
1.4%
2.5%
47.4%
52.6%
11.4%
12.5%
11.8%
11.7%
9.3%
7.0%
7.1%
7.5%
6.0%
4.4%
3.9%
2.3%
1.6%
1.5%
2.3%
100%
47.7%
52.3%
10.8%
11.2%
11.9%
12.4%
10.1%
7.1%
6.5%
5.8%
5.5%
5.5%
4.8%
2.6%
1.6%
1.4%
2.7%
100%
Percent Number Male Female Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban
Total population
Table 3: Characteristics of population
49.0%
51.0%
11.2%
11.7%
12.5%
12.9%
10.8%
7.6%
5.7%
4.9%
5.2%
4.8%
3.8%
2.7%
1.6%
1.7%
3.1%
100%
47.4%
52.6%
11.4%
12.5%
11.8%
11.7%
9.3%
7.0%
7.1%
7.5%
6.0%
4.4%
3.9%
2.3%
1.6%
1.5%
2.3%
100%
100%
47.4%
52.6%
11.1%
10.8%
12.0%
11.1%
10.1%
7.5%
6.6%
5.3%
5.8%
5.4%
4.3%
2.8%
1.6%
1.8%
3.6%
100%
25.6%
74.4%
49.5%
50.5%
11.4%
12.4%
12.9%
13.6%
11.0%
7.1%
5.6%
4.9%
4.5%
4.8%
3.6%
2.7%
1.5%
1.6%
2.6%
100%
17.3%
82.7%
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
49.5%
50.5%
11.3%
11.7%
12.2%
13.8%
11.1%
8.1%
5.3%
4.5%
5.6%
4.3%
3.9%
2.4%
1.5%
1.4%
2.8%
48.1%
51.9%
6.1%
9.2%
12.2%
12.7%
8.3%
7.3%
6.0%
7.7%
6.0%
5.9%
5.2%
3.7%
2.7%
2.4%
4.7%
100% 100%
12.5% 13.1%
87.5% 86.9%
DRD GBAO
16
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Gender
Location type
Location type
13.3%
21.8%
23.2%
13.4%
10.6%
8.8%
4.2%
4.6%
35.2%
60.2%
4.6%
43.4%
56.6%
75.9%
22.7%
0.5%
0.9%
53.5%
46.5%
20.0%
20.0%
20.1%
20.0%
20.0%
943002
1542564
1640074
946451
747814
622439
298767
322689
2485566
4255545
322689
3064159
3999641
5359779
1602848
38174
62998
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
14.0%
23.2%
22.1%
13.0%
10.1%
8.7%
4.2%
4.7%
37.2%
58.1%
4.7%
45.6%
54.4%
76.5%
22.5%
0.3%
0.8%
53.1%
46.9%
19.4%
19.9%
20.2%
20.1%
20.3%
12.7%
20.5%
24.3%
13.8%
11.0%
8.9%
4.2%
4.5%
33.2%
62.3%
4.5%
41.3%
58.7%
75.3%
22.9%
0.8%
1.0%
53.9%
46.1%
20.5%
20.0%
19.9%
19.8%
19.7%
13.3%
21.2%
22.0%
13.8%
12.0%
9.6%
4.2%
3.9%
34.6%
61.5%
3.9%
42.4%
57.6%
84.5%
11.9%
1.8%
1.8%
49.4%
50.6%
21.5%
18.2%
13.8%
18.9%
27.5%
13.4%
22.1%
23.7%
13.3%
10.1%
8.5%
4.3%
4.8%
35.4%
59.8%
4.8%
43.7%
56.3%
72.8%
26.5%
0.1%
0.6%
55.0%
45.0%
19.4%
20.6%
22.3%
20.3%
17.3%
14.0%
21.6%
21.0%
14.0%
13.4%
8.3%
3.9%
3.7%
35.6%
60.7%
3.7%
43.2%
56.8%
87.9%
6.9%
3.2%
2.0%
43.3%
56.7%
19.3%
13.9%
14.7%
21.9%
30.2%
13.0%
21.0%
22.5%
13.6%
11.3%
10.3%
4.3%
4.1%
34.0%
62.0%
4.1%
41.9%
58.1%
82.6%
14.7%
1.1%
1.7%
52.9%
47.1%
22.7%
20.6%
13.3%
17.3%
26.0%
Percent Number Male Female Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban
Total population
13.4%
22.1%
23.7%
13.3%
10.1%
8.5%
4.3%
4.8%
35.4%
59.8%
4.8%
43.7%
56.3%
72.8%
26.5%
0.1%
0.6%
55.0%
45.0%
19.4%
20.6%
22.3%
20.3%
17.3%
14.0%
21.6%
21.0%
14.0%
13.4%
8.3%
3.9%
3.7%
35.6%
60.7%
3.7%
43.2%
56.8%
87.9%
6.9%
3.2%
2.0%
43.3%
56.7%
19.3%
13.9%
14.7%
21.9%
30.2%
13.4%
20.5%
21.3%
14.1%
11.1%
9.7%
4.4%
5.4%
33.9%
60.7%
5.4%
41.3%
58.7%
65.9%
32.7%
0.5%
0.9%
68.8%
31.2%
34.8%
23.4%
14.7%
12.3%
14.8%
13.6%
23.1%
24.6%
12.6%
9.4%
8.4%
4.2%
4.1%
36.7%
59.2%
4.1%
45.3%
54.7%
76.3%
23.4%
0.2%
0.2%
47.3%
52.7%
10.8%
19.1%
26.9%
23.6%
19.5%
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
13.4%
22.0%
24.9%
13.4%
10.1%
8.2%
3.9%
4.2%
35.3%
60.5%
4.2%
44.1%
55.9%
81.1%
18.0%
0.2%
0.7%
48.8%
51.2%
16.4%
19.5%
18.5%
22.6%
23.0%
7.6%
19.9%
21.0%
13.3%
13.7%
11.0%
6.4%
7.1%
27.5%
65.4%
7.1%
36.5%
63.5%
92.5%
0.1%
0.0%
7.4%
43.4%
56.6%
12.0%
19.3%
19.0%
26.8%
22.8%
DRD GBAO
chapter
0-5
6-14
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Age groups
0-14
15-64
65+
Age groups
0-17
18+
Ethnicity
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Age groups
Description
1. Characteristics of households and population
17
1
Ethnicity
Age
groups
Gender
Oblast
(region)
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Description Gender
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
4578234
1215664
3362570
425484
790180
3362570
425484
1384465
1594666
1013807
159811
2156793
2421441
1640074
946451
747814
622439
298767
322689
3447940
1055125
33273
41896
100%
26.6%
73.4%
9.3%
17.3%
73.4%
9.3%
30.2%
34.8%
22.1%
3.5%
47.1%
52.9%
35.8%
20.7%
16.3%
13.6%
6.5%
7.0%
75.3%
23.0%
0.7%
0.9%
35.2%
20.7%
16.1%
13.9%
6.7%
7.4%
75.5%
23.2%
0.4%
0.8%
74.0%
9.1%
29.7%
35.4%
22.4%
3.4%
36.4%
20.6%
16.5%
13.4%
6.3%
6.7%
75.1%
22.9%
1.0%
1.0%
73.0%
9.5%
30.7%
34.4%
21.9%
3.5%
100% 100%
26.0% 27.0%
74.0% 73.0%
9.1% 9.5%
16.9% 17.5%
35.0%
30.3%
22.7%
10.2%
1.9%
46.2%
53.8%
33.6%
21.0%
18.4%
14.6%
6.4%
6.0%
82.9%
12.6%
2.5%
2.0%
100%
30.2%
39.2%
26.5%
4.1%
47.5%
52.5%
36.6%
20.5%
15.6%
13.2%
6.6%
7.4%
72.6%
26.8%
0.1%
0.5%
100%
46.0%
54.0%
32.6%
21.8%
20.9%
12.9%
6.1%
5.8%
85.7%
7.3%
4.4%
2.5%
100%
46.2%
53.8%
34.1%
20.6%
17.1%
15.6%
6.5%
6.2%
81.3%
15.5%
1.4%
1.8%
100%
47.5%
52.5%
36.6%
20.5%
15.6%
13.2%
6.6%
7.4%
72.6%
26.8%
0.1%
0.5%
100%
46.0%
54.0%
32.6%
21.8%
20.9%
12.9%
6.1%
5.8%
85.7%
7.3%
4.4%
2.5%
100%
100%
46.2%
53.8%
32.2%
21.4%
16.9%
14.7%
6.7%
8.2%
65.4%
33.0%
0.6%
0.9%
100%
26.6%
73.4%
47.8%
52.2%
38.8%
20.0%
14.9%
13.3%
6.6%
6.5%
75.7%
23.9%
0.2%
0.2%
100%
17.3%
82.7%
Percent Number Male Female Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Total population
aged 15+
Table 4: Characteristics of population aged 15+ 47.8%
52.2%
38.5%
20.7%
15.6%
12.7%
6.0%
6.5%
80.9%
18.3%
0.2%
0.6%
46.5%
53.5%
28.9%
18.3%
18.9%
15.2%
8.8%
9.9%
93.9%
0.0%
6.0%
100% 100%
12.2% 14.1%
87.8% 85.9%
DRD GBAO
18
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Gender
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
60.4% 61.5%
1.9% 0.4%
0.2% 0.2%
1.5% 0.6%
6.3% 5.3%
29.5% 32.0%
0.1% 1.6%
4.8%
0.0%
7.6%
388554 13.1%
2666
0.1%
2796019 63.0% 59.6%
37956 0.3% 1.3%
7556
0.1% 0.2%
37927
254219
1432068
1199
8.8%
0.1%
61.2%
0.8%
0.2%
0.8%
5.6%
31.4%
0.0%
0.3% 1.3%
2.2% 8.6%
34.1% 28.9%
0.0% 0.0%
16.0%
0.2%
6.3%
6.1%
0.0%
3.8%
5.7%
199106
8.7%
4.5%
5.0%
8.1%
288572
6.5%
0.5% 0.8%
7.4% 9.1%
17.4% 23.7%
43.6% 50.6%
0.5% 0.9%
7.1% 10.1%
17.6% 26.1%
45.9% 51.4%
32584
384355
978682
2163322
0.7%
8.7%
22.1%
48.7%
2.2%
6.2%
29.8%
0.2%
58.7%
2.8%
0.1%
23.9%
0.2%
5.1%
9.8%
0.3%
7.1%
17.4%
36.2%
1.2%
6.4%
29.3%
0.0%
61.3%
1.5%
0.2%
11.7%
0.1%
6.9%
8.1%
0.6%
7.5%
17.4%
47.7%
0.6%
5.3%
32.0%
61.5%
0.4%
0.2%
6.1%
0.0%
3.8%
5.7%
0.8%
9.1%
23.7%
50.6%
2.2%
6.2%
29.8%
0.2%
58.7%
2.8%
0.1%
23.9%
0.2%
5.1%
9.8%
0.3%
7.1%
17.4%
36.2%
59.5%
0.3%
0.1%
6.1%
0.0%
5.2%
6.0%
0.8%
9.5%
22.9%
49.5%
0.6%
0.7%
6.4%
5.1%
25.9% 34.3%
65.8%
1.2%
0.1%
8.2%
0.1%
3.7%
5.2%
0.5%
6.8%
19.8%
55.7%
Percent Number Male Female Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
chapter
Education None
level
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special
Secondary
technical
Higher
Graduate
school/
aspirantura
Marital
Married
status
Divorced
Living
together
Separated
Widow/er
Single
Other
Description Total population
aged 15+
6.7% 11.7%
0.1%
6.2%
9.5%
0.3%
7.5%
14.8%
50.0%
0.8%
4.8%
34.2%
0.0%
0.4%
6.8%
35.3%
59.3% 56.9%
0.4% 0.5%
0.5% 0.1%
3.9%
7.2%
1.1%
10.8%
27.0%
43.3%
DRD GBAO
1. Characteristics of households and population
19
1
Education level
Ethnicity
Age groups
Oblast (region)
Location type
Total
Location type
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special
Secondary
technical
Higher
Graduate
school/
aspirantura
Description 1428205
187806
590549
681957
435846
65026
462816
419122
281883
218048
202905
197119
179291
1493711
441328
11400
14745
11462
155635
485335
1053429
99457
29316
84139
720
72.8%
9.6%
30.1%
34.8%
22.2%
3.3%
23.6%
21.4%
14.4%
11.1%
10.3%
10.1%
9.1%
76.2%
22.5%
0.6%
0.8%
0.6%
8.1%
25.3%
54.9%
5.2%
1.5%
4.4%
0.0%
Females aged 15-49
Percent
Number
100%
1961184
27.2%
532979
72.8%
1428205
9.6%
187806
17.6%
345173
1.0%
3.6%
10.0% 2.3%
0.1% 3.0%
9.5%
35.2% 29.8% 30.2%
23.0% 39.2%
10.4% 26.6%
1.6%
3.9%
21.5% 24.4%
19.7% 22.0%
13.9% 14.6%
12.6% 10.6%
12.8% 9.4%
9.9% 10.1%
9.8%
8.9%
84.8% 72.9%
12.1% 26.4%
1.8%
0.1%
1.3%
0.6%
0.5%
0.6%
7.4%
8.4%
19.8% 27.3%
49.6% 56.8%
Location type
Urban Rural
100% 100%
15.9%
0.1%
2.4%
9.9%
21.3%
17.6%
14.5%
13.4%
15.0%
9.9%
8.3%
87.9%
7.4%
2.9%
1.8%
0.4%
7.2%
21.3%
42.7%
6.8%
0.2%
3.4%
9.2%
21.6%
20.8%
13.5%
12.1%
11.6%
9.9%
10.6%
83.1%
14.6%
1.3%
1.0%
0.6%
7.5%
18.9%
53.4%
2.3%
1.0%
3.6%
24.4%
22.0%
14.6%
10.6%
9.4%
10.1%
8.9%
72.9%
26.4%
0.1%
0.6%
0.6%
8.4%
27.3%
56.8%
15.9%
0.1%
2.4%
9.9%
21.3%
17.6%
14.5%
13.4%
15.0%
9.9%
8.3%
87.9%
7.4%
2.9%
1.8%
0.4%
7.2%
21.3%
42.7%
1.2%
3.6%
25.3%
23.1%
13.4%
10.7%
9.5%
8.7%
9.3%
75.9%
23.7%
0.2%
0.2%
0.8%
8.8%
27.1%
56.8%
4.8%
1.7%
0.1% 1.6%
5.0%
20.5%
21.1%
14.8%
12.0%
9.9%
11.4%
10.3%
67.0%
31.9%
0.5%
0.6%
0.1%
5.9%
19.5%
63.1%
2.5%
1.2%
5.2%
26.4%
21.4%
15.2%
9.5%
9.6%
10.2%
7.5%
81.3%
17.8%
0.4%
0.5%
1.1%
10.8%
33.7%
45.4%
Location type
Oblast (region)
Dushanbe Other urban Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon DRD
100%
100%
100%
100%
100% 100% 100%
26.9% 17.9% 12.7%
73.1% 82.1% 87.3%
Table 5: Characteristics of females aged 15-49 8.5%
3.7%
8.9%
21.7%
16.5%
14.6%
11.5%
14.3%
11.2%
10.2%
93.5%
6.5%
0.3%
5.5%
14.3%
58.9%
GBAO
100%
13.5%
86.5%
20
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Quintiles of
consumption
Poverty status
Marital status
1.6%
4.1%
33.3%
0.1%
51.0%
49.0%
21.6%
19.4%
13.4%
17.7%
27.9%
chapter
3.6%
3.4%
31.9%
0.2%
40.2%
59.8%
17.6%
12.9%
14.3%
22.4%
32.8%
2.3%
0.9%
3.9%
2.5%
32.8% 36.4%
0.1% 47.2% 53.4%
52.8% 46.6%
20.2% 18.6%
17.1% 20.2%
13.7% 22.3%
19.4% 21.1%
29.6% 17.8%
1.3%
2.9%
35.4%
0.0%
51.7%
48.3%
19.0%
19.4%
20.0%
20.6%
21.0%
Married
Divorced
Living
together
Separated
Widow/er
Single
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
24969
56386
691916
503
1014660
946523
372892
380010
391658
404807
411816
Location type
Location type
Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban
57.7% 59.1%
56.5%
58.4%
2.8%
0.8%
4.3%
2.1%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.5%
Females aged 15-49
Percent
Number
58.7%
1148501
1.4%
27076
0.3%
4925
1
Description 0.9%
2.5%
36.4%
53.4%
46.6%
18.6%
20.2%
22.3%
21.1%
17.8%
3.6%
3.4%
31.9%
0.2%
40.2%
59.8%
17.6%
12.9%
14.3%
22.4%
32.8%
0.7%
1.2%
2.9%
2.8%
30.0% 38.7%
66.0% 46.2%
34.0% 53.8%
32.4% 10.7%
23.0% 18.1%
15.0% 26.7%
13.0% 24.5%
16.6% 20.1%
1.4%
2.8%
37.6%
0.0%
47.5%
52.5%
15.7%
19.2%
18.8%
23.2%
23.1%
Oblast (region)
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon DRD
59.1% 56.5%
64.3% 56.5% 56.9%
0.8%
4.3%
1.9%
0.7%
0.7%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.6%
0.2%
2.7%
45.5%
42.2%
57.8%
10.8%
19.5%
19.1%
27.1%
23.4%
GBAO
50.6%
0.7%
0.2%
1. Characteristics of households and population
21
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender
Male
Female
Age
0
1
2
3
4
Ethnicity
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Description Gender
Location type
Location type
73.7%
9.5%
32.3%
34.8%
21.8%
1.6%
22.2%
18.6%
18.2%
21.0%
20.0%
74.7%
23.8%
0.5%
1.0%
59.2%
40.8%
25.5%
20.7%
20.5%
17.6%
15.6%
22.6%
21.6%
19.8%
20.0%
16.0%
78.3%
20.9%
0.1%
0.7%
56.6%
43.4%
22.3%
20.7%
20.2%
20.7%
16.0%
580534
75014
232732
286181
177827
13525
399220
386058
175995
157759
149332
161124
141068
600824
175356
2409
6690
454500
330778
187592
162743
159948
150611
124385
73.9%
9.6%
29.6%
36.4%
22.6%
1.7%
50.8%
49.2%
22.4%
20.1%
19.0%
20.5%
18.0%
76.5%
22.3%
0.3%
0.9%
57.9%
42.1%
23.9%
20.7%
20.4%
19.2%
15.8%
74.1%
9.6%
27.0%
38.0%
23.5%
1.9%
785278 100% 100%
204744 25.9% 26.3%
580534 74.1% 73.7%
75014 9.6% 9.5%
129730 16.3% 16.8%
100%
26.1%
73.9%
9.6%
16.5%
36.6%
26.1%
25.6%
10.7%
1.0%
50.4%
49.6%
23.1%
19.4%
18.0%
21.8%
17.6%
85.7%
12.2%
0.5%
1.6%
57.0%
43.0%
28.6%
20.2%
12.2%
17.9%
21.1%
100%
30.9%
40.3%
26.9%
2.0%
51.0%
49.0%
22.2%
20.3%
19.4%
20.1%
18.1%
73.3%
25.9%
0.2%
0.6%
58.2%
41.8%
22.2%
20.9%
23.3%
19.6%
14.0%
100%
51.0%
49.0%
21.9%
20.2%
18.8%
24.1%
15.1%
92.0%
6.8%
0.2%
0.9%
49.6%
50.4%
24.4%
15.8%
15.5%
21.2%
23.1%
100%
50.1%
49.9%
23.9%
19.0%
17.6%
20.5%
19.0%
82.0%
15.3%
0.7%
2.0%
61.2%
38.8%
31.0%
22.7%
10.2%
16.0%
20.0%
100%
Percent Number Male Female Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban
Children under-5
Table 6: Characteristics of children under-5
51.0%
49.0%
22.2%
20.3%
19.4%
20.1%
18.1%
73.3%
25.9%
0.2%
0.6%
58.2%
41.8%
22.2%
20.9%
23.3%
19.6%
14.0%
100%
51.0%
49.0%
21.9%
20.2%
18.8%
24.1%
15.1%
92.0%
6.8%
0.2%
0.9%
49.6%
50.4%
24.4%
15.8%
15.5%
21.2%
23.1%
100%
46.4%
53.6%
20.6%
20.5%
18.4%
21.4%
19.1%
65.2%
33.5%
0.3%
1.0%
73.5%
26.5%
39.6%
25.2%
12.4%
10.8%
12.0%
100%
23.0%
77.0%
53.1%
46.9%
24.6%
18.8%
18.7%
20.1%
17.8%
78.4%
21.2%
0.4%
0.1%
51.1%
48.9%
14.5%
18.6%
29.4%
22.0%
15.5%
100%
18.3%
81.7%
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
52.7%
47.3%
22.1%
21.6%
20.3%
18.3%
17.6%
80.9%
17.8%
0.3%
1.0%
51.9%
48.1%
18.3%
20.0%
18.6%
24.5%
18.5%
54.9%
45.1%
13.8%
20.0%
20.5%
22.5%
23.1%
87.9%
0.4%
11.8%
58.0%
42.0%
24.2%
24.4%
16.4%
20.9%
14.2%
100% 100%
12.3% 14.7%
87.7% 85.3%
DRD GBAO
22
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Quintiles of
consumption
Poverty status
Ethnicity
Age
Gender
Oblast (region)
Location type
Total
Location type
chapter
Description
Children aged 0-8
Percent Number
100% 1439150
Urban
26.1% 375459
Rural
73.9% 1063691
Dushanbe 9.7%
139977
Other
16.4% 235482
urban
Rural
73.9% 1063691
Dushanbe 9.7%
139977
Sughd
28.8% 414777
Khatlon
36.9% 531315
DRD
22.6% 324632
GBAO
2.0%
28448
Male
51.3% 738941
Female
48.7% 700208
0
12.2% 175995
1
11.0% 157759
2
10.4% 149332
3
11.2% 161124
4
9.8%
141068
5
11.0% 157724
6
11.0% 158736
7
12.7% 182848
8
10.7% 154563
Tajik
76.8% 1104692
Uzbek
22.0% 317117
Russian
0.3%
3965
Other
0.9%
13376
Poor
58.1% 836474
Non-poor 41.9% 602675
Poorest
23.2% 333765
2
21.0% 302862
3
20.6% 297148
4
19.4% 279591
Richest
15.7% 225783
74.4%
9.4%
27.3%
38.1%
23.2%
2.0%
12.2%
11.7%
10.7%
10.8%
8.7%
11.1%
10.6%
12.5%
11.8%
78.2%
21.0%
0.1%
0.7%
57.9%
42.1%
22.8%
20.9%
20.4%
19.9%
16.0%
12.3%
10.2%
10.0%
11.6%
11.0%
10.8%
11.5%
12.9%
9.6%
75.3%
23.2%
0.4%
1.2%
58.3%
41.7%
23.6%
21.2%
20.9%
19.0%
15.4%
73.4%
10.1%
30.4%
35.6%
21.9%
1.9%
37.3%
25.3%
24.8%
11.8%
0.9%
50.3%
49.7%
12.6%
10.6%
9.8%
11.9%
9.6%
11.5%
11.2%
12.9%
9.9%
86.9%
10.6%
0.7%
1.8%
56.1%
43.9%
26.8%
19.6%
14.2%
18.1%
21.3%
30.1%
41.2%
26.4%
2.4%
51.7%
48.3%
12.1%
11.1%
10.6%
10.9%
9.9%
10.8%
11.0%
12.7%
11.0%
73.2%
26.1%
0.1%
0.6%
58.8%
41.2%
21.9%
21.6%
22.9%
19.9%
13.7%
49.5%
50.5%
11.7%
10.8%
10.1%
12.9%
8.1%
12.4%
11.7%
13.5%
8.8%
91.4%
6.2%
1.0%
1.4%
52.0%
48.0%
25.1%
16.0%
16.1%
21.1%
21.8%
50.8%
49.2%
13.2%
10.5%
9.7%
11.3%
10.5%
10.9%
10.9%
12.5%
10.6%
84.2%
13.2%
0.5%
2.0%
58.5%
41.5%
27.7%
21.8%
13.1%
16.4%
21.0%
51.7%
48.3%
12.1%
11.1%
10.6%
10.9%
9.9%
10.8%
11.0%
12.7%
11.0%
73.2%
26.1%
0.1%
0.6%
58.8%
41.2%
21.9%
21.6%
22.9%
19.9%
13.7%
49.5%
50.5%
11.7%
10.8%
10.1%
12.9%
8.1%
12.4%
11.7%
13.5%
8.8%
91.4%
6.2%
1.0%
1.4%
52.0%
48.0%
25.1%
16.0%
16.1%
21.1%
21.8%
48.6%
51.4%
11.6%
11.5%
10.3%
12.0%
10.7%
11.7%
10.9%
10.6%
10.6%
65.7%
33.1%
0.2%
1.0%
73.3%
26.7%
38.6%
24.8%
14.1%
11.6%
11.0%
53.1%
46.9%
13.3%
10.1%
10.1%
10.8%
9.6%
10.8%
11.1%
13.1%
11.2%
78.0%
21.8%
0.2%
0.1%
51.2%
48.8%
13.0%
19.9%
28.8%
22.7%
15.6%
52.7%
47.3%
12.1%
11.8%
11.1%
10.0%
9.7%
9.7%
10.8%
13.9%
10.8%
81.7%
17.0%
0.2%
1.1%
52.9%
47.1%
19.4%
20.1%
18.0%
23.2%
19.2%
Gender
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Male Female Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon DRD
100% 100% 100% 100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100% 100% 100%
25.6% 26.6%
22.9% 17.5% 13.6%
74.4% 73.4%
77.1% 82.5% 86.4%
9.4% 10.1%
16.2% 16.6%
Table 7: Characteristics of children aged 0-8 52.5%
47.5%
6.6%
9.5%
9.8%
10.7%
11.0%
11.2%
10.3%
18.3%
12.5%
86.9%
0.2%
12.9%
55.3%
44.7%
21.6%
23.0%
17.8%
22.6%
15.0%
GBAO
100%
11.8%
88.2%
1. Characteristics of households and population
23
1
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
24
2. POVERTY
This section presents a picture of consumption-based poverty in Tajikistan using the 2007 TLSS data.
The welfare measure used here is the consumption per capita, and the poverty lines are the absolute
total and extreme (food) lines. Comprehensive analysis of poverty and its causes will be covered in
the forthcoming World Bank Poverty Assessment Report.
2.1 Poverty Profile
Despite improvements in the living standards over the last few years, poverty in Tajikistan remains
widespread. At the end of 2007 53.5 percent of the population was poor, and 17.1 percent extremely
poor. In other words, 1 in 3 poor people was extremely (or food-) poor. Reflecting this high ratio of
extreme poverty to total poverty, the poverty gap is quite noticeable: Average consumption of the
poor falls short of the overall poverty line by 15 percent (Table 8).
Figure 4. Proportion of population living below absolute poverty line
80
70
60
55.0
53.5
52.9
49.4
50
Percent
Extremely Poor
Poor
68.8
55.0
47.3
43.3
43.3
40
48.8
43.4
31.1
30
20
17.1
18.9
16.4
16.4
20.3
16.4
16.4
14.1
8.2
10
9.9
Location type
Location type
GBAO
DRD
Khatlon
Sughd
Dushanbe
Rural
Other
urban
Dushanbe
Rural
Urban
Tajikistan
0
Oblast (region)
At the national level, the poverty headcount is not very different between urban and rural areas.
Indeed, the poverty incidence in urban areas is only 5.6 percentage points lower than in rural – 49.4
percent versus 55 percent respectively. As analysis of the poverty trends has indicated, the gap in
the poverty incidence between urban and rural areas has narrowed since 2003, since the faster rate
of poverty reduction in rural areas allowed these areas to catch up. It is interesting to note that with
regard to extreme poverty, urban areas have somewhat higher rates, at 18.9 percent, compared to
16.4 percent in rural areas (Figure 4).
2. Poverty
25
Figure 5. Proportion of population living below absolute poverty line, rural and urban
80.0
74.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
Percent
53.6
53.5
56.8
52.5
47.7
46.2
43.3
47.2
40.0
30.0
18.4
20.0
10.0
0.0
Urban
Tajikistan
Dushanbe
Sughd
Rural
Urban
Khatlon
Rural
Urban
Rural
DRD
Urban
Rural
GBAO
Poverty experienced in childhood is poverty suffered during a stage of life crucial for development.
While childhood poverty shares causes and manifestations with poverty experienced by adults, important differences exist in causes and effects. Crucially, childhood poverty may have lifelong consequences.
In childhood, the vulnerability to poverty is higher. The poverty headcount rate, as well as gap and
severity, are higher among households with children. If we classify the total population of Tajikistan
into two sub-groups, defined as children younger than 14 and others (i.e., adults, including elderly),
and if we compare the poverty rate among these two sub-groups, significantly higher poverty rates
are found among children younger than 14. This indicates unequal vulnerability to poverty in different
life stages, with higher vulnerability during childhood.
Figure 6 states that the poverty rate among children in Tajikistan was about 58 percent, compared to
51 percent of adults classified as poor. Trends are similar for extreme poverty, with the rate among
children standing at 19.1 percent and adults at 15.9 percent
chapter
2
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
26
Figure 6. Proportion of population living below absolute line, children and adults
Poverty
Tajikistan
53.5
15 years +
51.3
Extreme Poverty
0-14 years
57.6
Tajikistan
17.1
15 years +
15.9
0-14 years
19.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percent
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
Child poverty is more widespread in rural areas, while extreme poverty among children is predominantly an urban phenomenon (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Child poverty by location
Percent of poor children
70
60
53.8
59.0
57.6
50
40
30
21.2
20
18.6
19.2
Rural
Total
10
0
Urban
Rural
Poverty
Total
Urban
Extreme Poverty
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
Poverty among children is highly correlated with the level of education of the household head. This
is reflected in considerably different poverty rates for children with a household head having a higher
(university) education, at 41.3 percent, to almost 69 percent for children with basic (or below) level of
education of the household head (Figure 8).
2. Poverty
27
Figure 8: Child poverty by household head education
Primary and lower
23.1
Basic
25.0
Extreme
Poverty
Secondary general
23.3
Secondary special/tech.
14.0
10.4
Higher
68.7
64.3
62.4
Poverty
52.9
41.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
Figure 9: Poverty by household head’s status of employment
Total povety, %
Extreme poverty, %
70
60
60.4
58.3
53.5
52.7
47.8
50
44.8
40
30
21.0
20
16.3
13.2
18.9
17.1
13.7
10
0
Not employed
Wage employed
(non-agr.)
Wage-employed
(agr.)
Self-employed
(non-agr.)
Self-employed
(agr.)
Total
Source: World Bank estimates using 2007 TLSS data
Figure 10: Poverty by household’s status for migration abroad
60%
54.4%
42.6%
40%
Share of migrants < 20%
2
Share of migrants > 20%
30%
17.4%
20%
13.0%
10%
0%
Total
Source: World Bank estimates using 2007 TLSS data
Extreme
chapter
Poverty headcount
50%
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
28
Figure 11: Poverty by household head’s education level
9.0
Higher (university)
37.0
11.9
Secondary technical
48.7
13.5
Secondary special
Extreme poverty
Total poverty
49.9
20.4
Secondary general
57.9
22.9
Basic
61.2
17.4
Primary
62.8
27.3
None
0
10
20
30
67.0
40
50
60
70
80
Source: World Bank estimates using 2007 TLSS data
2.2 Poverty Dynamics
Tajikistan registered impressive rates of economic growth between 2003 and 2007. Real GDP during
this period is estimated to have increased by a cumulative 36.1 percent, or an average of 9 percent
per annum. Considering the estimated increase in population, this growth transforms into an annual
rate of economic growth per capita of 6.6 percent, still a very solid number.
Driven by robust growth in consumption, poverty declined significantly. Using the PPP US $2.15 per
day, the poverty headcount declined from 64 percent in 2003 to 41 percent in 2007.3
Figure 12: Changes in the Poverty Headcount (PPP US$2.15 poverty line), 2003-2007
Description
Poverty headcount, %
N of the poor
Population
Total
Urban
Rural
63.5
59.1
65.1
4,233,341
1,066,293
3,167,048
6,667,510
1,804,290
4,863,220
Total
Urban
Rural
Absolute change (2007 vs. 2003)
Total
Urban
Rural
Implied poverty growth elasticity %
40.9
40.3
41.1
2,886,561
747,778
2,138,783
7,061,429
1,856,865
5,204,564
-22.6
-18.8
-24.0
-1.34
-1,346,780
-318,515
-1,028,265
393,919
52,575
341,344
2003 (Actual)
2007 (Actual)
Source: World Bank estimates based on the 2003 and 2007 TLSS
3
Note that the PPP US$ 2.15 poverty estimates are used here for comparability purposes, since the same poverty line was used in 2003.
2. Poverty
29
Using the absolute poverty line derived from the TLSS 2007, we find that the poverty headcount
declined sharply, from 72 percent in 2003 to 54 percent in 2007.4 Also using this poverty line, the
poverty headcount declined from 74 percent to 55 percent in rural areas, and from 69 percent to 49
percent in urban ones. Under this poverty line, about 1.05 million people rose above absolute poverty between 2003 and 2007 (Figure 13).
Figure 13: Changes in the poverty headcount (absolute poverty line), 2003-2007
Description
Poverty headcount, %
N of the poor
Population
Total
Urban
Rural
72.4
68.8
73.8
4,830,408
1,241,352
3,589,056
6,667,510
1,804,290
4,863,220
Total
Urban
Rural
Absolute change (2007 vs. 2003)
Total
Urban
Rural
Implied poverty growth elasticity %
53.5
49.4
55.0
3,779,802
917,291
2,862,510
7,061,429
1,856,865
5,204,564
-18.9
-19.4
-18.8
-1.0
-1,050,606
-324,060
-726,546
393,919
52,575
341,344
2003
2007
Source: World Bank estimates based on the 2003 and 2007 TLSS
At the same time, the incidence of extreme poverty declined from 42 percent in 2003 to 17 percent
in 2007. The decline in extreme poverty5 has been more rapid in rural areas. As a result, at the end of
2007 rural areas had a somewhat lower incidence of extreme poverty relative to urban areas, while
the incidence of total poverty was higher in rural areas.
Figure 14: Changes in the poverty headcount (absolute poverty line), 2003-2007
Headcount Rate (P0)
2003
2007
change
Poverty Line = Total (139 Somoni)
Urban
68.8
49.4
-19.4
Rural
73.8
55.0
-18.8
Total
72.4
53.5
-18.9
Poverty Line = Extreme (89 Somoni)
Urban
39.4
18.9
-20.5
Rural
42.3
16.4
-25.9
Total
41.5
17.1
-24.4
Description
2003
Poverty Gap (P1)
2007
change
27.8
29.6
29.1
15.4
14.9
15.0
-12.3
-14.7
-14.1
12.5
12.4
12.4
4.3
3.1
3.4
-8.2
-9.3
-9.0
2
chapter
Source: World Bank estimates based on the 2003 and 2007 TLSS
4
5
Absolute poverty line was derived based on the Cost of Basic Needs approach, and is equal to 139 somoni per month (while the value
of the PPP US$ 2.15 poverty line is equal to 120 somoni). Derivation of this poverty line is discussed in greater detail in Section 2.1.
The extreme poverty line is effectively the food poverty line, since it reflects the cost of the reference group “typical food basket”
needed to obtain 2,250 calories per person per day. The value of the extreme poverty line is equal to 89 somoni per month in end2007 prices
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
30
Table 8: Poverty headcount, gap and severity, by household characteristics
Description
Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Oblast (region)
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
DRD
Household size
Number of children
Number of elderly
Sex of household head
Education level of
household head
Urban
Rural
Urban
Rural
Urban
Rural
Urban
Rural
1-2 people
3-4 people
5-6 people
7-9 people
10+
0
1
2
3
4+
0
1
2+
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special
Secondary technical
Higher education
Graduate school/aspirantura
Extremely
poor
17.1%
18.9%
16.4%
16.4%
20.3%
16.4%
16.4%
31.1%
8.2%
14.1%
9.9%
16.4%
24.5%
33.4%
14.5%
6.8%
24.8%
12.5%
0.9%
11.2%
3.8%
9.2%
13.7%
18.2%
24.6%
9.2%
10.6%
13.6%
15.9%
26.2%
15.7%
20.6%
22.1%
16.0%
22.9%
27.3%
17.4%
22.9%
20.4%
13.5%
11.9%
9.0%
0.0%
Extreme poverty
gap index
3.4%
4.3%
3.1%
3.8%
4.5%
3.1%
3.8%
6.6%
1.2%
2.7%
1.8%
3.8%
6.4%
6.7%
2.6%
0.9%
4.3%
2.5%
0.0%
2.0%
0.7%
1.9%
2.8%
3.4%
5.2%
1.5%
1.9%
2.5%
3.2%
5.6%
3.1%
4.1%
4.7%
3.1%
4.9%
7.6%
3.4%
5.0%
3.9%
2.3%
2.0%
1.7%
0.0%
Poor
53.5%
49.4%
55.0%
43.3%
52.9%
55.0%
43.3%
68.8%
47.3%
48.8%
43.4%
43.3%
53.6%
74.0%
52.5%
46.2%
56.8%
47.7%
18.4%
47.2%
16.2%
30.3%
48.3%
59.6%
64.0%
32.9%
43.7%
48.2%
57.0%
66.6%
50.1%
61.7%
67.5%
52.8%
57.2%
67.1%
62.8%
61.3%
57.9%
49.9%
48.7%
37.0%
29.5%
Poverty
gap index
15.0%
15.4%
14.9%
13.2%
16.7%
14.9%
13.2%
23.1%
10.3%
13.1%
10.9%
13.2%
19.1%
24.4%
13.7%
9.6%
18.5%
12.3%
3.9%
11.9%
4.0%
8.1%
12.9%
16.3%
19.7%
8.4%
10.7%
12.7%
15.6%
20.5%
13.9%
17.4%
19.7%
14.5%
17.8%
22.3%
16.9%
17.8%
16.9%
13.0%
12.5%
9.3%
8.5%
2. Poverty
31
Employment ratio
Ratio of migrants
Employment of
household head
Employment status of
household head
0
(0) - 0.2
(0.2) - 0.5
(0.5) - 1
0
(0) - 0.2
(0.2) – 1
Not employed
Employed
Not employed
Wage-employed (non-agr.)
Wage-employed (agr.)
Self-employed (non-agr.)
Self-employed (agr.)
Extremely
poor
21.7%
19.3%
16.0%
10.1%
17.4%
17.6%
13.0%
21.0%
14.8%
21.0%
13.3%
16.3%
13.4%
19.0%
Extreme poverty
gap index
4.5%
4.1%
3.1%
1.5%
3.6%
3.2%
2.3%
4.4%
2.8%
4.4%
2.7%
2.6%
2.6%
3.5%
Poor
55.3%
58.6%
51.6%
41.8%
53.9%
56.3%
42.6%
60.4%
49.5%
60.4%
47.9%
58.2%
44.4%
53.0%
Poverty
gap index
17.0%
17.0%
14.1%
10.2%
15.3%
15.2%
11.4%
17.8%
13.4%
17.8%
12.8%
14.6%
12.2%
15.2%
2
chapter
Description
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
32
3. NUTRITIONAL STATUS
3.1 Child nutrition and composition of food for poor children
Analysis of the food diet of households with children allows a conclusion that a fundamental resource
– appropriate nutrition – is not fully accessible by children.
The food consumed by poor children is not adequate, and the diet is not balanced among proteins,
fats and carbohydrates. Households with children obtain most of energy (calories) from bread and
cereals. The diet of these households is heavily shifted toward consumption of bread and cereals, oil
and fats, as well as other food group of so-called “cheap calorie” products (Figure 15). At the same
time, consumption of food products such as meat and fish is not sufficient.
Figure 15: The composition of food of poor children (calories)
1%
6%
7%
Bread and cereals
5%
Meat
Milk, cheese and eggs
16%
Oils and fats
60%
Fruits
Vegetables
Sugar, jam
3%
2%
Coffee, tea
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
Fortunately, however, it should be mentioned that households with children consume at least some
affordable fruits and vegetables, especially during the harvest season, which overlapped with the
TLSS 2007 survey period. Even so, analysis of seasonal food security shows that food in general – and
especially seasonal food such as fruits and vegetables – is not equally accessible throughout the year,
with such products lacking from early winter until late spring (Figure 16).
3. Nutritional status
33
Figure 16: Food shortages by months, children and adults
70%
Children
Adults
Percent
60%
50%
40%
30%
Aug-07
Jul-07
Jun-07
May-07
Apr-07
Mar-07
Feb-07
Jan-07
Dec-06
Nov-06
Oct-06
Sep-06
Aug-06
20%
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
According to the TLSS 2007, 17.6 percent and 15 percent of children under age 5 are underweight
(have low weight for age), compared to National Centre for Health Statistics and WHO reference
populations. The percent of severe underweight prevalence is 5.3 percent and 6.0 percent, according NCHS and WHO standards respectively (Figure 17 and Table 9).
Figure 17: Underweight prevalence of children under-5
20%
17.6%
15.0%
10%
6.0%
5.3%
0%
Underweight
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
Underweight
prevalence
(severe)
WHO
Underweight
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
Underweight
prevalence
(severe)
NCHS
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
According to the TLSS 2007, 5.3 percent and 6 percent of children under-5 are underweight (have
low weight for height ), compared to the NCHS and WHO reference populations respectively (Figure
18 and Table 10).
3
chapter
Percent of children
30%
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
34
Figure 18: Wasting prevalence of children under-5 5.
Percent of children
10%
6.7%
5.3%
5%
3.1%
1.6%
0%
Wasting
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
Wasting
prevalence
(severe)
Wasting
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
WHO
Wasting
prevalence
(severe)
NCHS
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
One third of children under-5 are stunted (have low height for age ), compared to the NCHS reference
population. Even more stunted children are reported when comparing the TLSS children’s weight and
height distribution with tje WHO reference population distribution (Figure 19 and Table 11).
Figure 19: Stunting prevalence of children under-5
Percent of children
50%
40%
39.2%
33.9%
30%
18.2%
20%
15.0%
10%
0%
Stunting
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
Stunting
prevalence
(severe)
WHO
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
Stunting
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
Stunting
prevalence
(severe)
NCHS
3. Nutritional status
35
Table 9: Underweight prevalence
(WHO)
Underweight
prevalence
(severe)
6.0%
6.6%
5.5%
8.4%
8.5%
6.6%
5.1%
4.7%
5.2%
5.3%
6.3%
4.0%
5.9%
(NCHS) Underweight
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
17.6%
18.4%
16.9%
8.1%
22.4%
21.5%
19.4%
14.8%
16.3%
14.3%
18.7%
12.6%
15.2%
(NCHS)
Underweight
prevalence
(severe)
5.3%
5.9%
4.6%
1.1%
7.0%
6.9%
6.2%
4.7%
4.3%
4.7%
5.5%
3.3%
5.3%
6.3%
4.0%
5.1%
8.2%
4.4%
3.8%
0.0%
1.9%
7.4%
6.1%
18.7%
12.6%
16.0%
21.5%
14.9%
12.4%
0.0%
9.0%
19.7%
17.9%
5.5%
3.3%
5.0%
6.8%
3.7%
3.3%
0.0%
1.9%
6.5%
5.6%
6.1%
17.9%
3.7%
1.1%
11.1%
5.0%
7.9%
6.0%
5.8%
9.6%
24.3%
15.1%
21.4%
18.8%
16.2%
0.7%
3.9%
4.9%
7.8%
4.4%
5.0%
6.5%
20.1%
6.1%
5.6%
6.2%
5.9%
0.0%
0.0%
6.4%
5.5%
8.2%
4.7%
6.1%
6.4%
4.3%
15.6%
18.2%
16.3%
0.0%
7.4%
18.6%
16.2%
20.4%
17.8%
17.4%
16.3%
15.1%
4.8%
5.5%
5.0%
0.0%
0.0%
5.3%
5.3%
7.8%
3.5%
4.6%
5.1%
5.2%
3
chapter
(WHO) Underweight
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
Total
15.0%
Gender
Male
15.9%
Female
14.0%
Age of child (in
0-5
19.4%
months)
6-11
19.7%
12-23
13.5%
24-35
14.7%
36-47
12.8%
48-59
14.3%
Location type
Urban
12.2%
Rural
15.9%
Location type
Dushanbe
10.8%
Other
12.8%
urban
Rural
15.9%
Oblast (region) Dushanbe
10.8%
Sughd
13.6%
Khatlon
18.2%
DRD
13.0%
GBAO
8.0%
Mother’s
None
0.0%
education
Primary
8.3%
Basic
17.4%
Secondary
15.0%
general
Secondary
15.7%
special/
tech.
Higher
7.1%
NA
19.0%
Education level None
13.2%
of household
Primary
17.4%
head
Basic
16.5%
Secondary
14.1%
general
Secondary
16.8%
special/
tech.
Higher
12.7%
Ethnicity of
Tajik
15.5%
household head Uzbek
13.7%
Russian
0.0%
Other
6.5%
Poverty status
Poor
15.4%
Non–poor
14.4%
Quintiles of
Poorest
16.6%
consumption
2
14.8%
3
15.0%
4
14.9%
Richest
13.0%
Description Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
36
Table 10: Wasting prevalence
Description
Total
Gender
Age of child
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s education
Education level of
household head
Ethnicity of
household head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Male
Female
0-5
6-11
12-23
24-35
36-47
48-59
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
NA
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
(WHO) Wasting
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
6.7%
6.8%
6.7%
23.9%
14.8%
5.6%
3.8%
2.9%
2.0%
6.1%
6.9%
4.6%
6.8%
6.9%
4.6%
6.5%
7.3%
6.9%
5.2%
20.6%
8.3%
8.8%
6.2%
3.1%
3.1%
3.0%
12.6%
4.9%
2.5%
2.5%
1.3%
0.7%
2.5%
3.3%
2.3%
2.5%
3.3%
2.3%
3.2%
3.2%
2.9%
2.5%
0.0%
4.4%
3.8%
3.1%
(NCHS) Wasting
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
5.3%
5.2%
5.5%
10.9%
11.3%
7.6%
3.2%
2.4%
2.0%
4.4%
5.6%
4.4%
4.4%
5.6%
4.4%
4.9%
5.6%
5.7%
3.2%
0.0%
8.4%
6.9%
4.9%
(NCHS)
Wasting
prevalence
(severe)
1.6%
1.4%
1.9%
4.2%
2.7%
2.0%
1.2%
0.9%
0.7%
1.0%
1.8%
1.4%
0.9%
1.8%
1.4%
1.4%
1.7%
2.0%
1.4%
0.0%
1.2%
2.8%
1.4%
4.6%
2.2%
3.8%
0.5%
1.4%
10.8%
7.8%
6.0%
8.5%
6.0%
0.3%
0.0%
2.4%
3.1%
3.2%
3.4%
2.7%
6.0%
6.8%
6.5%
6.9%
5.1%
0.0%
2.6%
3.2%
1.8%
2.3%
1.4%
7.3%
2.9%
5.0%
1.2%
5.9%
6.5%
7.2%
0.0%
14.4%
6.6%
6.9%
6.2%
5.5%
9.6%
6.8%
5.3%
2.8%
2.9%
3.6%
0.0%
6.8%
2.8%
3.5%
2.6%
3.2%
3.5%
3.3%
2.9%
3.7%
5.1%
5.9%
0.0%
14.4%
5.4%
5.1%
5.3%
5.0%
7.3%
5.2%
3.3%
1.7%
1.6%
1.9%
0.0%
0.0%
1.6%
1.7%
1.8%
1.9%
1.8%
1.6%
0.9%
(WHO) Wasting
prevalence
(severe)
3. Nutritional status
37
Table 11: Stunting prevalence
Total
Gender
Age of child
(in months)
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s
education
Education level of
household head
Ethnicity of
household head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Male
Female
0-5
6-11
12-23
24-35
36-47
48-59
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
NA
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
(WHO)
Stunting
prevalence
(severe)
18.2%
19.9%
16.3%
11.0%
13.3%
17.5%
24.3%
19.6%
17.8%
12.7%
20.0%
12.7%
12.7%
20.0%
12.7%
17.2%
21.2%
16.2%
14.0%
6.1%
15.3%
18.9%
18.2%
(NCHS) Stunting
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
33.9%
35.5%
32.3%
14.3%
24.8%
36.8%
35.4%
37.7%
40.6%
25.4%
36.8%
23.6%
26.3%
36.8%
23.6%
32.0%
39.2%
31.1%
30.8%
16.5%
26.1%
33.8%
35.0%
(NCHS)
Stunting
prevalence
(severe)
15.0%
15.7%
14.2%
7.2%
10.9%
14.6%
18.6%
16.1%
16.9%
10.4%
16.5%
10.8%
10.2%
16.5%
10.8%
13.1%
17.9%
13.9%
12.5%
6.1%
8.3%
16.2%
14.7%
36.3%
17.6%
32.7%
15.9%
32.3%
45.1%
40.5%
42.8%
38.8%
38.9%
18.4%
16.7%
12.8%
19.3%
17.7%
16.8%
29.3%
35.1%
35.8%
36.8%
34.3%
32.4%
17.9%
14.7%
10.6%
16.6%
15.0%
12.3%
40.5%
21.7%
36.2%
20.0%
36.7%
38.3%
43.2%
0.0%
21.0%
39.9%
38.3%
40.3%
39.8%
40.0%
38.7%
36.5%
17.9%
17.2%
21.7%
0.0%
10.3%
18.2%
18.1%
18.5%
18.4%
19.1%
17.5%
16.9%
32.1%
33.1%
37.4%
0.0%
21.0%
34.2%
33.5%
35.1%
33.6%
35.2%
33.4%
31.7%
14.5%
14.1%
18.1%
0.0%
10.3%
15.4%
14.3%
15.3%
15.9%
15.1%
13.7%
14.6%
3
chapter
Description
(WHO) Stunting
prevalence
(moderate and
severe)
39.2%
41.1%
37.2%
22.3%
26.4%
40.5%
47.2%
42.1%
42.9%
30.6%
42.1%
29.9%
31.0%
42.1%
29.9%
37.8%
42.9%
37.9%
38.3%
16.5%
33.0%
39.0%
40.4%
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
38
Table 12: Initiation of breastfeeding within 1 day of birth
Description
Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Age groups
Education level
Ethnicity of household
head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Percent of women who
started breastfeeding within
1 day of birth
85.7%
83.7%
86.4%
78.5%
86.6%
86.4%
78.5%
87.0%
84.1%
89.4%
87.1%
86.6%
85.5%
85.5%
86.8%
85.0%
83.7%
84.6%
100%
89.5%
83.3%
85.7%
Total number of women aged
15-49 with a birth in the 2
years preceding the survey
345925
91113
254813
32849
58264
254813
32849
100680
128723
78929
4744
8331
128428
104285
60702
31768
10126
2284
1731
10989
83961
206728
85.2%
19230
89.7%
85.9%
84.6%
100%
92.0%
86.4%
84.8%
86.1%
85.7%
84.4%
86.2%
86.1%
14707
260259
81601
663
3402
195511
150414
79940
67656
73896
64940
59494
3. Nutritional status
39
Table 13: Continued breastfeeding rate (at 12-23 months)
Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s age
Mother’s education
Ethnicity of household
head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Percent of children aged 12-23
months who are currently
breastfeeding
53.4%
48.4%
55.2%
51.1%
46.6%
55.2%
51.1%
44.9%
55.3%
61.7%
56.8%
61.2%
50.0%
51.8%
59.5%
54.7%
61.2%
61.7%
52.6%
60.0%
52.7%
52.9%
Total number of children
aged 12-23 months
171503
44253
127250
17506
26748
127250
17506
49993
59247
42237
2521
2412
59112
53133
32936
17577
5801
532
752
4384
38597
105697
57.4%
11404
48.1%
53.7%
51.7%
81.0%
58.0%
47.7%
55.5%
61.0%
57.6%
55.1%
37.6%
7792
129712
40479
1312
95397
76106
40350
33303
34455
29889
33505
3
chapter
Description
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
40
3.2 Iodized salt
51 percent of Tajikistan’s households and 55 percent of households with children consume salt that
is not adequately iodized or not iodized at all. Analysis of consumption of iodized salt, which is essential for human health and particularly for children’s health, has revealed that most households in
Tajikistan (51 percent) use in their food salt that is not adequately iodized or not iodized at all (Figure
20). Tests have shown that 36 percent of households, predominantly rural, consume salt that contains
less than 15 ppm of iodium, while the percentage of households consuming completely uniodized
salt stands at 15 percent, varying from 4 percent in Dushanbe to 18 percent in rural areas.
Examining households with and without children, it is found that use of iodized salt is less widespread
in the first group, among which fewer than half (48 percent ) use properly iodized salt, compared to
55 percent of those without children .
Figure 20: Consumption of iodized salt
Total
Not iodized (0 ppm)
49
36
15
Less than 15 ppm
65
27
8
Urban
Rural
79
17
4
Non-poor
56
34
11
Dushanbe
42
41
18
Other urban
51
35
14
Poor
16
38
47
HHs with children
16
37
48
HHs without children
55
34
12
0
10
15 ppm or more
42
41
18
Rural
20
30
40
50
60
Percent of households
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
70
80
90
100
3. Nutritional status
41
Table 14: Iodized salt consumption (percent of households) 3
chapter
Iodized salt consumption
Percent of
(Percent of households)
Percent
households in
Total
Total tested
of tested which salt was number of
Not
Less
15
households
households not tested or households
iodized than 15 ppm or
with no salt
(0 ppm) ppm
more
Total
14.8% 36.2% 49.0%
100%
93.6%
6.4%
1117949
Location type Urban
8.3%
27.1% 64.6%
100%
94.1%
5.9%
360340
Rural
17.9% 40.6% 41.5%
100%
93.3%
6.7%
757608
Location type Dushanbe 4.4%
16.7% 78.9%
100%
92.6%
7.4%
140323
Other
10.8% 33.6% 55.7%
100%
95.0%
5.0%
220018
urban
Rural
17.9% 40.6% 41.5%
100%
93.3%
6.7%
757608
Oblast
Dushanbe 4.4%
16.7% 78.9%
100%
92.6%
7.4%
140323
(region)
Sughd
6.0%
29.8% 64.2%
100%
84.5%
15.5%
363098
Khatlon
20.1% 47.4% 32.5%
100%
99.1%
0.9%
351843
DRD
25.6% 38.5% 35.8%
100%
99.0%
1.0%
220485
GBAO
10.1% 38.9% 51.0%
100%
99.0%
1.0%
42200
Gender of
Male
15.1% 36.2% 48.8%
100%
93.6%
6.4%
901760
household
Female
13.6% 36.5% 49.9%
100%
93.5%
6.5%
216188
head
None
20.0% 42.0% 38.0%
100%
94.8%
5.2%
45093
Education
level of
Primary
13.5% 49.1% 37.4%
100%
96.8%
3.2%
68757
household
Basic
19.2% 38.8% 42.1%
100%
91.0%
9.0%
136260
head
Secondary 12.5% 37.4% 50.1%
100%
92.7%
7.3%
409867
general
Secondary 17.7% 35.5% 46.8%
100%
95.6%
4.4%
257403
special/
tech.
Higher
11.9% 27.2% 60.9%
100%
93.2%
6.8%
200569
Ethnicity of
Tajik
15.3% 36.3% 48.4%
100%
93.3%
6.7%
834147
household
Uzbek
14.5% 36.8% 48.7%
100%
94.0%
6.0%
253406
head
Russian
16.1% 83.9%
100%
97.9%
2.1%
15247
Other
4.0%
44.6% 51.4%
100%
93.9%
6.1%
15149
Poverty
Poor
15.6% 37.8% 46.7%
100%
92.4%
7.6%
533701
status
Non-poor 14.1% 34.9% 51.1%
100%
94.6%
5.4%
584248
Quintiles of
Poorest
15.2% 35.4% 49.4%
100%
89.3%
10.7%
192651
consumption 2
13.0% 38.0% 49.1%
100%
94.4%
5.6%
201055
3
18.0% 42.0% 40.1%
100%
93.4%
6.6%
205844
4
16.0% 36.4% 47.5%
100%
94.7%
5.3%
226999
Richest
12.6% 31.5% 56.0%
100%
95.0%
5.0%
291400
Quintiles of
consumption
Poverty status
Ethnicity of household
head
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Urban
Rural
Gender of household
Male
head
Female
Age of household head Less than 34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and more
Education level of
None
household head
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Total
Location type
75.3%
63.5%
67.1%
84.6%
56.0%
58.8%
68.4%
58.0%
61.2%
59.2%
69.8%
67.9%
60.9%
48.4%
48.7%
83.9%
51.4%
46.7%
51.1%
49.4%
49.1%
40.1%
47.5%
56.0%
64.4%
65.0%
74.4%
69.9%
64.6%
57.7%
49.0%
41.5%
47.8%
54.8%
61.6%
64.6%
65.3%
Urban
46.3%
40.1%
44.9%
73.5%
42.7%
42.1%
40.9%
45.7%
44.5%
34.6%
37.8%
46.0%
37.6%
42.4%
36.3%
44.2%
43.0%
41.4%
36.3%
43.2%
37.2%
34.5%
38.0%
45.4%
41.5%
Rural
Location type
46.8%
49.0%
64.6%
41.5%
48.8%
49.9%
58.2%
52.7%
48.8%
42.2%
44.6%
38.0%
37.4%
42.1%
50.1%
Total
87.6%
78.0%
79.3%
86.0%
83.5%
74.5%
81.3%
71.4%
77.9%
77.8%
80.8%
81.0%
76.6%
79.6%
77.2%
85.6%
82.1%
77.5%
65.9%
75.0%
59.1%
65.3%
72.4%
72.4%
78.9%
Dushanbe
60.5%
54.3%
63.6%
82.3%
7.7%
50.8%
59.3%
51.3%
54.0%
47.1%
61.5%
58.7%
58.9%
55.3%
56.7%
63.2%
60.7%
58.6%
53.4%
36.5%
37.5%
36.8%
46.7%
57.1%
55.7%
Other urban
Location type
46.3%
40.1%
44.9%
73.5%
42.7%
42.1%
40.9%
45.7%
44.5%
34.6%
37.8%
46.0%
37.6%
42.4%
36.3%
44.2%
43.0%
41.4%
36.3%
43.2%
37.2%
34.5%
38.0%
45.4%
41.5%
Rural
87.6%
78.0%
79.3%
86.0%
83.5%
74.5%
81.3%
71.4%
77.9%
77.8%
80.8%
81.0%
76.6%
.
79.6%
77.2%
85.6%
82.1%
77.5%
65.9%
75.0%
59.1%
65.3%
72.4%
72.4%
78.9%
Dushanbe
Table 15: Iodized salt consumption (15 ppm and more), by location type and region (percent of households)
71.7%
63.9%
65.7%
81.3%
0.0%
61.3%
68.5%
60.1%
64.7%
59.5%
66.9%
70.2%
67.9%
64.2%
67.7%
62.5%
66.8%
55.4%
69.1%
65.9%
66.3%
60.8%
58.6%
52.8%
45.2%
57.5%
65.2%
Sughd
38.8%
32.0%
33.5%
73.4%
15.1%
28.7%
35.3%
31.8%
32.3%
23.8%
31.5%
42.6%
30.9%
32.5%
46.2%
29.2%
32.1%
34.5%
38.3%
35.5%
33.8%
26.5%
28.8%
23.9%
23.4%
28.2%
35.7%
Khatlon
Oblast (region)
51.0%
66.6%
48.4%
51.7%
47.5%
52.0%
50.8%
48.5%
52.0%
53.0%
46.8%
39.7%
42.4%
55.1%
GBAO
36.5%
36.8%
30.8%
100%
57.3%
33.3%
37.9%
27.1%
36.4%
36.2%
38.6%
37.7%
51.7%
51.5%
.
.
44.3%
50.0%
51.6%
48.9%
52.9%
51.3%
50.5%
50.8%
41.9% 51.2%
35.8%
34.5%
36.0%
36.6%
31.6%
32.1%
39.6%
35.2%
32.2%
36.4%
33.9%
40.1%
32.3%
31.7%
DRD
42
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
3. Nutritional status
43
Table 16: Iodized salt consumption (percent of population) Percent of
Total
Percent of population of
population population households in
Total
Description of tested
of tested which salt was population
Not
Less
15
iodized than 15 ppm or households households not tested or
with no salt
(0 ppm) ppm
more
Total
16.7%
37.4% 46.0%
100%
93.8%
6.2%
7063800
Location
Urban
10.8%
28.6% 60.6%
100%
93.3%
6.7%
1857700
type
Rural
18.7%
40.5% 40.8%
100%
94.0%
6.0%
5206100
Location
Dushanbe 5.4%
18.1% 76.5%
100%
92.0%
8.0%
660900
type
Other
13.7%
34.3% 52.0%
100%
94.0%
6.0%
1196800
urban
Rural
18.7%
40.5% 40.8%
100%
94.0%
6.0%
5206100
Oblast
Dushanbe 5.4%
18.1% 76.5%
100%
92.0%
8.0%
660900
(region)
Sughd
6.4%
28.8% 64.9%
100%
83.2%
16.8%
2095700
Khatlon
21.0%
48.0% 31.0%
100%
99.3%
0.7%
2519600
DRD
26.6%
37.5% 35.9%
100%
99.1%
0.9%
1567200
GBAO
9.6%
36.9% 53.5%
100%
98.9%
1.1%
220400
Gender of
Male
16.8%
37.3% 45.9%
100%
93.7%
6.3%
5952440
household
Female
15.9%
37.4% 46.7%
100%
94.2%
5.8%
1111360
head
None
22.5%
39.6% 37.9%
100%
95.6%
4.4%
314110
Education
level of
Primary
14.3%
48.7% 37.0%
100%
97.4%
2.6%
467801
household
Basic
20.5%
38.8% 40.7%
100%
90.4%
9.6%
902772
head
Secondary 13.5%
38.0% 48.5%
100%
93.0%
7.0%
2543727
general
Secondary 20.3%
37.2% 42.5%
100%
95.7%
4.3%
1628397
special/
tech.
Higher
14.8%
30.0% 55.3%
100%
93.5%
6.5%
1206994
Ethnicity of Tajik
17.2%
37.5% 45.2%
100%
93.7%
6.3%
5338982
household
Uzbek
15.4%
36.9% 47.6%
100%
94.5%
5.5%
1628072
head
Russian
15.6% 84.4%
100%
97.6%
2.4%
33308
Other
7.0%
47.0% 46.0%
100%
82.0%
18.0%
63438
Poverty
Poor
16.8%
38.9% 44.4%
100%
92.5%
7.5%
3779399
status
Non-poor 16.5%
35.7% 47.8%
100%
95.2%
4.8%
3284401
Quintiles of Poorest
16.8%
35.4% 47.8%
100%
89.3%
10.7%
1411801
consumption 2
13.9%
39.9% 46.2%
100%
94.2%
5.8%
1411730
3
18.9%
43.2% 37.9%
100%
94.8%
5.2%
1416466
4
17.5%
36.8% 45.7%
100%
95.3%
4.7%
1410962
Richest
16.2%
31.4% 52.4%
100%
95.4%
4.6%
1412840
Iodized salt consumption
(Percent of population)
chapter
3
Quintiles of
consumption
Poverty status
Ethnicity of
household head
Gender of
household head
Education level of
household head
Total
Location type
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
71.1%
59.7%
65.1%
83.7%
51.3%
54.6%
66.4%
54.4%
56.2%
56.7%
67.0%
65.8%
42.5%
55.3%
45.2%
47.6%
84.5%
46.0%
44.4%
47.8%
47.8%
46.2%
37.9%
45.7%
52.4%
44.2%
39.3%
44.9%
91.7%
41.0%
41.1%
40.5%
45.1%
43.1%
33.8%
38.8%
44.9%
36.6%
58.3%
46.0%
60.6%
40.8%
45.9%
46.7%
37.9%
37.0%
40.7%
48.5%
Total
Location type
Urban
Rural
60.6%
40.8%
59.8%
41.5%
63.5%
36.7%
41.1%
37.2%
45.2%
35.3%
51.5%
38.3%
60.0%
44.8%
86.0%
76.0%
77.9%
86.1%
76.2%
70.9%
80.8%
67.7%
73.6%
77.7%
78.9%
81.0%
74.6%
77.4%
73.6%
58.7%
66.4%
68.6%
69.1%
Dushanbe
76.5%
55.9%
50.5%
61.6%
79.3%
11.6%
47.2%
57.3%
48.2%
49.7%
44.2%
59.1%
56.4%
50.5%
Location type
Other urban
52.0%
50.6%
57.2%
36.0%
32.3%
43.0%
56.9%
44.2%
39.3%
44.9%
91.7%
41.0%
41.1%
40.5%
45.1%
43.1%
33.8%
38.8%
44.9%
36.6%
41.5%
36.7%
37.2%
35.3%
38.3%
44.8%
Rural
40.8%
86.0%
76.0%
77.9%
86.1%
76.2%
70.9%
80.8%
67.7%
73.6%
77.7%
78.9%
81.0%
74.6%
77.4%
73.6%
58.7%
66.4%
68.6%
69.1%
Dushanbe
76.5%
Table 17: Iodized salt consumption (15 ppm and more), by location type and region (percent of population)
70.1%
63.6%
67.7%
78.1%
0.0%
61.6%
72.1%
60.0%
64.4%
61.9%
69.7%
75.4%
65.6%
36.7%
30.2%
33.5%
89.5%
17.5%
27.8%
34.0%
30.0%
31.0%
24.6%
31.8%
39.6%
27.9%
Oblast (region)
Sughd
Khatlon
64.9%
31.0%
68.8%
39.6%
63.4%
29.3%
66.7%
31.0%
57.0%
31.3%
55.2%
25.1%
51.5%
22.1%
60.9%
26.6%
66.3%
36.1%
34.0%
37.2%
29.4%
100%
48.9%
32.6%
39.0%
28.6%
35.6%
34.1%
40.8%
37.8%
44.0%
DRD
35.9%
36.5%
35.8%
36.2%
34.1%
33.1%
38.9%
34.7%
31.1%
54.6%
54.2%
.
.
44.7%
51.7%
54.9%
45.8%
56.2%
53.3%
54.5%
54.3%
51.7%
GBAO
53.5%
66.3%
51.6%
53.9%
51.3%
50.2%
43.4%
48.7%
57.7%
44
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
4. Immunization coverage and vitamin A supplementation
45
4. IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE AND VITAMIN A
SUPPLEMENTATION
Table 18: Vitamin A supplementation
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Age
0 (6-11
months)
1 year
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
Location type
Urban
Rural
Location type
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast (region) Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Mother’s
None
education
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/
tech.
Higher
NA
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status
Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Number of
children aged
6-59 months
having a card
557544
290076
267468
63946
Percent of
children aged
6-59 months
having a card
64.6%
65.5%
63.6%
66.5%
69.3%
61.1%
68.1%
61.9%
64.9%
70.2%
62.7%
59.5%
76.2%
105068
96922
103638
91668
96301
154110
403434
55479
98631
66.6%
64.9%
64.3%
65.0%
61.1%
68.3%
63.3%
64.4%
70.7%
157759
149332
161124
141068
157724
225606
637588
86111
139495
62.7%
59.5%
90.7%
60.4%
30.3%
63.0%
82.3%
57.6%
61.1%
65.6%
403434
55479
183655
203357
103552
11501
2542
14937
114497
348211
63.3%
64.4%
71.5%
64.8%
54.4%
73.3%
62.8%
52.5%
60.5%
65.9%
637588
86111
256939
314037
190405
15702
4045
28463
189390
528221
62.8%
40641
72.7%
55894
69.4%
84.6%
65.1%
64.3%
44.3%
48.3%
67.1%
61.4%
74.6%
66.1%
56.8%
61.8%
62.7%
31059
5656
413947
140243
1193
2161
325301
232243
126925
121751
114372
105965
88530
75.0%
35.9%
62.8%
71.6%
100%
30.0%
65.0%
64.1%
62.1%
67.4%
64.6%
63.4%
66.1%
41434
15748
659045
195759
1193
7197
500810
362384
204339
180591
177130
167161
133972
Total number of
children aged
6-59 months
863194
442570
420624
96187
4
chapter
Description
Percent of children aged
6-59 months (having a
card) received Vitamin A
at least one time
64.8%
64.5%
65.0%
61.4%
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
46
Figure 21: Immunization coverage and trend6
0
20
40
60
80
100
91
95
BCG
88
MICS 2000
MICS 2005
TLSS 2007
90
92
Polio 1
83
87
87
Polio 2
65
81
79
Polio 3
50
80
91
Measles
69
6
Different methodology and reference groups were applied in MICS and TLSS to collect data on immunization. Refer to MICS and TLSS BID
for details.
4. Immunization coverage and vitamin A supplementation
47
Table 19: Tuberculosis, polio and measles immunization coverage
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Location
Urban
type
Rural
Location
Dushanbe
type
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Mother’s
None
education
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/
tech.
Higher
NA
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Percent of
children
aged 12-23
months
receiving
OPV3
vaccine
50.3%
51.6%
48.7%
41.0%
53.4%
23.9%
51.7%
Percent of
children
aged 12-23
months
receiving
measles
vaccine
57.3%
56.4%
58.3%
58.5%
56.9%
56.7%
59.6%
Total
number
of
children
aged
12-23
months
157759
86128
71631
39793
117966
15162
24632
87.5%
86.5%
88.7%
91.7%
86.1%
92.2%
91.4%
83.3%
83.4%
83.3%
82.8%
83.5%
82.0%
83.4%
86.1%
92.2%
91.5%
81.0%
89.2%
95.4%
100%
74.7%
88.7%
87.4%
83.5%
82.0%
89.5%
84.0%
75.8%
76.6%
89.9%
73.8%
77.4%
86.7%
68.3%
43.5%
83.1%
66.6%
49.9%
73.4%
89.9%
68.2%
54.8%
68.9%
53.4%
23.9%
79.9%
47.4%
26.9%
67.4%
0.0%
48.9%
41.8%
53.3%
56.9%
56.7%
77.3%
50.8%
41.0%
69.7%
50.4%
37.6%
59.1%
56.7%
117966
15162
47669
53786
38436
2707
1258
5144
36325
92285
90.6%
87.7%
68.3%
61.7%
68.4%
11127
93.4%
68.6%
87.2%
88.1%
100%
87.5%
87.5%
86.6%
85.6%
88.0%
86.6%
91.1%
88.7%
40.0%
83.9%
83.0%
45.0%
82.9%
83.9%
80.2%
84.4%
84.6%
81.8%
86.6%
79.0%
28.3%
64.6%
68.9%
45.0%
66.7%
63.6%
64.7%
69.7%
67.6%
60.4%
64.3%
59.5%
20.1%
47.0%
62.2%
34.5%
53.3%
46.3%
52.0%
55.2%
52.1%
44.4%
46.5%
66.9%
25.4%
57.0%
59.2%
34.7%
58.7%
55.3%
58.5%
57.1%
58.5%
56.2%
55.3%
8180
3441
121054
35158
1547
89657
68102
38047
29641
33937
29332
26802
4
chapter
Description
Percent of
children
aged 12-23
months
receiving
OPV2
vaccine
65.4%
64.0%
67.1%
56.6%
68.3%
43.5%
64.7%
Percent of
Percent of
children aged children aged
12-23 months 12-23 months
receiving BCG
receiving
vaccine
OPV1 vaccine
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
48
5. SOLID FUEL USE: CHILDREN ARE VULNERABLE
Most people in Tajikistan rely on solid fuels for their basic energy needs, including cooking and
heating. Cooking and heating with solid fuels leads to high levels of indoor smoke, a complex mix of
health-damaging pollutants. The main byproducts of the use of solid fuels are products of incomplete
combustion, including carbon monoxide and other toxic elements. Use of solid fuels increases the
risks of acute respiratory illness, pneumonia, chronic obstructive lung disease, cancer and possibly
tuberculosis, as well as low birth weight, cataracts and asthma. Negative effects of use of solid fuels
can be more dangerous for children’s health. Overall, in 2007 as much as 75 percent of households
in Tajikistan – comprising 81 percent of the population – were using at least one type of solid fuels
for heating needs. Noticeable differences with respect to household composition may be monitored:
While 61 percent of households without children use solid fuel for heating needs, the proportion of
such households with children is significantly higher, reaching 78 percent.
Figure 22: Use of solid fuel, by fuel type
100%
81%
Percent of population
80%
60%
39%
40%
22%
18%
20%
2%
0%
Using
solid
fuels
Using
firewood
Using
coal
Using
dung
Using
cotton
stalks
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
Percent of households
Figure 23: Comparison of households with and without children using solid fuels
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
78%
75%
61%
Total
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
HHs without children
HHs with children
5. Solid fuel use: children are vulnerable
49
Table 20: Solid fuels use for heating (percent of population)
Total
Location type
Urban
Rural
Location type Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast (region) Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of
Male
household
Female
head
None
Education
level of
Primary
household
Basic
head
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/
tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Using
coal
Using
cotton
stalks
Using
dung
38.9%
20.4%
45.5%
5.7%
28.5%
17.6%
15.3%
18.4%
3.3%
21.9%
2.0%
0.1%
2.7%
0.0%
0.1%
22.1%
8.7%
26.9%
0.8%
13.0%
45.5%
5.7%
34.8%
47.0%
39.3%
81.4%
39.7%
34.5%
18.4%
3.3%
33.2%
0.2%
32.9%
1.0%
18.0%
15.0%
2.7%
0.0%
0.3%
5.2%
0.4%
0.0%
2.1%
1.7%
26.9%
0.8%
16.8%
36.2%
17.9%
5.3%
22.4%
20.5%
93.5%
9.7%
85.1%
88.6%
90.4%
87.7%
82.2%
71.7%
5206100
660900
2095700
2519600
1567200
220400
5952440
1111360
44.2%
41.3%
42.5%
39.8%
20.0%
13.4%
13.1%
20.3%
1.9%
2.7%
3.7%
1.7%
25.8%
29.4%
29.0%
19.4%
91.7%
86.8%
88.2%
81.2%
314110
467801
902772
2543727
38.6%
15.8%
2.2%
24.5%
81.2%
1628397
32.2%
37.7%
43.7%
9.3%
30.0%
39.0%
38.7%
37.6%
39.3%
39.5%
40.3%
37.7%
18.6%
17.7%
17.8%
0.0%
14.9%
18.7%
16.3%
19.4%
20.2%
14.8%
15.3%
18.2%
0.8%
2.0%
2.1%
0.0%
0.0%
2.0%
2.0%
0.8%
1.8%
4.5%
2.0%
0.8%
15.6%
21.5%
25.1%
0.0%
8.9%
24.6%
19.3%
25.9%
22.9%
24.6%
22.0%
15.2%
67.2%
78.9%
88.6%
9.3%
53.7%
84.3%
76.2%
83.7%
84.2%
83.4%
79.6%
71.9%
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
5
chapter
Description
Percent of population that
uses solid fuels (wood,
Total
coal, crop residues or
population
dung) for heating
80.6%
7063800
44.4%
1857700
93.5%
5206100
9.7%
660900
63.5%
1196800
Using
firewood
Quintiles of
consumption
Poverty status
Ethnicity of
household head
Gender of
household head
Education level of
household head
Total
Location type
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Description 47.5%
28.8%
43.9%
56.9%
5.4%
21.7%
54.9%
34.1%
58.8%
56.0%
39.9%
33.5%
35.1%
67.2%
78.9%
88.6%
9.3%
53.7%
84.3%
76.2%
83.7%
84.2%
83.4%
79.6%
71.9%
93.8%
93.5%
93.6%
50.1%
97.1%
93.8%
93.1%
93.6%
93.1%
93.0%
95.0%
92.7%
94.0%
2.7%
10.7%
2.8%
5.2%
0.0%
14.6%
6.0%
19.0%
12.3%
7.5%
7.0%
5.7%
10.6%
56.8%
63.3%
71.0%
5.7%
39.1%
73.1%
52.7%
77.5%
72.4%
59.6%
52.0%
53.9%
65.7%
93.8%
93.5%
93.6%
50.1%
97.1%
93.8%
93.1%
93.6%
93.1%
93.0%
95.0%
92.7%
94.0%
Location type
Location type
Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban Rural
44.4% 93.5%
9.7%
63.5%
93.5%
46.1% 93.8%
9.4%
65.7%
93.8%
38.2% 91.6%
10.8%
55.3%
91.6%
70.0% 96.9%
26.2%
81.1%
96.9%
58.5% 92.8%
34.3%
73.2%
92.8%
56.1% 95.3%
21.7%
72.9%
95.3%
47.0% 92.1%
10.1%
60.2%
92.1%
81.2%
80.6%
44.4%
93.5%
82.2%
71.7%
91.7%
86.8%
88.2%
81.2%
Total
Table 21: Solid fuel use for heating, by location type and region (percent of population)
2.7%
10.7%
2.8%
5.2%
0.0%
14.6%
6.0%
19.0%
12.3%
7.5%
7.0%
5.7%
10.6%
9.4%
10.8%
26.2%
34.3%
21.7%
10.1%
Dushanbe
9.7%
75.6%
82.0%
93.8%
0.0%
34.7%
90.4%
73.4%
91.9%
87.7%
89.7%
78.3%
66.3%
85.9%
91.8%
89.0%
87.2%
89.5%
100%
91.4%
86.1%
93.3%
92.4%
86.4%
87.5%
86.7%
88.2%
Oblast (region)
Sughd
Khatlon
85.1%
88.6%
54.3%
66.2%
95.7%
93.3%
86.3%
89.6%
79.8%
81.3%
92.0%
96.2%
85.6%
89.6%
92.3%
92.4%
85.3%
84.9%
86.8%
90.0%
92.6%
0.0%
87.1%
86.7%
93.9%
81.6%
85.8%
94.3%
95.6%
92.2%
90.3%
DRD
90.4%
83.9%
91.3%
91.1%
86.1%
94.9%
94.2%
92.9%
89.0%
81.9%
87.2%
.
.
94.5%
92.9%
83.7%
93.3%
94.4%
88.1%
88.7%
77.7%
87.3%
GBAO
87.7%
55.4%
92.6%
88.5%
83.5%
98.2%
93.2%
90.0%
89.2%
50
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
6. Access to safe water and improved sanitation
51
6. ACCESS TO SAFE WATER AND IMPROVED SANITATION
Safe drinking water is essential for good health, particularly for children’s health. Unsafe drinking
water can be a significant carrier of serious diseases. Access to drinking water may be particularly
important for women and children, especially in rural areas, given that they bear primary responsibility for carrying water, often for long distances.
The population using improved sources of drinking water is comprised of those using piped water
into dwelling, piped water into yard or plot, public tap/standpipe, tube well/borehole, protected dug
well or spring.
Figure 24 presents the use of improved drinking water sources broken down by various characteristics
of households. The main variation of this indicator may be monitored when analyzing regional differences; however, a significant difference also exists between households with and without children.
While 73 percent of households without children have access to an improved water source, only 60
percent of households with children have such access.
Figure 24: Quality of drinking water.
Total
62%
Rural
Urban
48%
Rural
Other urban
Dushanbe
48%
92%
89%
97%
GBAO
41%
DRD
Khatlon
Sughd
Dushanbe
51%
52%
6
68%
97%
Non poor
Poor
64%
61%
HHs with children
HHs without children
60%
73%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
In terms of water treatment practices, no significant differences exist between households with and
without children (Figure 25).
chapter
Percent of households
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
52
Figure 25: Water Treatment Methods
61%
Total
Rural
59%
Urban
64%
59%
Rural
66%
Other urban
60%
Dushanbe
14%
GBAO
29%
DDR
Khatlon
67%
80%
Sughd
Dushanbe
60%
Non poor
Poor
59%
63%
61%
HHs with children
HHs without children
62%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Percent of households
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
Only 21 percent of the population uses improved sanitation facilities. Wide disparities in usage of
improved sanitation emerge in terms of location type. Only 3 percent of rural households have improved sanitation facilities, compared to 58 percent of urban households (Figure 26).
Figure 26: Use of improved sanitation7 facilities.
Total
Rural
21%
3%
58%
Urban
Rural
3%
Other urban
43%
83%
Dushanbe
GBAO
2%
DDR
9%
Khatlon
9%
18%
Sughd
83%
Dushanbe
27%
Non poor
Poor
14%
18%
HHs with children
HHs without children
0%
32%
10%
20%
30%
40% 50% 60% 70%
Percent of households
80%
90%
100%
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
7
Improved = flush/ pour-flush connected to a piped sewer system, flush/ pour-flush connected to a septic tank/ latrine connected
to a septic tank
7.8%
6.5%
9.1%
11.4%
8.6%
5.7%
7.7%
12.8%
4.7%
20.8%
11.6%
5.9%
14.7%
11.4%
7.1%
6.0%
5.6%
31.4%
33.2%
31.5%
35.8%
41.5%
53.4%
42.1%
28.6%
89.1%
38.1%
36.2%
42.6%
39.5%
36.2%
31.4%
39.8%
49.1%
6.0%
5.5%
11.1%
4.4%
6.5%
7.1%
6.5%
4.0%
8.5%
9.5%
5.6%
6.4%
7.0%
8.1%
9.9%
6.8%
6.3%
3.6%
1.9%
5.0%
2.8%
2.2%
1.9%
2.3%
1.8%
2.5%
4.1%
3.6%
3.1%
4.7%
14.2%
3.5%
3.6%
4.2%
2.5%
3.6%
4.2%
3.2%
2.5%
4.6%
0.9%
3.1%
5.3%
2.8%
3.1%
2.8%
3.3%
3.2%
1.6%
2.0%
2.3%
1.2%
1.2%
1.6%
2.7%
1.3%
1.5%
2.9%
2.1%
1.5%
1.2%
1.0%
2.3%
27.7%
36.5%
35.6%
1.8%
20.5%
35.8%
36.3%
29.8%
37.0%
44.1%
40.1%
29.1%
32.7%
46.7%
42.8%
42.7%
37.1%
0.6%
1.1%
0.4%
0.4%
0.9%
0.8%
1.6%
0.6%
1.0%
0.2%
1.0%
0.5%
0.5%
0.3%
1.2%
0.2%
0.6%
2.4%
0.5%
0.9%
0.7%
0.4%
1.0%
0.8%
0.3%
1.0%
Other
chapter
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
68.6%
58.4%
57.2%
98.2%
79.5%
58.4%
58.6%
62.4%
58.6%
51.6%
55.7%
64.3%
61.7%
50.4%
52.4%
50.7%
56.6%
58.5%
90.7%
47.0%
95.4%
88.1%
47.0%
95.4%
64.9%
51.4%
48.4%
39.9%
56.9%
67.0%
Percent of
Total
population using
population improved sources
of drinking water
Total
Location type Urban
Rural
Location type Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of
Male
household
Female
head
None
Education
level of
Primary
household
Basic
head
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Description
Main source of drinking water (percent of population)
Improved source
Unimproved source
Urban/
Protected Unprotected
Public tap/
Hand
Lake, river,
rural
dug well
dug well or Tanker truck
standpipe
pump
stream
plumbing
or spring
spring
39.2%
9.0%
6.8%
3.6%
2.8%
1.8%
36.0%
82.6%
4.9%
3.1%
0.1%
0.1%
2.6%
6.3%
23.7%
10.4%
8.1%
4.8%
3.8%
1.5%
46.6%
93.8%
1.4%
0.2%
0.2%
4.5%
76.4%
6.8%
4.8%
0.1%
0.2%
4.0%
7.3%
23.7%
10.4%
8.1%
4.8%
3.8%
1.5%
46.6%
93.8%
1.4%
0.2%
0.2%
4.5%
34.8%
21.9%
4.5%
3.6%
5.3%
2.7%
26.9%
33.1%
4.1%
11.2%
3.1%
1.7%
1.9%
44.4%
34.1%
3.6%
6.4%
4.3%
1.7%
1.3%
46.1%
22.6%
2.9%
0.8%
13.5%
9.3%
50.4%
37.1%
9.2%
7.0%
3.7%
3.1%
1.9%
37.2%
50.5%
8.0%
5.6%
2.9%
1.6%
1.2%
29.5%
Table 22: Use of improved drinking water sources (percent of population)
6. Access to safe water and improved sanitation
53
6
Quintiles of
consumption
Poverty status
Ethnicity of
household head
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Urban
Rural
Gender of household Male
head
Female
Education level of
None
household head
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Total
Location type
Description
94.7%
89.9%
94.9%
98.0%
94.8%
89.9%
91.4%
89.2%
91.1%
91.0%
90.5%
91.5%
68.6%
58.4%
57.2%
98.2%
79.5%
58.4%
58.6%
62.4%
58.6%
51.6%
55.7%
64.3%
89.7%
94.0%
91.6%
96.0%
89.4%
86.8%
90.7%
91.0%
Urban
50.6%
45.3%
51.3%
100%
58.9%
48.3%
45.5%
51.9%
48.3%
42.9%
44.1%
48.8%
50.5%
46.4%
51.0%
40.6%
43.2%
42.2%
47.1%
47.0%
Rural
Location type
61.7%
58.5%
90.7%
47.0%
56.9%
67.0%
50.4%
52.4%
50.7%
56.6%
Total
97.8%
94.8%
98.7%
100%
100%
93.3%
97.0%
89.9%
95.8%
96.3%
96.7%
97.3%
96.1%
95.4%
95.3%
98.1%
93.6%
84.0%
94.8%
95.4%
91.3%
87.0%
93.9%
94.3%
90.7%
88.4%
87.8%
88.9%
89.4%
87.8%
86.2%
87.8%
88.5%
86.7%
93.2%
90.0%
97.5%
92.0%
83.9%
88.1%
Dushanbe Other urban
Location type
50.6%
45.3%
51.3%
100%
58.9%
48.3%
45.5%
51.9%
48.3%
42.9%
44.1%
48.8%
50.5%
46.4%
51.0%
40.6%
43.2%
42.2%
47.1%
47.0%
Rural
97.8%
94.8%
98.7%
100%
100%
93.3%
97.0%
89.9%
95.8%
96.3%
96.7%
97.3%
96.1%
95.4%
95.3%
98.1%
93.6%
84.0%
94.8%
95.4%
Dushanbe
Table 23: Use of improved drinking water sources, by location type and region (percent of population)
64.6%
62.2%
69.0%
100%
100%
61.1%
73.3%
58.0%
65.3%
66.4%
71.3%
73.8%
75.1%
64.9%
84.5%
58.2%
63.2%
72.3%
73.5%
64.8%
56.1%
63.7%
Sughd
67.4%
55.9%
37.3%
73.9%
42.9%
51.5%
51.4%
66.7%
49.5%
42.2%
51.2%
58.0%
55.2%
51.4%
89.4%
43.5%
50.6%
57.1%
31.9%
51.7%
42.0%
47.4%
Khatlon
Oblast (region)
49.5%
44.8%
64.6%
100%
47.0%
54.2%
42.9%
60.2%
54.9%
44.9%
38.0%
47.7%
52.9%
48.4%
95.9%
41.7%
47.5%
53.8%
40.5%
38.3%
51.2%
48.2%
DRD
39.0%
37.7%
.
.
66.7%
34.2%
44.2%
31.7%
31.4%
38.8%
37.9%
54.6%
47.9%
39.9%
83.3%
33.3%
37.4%
53.9%
48.6%
45.6%
26.9%
36.7%
GBAO
54
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
chapter
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Oblast
(region)
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Description
3.8%
3.0%
3.0%
4.1%
0.0%
2.6%
3.4%
2.5%
3.8%
1.3%
3.6%
3.6%
37.5%
41.6%
34.2%
39.6%
52.3%
37.4%
43.0%
35.6%
38.3%
38.5%
44.1%
43.6%
61.9%
57.6%
65.2%
58.0%
47.5%
61.9%
56.2%
64.0%
61.2%
60.2%
55.0%
55.8%
4.3%
42.6% 56.5%
Add
bleach/
chlorine
3.0%
3.9%
2.6%
4.1%
3.8%
2.6%
4.1%
1.8%
2.5%
4.8%
3.1%
3.1%
2.0%
1.5%
1.9%
1.8%
2.5%
59.2%
61.4%
58.5%
57.1%
63.8%
58.5%
57.1%
79.2%
68.3%
25.6%
12.2%
59.8%
56.1%
Boil
60.8%
51.6%
57.4%
61.6%
38.9%
47.6%
41.3%
37.8%
40.0%
37.8%
40.8%
41.4%
35.8%
40.8%
41.4%
20.5%
30.9%
73.6%
85.6%
39.5%
42.8%
None
3.8%
2.6%
2.4%
5.2%
0.0%
2.4%
2.7%
1.6%
3.8%
1.5%
2.9%
2.8%
3.1%
1.4%
2.1%
1.3%
2.2%
Strain
through a
cloth
2.5%
2.9%
2.4%
3.8%
2.4%
2.4%
3.8%
1.1%
2.3%
4.3%
1.9%
2.8%
1.4%
25.3%
23.5%
26.0%
28.9%
20.5%
26.0%
28.9%
22.8%
36.9%
11.9%
1.4%
26.4%
19.3%
6.7%
4.9%
7.4%
4.3%
5.3%
7.4%
4.3%
6.0%
9.5%
5.2%
0.8%
7.3%
3.9%
2.6%
7.2%
7.7%
5.9%
8.0%
7.0%
6.6%
7.5%
3.9%
0.0%
6.9%
6.6%
6.4%
7.8%
5.6%
6.5%
7.4%
1.4%
1.5%
1.5%
1.9%
2.9%
2.4%
2.1%
2.2%
3.4%
0.4%
1.8%
2.5%
1.3%
2.9%
1.4%
2.4%
2.6%
26.4%
23.7%
31.0%
31.4%
12.0%
25.3%
25.3%
22.6%
26.2%
29.6%
23.8%
24.4%
25.9%
20.5%
18.4%
23.5%
27.0%
Let stand
and settle
Solar
disinfection
Use
water
filter
2.1%
2.9%
1.8%
4.4%
2.1%
1.8%
4.4%
1.2%
1.4%
3.8%
0.6%
2.3%
1.3%
Table 24: Use of methods of water treatment (percent of population)
4.9%
4.8%
5.4%
6.3%
3.8%
4.8%
5.1%
3.1%
6.6%
4.8%
5.3%
5.0%
6.5%
5.9%
3.5%
5.1%
4.1%
5.0%
5.6%
4.7%
8.3%
4.0%
4.7%
8.3%
1.8%
7.4%
4.4%
0.8%
5.3%
3.0%
Other
63.1%
58.8%
65.9%
63.9%
47.7%
62.8%
57.6%
64.6%
62.0%
61.8%
56.5%
57.2%
58.1%
61.1%
52.4%
59.0%
62.5%
60.4%
62.6%
59.6%
59.1%
64.5%
59.6%
59.1%
79.6%
69.7%
26.8%
14.5%
61.0%
57.5%
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
1628397
314110
467801
902772
2543727
7063800
1857700
5206100
660900
1196800
5206100
660900
2095700
2519600
1567200
220400
5952440
1111360
Percent of population using any
Total
method of water treatment
population
6. Access to safe water and improved sanitation
55
6
Urban
Rural
Gender of household Male
head
Female
Education level of
None
household head
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of household Tajik
head
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status
Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location type
Description 62.1%
64.5%
70.1%
52.2%
56.2%
65.8%
57.9%
65.8%
62.0%
65.5%
69.2%
65.2%
63.5%
61.7%
63.8%
62.8%
64.6%
57.4%
64.1%
58.1%
63.1%
58.8%
65.9%
63.9%
47.7%
62.8%
57.6%
64.6%
62.0%
61.8%
56.5%
57.2%
62.6%
Urbam
61.2%
57.5%
66.0%
8.3%
24.0%
62.6%
56.0%
64.9%
61.8%
61.1%
56.2%
53.3%
58.1%
60.6%
53.3%
59.0%
52.5%
59.6%
61.5%
59.6%
Rural
Location type
60.4%
62.6%
59.6%
61.0%
57.5%
61.1%
52.4%
59.0%
62.5%
Total
61.4%
59.4%
50.9%
63.4%
67.3%
55.9%
61.5%
57.4%
53.8%
59.4%
54.1%
66.2%
59.6%
59.0%
59.4%
43.6%
48.3%
49.0%
61.7%
59.1%
Dushanbe
70.5%
63.5%
69.3%
80.1%
63.6%
67.0%
61.8%
66.8%
66.2%
67.8%
59.6%
62.7%
57.1%
63.7%
67.6%
76.8%
54.6%
59.7%
67.3%
64.5%
Other urban
Location type
61.2%
57.5%
66.0%
8.3%
24.0%
62.6%
56.0%
64.9%
61.8%
61.1%
56.2%
53.3%
58.1%
60.6%
53.3%
59.0%
52.5%
59.6%
61.5%
59.6%
Rural
Table 25: Use of methods of water treatment, by location type and region (percent of population)
61.4%
59.4%
50.9%
63.4%
67.3%
55.9%
61.5%
57.4%
53.8%
59.4%
54.1%
66.2%
59.6%
59.0%
59.4%
43.6%
48.3%
49.0%
61.7%
59.1%
Dushanbe
81.1%
79.5%
80.1%
78.9%
74.5%
78.9%
81.1%
78.8%
78.0%
81.7%
77.2%
83.9%
77.3%
79.6%
85.1%
77.7%
79.5%
79.9%
88.1%
83.8%
81.2%
78.1%
Sughd
70.5%
71.4%
64.8%
36.6%
42.9%
71.3%
68.3%
71.6%
72.5%
70.0%
70.1%
65.1%
68.0%
69.7%
57.3%
72.3%
71.4%
57.6%
69.7%
67.2%
67.2%
72.5%
Khatlon
Oblast (region)
36.8%
24.8%
36.5%
0.0%
7.6%
28.2%
25.4%
25.1%
29.6%
29.4%
26.5%
23.7%
29.0%
26.8%
30.4%
26.3%
27.1%
24.6%
27.7%
21.9%
23.2%
23.3%
DRD
16.3%
14.0%
.
.
21.5%
12.2%
16.3%
17.9%
8.8%
12.2%
14.6%
19.4%
14.1%
14.5%
22.1%
13.4%
14.9%
12.5%
5.2%
13.8%
18.9%
13.0%
GBAO
56
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
chapter
Urban
Rural
Location type
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast (region) Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of
Male
household head Female
Education level None
of household
Primary
head
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status
Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location type
Description
1.5%
2.2%
1.4%
1.4%
2.0%
0.8%
1.4%
1.3%
1.8%
1.2%
1.3%
1.1%
1.5%
14.0%
24.9%
14.6%
4.9%
79.2%
26.4%
9.2%
16.9%
9.5%
9.4%
9.0%
14.4%
21.6%
0.2%
0.9%
0.4%
0.1%
0.6%
0.6%
1.0%
71.7%
0.5%
83.2%
0.4%
91.8%
0.5%
15.1% 67.8%
5.1%
88.3%
0.7%
80.6%
0.2%
87.5%
0.6%
88.4%
0.8%
88.3%
0.7%
83.6%
0.1%
75.8%
0.1%
0.8%
0.4%
1.0%
3.7%
0.3%
84.0%
0.2%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.0%
0.4%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99.5%
99.6%
99.0%
100%
95.0%
99.1%
99.7%
99.1%
99.1%
99.2%
99.7%
99.9%
99.7%
27.9%
16.4%
7.3%
84.9%
27.2%
10.8%
19.1%
11.6%
10.7%
10.9%
16.1%
24.1%
15.7%
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
1628397
Percent of
Percent of
population
population using
Total
using
improved sanitation
Total
populaimproved
facilities
(if
‘pit
population
Pit
No
tion
Other
sanitation latrine’ classified as
latrine facilities
facilities
unimproved)
84.7%
0.5%
0.1% 100%
99.4%
14.7%
7063800
51.5%
0.1%
0.1% 100%
99.8%
48.3%
1857700
96.6%
0.6%
0.2% 100%
99.3%
2.7%
5206100
23.4%
0.1% 100%
99.9%
76.6%
660900
67.0%
0.2%
0.1% 100%
99.7%
32.7%
1196800
96.6%
0.6%
0.2% 100%
99.3%
2.7%
5206100
23.4%
0.1% 100%
99.9%
76.6%
660900
87.2%
0.8%
0.3% 100%
99.0%
11.7%
2095700
93.2%
0.2%
0.1% 100%
99.8%
6.6%
2519600
92.2%
0.3%
0.1% 100%
99.6%
7.4%
1567200
94.3%
3.4%
0.2% 100%
96.5%
2.2%
220400
86.3%
0.5%
0.1% 100%
99.5%
13.1%
5952440
76.2%
0.4%
0.5% 100%
99.1%
22.9%
1111360
96.2% 0.4% 100%
99.6%
3.4%
314110
94.1%
0.5%
0.7% 100%
98.8%
4.7%
467801
90.1%
1.0%
0.4% 100%
98.6%
8.5%
902772
86.3%
0.4%
0.1% 100%
99.5%
13.2%
2543727
Unimproved
0.2%
Sanitation facilities
Improved
Flush/pourFlush/
Latrine
flush connected
pour-flush
connected
to piped sewer connected to to septic
system
septic tank
tank
12.8%
1.4%
0.5%
44.8%
2.7%
0.7%
1.3%
0.9%
0.5%
70.8%
4.8%
1.0%
30.5%
1.6%
0.6%
1.3%
0.9%
0.5%
70.8%
4.8%
1.0%
10.0%
1.2%
0.5%
5.3%
0.9%
0.4%
5.5%
1.2%
0.7%
1.7%
0.2%
0.3%
11.4%
1.3%
0.5%
20.1%
2.0%
0.8%
2.5%
0.8%
3.6%
1.1%
0.0%
6.3%
1.4%
0.7%
11.5%
1.0%
0.7%
Table 26: Use of improved sanitation facilities (percent of population)
6. Access to safe water and improved sanitation
57
6
99.8%
99.6%
100%
99.0%
100%
99.5%
100%
100%
99.9%
98.9%
100%
98.6%
99.7%
99.9%
99.5%
99.8%
99.9%
100%
99.9%
99.7%
99.5%
99.6%
99.0%
100%
95.0%
99.1%
99.7%
99.1%
99.1%
99.2%
99.7%
99.9%
99.8%
Urban
99.2%
99.4%
99.1%
100%
90.1%
99.0%
99.6%
99.0%
98.9%
99.1%
99.7%
99.9%
99.6%
99.3%
98.8%
99.5%
98.8%
98.3%
99.5%
99.3%
Rural
Location type
99.4%
99.8%
99.3%
99.5%
99.1%
99.6%
98.8%
98.6%
99.5%
Total
100%
99.9%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99.9%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99.8%
100%
99.9%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99.8%
99.9%
100%
99.9%
98.6%
100%
97.4%
99.5%
99.9%
99.2%
99.7%
99.8%
99.9%
99.9%
100%
99.8%
99.4%
100%
98.3%
100%
99.4%
99.7%
Dushanbe Other urban
Location type
99.2%
99.4%
99.1%
100%
90.1%
99.0%
99.6%
99.0%
98.9%
99.1%
99.7%
99.9%
99.6%
99.3%
98.8%
99.5%
98.8%
98.3%
99.5%
99.3%
Rural
100%
99.9%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99.9%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99.8%
100%
99.9%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99.8%
99.9%
Dushanbe
98.6%
99.2%
98.5%
100%
96.9%
98.7%
99.5%
98.6%
99.3%
97.4%
100%
100%
100%
99.0%
99.6%
98.8%
99.0%
98.8%
98.7%
97.0%
97.0%
99.6%
Sughd
100%
99.7%
99.9%
100%
100%
99.7%
99.8%
100%
99.3%
100%
99.6%
99.9%
99.7%
99.8%
100%
99.7%
99.8%
99.8%
100%
100%
99.1%
99.9%
Khatlon
Oblast (region)
Urban
Rural
Gender of
Male
household head Female
Education level of None
household head Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status
Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location type
Description
100%
99.9%
98.4%
100%
100%
99.2%
100%
100%
98.3%
99.5%
100%
100%
100%
99.6%
99.6%
99.6%
99.7%
99.0%
100%
99.5%
99.3%
99.2%
DRD
97.4%
97.5%
.
.
83.5%
95.1%
97.6%
89.1%
97.7%
95.9%
97.3%
99.0%
96.8%
96.5%
97.3%
96.4%
97.0%
93.7%
100%
86.0%
100%
96.3%
GBAO
Table 27: Use of improved sanitation facilities, by location type and region (percent of population), if ‘pit latrine’ classified as improved
58
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Quintiles of
consumption
Poverty status
Ethnicity of
household head
Education level of
household head
Gender of
household head
Age of household
head
Total
Location type
chapter
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
Less than 34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and more
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Description
50.2%
63.2%
48.4%
41.8%
89.0%
47.2%
35.2%
61.1%
31.0%
34.0%
51.1%
57.8%
63.2%
27.9%
16.4%
7.3%
84.9%
27.2%
10.8%
19.1%
11.6%
10.7%
10.9%
16.1%
24.1%
46.1%
56.0%
77.0%
61.9%
43.6%
37.6%
18.7%
12.2%
23.8%
31.9%
45.9%
48.3%
Urban
Location type
76.6%
76.9%
75.6%
92.1%
83.3%
75.1%
64.5%
49.0%
31.5%
34.9%
54.6%
73.7%
77.5%
89.6%
75.2%
80.2%
94.1%
91.8%
65.8%
84.8%
64.5%
63.0%
73.9%
81.0%
88.7%
2.6%
3.3%
3.2%
5.0%
2.1%
2.1%
1.4%
1.3%
0.7%
3.3%
2.9%
2.6%
3.4%
3.0%
1.9%
41.7%
0.0%
3.0%
2.3%
4.0%
3.3%
2.0%
2.2%
2.0%
35.0%
32.8%
31.8%
79.2%
11.6%
21.3%
45.4%
15.3%
23.2%
37.1%
41.7%
47.0%
36.9%
29.6%
43.8%
63.3%
45.1%
30.2%
25.7%
8.2%
7.3%
17.0%
20.9%
36.0%
32.7%
Dushanbe Other urban
2.7%
Rural
Location type
15.7%
14.7%
48.3%
2.7%
13.1%
22.9%
30.3%
22.9%
13.3%
9.8%
4.7%
3.4%
4.7%
8.5%
13.2%
Total
3.4%
3.0%
1.9%
41.7%
0.0%
3.0%
2.3%
4.0%
3.3%
2.0%
2.2%
2.0%
2.6%
2.6%
3.3%
3.2%
5.0%
2.1%
2.1%
1.4%
1.3%
0.7%
3.3%
2.9%
2.7%
Rural
89.6%
75.2%
80.2%
94.1%
91.8%
65.8%
84.8%
64.5%
63.0%
73.9%
81.0%
88.7%
77.5%
76.9%
75.6%
92.1%
83.3%
75.1%
64.5%
49.0%
31.5%
34.9%
54.6%
73.7%
76.6%
Dushanbe
18.6%
13.8%
6.6%
84.0%
7.7%
6.3%
23.6%
5.5%
7.9%
7.6%
15.6%
33.2%
15.8%
11.7%
41.2%
1.6%
9.8%
20.2%
30.9%
15.0%
9.7%
9.2%
4.5%
4.7%
7.7%
7.4%
10.6%
Sughd
5.8%
7.8%
2.9%
0.0%
0.0%
4.6%
8.3%
2.4%
5.0%
6.1%
8.2%
9.1%
8.7%
6.6%
30.1%
1.6%
5.6%
13.1%
6.6%
10.4%
8.2%
4.8%
1.4%
0.0%
2.3%
5.3%
7.1%
Khatlon
Oblast (region)
10.3%
7.4%
6.7%
100%
12.9%
9.9%
5.0%
13.9%
9.6%
5.7%
5.6%
3.9%
7.6%
7.4%
17.7%
5.9%
7.4%
7.2%
12.1%
16.7%
5.4%
4.7%
1.5%
2.2%
0.0%
4.0%
10.6%
DRD
4.2%
2.4%
.
.
0.0%
0.7%
3.3%
0.0%
0.8%
2.8%
1.9%
4.5%
2.3%
2.2%
14.6%
0.3%
2.2%
2.2%
0.0%
3.3%
2.9%
1.1%
1.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
2.2%
GBAO
Table 28: Use of improved sanitation facilities, by location type and region (percent of population), if ‘pit latrine’ classified as unimproved
6. Access to safe water and improved sanitation
59
6
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
60
7. Child mortality
Both infant and child mortality rates in Tajikistan have declined between 1990 and 2007, indicating the country is on track to achieve this Millennium Development Goal. However, both infant and
under-5 mortality rates in Tajikistan remain very high – more than twice as high as average rates for
the CEE/CIS region.
Figure 27: Infant and under-5 mortality trends
IMR
U5MR
140
126
120
114
115
100
91
89
80
90
93
75
75
79
65
68
62
53
60
56
40
46
38
27
24
20
0
1990
1993
1995
2000
2003
(MICS
2005)
2007
2005
(TLSS
2007)
CEE/CIS
PRS
2009
MDG
2015
Child mortality rates among boys and girls also differ significantly, with the infant mortality rate
among boys about 10-15 deaths per 1,000 live births higher than among girls.
Table 29: Infant mortality and under-5 mortality rates8
Description
Total
Gender
Location type
8
Reference period
Male
Female
Rural
Urban
Infant mortality
MICS 2005
TLSS 2007
April/May
Mid-2003
2005
65
46
76
54
54
40
68
48
58
36
Brass indirect method: children ever born/children surviving method. Estimated by World Bank.
Under-5 mortality
MICS 2005
TLSS 2007
Mid-2003
April/May 2005
79
92
66
83
70
53
59
48
57
42
7. Child mortality
Oblast (region)
Education level
Quintiles of
consumption
Reference period
Dushanbe
Khatlon
Sughd
DRD
GBAO
No education/primary
Incomplete secondary
Complete secondary
Special secondary
Higher education
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Infant mortality
MICS 2005
TLSS 2007
April/May
Mid-2003
2005
50
36
81
48
61
54
47
35
46
20
75
103
73
62
63
35
56
28
26
81
60
92
30
66
44
44
35
63
53
Under-5 mortality
MICS 2005
TLSS 2007
Mid-2003
April/May 2005
59
102
73
57
54
95
91
76
67
29
102
118
82
51
77
41
55
64
40
22
134
75
40
31
73
34
51
40
63
7
chapter
Description
61
Age groups
Oblast
(region)
Total
Location
type
Location
type
0.7%
1.6%
0.7%
2.6%
2.5%
3.4%
1.9%
4.7%
2.3%
1.6%
0.9%
1.2%
3.5%
7.1%
7.8%
3.0%
3.0%
1.4%
21.9%
7.2%
5.3%
3.6%
3.5%
6.6%
4.4%
2.0%
2.2%
1.9%
4.7%
0.8%
5.0%
8.2%
3.5%
7.1%
8.8%
Absti- Observing Interruption
nence the cycle of the act
3.8%
Urban
3.1%
Rural
4.1%
Dushanbe 1.6%
Other
3.9%
urban
Rural
4.1%
Dushanbe 1.6%
Sughd
5.4%
Khatlon
4.2%
DRD
2.2%
GBAO
1.0%
15-19
20-24
5.9%
25-29
6.4%
30-34
3.8%
35-39
2.0%
40-44
3.3%
45-49
2.9%
Description
0.5%
1.4%
1.3%
0.4%
0.5%
1.3%
1.2%
0.8%
0.5%
1.1%
1.3%
0.7%
0.9%
0.3%
1.2%
0.8%
2.2%
6.3%
5.8%
1.4%
1.3%
2.3%
6.2%
4.9%
5.2%
3.9%
3.4%
1.5%
2.4%
3.4%
6.1%
2.2%
6.3%
5.9%
Douche
with Condom
water
2.5%
0.3%
1.7%
4.4%
0.9%
0.9%
16.2%
3.0%
1.5%
1.1%
3.1%
2.2%
1.8%
2.1%
1.3%
2.5%
0.3%
1.7%
Cap
9.6%
7.8%
9.3%
7.4%
3.9%
4.6%
6.5%
4.4%
7.9%
8.0%
4.5%
9.0%
6.9%
7.6%
6.5%
4.4%
9.3%
Pills
72.3%
69.9%
65.5%
65.8%
80.4%
78.8%
55.7%
59.6%
67.9%
70.1%
70.1%
74.2%
72.0%
69.9%
64.4%
72.3%
69.9%
61.5%
0.7% 0.2%
0.7% 0.8% 0.2%
0.4% 0.9% 3.3%
3.6%
3.1%
3.7%
3.6%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
1.6% 0.8% 0.2% 3.1% 100%
0.9% 0.4% 3.7% 100%
1.1% 0.3% 1.7% 100%
4.2% 1.0% 0.4% 4.8% 100%
0.6% 1.2% 0.2% 3.5% 100%
1.2% 0.8% 2.6% 100%
100%
1.3% 1.0% 6.4% 100%
0.8% 2.0% 100%
1.8% 0.8% 0.6% 3.1% 100%
2.8% 0.9% 0.2% 3.6% 100%
2.1% 0.2% 2.9% 100%
2.1% 1.9% 3.2% 100%
1.9%
2.6%
1.6%
0.9%
3.6%
Ster- Foam/
Total
Spiral Injeciliza- jelly / Other
(IUD) tions
tion cream
Percent of women aged 15-49 currently married or in union who are using contraceptive methods:
Table 30: Contraceptive prevalence
8. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND MATERNAL AND NEWBORN CARE
35.0%
44.2%
37.6%
33.0%
37.0%
55.2%
4.9%
16.7%
32.6%
44.3%
51.2%
51.5%
39.8%
Percent of women aged
15-49 currently married
or in union who are
using any contraceptive
method
37.1%
42.9%
35.0%
44.2%
42.2%
62
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
chapter
2.4%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.2%
0.9%
1.4%
1.2%
1.5%
1.6%
2.6%
2.4%
0.8%
5.6%
0.7%
0.5%
0.8%
0.9%
0.8%
1.0%
7.4%
2.2%
1.1%
0.7%
1.9%
0.8%
0.6%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
2.1%
1.1%
2.2%
2.4%
0.7%
2.9%
4.0%
4.5%
2.5%
1.1%
4.2%
4.7%
4.0%
3.0%
6.1%
4.5%
3.7%
2.5%
3.2%
4.3%
3.5%
4.9%
3.8%
3.1%
Douche
with Condom
water
2.3%
0.4%
2.9%
1.9%
Absti- Observing Interruption
nence the cycle of the act
None
14.7% Primary
8.4% Basic
3.9%
3.1%
Secondary 3.6%
5.1%
general
Secondary 3.4%
7.5%
special/
tech.
Higher
2.5%
7.4%
Number
0
21.0%
19.2%
of living
1
4.6%
7.4%
children
2
3.4%
3.3%
3
4.1%
6.7%
4+
2.8%
3.7%
Ethnicity
Tajik
4.0%
4.8%
Uzbek
2.7%
5.3%
Russian
5.8%
Other
9.9%
6.5%
Poverty
Poor
3.9%
3.8%
status
Non-poor 3.6%
6.3%
Quintiles of Poorest
4.6%
5.1%
consumption 2
4.3%
2.5%
3
3.9%
4.7%
4
3.0%
5.1%
Richest
3.1%
7.2%
Education
level
Description
1.2% 17.5%
2.1%
3.0%
3.3%
100%
100%
100%
100%
43.7%
6.1%
17.2%
39.0%
45.9%
50.1%
37.5%
37.0%
47.1%
18.3%
38.0%
36.1%
36.4%
38.7%
38.4%
35.4%
36.6%
7.2% 68.3% 0.5%
61.0% 4.5% 5.7% 69.2% 4.8% 6.3% 68.9% 2.9% 0.4% 7.1% 70.5% 2.1% 0.6% 0.2%
2.2% 7.7% 69.5% 0.8% 0.6% 4.3% 100%
5.9% 8.4% 30.2% 6.8% 100%
0.8% 11.6% 53.7% 3.7% 0.7% 9.4% 100%
1.9% 8.3% 71.3% 0.7% 0.8% 3.6% 100%
1.9% 7.0% 70.5% 0.8% 0.7% 0.2% 1.8% 100%
2.3% 5.6% 72.9% 2.7% 0.7% 0.2% 2.9% 100%
2.3% 7.0% 69.4% 1.9% 0.7% 0.2% 3.2% 100%
1.4% 6.2% 72.0% 1.8% 0.8% 3.8% 100%
16.2% 70.6% 100%
5.3% 5.8% 57.9% 7.5% 2.8% 2.1% 100%
2.4% 6.9% 70.0% 2.1% 0.6% 0.3% 3.5% 100%
1.8% 6.8% 69.8% 1.6% 0.9% 3.0% 100%
2.0% 4.7% 70.1% 1.2% 0.8% 0.3% 2.8% 100%
2.2% 9.3% 68.7% 2.8% 0.9% 3.6% 100%
2.3% 6.6% 70.8% 1.7% 0.2% 0.5% 4.2% 100%
2.9% 8.8% 68.7% 2.2% 0.6% 2.9% 100%
1.4% 4.9% 71.0% 1.6% 1.2% 2.8% 100%
Ster- Foam/
Total
Spiral Injeciliza- jelly / Other
(IUD) tions
tion cream
48.4%
3.7%
2.2%
2.5%
1.9%
Pills
Percent of women aged
15-49 currently married
or in union who are
using any contraceptive
method
26.3%
31.4%
33.0%
37.4%
2.1% 100%
Cap
Percent of women aged 15-49 currently married or in union who are using contraceptive methods:
8. Reproductive health and maternal and newborn care
63
8
Urban
Rural
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
Education
None
level
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/tech.
Higher
Number
0
of living
1
children
2
3
4+
Ethnicity
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Age groups
Description
37.1%
42.9%
35.0%
4.9%
16.7%
32.6%
44.3%
51.2%
51.5%
39.8%
26.3%
31.4%
33.0%
37.4%
48.4%
43.7%
6.1%
17.2%
39.0%
45.9%
50.1%
37.5%
37.0%
47.1%
18.3%
38.0%
36.1%
36.4%
38.7%
38.4%
35.4%
36.6%
Total
5.6%
27.9%
35.9%
47.1%
56.4%
58.4%
40.7%
23.1%
46.2%
41.0%
43.7%
47.5%
42.6%
9.3%
20.7%
50.1%
50.4%
55.9%
43.0%
45.4%
56.8%
18.1%
42.3%
43.3%
39.8%
40.1%
52.0%
43.6%
42.2%
4.6%
13.3%
31.4%
43.1%
48.7%
49.4%
39.5%
27.5%
26.6%
31.0%
35.5%
49.2%
45.4%
5.1%
15.9%
33.6%
44.0%
48.5%
35.2%
35.6%
0.0%
18.5%
36.6%
33.1%
35.1%
38.2%
35.6%
32.6%
33.2%
Location type
Urban
Rural
42.9%
35.0%
4.5%
20.0%
35.4%
53.1%
56.1%
57.2%
43.7%
0.0%
40.9%
44.4%
44.5%
49.5%
45.9%
3.7%
22.6%
53.8%
47.4%
58.7%
43.7%
46.6%
76.1%
32.2%
45.2%
43.6%
40.1%
45.5%
55.3%
38.3%
45.4%
6.0%
31.0%
36.2%
43.4%
56.6%
59.0%
39.7%
41.2%
49.9%
38.9%
43.4%
46.5%
39.1%
11.8%
19.8%
48.1%
52.1%
54.4%
42.7%
45.0%
41.2%
8.1%
41.2%
43.2%
39.6%
38.2%
50.0%
47.4%
40.5%
Location type
Dushanbe Other urban
44.2%
42.2%
4.6%
13.3%
31.4%
43.1%
48.7%
49.4%
39.5%
27.5%
26.6%
31.0%
35.5%
49.2%
45.4%
5.1%
15.9%
33.6%
44.0%
48.5%
35.2%
35.6%
0.0%
18.5%
36.6%
33.1%
35.1%
38.2%
35.6%
32.6%
33.2%
Rural
35.0%
4.5%
20.0%
35.4%
53.1%
56.1%
57.2%
43.7%
0.0%
40.9%
44.4%
44.5%
49.5%
45.9%
3.7%
22.6%
53.8%
47.4%
58.7%
43.7%
46.6%
76.1%
32.2%
45.2%
43.6%
40.1%
45.5%
55.3%
38.3%
45.4%
Dushanbe
44.2%
Oblast (region)
Sughd
Khatlon
37.6%
33.0%
41.7%
40.4%
36.2%
31.4%
10.1%
5.0%
20.7%
12.5%
35.6%
26.6%
48.3%
36.1%
47.5%
49.0%
46.9%
52.1%
34.6%
41.3%
0.0%
35.6%
26.1%
31.9%
34.0%
29.3%
37.7%
34.5%
46.0%
39.8%
41.0%
26.8%
10.9%
5.1%
18.2%
12.8%
40.7%
28.2%
50.3%
33.9%
44.8%
49.7%
38.4%
33.7%
37.3%
32.5%
21.5%
45.9%
13.7%
8.6%
39.0%
33.0%
35.2%
33.1%
36.8%
28.0%
40.5%
33.3%
42.2%
34.3%
37.0%
32.0%
32.1%
34.8%
DRD
37.0%
47.0%
35.6%
1.8%
16.9%
34.0%
43.4%
52.5%
54.3%
41.4%
28.1%
27.9%
32.8%
37.0%
61.1%
53.5%
2.4%
16.2%
34.4%
47.1%
52.6%
36.3%
43.8%
28.1%
9.9%
38.2%
36.0%
40.3%
37.7%
34.5%
35.3%
38.1%
Table 31: Percent of women aged 15-49 currently married or in union who are using any contraceptive method, by location type and region
GBAO
55.2%
47.1%
56.2%
0.0%
13.3%
40.7%
56.3%
71.4%
59.9%
58.4%
100%
93.1%
62.6%
55.8%
49.7%
63.3%
6.9%
44.1%
62.0%
65.4%
66.1%
56.8%
.
.
40.8%
62.1%
50.3%
58.3%
64.8%
62.3%
52.8%
43.3%
64
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
8. Reproductive health and maternal and newborn care
65
Table 32: Antenatal care
2 visits
3 visits
4 visits
5 and more visits
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Age groups 15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
Education
None
level
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/
tech.
Higher
Ethnicity
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
11.2%
6.5%
12.9%
6.9%
6.3%
6.6%
4.9%
7.2%
2.9%
6.0%
17.0%
11.4%
19.0%
5.5%
14.8%
15.8%
16.1%
15.7%
15.4%
16.6%
12.5%
9.9%
13.4%
9.6%
10.1%
36.9%
51.1%
31.8%
59.7%
46.2%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
88.8%
93.5%
87.1%
93.1%
93.7%
345925
91113
254813
32849
58264
12.9%
6.9%
2.9%
16.6%
14.8%
9.7%
5.2%
9.6%
10.5%
14.4%
15.2%
15.6%
12.8%
19.5%
15.8%
10.3%
7.2%
2.9%
2.4%
10.1%
7.8%
5.4%
5.3%
7.1%
7.4%
4.3%
4.7%
7.3%
29.9%
13.2%
7.9%
6.5%
19.0%
5.5%
11.3%
27.4%
12.5%
13.4%
17.5%
18.2%
15.5%
16.7%
18.5%
14.0%
21.1%
20.3%
19.4%
16.6%
15.7%
15.4%
12.8%
17.1%
18.2%
8.5%
18.9%
13.1%
19.3%
13.2%
16.7%
25.6%
12.0%
18.9%
18.6%
14.9%
16.7%
13.4%
9.6%
12.4%
11.3%
16.1%
7.5%
8.5%
14.4%
10.8%
13.3%
11.9%
5.9%
12.8%
7.4%
5.3%
11.6%
13.1%
31.8%
59.7%
58.3%
17.5%
30.6%
55.6%
44.5%
37.7%
36.6%
38.1%
33.0%
31.5%
24.3%
47.8%
36.3%
30.4%
36.9%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
87.1%
93.1%
97.1%
83.4%
85.2%
90.3%
94.8%
90.4%
89.5%
85.6%
84.8%
84.4%
100%
87.2%
80.5%
84.2%
89.7%
254813
32849
100680
128723
78929
4744
8331
128428
104285
60702
31768
10126
2284
1731
10989
83961
206728
2.5%
2.0% 12.8% 18.5% 18.6% 45.6% 100%
97.5%
19230
3.9%
11.8%
9.5%
9.3%
10.9%
11.5%
10.8%
10.0%
12.2%
12.7%
12.8%
8.3%
2.6%
7.2%
3.8%
11.3%
15.9%
6.1%
7.1%
5.5%
5.6%
8.7%
6.4%
6.7%
96.1%
88.2%
90.5%
90.7%
89.1%
88.5%
89.2%
90.0%
87.8%
87.3%
87.2%
91.8%
14707
260077
78874
2476
4498
195511
150414
79940
67656
73896
64940
59494
7.7%
16.9%
17.6%
7.5%
19.5%
14.4%
20.5%
13.6%
13.6%
16.8%
24.0%
18.2%
9.5%
17.5%
11.3%
4.7%
1.3%
17.0%
14.3%
17.6%
13.7%
19.8%
12.6%
14.4%
3.2%
12.0%
14.4%
6.2%
12.4%
13.6%
11.1%
12.0%
13.7%
15.1%
8.6%
12.7%
73.0%
34.6%
43.4%
61.0%
39.9%
37.4%
36.2%
41.3%
41.2%
26.9%
35.6%
39.8%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
8
chapter
None
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Percent of
Total number
women who
of women
were attended
aged 15-49
at least
Total
with a birth
once during
in the 2 years
pregnancy by
preceding
skilled health
the survey
personnel
1 visit
Number of visits to health service facility
during pregnancy
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
66
Table 33: Skilled attendant at delivery
Person assisting at delivery
Description Total
Location
type
Location
type
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Age groups 15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
Education
None
level
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/
tech.
Higher
Ethnicity
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
9
Percent
Total
of women
number
who were of women
attended 15-49 years
Midwife
Total
during
old with
Doctor Nurse
with
Midwife Feldsher Other
childbirth
a birth in
diploma
by skilled the 2 years
health
preceding
personnel9 the survey
29.9% 12.3%
44.3% 9.4%
24.7% 13.4%
61.0% 6.2%
34.9% 11.1%
45.3%
41.6%
46.6%
27.5%
49.5%
10.0%
3.7%
12.2%
3.4%
3.9%
24.7%
61.0%
39.9%
12.2%
32.0%
47.3%
35.7%
27.8%
30.6%
33.3%
31.9%
22.1%
6.1%
30.2%
18.2%
27.1%
29.1%
13.4%
6.2%
6.1%
21.5%
8.3%
7.0%
6.4%
11.8%
13.4%
10.7%
12.5%
25.4%
18.4%
10.3%
13.6%
46.6%
27.5%
51.3%
50.4%
38.1%
23.6%
50.9%
50.9%
43.0%
40.6%
37.5%
40.1%
74.1%
69.8%
40.3%
46.0%
45.8%
12.2%
3.4%
2.0%
13.0%
17.5%
18.7%
4.9%
7.6%
10.9%
12.8%
11.1%
12.4%
19.8%
37.3%
5.0%
50.7%
57.3%
28.9%
30.2%
54.1%
69.2%
32.0%
27.1%
35.9%
33.5%
23.2%
28.6%
27.4%
6.2%
12.8%
11.9%
3.0%
12.8%
11.7%
12.6%
13.3%
14.1%
9.2%
12.1%
36.5%
44.5%
49.9%
29.2%
21.7%
44.0%
47.0%
41.3%
43.6%
47.4%
45.2%
50.3%
23.0%
13.2%
9.1%
7.0%
0.9%
0.2%
1.1%
0.5%
1.6%
0.8%
1.9%
1.4%
0.6%
88.4%
95.4%
85.9%
95.2%
95.6%
345925
91113
254813
32849
58264
1.1%
0.5%
0.4%
1.2%
1.2%
1.9%
1.4%
0.3%
1.7%
2.9%
3.4%
2.2%
1.3%
1.0%
1.8%
5.0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
2.0% 100%
1.6% 100%
85.9%
95.2%
97.6%
85.3%
79.6%
77.9%
93.0%
91.1%
88.2%
85.3%
83.9%
87.6%
80.2%
100%
77.0%
84.8%
89.4%
254813
32849
100680
128723
78929
4744
8331
128428
104285
60702
31768
10126
2284
1731
10989
83961
206728
100%
93.0%
19230
100%
1.6% 100%
1.6% 100%
100%
2.9% 100%
1.4% 100%
1.9% 100%
0.7% 100%
1.6% 100%
2.2% 100%
1.9% 100%
1.7% 100%
100%
87.1%
92.5%
83.2%
93.9%
89.9%
86.5%
90.3%
91.3%
86.5%
83.8%
90.1%
14707
260077
78874
2476
4498
195511
150414
79940
67656
73896
64940
59494
0.6%
1.2%
0.7%
1.9%
1.4%
0.9%
11.3%
5.9%
16.8%
3.1%
8.7%
11.7%
9.0%
7.0%
11.4%
14.3%
8.2%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
1.0%
0.5%
1.1%
0.6%
0.5%
0.9%
1.8%
0.8%
0.3%
Skilled health personnel include doctor, nurse, midwife with diploma, and feldsher.
8. Reproductive health and maternal and newborn care
67
Table 34: Institutional deliveries
Where delivered
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Age groups 15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
Education
None
level
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/
tech.
Higher
Ethnicity
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
City
hospital
SUB
8.3% 7.4%
13.7% 2.9%
6.4% 9.1%
19.6% 10.3% 4.6%
56.4%
71.4%
51.0%
69.0%
72.7%
26.3%
11.1%
31.7%
10.7%
11.4%
6.4% 9.1% 1.3% 51.0%
19.6% 0.4% 69.0%
6.8% 12.0% 0.8% 72.8%
8.1% 7.0% 1.7% 42.7%
5.7% 5.9% 1.0% 53.6%
11.1% 1.1% 2.6% 37.1%
11.5% 4.0% 67.6%
7.5% 10.1% 0.3% 60.9%
9.3% 5.2% 1.5% 57.5%
9.6% 7.2% 1.5% 52.0%
7.4% 5.5% 1.3% 46.4%
12.7% 3.6% 35.6%
12.8% 55.4%
20.6% 66.6%
3.9% 1.7% 52.0%
7.3% 7.6% 0.2% 54.2%
8.3% 8.5% 1.8% 54.8%
31.7%
10.7%
7.0%
40.2%
33.5%
47.4%
16.6%
21.1%
25.9%
29.3%
38.3%
48.1%
31.8%
12.8%
42.3%
30.4%
26.0%
10.0%
1.2%
0.7%
1.3%
0.4%
1.0%
7.3% 12.6% 1.8%
8.9% 5.5%
6.7% 14.6%
5.1% 7.4% 7.3%
9.5% 7.6%
8.5% 8.1%
9.5% 7.6%
4.1% 8.2%
9.2% 7.1%
10.9% 5.9%
0.4%
1.1%
1.3%
0.8%
1.6%
1.3%
0.1%
1.8%
1.1%
1.5%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
73.3%
88.7%
67.8%
89.0%
88.6%
345925
91113
254813
32849
58264
0.2% 100%
0.4% 100%
100%
0.3% 100%
100%
0.6% 100%
0.4% 100%
0.1% 100%
100%
100%
1.1% 100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
0.2% 100%
0.2% 100%
67.8%
89.0%
92.4%
59.5%
66.2%
52.0%
83.0%
78.8%
73.5%
70.2%
60.6%
51.9%
68.2%
87.2%
57.7%
69.4%
73.4%
254813
32849
100680
128723
78929
4744
8331
128428
104285
60702
31768
10126
2284
1731
10989
83961
206728
66.1% 16.6% 100%
83.4%
19230
80.1%
55.6%
57.5%
67.2%
75.2%
58.6%
53.5%
62.4%
58.8%
47.0%
55.3%
58.1%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
94.9%
71.1%
80.2%
67.2%
80.3%
74.1%
72.2%
80.3%
76.0%
61.1%
72.8%
76.4%
14707
260077
78874
2476
4498
195511
150414
79940
67656
73896
64940
59494
5.1%
28.5%
19.4%
32.8%
19.7%
25.4%
27.4%
19.1%
24.0%
38.4%
26.4%
23.5%
10 Health facility includes city hospital, SUB, SVA and maternity home.
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.6%
0.0%
0.4%
0.0%
0.6%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.1%
0.5%
0.2% 0.3%
0.4% 0.4% 0.2%
0.0%
0.5%
0.8% 0.0% 8
chapter
Description
Total
Percent
number of
of womwomen aged
In
en who
15-49 with
Mahome
Total
were
At
a birth in
SVA ternity
of
Other
delivered
home
the 2 years
home
midin health
preceding
wife
facility10
the survey
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
68
9. EDUCATION
9.1. Preschool education
According to TLSS 2007, only 9 percent of children in Tajikistan aged 3 to 5 years attended preschool
during the last academic year (Table 35). Urban-rural and regional differences are significant – the
figure is as high as 25.6 percent in Dushanbe, compared to 21 percent in other urban areas and only
3.6 percent in rural areas.
Regional differences show that, following Dushanbe, preschool attendance is most prevalent in
GBAO and Sughd (10 and 12 percent respectively) and lowest in Khatlon and DRD (4 and 3 percent
respectively). Gender and age differences are significant too: The preschool attendance rate among
boys is 10.5 percent, compared to 7 percent for girls. Preschool attendance increases along with the
age of children. Disparities also are noticeable by socioeconomic status, with 12 percent of non-poor
children attending preschool, while the figure for poor children falls to 6.6 percent.
The main reason for not attending preschool was the non-availability of a preschool facility (53 percent) (Figure 28). Interestingly, 27 percent of children do not attend preschool because their parents
prefer to keep them at home. Other factors such as cost, distance and poor quality of care appear not
important.
Figure 28: Main reasons for not attending preschool in last academic year
3%
None available
Too young
27%
Too expensive
53%
1%
3%
3%
Too far
Not good quality care
Prefer to keep at home/No need
11%
Other
9. Education
69
Figure 29: Type of preschool attended
100%
1%
6%
90%
Private
12%
5%
Departmental
9%
80%
Public
70%
Percent
60%
50%
40%
89%
99%
80%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Total
Poor
Non-poor
Source: Author’s estimates using 2007 TLSS data
Table 35: Preschool attendance for last academic year
Total
Gender of child
Age of child
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s
education
Male
Female
3
4
5
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
NA
Percent of children aged
4-5 years who attended
preschool
8.7%
10.5%
6.9%
.
7.4%
9.8%
22.6%
3.6%
25.6%
20.8%
3.6%
25.6%
11.8%
4.2%
3.3%
9.7%
48.2%
5.6%
3.9%
6.2%
Percent of children
aged 3-4 years who
attended preschool
6.4%
7.8%
5.0%
5.4%
7.4%
.
16.2%
2.7%
18.1%
15.1%
2.7%
18.1%
8.1%
3.5%
2.9%
8.3%
0.0%
1.8%
4.3%
4.8%
Percent of children
aged 3-5 years who
attended preschool
7.6%
9.0%
6.2%
5.4%
7.4%
9.8%
19.6%
3.1%
21.3%
18.6%
3.1%
21.3%
9.5%
4.2%
3.0%
10.7%
27.7%
3.8%
4.2%
5.4%
21.9%
15.2%
21.2%
35.2%
0.0%
26.6%
0.0%
31.0%
0.0%
9
chapter
Description
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
70
Description
Education level
of household
head
Ethnicity of
household head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Percent of children aged
4-5 years who attended
preschool
9.8%
3.3%
1.8%
5.4%
Percent of children
aged 3-4 years who
attended preschool
3.8%
1.5%
2.6%
3.9%
Percent of children
aged 3-5 years who
attended preschool
8.5%
2.2%
2.5%
4.6%
12.1%
8.5%
10.1%
19.1%
8.6%
8.7%
100%
9.2%
6.6%
11.7%
7.5%
5.9%
4.7%
7.9%
21.3%
14.5%
6.6%
5.4%
0.0%
9.8%
5.0%
8.4%
5.2%
5.3%
2.9%
8.0%
12.5%
16.9%
7.6%
7.1%
41.1%
9.4%
5.8%
10.2%
6.6%
5.8%
3.5%
8.1%
17.1%
Mother’s
education
Oblast
(region)
Location
type
Location
type
Total
Gender of
child
Age of child
chapter
Higher
NA
Male
Female
3
4
5
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Description
9.8%
8.5%
12.7%
36.4%
30.4%
47.9%
11.1%
11.1%
11.1%
14.1%
8.0%
10.8%
12.6%
10.7%
14.5%
11.4%
10.7%
14.5%
12.3%
12.3%
6.5%
5.2%
10.8%
10.9%
11.3%
52.5%
54.1%
51.0%
51.0%
54.4%
52.2%
18.9%
62.8%
2.8%
28.4%
62.8%
2.8%
39.4%
70.9%
59.6%
56.3%
72.3%
61.8%
60.1%
52.3%
None
Too
available young
11.0%
5.4%
7.2%
1.8%
9.1% 3.0%
3.2%
3.5%
34.9%
38.9%
24.6%
1.3%
1.4%
Main reasons for not attending preschool in last academic year
Prefer to keep
Child
Too
Too
Not goodNo places
at home; no
with
expensive far quality care
in school
need
disability
3.2%
2.9%
0.9%
26.6%
0.2%
0.3%
2.7%
3.1%
1.0%
24.5%
0.1%
0.3%
3.7%
2.7%
0.8%
28.6%
0.2%
0.4%
4.4%
3.3%
0.9%
23.1%
0.2%
2.7%
1.8%
1.0%
29.4%
0.3%
0.8%
2.5%
3.4%
0.9%
27.8%
0.2%
8.0%
2.5%
1.7%
53.9%
0.2%
1.8%
3.0%
0.7%
18.2%
0.1%
0.4%
15.4%
1.7%
0.5%
63.5%
0.6%
3.7%
3.0%
2.4%
48.2%
1.8%
3.0%
0.7%
18.2%
0.1%
0.4%
15.4%
1.7%
0.5%
63.5%
0.6%
3.0%
2.5%
0.7%
36.6%
0.3%
0.5%
0.8%
1.5%
0.7%
13.1%
0.2%
3.0%
5.9%
2.0%
20.6%
0.4%
1.1%
6.9% 24.3%
27.7% 2.2%
5.1% 20.1%
2.6%
3.0%
0.4%
21.9%
2.4%
2.6%
0.8%
27.3%
0.2%
0.4%
Table 36: Main reasons for not attending preschool in last academic year (for children 3-5 years old)
0.5%
0.1%
0.6%
0.5%
0.1%
0.3%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
3.5% 100%
4.5% 100%
0.8% 100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
0.6% 100%
2.7% 100%
2.1%
2.8%
1.4%
2.8%
1.6%
1.7%
1.8%
2.2%
1.0%
2.3%
2.2%
1.0%
4.1%
0.5%
2.0%
6.3%
Total
Attending
Other
bas grd
16212
7494
24635
Number of children
aged 3-5 years
who did not attend
preschool
406034
195593
210441
143924
123854
138257
95845
310189
35813
60032
310189
35813
125499
150173
86181
8368
1429
13268
89359
253636
9. Education
71
9
6.1%
11.0%
4.2%
11.0%
3.9%
11.6%
0.5%
8.7%
11.8%
11.4%
4.5%
10.7%
1.3%
9.2%
6.3%
13.0%
3.8%
13.7%
2.7%
9.7%
0.8%
9.4%
0.7%
9.2%
8.8%
9.2%
12.5%
12.4%
None
Too
available young
None
59.1%
Primary
57.6%
Basic
60.8%
Secondary
51.4%
general
Secondary
55.5%
special/tech.
Higher
38.0%
Ethnicity of Tajik
50.2%
household
Uzbek
61.3%
head
Russian
Other
26.6%
Poverty
Poor
50.9%
status
Non-poor
54.9%
Quintiles of Poorest
46.1%
consumption 2
51.4%
3
59.1%
4
54.2%
Richest
53.4%
Education
level of
household
head
Description
2.7%
3.3%
1.3%
5.1%
3.0%
2.8%
2.3%
2.2%
4.1%
3.5%
2.4% 2.7%
5.5%
0.8%
1.1%
0.8%
0.3%
1.5%
1.8%
1.2%
0.9%
1.0%
1.7%
42.4%
26.4%
27.0%
31.9%
24.9%
18.7%
26.4%
32.5%
39.4%
27.9%
21.7%
23.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
1.1%
0.2%
0.5%
0.1%
0.3%
0.2%
0.6%
0.2%
Main reasons for not attending preschool in last academic year
Prefer to keep
Child
Too
Too
Not goodNo places
at home; no
with
expensive far quality care
in school
need
disability
2.3%
23.7%
6.3% 24.6%
1.3%
0.9%
1.5%
1.8%
0.5%
19.8%
2.8%
3.1%
0.8%
26.8%
0.1%
0.6%
0.8%
0.3%
100%
0.1%
0.5%
1.3% 100%
6.1% 100%
100%
3.1% 100%
1.5% 100%
3.4% 100%
2.2% 100%
1.9% 100%
100%
100%
2.4% 100%
1.5% 100%
2.0% 100%
4.0% 100%
0.2% 100%
2.2% 100%
1.5% 100%
Total
Attending
Other
bas grd
62041
310931
91359
311
3433
246825
159209
100363
93171
83610
76812
52079
84672
Number of children
aged 3-5 years
who did not attend
preschool
19160
32036
61121
147005
72
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
9. Education
73
Table 37: Type of preschool for last academic year
Total
Gender of child
Male
Female
Age of child
3
4
5
Location type
Urban
Rural
Location type
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast (region) Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Mother’s
None
education
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Education level None
of household
Primary
head
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status
Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Public
88.7%
87.7%
90.0%
96.3%
82.9%
88.3%
85.4%
96.5%
83.3%
86.9%
96.5%
83.3%
89.0%
100%
74.4%
100%
100%
62.9%
96.0%
92.9%
Departmental
Private
5.1%
6.2%
5.1%
7.1%
5.0%
5.0%
3.7%
4.3%
12.8%
6.4%
5.4%
7.2%
7.4%
3.5%
10.3%
6.4%
5.0%
8.1%
3.5%
10.3%
6.4%
11.0%
25.6%
37.1%
4.0%
3.6%
3.5%
Total
Number of children
aged 3-5 years
attending preschool
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
33233
19242
13990
8286
9891
15056
23419
9814
9689
13730
9814
9689
13241
6595
2701
1007
547
526
3901
14357
89.7%
5.1%
5.2%
100%
6621
76.5%
71.7%
100%
100%
90.5%
6.7%
8.9%
16.9%
19.4%
7280
1775
705
1572
7063
2.4%
7.1%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
94.5%
1.8%
3.6%
100%
9548
83.5%
91.3%
78.1%
100%
100%
99.0%
80.0%
97.8%
100%
94.6%
96.0%
70.4%
9.4%
3.9%
9.9%
7.0%
4.8%
12.0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
12570
25649
7012
218
354
15213
18019
7053
5680
2989
6793
10718
1.0%
8.5%
2.2%
5.4%
4.0%
10.3%
11.5%
19.3%
9
chapter
Type of preschool
Description
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
74
Table 38: Average monthly payment (in somoni) for preschool in last academic year
Total
Description
Total
Gender of child
Age of child
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s
education
Education level of
household head
Ethnicity of
household head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Male
Female
3
4
5
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Type of preschool
Public
Departmental
Private
Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median
16.0
15
41.1
40
77.4
100
14.6
15
40.9
40
58.7
50
17.8
15
41.4
40
114.2
100
15.6
15
60.6
70
.
.
14.1
15
45.7
40
65.6
100
17.3
15
32.8
35
95.9
100
19.7
16
41.1
40
72.9
50
8.1
7
.
.
100
100
23.0
20
42.7
52
82.1
100
17.5
16
38.8
40
67.8
50
8.1
7
.
.
100
100
23.0
20
42.7
52
82.1
100
15.9
16
.
.
75.4
100
6.8
7
.
.
.
.
20.1
15
38.8
40
.
.
12.5
15
.
.
.
.
17.0
17
.
.
.
.
14.1
16
20.0
20
.
.
12.1
12
5.0
5
.
.
14.3
10
38.3
40
100
100
Mean
21.1
19.1
23.8
17.2
22.1
22.5
25.2
11.3
28.8
22.6
11.3
28.8
22.4
6.8
24.8
12.5
17.0
16.3
11.8
18.1
Median
15
15
15
15
15
16
17
7
20
16
7
20
16
7
16
15
17
16
12
15
19.9
15
13.8
13
45.8
40
100
100
33.6
24.9
19.3
15.6
18.9
20
7
15
16
10
24.9
7.0
19.3
15.6
12.0
17
7
15
16
7
61.0
5.0
.
.
40.0
70
5
.
.
40
61.9
100
.
.
100
50
100
.
.
100
15.5
15
14.3
15
35.0
35
35.0
35
26.8
19.5
27.1
20.0
13.4
11.9
28.8
10.7
13.8
14.8
18.3
35.3
17
15
15
20
5
12
17
7
15
15
15
20
20.7
16.3
14.4
20.0
13.4
12.0
20.1
10.8
13.8
11.7
17.1
22.8
16
15
12
20
5
12
16
7
15
11
15
17
46.9
42.7
38.8
.
.
5.0
44.8
5.0
.
70.0
45.4
41.0
50
52
40
.
.
5
40
5
.
70
40
40
72.4
61.9
100
.
.
.
77.4
.
.
.
.
77.4
50
50
100
.
.
.
100
.
.
.
.
100
9. Education
75
9.2. School education
Table 39: Net primary education intake rate (for last academic year) Total
Gender of child
Age of child
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s education
Education level of
household head
Ethnicity of household
head
Poverty status
Quintiles of consumption
Male
Female
8
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
NA
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Percent of children
Total number of
of school-entry age
children of primary
who attended first
school- entry age
grade
61.4%
154563
59.6%
87238
63.7%
67325
61.4%
154563
54.9%
37297
63.5%
117266
61.2%
12329
51.7%
24968
63.5%
117266
61.2%
12329
57.4%
44118
58.7%
59376
70.8%
35178
64.1%
3562
38.4%
712
79.6%
2165
64.6%
25804
61.5%
105078
98.0%
61.6%
10296
100%
72.4%
88.6%
93.7%
97.6%
96.1%
51.5%
46.5%
56.8%
72.9%
59.2%
65.6%
8073
2436
7093
9641
14686
64120
95.4%
56.6%
35208
98.0%
97.1%
92.0%
100%
78.9%
95.6%
96.3%
91.0%
97.6%
95.3%
97.9%
97.0%
55.3%
63.1%
55.9%
38.9%
47.7%
63.0%
59.4%
68.4%
63.5%
55.1%
65.2%
55.0%
23815
120401
31980
588
1593
87364
67199
28581
35084
32244
29923
28730
9
chapter
Description Percent of children
of school- entry
age who attended
school
95.9%
96.7%
94.8%
95.9%
96.1%
95.8%
97.6%
95.4%
95.8%
97.6%
94.6%
96.3%
96.1%
96.5%
100%
100%
92.5%
96.6%
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
76
Table 40: Net primary school attendance rate (for last academic year)
Description
Total
Gender of child
Age of child
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s education
Education level of
household head
Ethnicity of household
head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Male
Female
8
9
10
11
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
NA
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Percent of children of primary
Total number of children of
school age who attended primary
primary school age
school or higher
(grades 1-4)
97.3%
660569
98.5%
343650
96.1%
316919
95.9%
154563
98.0%
172987
97.4%
178356
97.9%
154663
97.3%
166147
97.3%
494422
98.0%
61005
96.9%
105143
97.3%
494422
98.0%
61005
97.0%
190154
97.4%
245723
97.3%
145335
97.6%
18352
100%
4878
96.3%
14214
96.9%
110523
97.5%
433238
98.8%
53517
97.6%
84.1%
94.3%
97.3%
97.7%
96.5%
34330
9870
28441
42671
74997
258183
98.0%
148558
99.0%
97.5%
97.0%
100%
86.1%
97.2%
97.5%
96.0%
97.8%
96.1%
98.6%
98.3%
107719
504069
150031
969
5500
382450
278119
139720
148640
133672
122839
115699
9. Education
77
Table 41: Net basic school attendance rate (for last academic year)
Total
Gender of child
Age of child
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s
education
Male
Female
12
13
14
15
16
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
NA
Education level of None
household head Primary
Basic
Secondary general
92.8%
2.1%
5.2%
77898
91.8%
75.2%
84.4%
90.8%
81.0%
85.3%
4.2%
2.5%
6.8%
2.4%
6.5%
5.2%
4.0%
22.3%
8.8%
6.8%
12.5%
9.5%
50673
15590
34085
54466
106009
344340
Secondary special/
89.2%
3.2%
7.6%
tech.
Higher
90.9%
3.5%
5.6%
Ethnicity of
Tajik
86.7%
4.8%
8.5%
household head Uzbek
88.4%
3.4%
8.2%
Russian
93.5%
6.5%
0.0%
Other
71.1%
1.0%
27.9%
Poverty status
Poor
85.1%
4.9%
10.1%
Non-poor
89.2%
4.0%
6.8%
Quintiles of
Poorest
82.0%
5.3%
12.7%
consumption
2
86.6%
4.3%
9.1%
3
87.7%
5.2%
7.1%
4
89.4%
3.6%
7.0%
Richest
89.2%
3.9%
6.9%
9
227584
148729
702513
204702
1759
6239
494960
420254
178889
182189
190941
181285
181910
chapter
Description
Percent of
Percent of
Percent of
Total number
children of basic
children of
children of basic of children of
school age who basic school age school age who basic school
attended basic
who attended
did not attend
age (grades
school or higher primary school
school
5-9)
87.0%
4.5%
8.5%
915214
90.0%
4.8%
5.2%
467127
83.8%
4.1%
12.1%
448087
80.0%
16.5%
3.6%
187488
91.4%
3.1%
5.5%
191253
95.6%
0.9%
3.5%
161670
91.2%
0.7%
8.1%
188084
77.8%
0.8%
21.4%
186719
87.6%
3.3%
9.1%
231502
86.8%
4.9%
8.4%
683712
87.5%
3.3%
9.3%
78444
87.7%
3.2%
9.0%
153058
86.8%
4.9%
8.4%
683712
87.5%
3.3%
9.3%
78444
85.2%
5.6%
9.2%
251860
88.8%
3.6%
7.6%
347621
85.0%
5.0%
10.0%
207620
93.7%
4.9%
1.5%
29670
85.7%
0.0%
14.3%
4956
83.9%
4.2%
11.9%
29643
80.5%
6.0%
13.5%
163333
88.1%
4.5%
7.4%
573120
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
78
Table 42: Net secondary school attendance rate (for last academic year) Description Total
Gender of
child
Age of child
Male
Female
17
18
Location type Urban
Rural
Location type Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Mother’s
None
education
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
NA
Education
None
level of
Primary
household
Basic
head
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Percent of
Percent of
Percent of
children of
children of
children of
secondary
secondary
secondary
school age
school age
school
who attended who attended
age who
secondary school
primary
attended
or higher
school
basic school
44.0%
0.6%
4.3%
56.0%
0.6%
5.2%
32.4%
0.6%
3.5%
53.0%
0.4%
7.0%
32.3%
0.8%
0.8%
52.4%
0.5%
4.7%
41.3%
0.6%
4.2%
60.4%
0.0%
4.5%
48.2%
0.7%
4.8%
41.3%
0.6%
4.2%
60.4%
0.0%
4.5%
34.6%
1.4%
2.0%
44.1%
0.2%
6.3%
44.4%
0.6%
3.3%
71.0%
0.4%
6.5%
32.0%
0.0%
0.0%
33.8%
0.0%
7.5%
37.0%
1.0%
5.7%
42.5%
0.6%
4.0%
Percent of
children of
secondary
school age
who did
not attend
school
51.1%
38.3%
63.5%
39.6%
66.1%
42.4%
53.9%
35.1%
46.3%
53.9%
35.1%
62.0%
49.4%
51.8%
22.2%
68.0%
58.7%
56.3%
52.9%
Total
number of
children of
secondary
school age
(grades 1011)
360538
177022
183516
203790
156748
87716
272822
30373
57343
272822
30373
92279
137269
88669
11948
2601
12932
68533
224558
58.3%
0.0%
4.9%
36.9%
28505
77.8%
44.2%
38.1%
38.1%
39.2%
38.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.8%
0.0%
7.2%
9.5%
6.3%
3.5%
20.4%
55.8%
54.7%
52.4%
53.6%
56.7%
17086
6324
12488
16482
41602
142769
46.8%
0.0%
3.5%
49.7%
92511
59.7%
44.7%
41.5%
69.1%
32.5%
34.0%
53.8%
23.3%
35.1%
45.6%
48.3%
62.0%
0.5%
0.5%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
1.1%
0.0%
0.6%
1.9%
0.6%
0.0%
0.1%
3.9%
4.4%
4.2%
0.0%
0.0%
4.2%
4.4%
4.1%
4.3%
4.7%
4.8%
3.4%
35.9%
50.5%
53.3%
30.9%
67.6%
60.6%
41.8%
72.0%
58.8%
49.1%
46.8%
34.6%
54685
280080
76278
1464
2716
178543
181995
61526
65434
72637
83658
77282
9. Education
79
Table 43: Net basic and secondary school (grades 5-11) attendance rate for last academic year
Total
Gender of child
Age of child
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s education
Education level of
household head
Ethnicity of
household head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Male
Female
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sogd
KHatlon
RRP
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
NA
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Total number of children
of basic and secondary
school age
1275752
644148
631603
187488
191253
161670
188084
186719
203790
156748
319218
956534
108817
210401
956534
108817
344140
484890
296288
41617
7557
42575
231866
797678
106403
88.7%
66.2%
73.9%
80.8%
71.0%
72.7%
78.0%
67759
21914
46573
70948
147612
487109
320095
83.6%
76.0%
76.8%
82.4%
59.4%
72.7%
79.9%
68.0%
74.1%
77.4%
77.9%
82.1%
203415
982593
280980
3224
8955
673503
602249
240415
247624
263578
264943
259192
9
chapter
Description
Percent of children of basic
and secondary school age who
attended basic and secondary
school (grades 5-11) or higher
76.1%
82.1%
69.9%
79.9%
91.4%
95.6%
91.2%
77.8%
60.0%
33.1%
79.2%
75.0%
81.2%
78.2%
75.0%
81.2%
72.2%
77.9%
73.8%
89.0%
67.2%
70.9%
69.3%
76.4%
84.8%
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
80
Table 44: Gender parity index (primary and basic education) for last academic year
Description
Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s
education
Education level
of household
head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
NA
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Primary education
Basic education
Percent of children of
Percent of children
primary school age
of basic school age
Gender
Gender
attending primary school parity attending basic school
parity
or higher
or higher
index
index
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
98.5
98.9
98.4
99.5
98.5
98.4
99.5
97.9
99.0
98.0
97.9
100
97.1
98.6
98.5
96.1
95.7
96.2
96.6
95.2
96.2
96.6
95.9
95.7
96.4
97.2
100
95.5
95.2
96.4
0.98
0.97
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.97
0.98
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.98
90.0
91.8
89.5
95.1
89.9
89.5
95.1
85.5
91.9
89.5
94.1
92.1
97.8
85.2
90.1
83.8
83.6
83.9
78.9
85.7
83.9
78.9
85.0
85.3
80.6
93.2
71.5
70.1
75.3
86.1
0.93
0.91
0.94
0.83
0.95
0.94
0.83
0.99
0.93
0.90
0.99
0.78
0.72
0.88
0.96
99.3
98.3
0.99
95.0
90.6
0.95
98.2
93.6
96.9
98.0
98.9
98.0
97.0
73.2
90.6
96.7
96.5
95.0
0.99
0.78
0.94
0.99
0.98
0.97
93.9
84.0
84.7
96.0
84.9
88.0
89.0
69.2
84.1
84.5
75.8
82.7
0.95
0.82
0.99
0.88
0.89
0.94
99.0
96.7
0.98
92.4
86.4
0.94
99.2
98.0
99.2
96.5
98.5
98.5
100
99.1
98.7
96.3
95.7
95.6
97.1
93.6
97.1
97.4
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.99
0.99
0.95
0.97
0.98
94.2
87.9
92.5
87.3
88.8
88.7
93.4
92.1
87.2
82.1
85.9
76.9
84.3
86.4
85.2
86.4
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.88
0.95
0.97
0.91
0.94
9. Education
81
Table 45: Overall school attendance for last academic year
Total
Gender of child
Age groups
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Mother’s education
Education level of
household head
Ethnicity of household
head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Male
Female
6-9
10-14
15-19
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Percent of children who
attended school and missed
classes for less than 4 weeks
95.2%
95.3%
95.1%
96.1%
95.3%
94.2%
95.0%
95.3%
98.2%
93.3%
95.3%
98.2%
95.0%
95.7%
92.7%
99.0%
96.1%
94.8%
94.0%
95.6%
Total number of children
who attended school
1700152
907900
792252
385067
841214
473871
432575
1267577
153541
279034
1267577
153541
460897
650769
377121
57825
10355
46503
285156
1092425
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
NA
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
94.7%
146872
96.5%
88.8%
91.3%
91.0%
92.0%
96.7%
95934
22908
67726
102324
190305
636462
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
94.8%
414363
97.0%
95.4%
94.6%
96.9%
96.2%
94.6%
95.9%
94.7%
94.2%
95.3%
96.3%
95.5%
288972
1305627
380338
3756
10431
912295
787857
321143
343774
351188
341759
342288
9
chapter
Description Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
82
Table 46: Hot meals in grades 1 and 2 for last academic year
Description Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Percent of children who
attended grades 1 and 2 and
received hot meals at school
Total number of children
who attended grades 1 and 2
29.1%
17.2%
33.2%
8.5%
22.0%
33.2%
8.5%
54.1%
28.5%
10.3%
13.7%
32.5%
24.8%
36.4%
31.0%
28.5%
26.6%
22.0%
340129
86052
254077
30826
55226
254077
30826
93134
129214
77007
9949
191955
148175
72551
71410
66867
67627
61674
9. Education
83
9.3. Literacy
Table 47: Literacy rate for women aged 15-24
Description Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Age groups
Education level
Ethnicity
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
15-19
20-24
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Percent of women aged 1524 who are able to read
98.0%
97.7%
98.1%
98.2%
97.4%
98.1%
98.2%
98.9%
97.2%
98.1%
99.0%
97.9%
98.2%
92.9%
98.7%
99.6%
100%
100%
100%
98.0%
98.9%
100%
69.7%
97.7%
98.4%
96.7%
97.9%
98.1%
98.9%
98.3%
Total number of women
aged 15-24
881938
219148
662791
72964
146184
662791
72964
245275
330288
208592
24819
462816
419122
7231
130689
303324
382620
22479
11298
674982
196303
5019
5635
450924
431015
163400
169083
179853
188719
180882
9
chapter
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
84
Table 48: Adult literacy rate for people aged 15+
Description
Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Age groups
Age groups
Education level
Ethnicity
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
15-64
65+
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Total population aged 15+
Men aged 15+
Women aged 15+
Percent of
Percent of Total
Percent of
Total
Total
people who
men who number women who number
population
are able to
are able of men are able to of women
15+
read
to read
15+
read
15+
97.4%
4577768
98.6%
2156327
96.4%
2421441
98.1%
1215664
98.8%
561037
97.4%
654627
97.2%
3362104
98.5%
1595291
96.0%
1766814
98.7%
425484
99.4%
195642
98.2%
229843
97.7%
790180
98.5%
365395
97.0%
424784
97.2%
3362104
98.5%
1595291
96.0%
1766814
98.7%
425484
99.4%
195642
98.2%
229843
97.2%
1383999
98.2%
639693
96.3%
744306
97.2%
1594666
98.8%
762526
95.7%
832140
97.3%
1013807
98.3%
484157
96.3%
529650
99.3%
159811
99.6%
74309
99.1%
85502
98.4%
1640074
98.9%
758136
98.0%
881938
99.1%
946451
99.4%
446521
98.8%
499930
99.0%
747348
99.1%
347324
98.9%
400024
98.9%
622439
99.7%
299170
98.1%
323269
96.1%
298767
98.8%
145088
93.5%
153679
82.4%
322689
91.5%
160089
73.4%
162600
98.6%
4255079
99.2%
1996238
98.0%
2258840
82.4%
322689
91.5%
160089
73.4%
162600
87.1%
32584
98.5%
11330
81.0%
21254
96.7%
384355
98.2%
149630
95.8%
234725
99.6%
978682
99.7%
373157
99.5%
605525
100%
2163322
100%
971345
100%
1191977
100%
487678
100%
333092
100%
154586
100%
97.7%
97.1%
100%
80.1%
96.7%
98.1%
95.6%
97.1%
97.6%
98.3%
98.3%
391220
3447940
1054659
33273
41896
2346435
2231333
856669
886952
898363
938349
997436
99.9%
98.8%
98.5%
100%
77.9%
98.1%
99.1%
97.3%
98.3%
98.9%
99.1%
99.2%
279911
1628977
500920
8917
17513
1091524
1064803
392773
411117
425721
446104
480613
100%
96.7%
95.9%
100%
81.7%
95.6%
97.3%
94.2%
96.0%
96.5%
97.6%
97.5%
111309
1818963
553738
24356
24383
1254911
1166530
463896
475835
472642
492245
516823
9. Education
85
9.4. Education level
Table 49: Education level of adults aged 15+
Education level
Description
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender
Male
Female
Age groups 15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Ethnicity
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Total
population number
Secondary
Secondary
None Primary Basic
special/ Higher aged 15+ of people
general
(percent) aged 15+
tech.
0.7%
0.5%
0.8%
0.3%
0.6%
8.7%
7.4%
9.1%
7.1%
7.5%
22.1%
17.4%
23.7%
17.4%
17.4%
48.7%
43.6%
50.6%
36.2%
47.7%
11.0%
14.9%
9.6%
14.9%
14.9%
8.8%
16.2%
6.1%
24.1%
11.8%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
4577768
1215664
3362104
425484
790180
0.8%
0.3%
0.5%
0.8%
1.1%
0.3%
0.5%
0.9%
0.8%
0.4%
0.2%
0.6%
1.1%
3.0%
0.7%
0.8%
0.7%
0.7%
0.7%
0.6%
0.9%
0.8%
0.7%
9.1%
7.1%
6.8%
9.5%
10.8%
7.5%
7.1%
10.1%
14.4%
2.0%
1.5%
2.4%
9.4%
31.8%
9.1%
7.0%
5.2%
13.5%
9.3%
8.0%
9.0%
10.4%
8.3%
8.7%
7.2%
23.7%
17.4%
19.8%
22.9%
27.0%
14.8%
17.6%
26.1%
33.0%
16.1%
9.9%
14.5%
22.0%
28.0%
22.4%
21.0%
16.8%
20.6%
23.4%
20.7%
25.3%
21.8%
23.0%
22.4%
18.5%
50.6%
36.2%
55.7%
49.5%
43.3%
50.0%
45.9%
51.4%
46.3%
58.7%
57.8%
49.9%
32.0%
18.2%
47.9%
52.7%
25.5%
35.9%
51.2%
46.2%
51.6%
50.9%
51.0%
46.9%
44.2%
9.6%
14.9%
8.9%
11.2%
11.1%
15.7%
15.7%
6.7%
3.2%
11.1%
18.0%
19.6%
18.6%
10.2%
10.7%
11.2%
31.8%
17.7%
9.7%
12.3%
9.3%
9.9%
9.4%
11.6%
14.2%
6.1%
24.1%
8.3%
6.2%
6.7%
11.7%
13.2%
4.8%
2.3%
11.7%
12.6%
13.1%
16.8%
8.9%
9.2%
7.2%
20.7%
12.4%
5.7%
12.0%
4.1%
6.3%
7.4%
9.8%
15.3%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
3362104
425484
1383999
1594666
1013807
159811
2156327
2421441
1640074
946451
747348
622439
298767
322689
3447940
1054659
33273
41896
2346435
2231333
856669
886952
898363
938349
997436
9
chapter
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
86
Table 50: Education level of adult men aged 15+ Education level
Description
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Age groups 15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Ethnicity
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total male
Total
population number of
Secondary
Secondary
None Primary Basic
special/ Higher aged 15+ men aged
general
(percent)
15+
tech.
0.5%
0.5%
0.6%
0.1%
0.6%
7.1%
6.1%
7.4%
6.0%
6.2%
17.6%
14.1%
18.8%
13.2%
14.6%
45.9%
40.3%
47.8%
32.8%
44.4%
15.7%
17.5%
15.1%
17.0%
17.7%
13.2%
21.5%
10.3%
30.9%
16.4%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
2156327
561037
1595291
195642
365395
0.6%
0.1%
0.5%
0.7%
0.5%
0.1%
0.8%
0.2%
0.3%
0.1%
0.5%
1.6%
0.5%
0.7%
0.5%
0.6%
0.5%
0.1%
0.9%
0.4%
0.7%
7.4%
6.0%
5.6%
7.5%
8.6%
7.9%
13.3%
1.0%
1.2%
1.2%
3.6%
22.6%
7.5%
5.4%
3.4%
15.1%
7.7%
6.5%
7.4%
8.4%
7.1%
7.1%
5.5%
18.8%
13.2%
18.5%
17.3%
19.3%
13.4%
30.3%
11.3%
6.2%
7.8%
11.7%
24.6%
17.3%
18.6%
23.5%
14.9%
19.6%
15.6%
22.2%
16.6%
19.4%
16.6%
14.2%
47.8%
32.8%
51.9%
45.7%
43.8%
43.4%
48.2%
57.2%
47.8%
40.3%
28.7%
23.1%
45.2%
48.7%
23.0%
39.9%
48.5%
43.1%
49.8%
49.3%
46.8%
43.5%
41.2%
15.1%
17.0%
11.5%
18.0%
16.5%
19.6%
3.9%
13.0%
26.1%
30.7%
30.0%
15.2%
15.6%
15.9%
31.9%
17.6%
14.8%
16.6%
13.7%
15.4%
14.6%
17.1%
17.3%
10.3%
30.9%
11.9%
10.7%
11.3%
15.5%
3.4%
17.3%
18.4%
19.8%
25.6%
12.9%
14.0%
10.7%
18.2%
12.5%
8.9%
17.6%
6.4%
10.2%
11.2%
15.3%
21.1%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
1595291
195642
639693
762526
484157
74309
758136
446521
347324
299170
145088
160089
1628977
500920
8917
17513
1091524
1064803
392773
411117
425721
446104
480613
9. Education
87
Table 51: Education level of adult women aged 15+
Education level
9
chapter
Total female
Total
population
number
Secondary
Description Secondary
of women
None Primary Basic
special/ Higher aged 15+
general
(percent)
aged 15+
tech.
Total
0.9% 10.1% 26.1%
51.4%
6.7%
4.8%
100%
2421441
Location
Urban
0.6% 8.4% 20.3%
46.5%
12.7%
11.5%
100%
654627
type
Rural
1.0% 10.8% 28.3%
53.2%
4.4%
2.3%
100%
1766814
Location
Dushanbe 0.5% 8.1% 20.9%
39.1%
13.1%
18.2%
100%
229843
type
Other
0.6% 8.6% 19.9%
50.6%
12.5%
7.8%
100%
424784
urban
Rural
1.0% 10.8% 28.3%
53.2%
4.4%
2.3%
100%
1766814
Oblast
Dushanbe 0.5% 8.1% 20.9%
39.1%
13.1%
18.2%
100%
229843
(region)
Sughd
0.5% 7.8% 20.9%
58.9%
6.7%
5.1%
100%
744306
Khatlon
0.9% 11.3% 28.1%
53.1%
4.7%
1.9%
100%
832140
DRD
1.7% 12.8% 34.2%
42.9%
5.9%
2.5%
100%
529650
GBAO
0.4% 7.2% 15.9%
55.9%
12.2%
8.4%
100%
85502
Age groups 15-24
0.8% 15.2% 35.4%
44.6%
2.6%
1.3%
100%
881938
25-34
0.5% 2.9% 20.5%
60.2%
9.3%
6.6%
100%
499930
35-44
0.2% 1.7% 13.1%
66.6%
10.8%
7.5%
100%
400024
45-54
1.0% 3.5% 20.8%
58.9%
9.1%
6.8%
100%
323269
55-64
1.7% 15.3% 32.4%
35.5%
7.2%
8.0%
100%
153679
65+
4.7% 43.1% 32.2%
12.0%
4.0%
4.1%
100%
162600
Ethnicity
Tajik
0.9% 10.6% 27.1%
50.4%
6.1%
4.7%
100%
1818963
Uzbek
1.0% 8.6% 23.3%
56.4%
6.8%
3.9%
100%
553738
Russian
5.9% 14.3%
26.4%
31.7%
21.7%
100%
24356
Other
12.3% 24.5%
33.1%
17.8%
12.3%
100%
24383
Poverty
Poor
1.0% 10.7% 26.7%
53.6%
5.1%
2.9%
100%
1254911
status
Non-poor 0.9% 9.5% 25.5%
49.0%
8.3%
6.8%
100%
1166530
Quintiles of Poorest
0.9% 10.4% 28.0%
53.2%
5.4%
2.1%
100%
463896
consumption 2
1.1% 12.2% 26.4%
52.4%
5.0%
2.9%
100%
475835
3
0.9% 9.3% 26.2%
55.0%
4.7%
4.0%
100%
472642
4
1.1% 10.1% 27.7%
49.9%
6.5%
4.7%
100%
492245
Richest
0.6% 8.8% 22.7%
47.0%
11.2%
9.7%
100%
516823
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
88
10. EARLY MARRIAGE
Table 52: Proportion of young women aged 15-19 currently married or in union
Description Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Age
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
15
16
17
18
19
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Percent of women aged 15-19
currently married or in union
Total number of women
aged 15-19
8.5%
9.4%
8.2%
7.3%
10.5%
8.2%
7.3%
6.4%
9.1%
11.2%
1.3%
0.0%
0.8%
4.7%
15.5%
23.6%
6.8%
10.2%
6.6%
6.4%
7.1%
10.8%
10.9%
468268
115835
352433
40698
75137
352433
40698
121749
174606
116927
14288
96417
95927
101687
84716
89521
230314
237954
81075
91106
87691
103631
104766
Education
level
Gender
Oblast
(region)
Total
Location
type
Location
type
chapter
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Description 68.3%
79.9%
81.5%
90.7%
87.4%
76.7%
Know
Know transmission
transmission
Heard can be prevented
can be
of HIV/ by having only one
prevented by
AIDS faithful uninfected
using a condom
sex partner
every time
68.5%
56.5%
62.6%
84.4%
73.1%
78.8%
62.7%
50.5%
56.7%
91.5%
81.9%
86.9%
80.5%
68.3%
74.3%
62.7%
50.5%
56.7%
91.5%
81.9%
86.9%
66.2%
51.9%
61.4%
73.9%
62.0%
67.3%
53.2%
41.7%
45.7%
69.4%
67.3%
67.7%
70.7%
59.5%
66.3%
66.6%
53.9%
59.3%
56.4%
35.0%
46.0%
52.5%
43.3%
44.5%
60.6%
49.1%
53.7%
69.7%
57.1%
63.8%
24.2%
25.7%
Know
transmission
can be
prevented by
abstaining
from sex
21.2%
21.7%
21.1%
11.1%
27.5%
21.1%
11.1%
25.5%
21.1%
20.0%
21.8%
22.6%
20.0%
20.0%
16.5%
19.4%
21.7%
69.7%
82.2%
79.6%
89.4%
19.9%
21.5%
10.6%
20.4%
277820
356323
Do not
Know at
Know at
Know 3 main
know any
Total
least 1 main least 2 main
methods of
method of number of
method of methods of
preventing
preventing people aged
preventing preventing
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
15-49
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
transmission
transmission
transmission transmission
65.6%
57.2%
17.5%
34.4%
3677855
81.8%
73.4%
18.4%
18.2%
981860
59.7%
51.3%
17.2%
40.3%
2695995
89.8%
81.3%
8.9%
10.2%
349421
77.3%
69.1%
23.7%
22.7%
632438
59.7%
51.3%
17.2%
40.3%
2695995
89.8%
81.3%
8.9%
10.2%
349421
64.9%
54.7%
19.2%
35.1%
1088408
69.9%
62.2%
18.3%
30.1%
1295000
49.1%
41.1%
17.2%
50.9%
826406
68.8%
66.8%
21.2%
31.2%
118619
68.6%
60.8%
19.0%
31.4%
1716671
63.0%
54.0%
16.2%
37.0%
1961184
46.0%
41.6%
13.4%
54.1%
19510
48.1%
41.7%
14.3%
51.9%
264889
56.8%
49.6%
15.8%
43.2%
793072
67.0%
57.7%
17.8%
33.0%
1903665
Table 53: Proportion of people aged 15-49 with knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention
11. KNOWLEDGE ON HIV AND AIDS
11. Knowledge on HIV and AIDS
89
11
10
66.2%
70.8%
63.0%
100%
69.3%
65.8%
90.2%
60.3%
65.2%
72.1%
63.8%
64.3%
67.7%
70.8%
75.0%
56.7%
57.3%
51.0%
100%
57.6%
52.5%
85.9%
51.1%
53.1%
60.2%
53.8%
51.3%
54.9%
59.2%
62.6%
11 Married includes married to a single spouse and married polygamously
Married11
Divorced
Living
together
Separated
Widow/er
Single
Other
Ethnicity
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Marital
status
Description 62.4%
62.8%
56.3%
100%
63.7%
58.6%
90.2%
52.2%
60.0%
65.3%
58.6%
59.1%
61.5%
63.8%
68.9%
Know
Know transmission
transmission
Heard can be prevented
can be
of HIV/ by having only one
prevented by
AIDS faithful uninfected
using a condom
sex partner
every time
72.0%
60.1%
66.7%
73.4%
69.4%
72.2%
80.1%
59.2%
58.9%
12.4%
22.4%
20.0%
41.4%
21.0%
22.3%
14.7%
20.1%
21.7%
20.7%
23.5%
21.0%
19.1%
22.4%
20.2%
Know
transmission
can be
prevented by
abstaining
from sex
22.2%
15.8%
19.1%
64.0%
67.0%
59.4%
100%
66.4%
62.8%
90.2%
55.3%
62.7%
68.7%
61.8%
61.5%
65.1%
67.0%
71.9%
57.2%
57.9%
51.2%
100%
58.3%
53.0%
88.1%
50.4%
54.2%
60.4%
53.6%
53.3%
54.9%
59.3%
64.0%
10.3%
17.6%
16.7%
41.4%
17.5%
17.8%
12.6%
17.7%
18.0%
17.1%
20.5%
16.7%
15.7%
19.2%
15.8%
36.0%
33.0%
40.6%
0.0%
33.6%
37.2%
9.8%
44.7%
37.3%
31.3%
38.2%
38.5%
35.0%
33.1%
28.2%
30052
63614
1424417
503
2798490
835620
16404
27340
1895356
1782499
691627
706395
734597
758932
786303
Know at
Know at
Do not
Know 3 main
least 1 main least 2 main
know any
Total
methods of
method of methods of
method of number of
preventing
preventing preventing
preventing people aged
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
15-49
transmission
transmission transmission
transmission
69.7%
61.1%
18.2%
30.4%
2111172
73.4%
69.7%
14.3%
26.6%
30039
69.6%
52.6%
14.9%
30.4%
6768
90
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
chapter
Know at
Know at
Know 3 main Do not know
Know transmission
Know
Know transmission least 1 main least 2 main
Heard
methods of any method
can be prevented transmission can
can be prevented method of methods of
of
preventing of preventing
Description
by having only one be prevented by
HIV/
by abstaining from preventing preventing
faithful uninfected using a condom
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
AIDS
sex
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
sex partner
every time
transmission transmission
transmission transmission
Total
70.7%
59.5%
66.3%
22.6%
68.6%
60.8%
19.0%
31.4%
Location
Urban
85.9%
75.6%
82.1%
22.3%
83.9%
76.6%
19.4%
16.1%
type
Rural
65.4%
53.9%
60.8%
22.7%
63.2%
55.2%
18.9%
36.8%
Dushanbe
94.5%
85.5%
92.0%
12.1%
93.3%
86.1%
10.2%
6.7%
Location
type
Other urban 81.0%
70.0%
76.5%
28.1%
78.7%
71.3%
24.6%
21.3%
Rural
65.4%
53.9%
60.8%
22.7%
63.2%
55.2%
18.9%
36.8%
Oblast
Dushanbe
94.5%
85.5%
92.0%
12.1%
93.3%
86.1%
10.2%
6.7%
(region)
Sughd
67.7%
54.7%
64.3%
26.7%
67.1%
58.2%
20.5%
32.9%
Khatlon
77.8%
66.0%
72.2%
23.1%
74.4%
66.5%
20.4%
25.6%
DRD
53.7%
43.3%
48.6%
21.0%
50.9%
43.7%
18.3%
49.1%
GBAO
71.4%
69.3%
69.9%
21.2%
70.9%
69.2%
20.3%
29.1%
Education
None
52.0%
30.8%
48.6%
18.4%
48.6%
41.5%
7.7%
51.4%
level
Primary
56.2%
47.9%
50.7%
18.8%
53.2%
47.6%
16.6%
46.9%
Basic
63.6%
53.3%
58.3%
21.6%
60.9%
54.1%
18.2%
39.1%
Secondary
70.2%
58.4%
65.8%
22.3%
68.0%
59.7%
18.9%
32.0%
general
Secondary
77.7%
64.5%
73.4%
26.3%
75.8%
66.2%
22.2%
24.2%
special/tech.
Higher
89.7%
79.7%
86.6%
24.5%
88.6%
82.2%
20.1%
11.4%
Marital
Married
74.8%
63.6%
70.8%
23.1%
73.0%
65.0%
19.4%
27.0%
status
Divorced
83.3%
83.3%
83.3%
10.4%
83.3%
83.3%
10.4%
16.7%
Living
87.0%
72.3%
87.0%
0.0%
87.0%
72.3%
0.0%
13.0%
together
Separated
49.1%
43.7%
49.1%
9.7%
49.1%
43.7%
9.7%
50.9%
Widow/er
60.8%
51.6%
60.8%
17.8%
60.8%
51.6%
17.8%
39.2%
Single
65.6%
54.3%
60.6%
22.0%
63.0%
55.4%
18.5%
37.0%
Table 54: Proportion of men aged 15-49 with knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention
5083
7228
732501
192960
962672
2963
1842
227550
1716671
448881
1267790
161615
287265
1267790
161615
497860
613044
390560
53593
8048
109254
307737
850236
Total
number
of men
aged
15-49
11. Knowledge on HIV and AIDS
91
11
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Ethnicity
Description
Know at
Know at
Know 3 main Do not know
Total
Know transmission
Know
Know transmission least 1 main least 2 main
Heard
methods of any method number
can be prevented transmission can
can be prevented method of methods of
of
preventing of preventing of men
by having only one be prevented by
by abstaining from preventing preventing
HIV/
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
aged
faithful uninfected using a condom
sex
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
AIDS
sex partner
every time
transmission transmission
15-49
transmission transmission
71.5%
60.7%
67.5%
22.1%
69.5%
61.9%
18.8%
30.5%
1304779
68.2%
55.5%
62.5%
24.3%
65.5%
56.9%
19.8%
34.5%
394293
89.7%
84.2%
89.7%
13.2%
89.7%
86.5%
10.9%
10.3%
5004
63.0%
56.4%
58.4%
27.3%
60.4%
58.9%
22.9%
39.6%
12595
67.2%
55.6%
63.6%
22.7%
65.5%
57.4%
18.9%
34.5%
880696
74.5%
63.7%
69.2%
22.5%
71.9%
64.4%
19.1%
28.2%
835975
65.7%
56.9%
61.6%
23.2%
64.3%
57.0%
20.4%
35.7%
318735
66.0%
53.2%
62.9%
22.5%
64.2%
56.5%
18.0%
35.8%
326385
70.5%
58.2%
65.8%
21.2%
68.8%
58.4%
17.9%
31.2%
342939
73.6%
62.6%
68.0%
24.3%
70.4%
63.2%
21.2%
29.6%
354125
76.7%
65.7%
72.2%
21.7%
74.2%
67.8%
17.6%
25.8%
374487
92
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Marital
status
Education
level
Oblast
(region)
Total
Location
type
Location
type
chapter
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Married
Divorced
Living
together
Separated
Widow/er
Single
Other
Description
75.2%
80.2%
57.1%
67.9%
54.3%
59.4%
58.1%
47.5%
100%
88.1%
92.9%
69.7%
72.3%
77.6%
69.7%
72.1%
60.3%
100%
66.6%
83.1%
60.4%
88.9%
80.0%
60.4%
88.9%
64.9%
70.5%
52.8%
67.9%
59.4%
50.0%
58.8%
69.3%
Heard
of HIV/
AIDS
65.1%
63.1%
51.8%
100%
89.2%
63.3%
71.0%
48.3%
82.5%
12.9%
22.9%
17.9%
41.4%
23.4%
21.4%
16.4%
26.2%
24.8%
75.7%
82.2%
57.7%
68.2%
45.2%
60.0%
58.7%
46.8%
100%
86.4%
91.1%
66.9%
72.3%
63.1%
67.0%
67.8%
55.7%
100%
10.5%
17.6%
14.8%
41.4%
19.4%
17.2%
14.8%
20.5%
20.3%
33.0%
32.3%
44.4%
0.0%
8.9%
33.1%
27.7%
36.9%
13.6%
24969
56386
691916
503
84859
1148501
27076
4925
128773
Do not
Total
Know
Know at
Know at
Know
Know 3 main
Know transmission
know any
number
transmission
least 1 main least 2 main
transmission can
methods of
can be prevented
method of
of
can be
method of
methods of
preventing
be prevented by
by having only one
prevented by
preventing
preventing
preventing
women
faithful uninfected
abstaining from
HIV/AIDS
using a condom
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
aged 15sex partner
sex
transmission
every time
transmission transmission
transmission
49
53.9%
59.3%
20.0%
63.0%
54.0%
16.2%
37.0%
1961184
71.1%
76.0%
21.1%
80.0%
70.7%
17.6%
20.0%
532979
47.5%
53.0%
19.7%
56.7%
47.8%
15.7%
43.3%
1428205
78.9%
82.4%
10.3%
86.8%
77.1%
7.8%
13.2%
187806
66.8%
72.5%
27.0%
76.2%
67.2%
22.9%
23.8%
345173
47.5%
53.0%
19.7%
56.7%
47.8%
15.7%
43.3%
1428205
78.9%
82.4%
10.3%
86.8%
77.1%
7.8%
13.2%
187806
49.5%
59.0%
24.5%
63.2%
51.8%
18.0%
36.8%
590549
58.4%
62.9%
19.3%
65.8%
58.3%
16.5%
34.2%
681957
40.3%
43.1%
19.1%
47.5%
38.7%
16.2%
52.5%
435846
65.6%
65.9%
22.3%
67.1%
64.8%
21.9%
32.9%
65026
37.9%
44.1%
21.2%
44.1%
41.7%
17.4%
55.9%
11462
40.1%
40.1%
14.8%
44.6%
37.6%
12.8%
55.4%
155635
46.5%
50.8%
18.0%
54.2%
46.8%
14.3%
45.8%
485335
56.0%
62.2%
21.1%
66.2%
56.1%
17.0%
33.8%
1053429
Table 55: Proportion of women aged 15-49 with knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention
11. Knowledge on HIV and AIDS
93
11
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Ethnicity
Description
67.3%
63.7%
90.5%
58.0%
63.4%
69.9%
62.1%
62.9%
65.3%
68.4%
73.4%
Heard
of HIV/
AIDS
Do not
Total
Know
Know at
Know at
Know
Know 3 main
Know transmission
know any
number
transmission
least 1 main least 2 main
transmission can
methods of
can be prevented
method of
of
can be
method of
methods of
preventing
be prevented by
by having only one
preventing
women
prevented by
preventing
preventing
HIV/AIDS
abstaining from
faithful uninfected
HIV/AIDS
aged 15using a condom
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
sex partner
sex
transmission
transmission
49
every time
transmission transmission
54.9%
60.3%
20.0%
63.7%
55.2%
16.4%
36.3%
1493711
49.9%
55.2%
20.6%
60.3%
49.4%
15.9%
39.7%
441328
86.7%
90.5%
15.4%
90.5%
88.8%
13.4%
9.5%
11400
46.6%
46.9%
13.9%
51.0%
43.1%
13.3%
49.0%
14745
51.0%
56.8%
20.9%
60.2%
51.3%
17.1%
39.8%
1014660
57.1%
61.9%
19.2%
66.0%
56.9%
15.3%
34.0%
946523
51.2%
56.1%
23.8%
59.7%
50.8%
20.5%
40.3%
372892
49.7%
55.9%
19.7%
59.3%
50.5%
15.5%
40.7%
380010
52.1%
57.8%
17.3%
61.8%
51.7%
13.7%
38.2%
391658
56.2%
60.2%
20.8%
63.9%
55.8%
17.5%
36.1%
404807
59.8%
65.8%
18.8%
69.7%
60.4%
14.2%
30.3%
411816
94
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
chapter
Once infected with HIV/AIDS,
a person remains infected for
Description
life
Agree Disagree Don’t know
Total
62.6% 3.5%
33.9%
Location
Urban
78.8% 2.9%
18.3%
type
Rural
56.7% 3.8%
39.6%
Location
Dushanbe
86.5% 3.0%
10.6%
type
Other urban 74.5% 2.9%
22.6%
Rural
56.7% 3.8%
39.6%
Oblast
Dushanbe
86.5% 3.0%
10.6%
(region)
Sughd
61.4% 3.1%
35.5%
Khatlon
67.5% 4.2%
28.2%
DRD
45.9% 3.3%
50.8%
GBAO
64.6% 3.5%
31.9%
Gender
Male
65.8% 3.3%
30.8%
Female
59.7% 3.7%
36.6%
Education
None
45.9% 1.5%
52.6%
level
Primary
46.0% 2.3%
51.6%
Basic
54.7% 3.1%
42.2%
Secondary
63.8% 3.5%
32.7%
general
Secondary
75.3% 4.7%
20.0%
special/tech.
Higher
84.8% 5.1%
10.1%
Marital
Married
65.4% 4.2%
30.4%
status
Divorced
69.1% 2.2%
28.7%
Living
68.6% 4.0%
27.4%
together
Separated
60.1% 3.3%
36.6%
Widow/er
60.7% 6.5%
32.8%
Single
58.3% 2.5%
39.2%
Other
100% 10.5%
30.4%
31.6%
19.9%
37.6%
32.2%
39.4%
3.1%
2.7%
3.4%
4.1%
86.4%
67.0%
65.0%
76.0%
59.3% 3.1%
66.8% 1.1%
58.7% 2.0%
100% 11.5%
9.8%
7.4%
22.4%
52.4% 8.9%
56.1% 9.9%
50.5% 8.8%
100% 77.8%
59.0%
64.3%
46.6%
11.5%
49.9%
32.7%
45.8%
40.4%
38.2%
34.6%
23.8%
31.7%
24.7%
34.0%
31.0%
41.4%
10.7%
31.2%
28.3%
31.1%
38.7%
34.0%
40.7%
36.0%
32.3%
27.0%
58.6%
39.8%
39.3%
33.8%
42.0%
11.9%
32.7%
30.4%
27.8%
37.9%
27.6%
27.6%
11.9%
26.0% 27.7%
27.7% 27.6%
27.7% 24.7%
29.3% 40.9%
32.8%
32.1%
36.0%
34.8%
46.4%
44.7%
47.6%
70.7%
21.1%
39.5%
40.3%
52.1%
27.9%
If you take good care of
yourself, you can live a long
life even if infected with HIV
Agree Disagree
DK
30.7% 26.5%
42.8%
35.8% 34.8%
29.4%
28.8% 23.5%
47.7%
33.1% 43.5%
23.4%
37.3% 30.0%
32.7%
28.8% 23.5%
47.7%
33.1% 43.5%
23.4%
36.7% 16.5%
46.7%
29.4% 34.8%
35.7%
23.1% 18.8%
58.1%
35.5% 30.6%
33.9%
32.2% 28.0%
39.7%
29.3% 25.2%
45.5%
16.8% 24.3%
58.9%
24.0% 17.2%
58.8%
25.7% 23.9%
50.4%
31.7% 26.1%
42.2%
22.0% 37.2%
A healthy person
canNOT get infected
with HIV/AIDS
Agree Disagree DK
33.0% 30.6% 36.3%
33.3% 45.4% 21.2%
32.9% 25.2% 41.8%
29.3% 57.4% 13.3%
35.6% 38.8% 25.6%
32.9% 25.2% 41.8%
29.3% 57.4% 13.3%
28.4% 32.1% 39.5%
41.7% 28.5% 29.8%
27.4% 19.9% 52.8%
32.8% 35.0% 32.2%
34.9% 32.0% 33.1%
31.4% 29.4% 39.2%
21.8% 24.0% 54.1%
27.5% 18.6% 53.9%
29.6% 25.6% 44.8%
34.1% 30.6% 35.3%
20.7% 38.2%
Agree Disagree DK
55.6% 9.5% 34.9%
71.3% 9.6% 19.0%
49.9% 9.4% 40.7%
84.8% 3.9% 11.4%
63.9% 12.8% 23.3%
49.9% 9.4% 40.7%
84.8% 3.9% 11.4%
54.3% 8.8% 36.9%
57.3% 13.8% 28.9%
41.2% 6.7% 52.1%
63.7% 3.8% 32.5%
58.3% 9.9% 31.8%
53.2% 9.1% 37.7%
34.8% 14.0% 51.2%
41.2% 6.4% 52.4%
47.6% 8.9% 43.5%
56.6% 9.6% 33.8%
Once infected, there is
no cure for HIV/AIDS
20.0% 67.8%
3.7%
76.3%
HIV/AIDS leads to the
death of the infected
person
Agree Disagree DK
63.7% 2.4% 33.9%
79.9% 2.1% 18.0%
57.8% 2.5% 39.7%
87.2% 2.8%
9.9%
75.8% 1.7% 22.5%
57.8% 2.5% 39.7%
87.2% 2.8%
9.9%
62.7% 1.6% 35.7%
69.1% 2.3% 28.7%
46.3% 3.4% 50.3%
66.2% 2.1% 31.6%
66.4% 2.7% 31.0%
61.4% 2.1% 36.5%
47.3% 1.5% 51.2%
47.7% 1.3% 51.0%
55.4% 2.3% 42.3%
65.0% 2.3% 32.7%
Table 56: Agreement with some statements about HIV/AIDS among people aged 15-49
11. Knowledge on HIV and AIDS
95
11
Poverty
status
Quintiles of
consumption
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Description
Once infected with HIV/AIDS,
a person remains infected for
life
Agree Disagree Don’t know
59.3% 3.6%
37.1%
66.1% 3.4%
30.5%
58.4% 2.6%
39.0%
58.7% 3.8%
37.5%
60.7% 4.7%
34.5%
64.6% 3.8%
31.6%
69.5% 2.8%
27.7%
HIV/AIDS leads to the
death of the infected
person
Agree Disagree DK
60.7% 2.4% 37.0%
67.0% 2.4% 30.7%
59.4% 1.9% 38.7%
59.5% 2.7% 37.8%
62.8% 2.8% 34.4%
65.7% 2.3% 32.0%
70.2% 2.2% 27.6%
Agree Disagree DK
52.0% 9.9% 38.1%
59.5% 9.0% 31.5%
51.6% 8.9% 39.5%
50.6% 10.5% 38.9%
53.8% 10.4% 35.7%
58.0% 9.1% 32.9%
63.1% 8.5% 28.4%
Once infected, there is
no cure for HIV/AIDS
A healthy person
canNOT get infected
with HIV/AIDS
Agree Disagree DK
33.3% 27.2% 39.4%
32.7% 34.2% 33.1%
34.5% 23.9% 41.6%
29.8% 30.4% 39.8%
36.5% 27.0% 36.5%
31.9% 34.1% 34.1%
32.6% 36.8% 30.7%
If you take good care of
yourself, you can live a long
life even if infected with HIV
Agree Disagree
DK
31.2% 23.2%
45.5%
30.1% 30.0%
39.9%
32.9% 19.4%
47.8%
30.2% 24.3%
45.5%
31.4% 25.5%
43.2%
29.3% 30.1%
40.6%
30.0% 32.3%
37.8%
96
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
12. Economic activities
97
12. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
12.1 Economic activities during last 14 days
Table 57: Share of economically active population among people aged 14-64
Total population aged
14-64
4416612
1185286
3231326
415788
769498
3231326
415788
1318836
1549156
983324
149509
2080221
2336391
161260
1639570
946451
748125
622439
298767
25576
430018
933398
2117746
461105
367899
2606376
35966
7383
35685
130028
1427425
1199
3334049
1019331
26939
36293
2248017
2168595
818441
844684
870294
912698
970495
12
chapter
Total
Description
Share of economically active
population among people aged 14-64
Total
43.8%
Location type
Urban
40.8%
Rural
44.9%
Location type
Dushanbe
39.7%
Other urban
41.4%
Rural
44.9%
Oblast (region)
Dushanbe
39.7%
Sughd
44.9%
Khatlon
47.1%
DRD
40.2%
GBAO
35.4%
Gender
Male
58.1%
Female
31.1%
Age groups
14
5.1%
15-24
27.0%
25-34
52.9%
35-44
63.9%
45-54
59.9%
55-64
44.7%
Education level
None
26.5%
Primary
13.4%
Basic
31.3%
Secondary general
45.3%
Secondary special/tech.
68.9%
Higher
77.0%
Marital status
Married
54.2%
Divorced
54.9%
Living together
44.1%
Separated
59.2%
Widow/er
43.1%
Single
28.8%
Other
49.2%
Ethnicity
Tajik
42.1%
Uzbek
49.4%
Russian
44.5%
Other
43.2%
Poverty status
Poor
43.1%
Non-poor
44.5%
Quintiles of
Poorest
41.2%
consumption
2
43.7%
3
45.5%
4
44.8%
Richest
43.7%
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
98
Table 58: Share of economically active population among men aged 14-64
Description
Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Age groups
Education level
Marital status
Ethnicity
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
14
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
None
Primary
basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/tech.
Higher
Married
Divorced
Living together
Separated
Widow/er
Single
Other
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Share of economically active
population among men aged 14-64
58.1%
55.8%
58.9%
55.9%
55.7%
58.9%
55.9%
63.9%
55.5%
57.6%
44.1%
3.3%
31.8%
75.3%
82.4%
80.7%
69.0%
34.8%
13.4%
39.9%
61.8%
76.6%
82.0%
78.5%
62.7%
73.7%
75.1%
65.4%
30.0%
57.5%
57.0%
62.3%
49.6%
46.1%
58.2%
57.9%
59.7%
57.6%
57.6%
58.0%
57.7%
Total number of men
aged 14-64
2080221
548415
1531806
192809
355606
1531806
192809
610816
739869
468252
68475
83516
758136
446521
347790
299170
145088
9451
184005
352508
937762
311003
261581
1228257
4688
2290
6389
16819
733368
512
1570694
485801
7721
16006
1047669
1032552
375245
392257
411282
432521
468916
12. Economic activities
99
Table 59: Share of economically active population among women aged 14-64
Total
Share of economically active
Total number of
population among women aged 14-64 women aged 14-64
31.1%
2336391
Urban
27.9%
636871
Rural
32.3%
1699520
Dushanbe
25.7%
222979
Other urban
29.1%
413893
Rural
32.3%
1699520
Dushanbe
25.7%
222979
Sughd
28.5%
708020
Khatlon
39.5%
809287
DRD
24.5%
515072
GBAO
28.0%
81034
14
7.0%
77744
15-24
22.8%
881433
25-34
32.9%
499930
35-44
47.8%
400336
45-54
40.6%
323269
55-64
21.7%
153679
None
21.7%
16125
Primary
13.3%
246014
Basic
26.1%
580891
Secondary general
32.1%
1179984
Secondary special/tech.
52.9%
150102
Higher
64.8%
106318
Married
32.5%
1378119
Divorced
53.7%
31278
Living together
30.8%
5093
Separated
55.7%
29296
Widow/er
39.8%
113210
Single
27.7%
694058
Other
42.9%
687
Tajik
28.9%
1763355
Uzbek
37.7%
533531
Russian
42.5%
19218
Other
40.9%
20287
Poor
30.0%
1200349
Non-poor
32.3%
1136043
Poorest
25.6%
443196
2
31.7%
452427
3
34.6%
459012
4
32.9%
480178
Richest
30.6%
501579
Description Location type
Oblast (region)
Age groups
Education level
Marital status
Ethnicity
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
12
chapter
Total
Location type
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
100
Table 60: Share of women in economically active population aged 14-64 Description Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Age groups
Education level
Marital status
Ethnicity
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
14
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/tech.
Higher
Married
Divorced
Living together
Separated
Widow/er
Single
Other
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Share of women in the
Total economically
economically active population active population aged
aged 14-64
14-64
37.6%
1935003
36.7%
483477
37.8%
1451526
34.7%
165115
37.8%
318362
37.8%
1451526
34.7%
165115
34.1%
591792
43.8%
729555
31.8%
395654
42.9%
52886
66.1%
8195
45.5%
442001
32.9%
500950
40.0%
477663
35.2%
372669
25.0%
133524
51.5%
6783
57.1%
57495
51.9%
292287
39.6%
958712
25.0%
317492
24.3%
283322
31.7%
1412881
85.1%
19730
48.2%
3258
77.3%
21113
80.4%
56001
46.6%
411587
50.0%
589
36.3%
1403582
40.0%
503765
68.1%
11985
52.9%
15671
37.1%
969820
38.0%
965183
33.6%
337482
38.8%
369310
40.2%
395723
38.7%
408768
36.2%
423720
Table 61: Gender wage gap Gender wage gap (ratio of median hourly wages of female workers
to male workers for their main job)
0.36
Education
level
Age groups
Oblast
(region)
Total
Location
type
Location
type
chapter
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Description
1.40
1.06
34.97
34.33
0.19
0.32
0.81
1.34
0.67
0.78
0.79
1.65
1.68
1.66
5.82
5.61
9.20
8.39
1.14
1.49
12.71
10.38
1.28
0.94
On
On
Average time spent
On
On
On
On
by women aged
On
On
On
On
cooking,
stitching On child caring for
tending
going
cleaning,
care and elderly/
15-49 in household fetching gathering animal milking
baking,
for
vegetable
to
laundry,
household teaching
sick
activities (hours /
water firewood care animals
washing
ironing
plot
market
use
relative
week)
dishes
32.11
1.89
0.54
1.78
1.03
3.03
0.91
7.34
5.77
1.06
7.77
0.99
32.13
0.78
0.14
0.53
0.34
0.60
1.44
8.76
6.38
1.30
10.88
0.99
32.10
2.30
0.69
2.24
1.29
3.94
0.72
6.82
5.54
0.97
6.60
0.99
37.82
0.22
0.03
0.12
0.07
0.14
2.05
10.55
6.83
1.24
15.81
0.76
29.02
1.08
0.19
0.76
0.48
0.85
1.11
7.78
6.13
1.33
8.18
1.12
32.10
2.30
0.69
2.24
1.29
3.94
0.72
6.82
5.54
0.97
6.60
0.99
37.82
0.22
0.03
0.12
0.07
0.14
2.05
10.55
6.83
1.24
15.81
0.76
29.29
1.55
0.35
1.79
1.01
2.26
0.99
6.92
5.82
1.18
6.44
0.97
28.31
2.45
0.91
1.96
1.10
3.95
0.63
5.87
4.57
0.76
5.49
0.62
39.96
2.02
0.38
2.09
1.29
3.89
0.73
9.10
7.36
1.32
10.03
1.77
28.24
2.94
0.99
2.43
1.53
3.00
1.12
5.55
4.17
0.90
5.17
0.45
21.88
2.08
0.57
1.25
0.44
3.15
0.39
5.55
5.50
0.91
1.48
0.57
31.08
1.89
0.50
1.56
0.90
3.06
0.55
7.05
6.21
0.80
7.54
1.02
39.50
2.16
0.49
1.80
1.17
2.64
0.93
8.47
6.86
1.39
12.11
1.47
42.67
2.00
0.56
2.19
1.34
2.54
1.18
9.54
7.01
1.26
13.68
1.37
40.82
1.81
0.63
2.08
1.32
3.34
1.50
9.48
6.03
1.33
12.28
1.02
32.19
1.57
0.54
2.33
1.47
3.63
1.44
7.14
4.39
1.00
7.70
0.97
26.70
1.23
0.53
2.19
1.48
2.87
1.55
6.07
3.38
1.06
5.57
0.76
33.95
2.03
0.33
1.83
1.71
3.26
0.59
7.70
7.04
0.47
8.11
0.89
23.94
1.77
0.41
1.24
0.44
3.26
0.41
5.43
5.74
0.85
3.79
0.61
31.82
2.18
0.72
1.80
0.96
3.52
0.62
7.17
5.83
1.07
6.97
0.97
33.42
1.91
0.54
2.01
1.24
3.20
1.00
7.50
5.75
1.08
8.17
1.03
Table 62: Average time spent by women aged 15-49 in household activities (hours per week)
12.2 Household activities of women
12. Economic activities
101
12
Married
Divorced
Living
together
Separated
Widow/er
Single
Other
Number of
0
children
1
2
3
4+
Household
1
size
2
(grouped)
3-5
6-9
10+
Ethnicity
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Marital
status
Description
29.32
24.04
21.28
28.42
22.02
42.43
41.71
39.48
38.94
11.20
27.35
31.65
32.35
32.62
32.19
32.19
39.47
24.68
31.80
32.44
31.69
32.29
31.04
31.64
33.78
1.45
0.85
2.01
1.17
1.97
1.91
1.79
1.82
1.80
0.16
0.86
1.54
2.06
1.99
1.86
2.03
0.70
1.54
1.87
1.91
1.68
1.75
2.22
1.97
1.80
0.24
0.39
0.54
0.00
0.48
0.50
0.43
0.57
0.72
0.00
0.16
0.48
0.60
0.52
0.51
0.67
0.08
0.43
0.56
0.52
0.62
0.49
0.58
0.51
0.52
0.55
1.42
1.34
0.00
1.33
1.75
1.68
1.78
2.72
0.14
1.30
1.37
2.01
1.77
1.64
2.33
0.19
0.88
1.73
1.82
1.55
1.84
1.79
1.75
1.94
0.33
0.71
0.54
0.00
0.57
1.05
0.99
1.30
1.81
0.00
0.29
0.67
1.18
1.18
0.98
1.28
0.14
0.54
0.99
1.08
0.83
1.09
1.08
1.12
1.03
1.18
1.70
3.42
0.00
3.08
2.03
2.09
2.32
4.20
0.00
0.66
2.05
3.52
3.26
2.92
3.64
0.09
0.98
2.97
3.09
2.81
3.03
3.34
3.16
2.81
1.50
1.64
0.50
3.22
0.52
0.94
1.13
1.33
1.34
1.98
2.50
1.36
0.79
0.55
0.90
0.93
2.29
0.91
0.81
1.02
0.83
0.86
0.69
1.00
1.17
6.11
5.09
5.33
4.39
5.84
8.31
8.91
8.50
8.49
5.21
9.93
8.09
7.41
6.09
7.37
7.20
12.30
6.51
7.01
7.69
6.71
7.47
6.87
7.05
8.51
4.43
3.95
5.15
4.39
5.40
6.95
6.92
6.27
5.16
1.95
6.34
5.86
5.79
5.60
5.79
5.67
7.47
5.38
5.72
5.82
5.56
6.03
5.39
5.59
6.24
0.80
1.06
0.96
0.00
0.88
1.20
1.25
1.40
1.08
1.76
1.54
1.14
0.99
1.09
1.12
0.88
0.65
0.74
1.05
1.07
1.19
0.96
0.89
1.09
1.16
11.87
6.55
0.95
15.24
1.26
16.24
15.37
12.87
10.54
0.00
3.55
8.50
6.98
9.17
8.11
6.60
14.77
5.52
7.90
7.63
8.81
7.34
7.32
7.56
7.86
0.86
0.67
0.55
0.00
0.70
1.54
1.15
1.32
1.06
0.00
0.21
0.61
1.04
1.40
1.00
0.94
0.78
1.24
1.18
0.78
1.11
1.44
0.86
0.84
0.75
On
On
On
Average time spent
On
On
On
cooking,
stitching On child caring for
by women aged
On
On
On
On
cleaning,
tending
going
baking,
for
care and elderly/
15-49 in household fetching gathering animal milking
laundry,
vegetable
to
washing
household teaching
sick
activities (hours /
water firewood care animals
market
ironing
plot
dishes
use
relative
week)
31.55
2.44
0.57
2.12
1.38
2.97
4.05
7.83
6.63
1.12
11.83
1.27
30.43
2.15
0.39
0.33
0.46
1.34
2.04
7.76
5.52
1.10
8.11
1.22
48.39
0.69
0.36
2.45
0.62
0.90
0.99
18.06
11.69
2.38
7.98
2.29
102
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
12. Economic activities
103
Table 63: Average time spent by women aged 15-49 years in household activities (hours per week),
by location type and region
Location type
Total
Location
type
Age
groups
Education
level
Marital
status
Number
of children
Household size
(grouped)
Ethnicity
Poverty
status
Quintiles
of consumption
Urban
Rural
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/
tech.
Higher
Married
Divorced
Living
together
Separated
Widow/er
Single
Other
0
1
2
3
4+
1
2
3-5
6-9
10+
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Location type
Oblast (region)
Other
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon DRD
Urban Rural Dushanbe
urban
Total
32.11
32.13
32.10
21.88
31.08
39.50
42.67
40.82
32.19
26.70
33.95
23.94
31.82
33.42
32.13 32.10 37.82
17.01 23.49 15.74
31.64 30.90 32.88
40.87 39.01 45.75
45.96 41.21 55.08
42.81 39.82 54.50
30.83 32.69 39.32
23.57 27.98 31.85
12.46 40.86 17.07
22.75 24.33 22.50
30.60 32.15 35.48
33.48 33.40 39.12
29.02 32.10
17.69 23.49
31.05 30.90
38.05 39.01
40.39 41.21
34.54 39.82
26.19 32.69
20.05 27.98
10.72 40.86
22.88 24.33
27.58 32.15
31.00 33.40
37.82
37.82
15.74
32.88
45.75
55.08
54.50
39.32
31.85
17.07
22.50
35.48
39.12
29.29
29.54
29.20
21.99
29.60
37.47
38.92
31.97
24.37
23.18
40.96
20.66
29.78
29.60
28.31
25.01
29.04
21.69
28.17
31.80
37.35
36.40
29.08
22.39
32.02
22.30
26.56
30.83
39.96
35.35
40.63
24.94
38.25
51.37
51.45
51.60
45.36
38.37
38.82
29.57
39.70
44.01
GBAO
28.24
36.57
26.95
15.90
22.89
31.68
39.33
37.02
31.08
30.62
4.67
13.80
20.69
29.84
34.97 34.81 35.14
46.55
28.53 35.14
46.55
32.89
27.65
37.46 33.12
34.33
31.55
30.43
48.39
36.84
40.97
33.28
59.26
39.95
50.35
37.40
28.00
32.92
36.01
28.43
62.10
30.14
31.23
26.83
41.67
39.95
50.35
37.40
28.00
32.82
28.95
20.93
87.30
20.52
33.91
34.73
8.90
38.03
50.48
36.17
51.12
29.32
24.04
21.28
28.42
22.02
42.43
41.71
39.48
38.94
11.20
27.35
31.65
32.35
32.62
32.19
32.19
39.47
24.68
31.80
32.44
31.69
32.29
31.04
31.64
33.78
36.10
23.85
17.13
28.42
18.47
45.63
42.56
42.22
38.47
10.90
32.11
34.67
30.44
30.90
31.79
35.19
38.94
23.08
31.89
32.35
30.40
34.12
32.59
32.23
31.89
23.06 42.10
24.16 32.29
22.66 16.17
.
48.50
23.22 17.89
40.97 49.68
41.25 49.58
38.21 55.12
39.09 50.80
16.09 18.04
19.83 26.79
29.42 41.84
32.92 34.81
32.95 36.35
32.37 38.31
31.68 39.46
42.76 33.33
25.63 24.31
31.77 39.68
32.48 36.57
32.21 37.16
31.71 40.65
30.68 41.65
31.44 38.33
34.95 35.06
28.80
20.29
17.63
0.00
18.79
43.49
38.47
34.85
31.77
9.08
38.60
29.66
28.38
29.20
28.05
34.01
46.02
21.94
28.52
29.53
27.41
31.69
27.31
28.07
29.85
23.06
24.16
22.66
.
23.22
40.97
41.25
38.21
39.09
16.09
19.83
29.42
32.92
32.95
32.37
31.68
42.76
25.63
31.77
32.48
32.21
31.71
30.68
31.44
34.95
42.10
32.29
16.17
48.50
17.89
49.68
49.58
55.12
50.80
18.04
26.79
41.84
34.81
36.35
38.31
39.46
33.33
24.31
39.68
36.57
37.16
40.65
41.65
38.33
35.06
30.14
31.23
26.83
41.67
12
32.94
36.83
48.15
56.59
29.54 22.59 24.71 18.82
17.12 19.79 36.46 26.03
20.88 20.94 24.66 18.20
.
.
0.00
.
21.77 21.24 25.58 18.97
38.54 36.28 55.32 36.20
34.82 40.01 53.61 40.52
31.89 33.29 53.56 41.19
33.02 33.38 51.23 32.91
16.38 5.44
.
16.09
24.84 31.01 33.66 35.74
27.67 28.71 35.56 28.06
30.29 28.67 40.76 29.51
30.53 27.52 41.52 21.59
28.38 28.49 39.79 27.75
30.78 28.70 41.53
.
62.36 26.72 29.54
.
26.67 8.76 34.04 33.32
28.66 28.89 39.85 26.47
30.49 27.81 40.06 29.49
30.30 26.39 38.70 30.19
27.98 31.56 39.10 23.74
26.76 28.05 39.11 28.66
28.07 26.77 39.97 30.16
32.32 28.65 42.20 28.47
chapter
Ethnicity of
household
head
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Oblast
(region)
Total
Location
type
Location
type
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
Description
45093
68757
136260
409867
257403
200569
834147
253406
15247
15149
22.2%
38.6%
23.2%
9.9%
70.5%
34.1%
Total
household
number
1117949
360340
757608
140323
220018
757608
140323
363098
351843
220485
42200
901760
216188
9.0%
14.4%
12.8%
16.8%
Total
Percent of households
with telephone line inside
dwelling
21.0%
52.4%
6.0%
69.2%
41.7%
6.0%
69.2%
16.8%
13.4%
9.5%
20.0%
19.2%
28.6%
Table 64: Density of telephone subscribers (percent of households)
6.2%
4.6%
5.8%
4.0%
5.7%
6.1%
6.0%
6.0%
67.8% 9.4%
52.8% 7.1%
43.7% 3.1%
72.4% 40.1%
48.4% 5.2%
54.0%
24.8%
44.7%
42.0%
44.3%
51.5%
54.7%
52.4%
77.7%
68.8%
66.1%
80.9%
62.3%
70.7%
71.6%
60.4%
55.3%
59.5%
67.4%
73.3%
69.2%
55.3%
42.4%
37.5%
57.7%
27.4%
44.3%
14.8%
34.7%
35.7%
37.7%
41.7%
41.9%
41.7%
Other
urban
Location type
Urban Rural Dushanbe
Location type
9.4%
7.1%
3.1%
40.1%
5.2%
6.2%
4.6%
5.8%
4.0%
5.7%
6.1%
6.0%
6.0%
77.7%
68.8%
66.1%
80.9%
62.3%
70.7%
71.6%
60.4%
55.3%
59.5%
67.4%
73.3%
69.2%
69.2% 29.1%
19.1%
10.5%
55.2%
20.4%
18.5%
8.9%
16.4%
8.5%
15.4%
15.7%
20.7%
16.8%
42.0%
5.3%
21.8%
16.3%
3.4%
73.4%
31.2%
16.0%
7.1%
11.9%
8.3%
10.5%
12.5%
18.4%
13.4%
47.6%
5.1%
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
24.8%
10.0%
14.3%
12.8%
14.1% 32.0%
9.7% 20.7%
9.1%
.
0.0%
.
0.0% 11.6%
8.7% 25.8%
1.7%
3.5%
11.8%
10.1%
9.3% 18.8%
10.5% 25.8%
9.5% 20.0%
22.3% 73.6%
7.3% 11.4%
DRD GBAO
13. UTILITIES 104
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Poverty
status
Quintiles of
consumption
chapter
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Description
Total
Percent of households
with telephone line inside
dwelling
14.3%
27.1%
12.5%
14.2%
16.8%
21.0%
34.3%
Total
household
number
533701
584248
192651
201055
205844
226999
291400
39.7%
60.9%
33.1%
39.8%
52.9%
56.1%
63.8%
5.0%
7.2%
3.8%
4.6%
6.3%
5.4%
9.8%
60.0%
74.0%
56.7%
59.4%
64.7%
64.3%
80.6%
29.2%
51.2%
21.1%
31.4%
45.2%
49.7%
51.7%
Other
urban
Location type
Urban Rural Dushanbe
Location type
10.1%
15.8%
5.0%
12.8%
9.6%
14.1%
20.1%
11.9%
24.9%
3.8%
17.8%
14.6%
17.0%
33.2%
9.9%
9.1%
10.7%
5.3%
14.4%
5.8%
11.4%
9.3%
28.2%
7.4%
9.9%
14.1%
21.8%
34.5%
5.0%
7.2%
3.8%
4.6%
6.3%
5.4%
9.8%
60.0%
74.0%
56.7%
59.4%
64.7%
64.3%
80.6%
DRD GBAO
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
13. Utilities
105
13
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
Less than 34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
Education
None
level of
Primary
household
Basic
head
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Gender of
household
head
Age of
household
head
Description
Location type
597156
1709804
2027410
1296670
1432761
314110
467801
902772
2543727
1628397
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
19.6%
33.1%
20.2%
8.5%
73.3%
26.1%
13.5%
22.7%
12.3%
13.4%
14.7%
18.2%
30.2%
7063800
1857700
5206100
5952440
1111360
18.1%
20.4%
19.1%
17.8%
12.7%
8.5%
12.2%
9.9%
14.3%
17.8%
50.7%
6.0%
16.9%
22.5%
6.6%
2.6%
5.8%
6.3%
7.6%
5.6%
5.5%
5.6%
3.9%
5.6%
67.9% 9.0%
51.8% 7.0%
41.6% 3.3%
75.5% 50.1%
40.8% 6.2%
39.8% 5.0%
61.4% 7.2%
33.5% 3.9%
40.9% 4.8%
53.9% 6.0%
56.6% 5.5%
65.0% 10.5%
53.9%
44.8%
52.3%
53.6%
54.2%
43.0%
21.3%
43.5%
37.7%
41.9%
77.4%
67.9%
63.8%
83.7%
70.9%
58.6%
75.4%
54.7%
60.9%
63.6%
66.9%
83.2%
69.6%
53.3%
73.1%
73.3%
66.6%
63.4%
59.2%
52.6%
56.4%
59.6%
50.7% 6.0%
68.1%
50.9% 6.0%
67.9%
50.1% 6.1%
69.0%
57.7%
42.4%
35.8%
59.9%
16.8%
31.3%
52.1%
23.6%
33.5%
47.9%
49.5%
53.4%
46.2%
37.2%
36.0%
45.2%
48.8%
35.9%
11.7%
37.9%
28.6%
35.5%
41.9%
38.3%
41.1%
Other
urban
Location type
Percent of population with
Total
Urban Rural Dushanbe
telephone line inside dwelling population
Total
Table 65: Density of telephone subscribers (percent of population)
6.6%
2.6%
5.8%
6.3%
7.6%
5.6%
5.5%
5.6%
3.9%
5.6%
6.0%
6.1%
6.0%
9.0%
7.0%
3.3%
50.1%
6.2%
5.0%
7.2%
3.9%
4.8%
6.0%
5.5%
10.5%
77.4%
67.9%
63.8%
83.7%
70.9%
58.6%
75.4%
54.7%
60.9%
63.6%
66.9%
83.2%
69.6%
53.3%
73.1%
73.3%
66.6%
63.4%
59.2%
52.6%
56.4%
59.6%
67.9%
69.0%
68.1%
68.1% 25.0%
16.2%
9.7%
57.5%
7.7%
9.2%
25.0%
7.9%
9.7%
12.7%
19.3%
33.0%
16.4%
17.2%
12.7%
15.3%
17.2%
10.4%
9.3%
13.1%
5.0%
13.2%
14.2%
40.0%
5.3%
13.8%
15.7%
21.6%
15.9%
2.7%
89.5%
30.9%
10.2%
15.1%
6.1%
12.7%
9.1%
13.9%
20.4%
15.9%
7.0%
11.1%
16.1%
12.3%
12.4%
6.4%
12.4%
5.8%
9.9%
12.8%
48.1%
5.4%
12.5%
15.3%
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
19.1%
10.5%
24.2%
25.5%
18.8%
29.5%
10.5%
14.9%
12.0%
19.6%
77.1%
11.0%
18.6%
25.4%
13.7%
9.2%
9.0%
0.0%
0.0%
9.8%
8.4%
11.3%
5.5%
13.5%
5.0%
11.2%
29.7%
20.2%
.
.
12.0%
12.6%
25.0%
3.7%
18.4%
14.6%
17.8%
35.5%
8.7% 26.1%
3.9%
12.5%
8.2%
12.8%
4.9%
3.2%
3.7%
10.8%
9.4%
9.1%
23.4%
7.1%
8.8%
10.8%
DRD GBAO
106
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
119072
295901
322335
177138
203503
45093
68757
136260
409867
257403
200569
834147
253406
15247
15149
533701
584248
192651
201055
205844
226999
291400
42.2%
39.8%
42.5%
42.9%
32.0%
31.0%
31.7%
28.7%
36.5%
41.0%
57.9%
41.3%
36.6%
28.0%
31.8%
31.1%
48.0%
27.5%
32.4%
35.1%
43.0%
54.3%
31.1%
31.8%
29.3%
35.5%
35.1%
39.5%
42.0%
33.2%
68.6%
47.5%
51.1%
29.7%
44.0%
32.9%
56.6%
30.6%
35.4%
35.9%
48.0%
62.5%
47.1%
37.9%
33.6%
0.0%
7.3%
30.4%
42.9%
26.1%
31.3%
34.9%
40.7%
47.5%
45.1% 39.0%
30.5%
31.5%
26.9%
39.0%
48.1%
49.1%
45.3%
28.2%
60.5% 27.3%
69.0%
56.5%
65.9%
35.2%
63.2%
37.9%
65.7%
27.5%
44.0%
50.9%
57.2%
70.6%
52.6%
50.6%
27.8%
34.5%
49.7%
55.1%
61.9%
50.1%
38.6%
65.3%
68.1%
41.6%
47.0%
20.3%
15.0%
30.3%
49.9%
32.1%
31.7%
26.1%
40.7%
56.7%
40.7%
26.3%
33.9%
23.3%
34.5%
42.6%
42.9%
42.7%
23.0%
55.8%
Total
Location type
Location type
Percent of households Total households
Urban Rural Dushanbe Other urban
with mobile phone
(number)
39.9%
1117949
47.1% 36.5% 56.0%
41.4%
47.1%
360340
36.5%
757608
41.0%
901760
51.0% 36.9% 62.7%
43.8%
35.5%
216188
36.9% 34.2% 39.8%
34.9%
chapter
Less than
34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and
older
None
Education
level of
Primary
household
Basic
head
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/
tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Gender of
household
head
Age of
household
head
Description
Table 66: Density of mobile phone subscribers (percent of households)
50.6%
27.8%
34.5%
49.7%
52.6%
69.0%
56.5%
65.9%
35.2%
63.2%
37.9%
65.7%
27.5%
44.0%
50.9%
57.2%
70.6%
31.1%
31.8%
29.3%
35.5%
39.0%
47.1%
37.9%
33.6%
0.0%
7.3%
30.4%
42.9%
26.1%
31.3%
34.9%
40.7%
47.5%
69.2%
49.4%
41.0%
21.5%
9.1%
37.4%
58.7%
29.7%
42.2%
48.9%
56.6%
61.9%
53.6%
40.4%
47.2%
27.1%
41.5%
50.1%
48.2%
46.4%
35.8%
55.1%
61.9%
50.1%
38.6%
35.1%
39.5%
42.0%
33.2%
39.8%
29.3%
25.2%
0.0%
53.2%
19.3%
35.1%
18.5%
19.4%
22.5%
31.9%
40.9%
29.8%
17.0%
24.6%
25.2%
25.4%
23.7%
32.5%
34.8%
24.6%
22.3%
0.0%
1.7%
1.2%
5.4%
55.2%
45.2%
40.7%
0.0%
10.7%
35.9%
50.8%
32.2%
34.1%
43.2%
47.3%
55.2%
18.7%
10.0%
.
.
0.0%
3.2%
12.9%
2.6%
2.7%
4.7%
7.5%
19.9%
49.5% 13.2%
33.3%
33.5%
38.6%
42.3%
41.6% 6.2%
45.0% 14.6%
54.1% 11.4%
40.7% 4.9%
7.2%
47.3%
65.3%
27.3%
34.8%
44.0% 9.2%
39.7% 32.9%
44.8% 5.4%
45.0% 9.8%
39.0% 6.3%
28.3%
28.2%
28.4%
28.3%
28.2%
46.0%
50.2%
44.0%
48.0%
38.9%
36.5% 56.0%
56.0% 36.9% 62.7%
34.2% 39.8%
GBAO
DRD
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
13. Utilities
107
13
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
597156
1709804
2027410
1296670
1432761
314110
467801
902772
2543727
1628397
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
41.8%
57.9%
42.8%
37.2%
35.5%
25.7%
33.8%
50.0%
31.7%
34.0%
37.1%
46.0%
57.6%
Total
population
7063800
1857700
5206100
5952440
1111360
40.1%
39.5%
42.6%
47.8%
36.2%
35.3%
38.9%
32.8%
37.3%
Total
Percent of population of
households with mobile phone
41.3%
47.7%
39.0%
41.7%
38.9%
30.1%
36.0%
40.1%
46.6%
37.0%
34.8%
38.6%
32.5%
37.0%
39.0%
39.2%
37.6%
70.8%
47.5%
51.6%
38.9%
38.5%
35.7%
59.4%
35.9%
36.8%
37.0%
50.5%
67.5%
49.0%
40.8%
34.9%
0.0%
8.3%
33.2%
46.2%
30.1%
33.2%
37.1%
44.5%
52.0%
42.8% 41.4%
57.3%
46.9%
49.6%
52.3%
32.6%
37.5%
40.7%
34.5%
38.0%
47.7%
49.5%
41.1%
Urban Rural
Location type
72.0%
58.7%
61.6%
48.4%
69.9%
42.8%
71.1%
37.3%
46.6%
55.1%
63.1%
77.2%
55.8%
64.9%
54.5%
64.5%
58.7%
51.9%
61.2%
33.8%
45.9%
49.9%
30.1%
36.0%
40.1%
46.6%
37.0%
34.8%
38.6%
32.5%
37.0%
69.4%
40.9%
48.9%
20.7%
13.4%
32.4%
51.6%
35.2%
33.2%
26.0%
41.6%
61.3%
49.0%
40.8%
34.9%
0.0%
8.3%
33.2%
46.2%
30.1%
33.2%
37.1%
44.5%
52.0%
36.4% 41.4%
50.4%
41.0%
43.2%
49.4%
26.0%
31.5%
44.9%
28.9%
33.8%
72.0%
58.7%
61.6%
48.4%
69.9%
42.8%
71.1%
37.3%
46.6%
55.1%
63.1%
77.2%
55.8%
64.9%
54.5%
64.5%
58.7%
51.9%
61.2%
33.8%
45.9%
49.9%
71.1%
50.8%
43.0%
22.0%
5.4%
40.7%
63.2%
33.9%
45.0%
53.0%
61.3%
68.2%
52.6%
46.4%
50.0%
48.7%
53.5%
40.0%
45.8%
61.2%
32.2%
41.9%
40.1%
31.7%
25.5%
0.0%
56.4%
21.6%
38.0%
20.2%
21.6%
25.1%
35.4%
45.2%
32.1%
21.6%
24.1%
32.6%
38.8%
28.5%
19.0%
32.1%
26.9%
26.7%
57.0% 17.9%
48.6% 9.9%
44.0%
.
0.0%
.
9.5% 0.0%
40.0% 3.3%
54.6% 13.7%
38.1% 2.4%
36.6% 3.3%
46.8% 4.9%
52.1% 8.4%
59.5% 22.1%
52.3% 13.2%
39.7% 7.2%
44.4% 5.6%
47.4% 14.5%
57.4% 11.5%
44.2% 5.4%
39.5% 0.0%
37.3% 1.9%
43.2% 1.0%
46.1% 5.4%
Location type
Oblast (region)
Other
Dushanbe
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon DRD GBAO
urban
58.9% 41.5% 39.0% 58.9%
47.8% 30.2% 47.5% 9.2%
58.9% 53.3% 27.5% 41.3% 33.5%
45.8% 30.8% 48.4% 5.5%
62.7% 42.5% 39.2% 62.7%
49.0% 29.8% 48.7% 9.7%
46.8% 37.5% 37.6% 46.8%
42.1% 33.2% 40.6% 6.2%
Less than 34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
None
Education
level of
Primary
household
Basic
head
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Gender of
household
head
Age of
household
head
Description
Table 67: Density of mobile phone subscribers (percent of population)
108
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
45093
68757
136260
409867
257403
200569
834147
253406
15247
15149
533701
584248
192651
201055
205844
226999
291400
20.9%
33.7%
23.4%
16.6%
53.8%
24.5%
20.1%
24.3%
22.3%
21.0%
15.6%
20.6%
29.2%
Total
households
(number)
1117949
360340
757608
901760
216188
15.9%
15.2%
15.2%
21.9%
22.3%
53.2%
7.6%
20.0%
32.1%
Percent of households that
obtain gas through gas pipeline
chapter
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/
tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Description
Total
Table 68: Percent of households obtaining gas through gas pipeline
5.8%
8.6%
7.8%
5.3%
8.6%
57.7% 9.6%
52.4% 7.7%
61.9% 7.4%
55.0% 33.4%
36.6% 0.0%
49.2% 9.3%
55.9% 5.8%
48.7% 11.2%
48.7% 10.7%
52.8% 4.8%
53.4% 6.0%
57.1% 6.1%
51.0%
41.7%
41.4%
48.3%
54.8%
55.6%
55.8%
59.9%
53.0%
49.4%
56.5%
55.2%
57.7%
51.3%
58.3%
53.5%
56.4%
55.0%
53.2%
50.3%
51.2%
58.5%
53.2% 7.6%
55.6%
51.5% 7.2%
54.7%
57.6% 10.0% 58.0%
Oblast (region)
55.0%
55.6%
55.8%
59.9%
53.0%
49.4%
56.5%
55.2%
57.7%
51.3%
58.3%
53.5%
56.4%
48.6% 5.8%
9.6%
7.7%
7.4%
33.4%
0.0%
9.3%
5.8%
11.2%
10.7%
4.8%
6.0%
6.1%
60.5%
50.2%
62.4%
58.6%
17.2%
45.5%
56.3%
44.1%
47.6%
49.1%
53.3%
57.5%
39.2%
35.9%
46.9%
53.1%
53.2%
50.3%
51.2%
58.5%
55.6%
55.6% 8.6%
7.8%
5.3%
8.6%
7.6%
54.7%
58.0%
7.2%
10.0%
51.7%
49.5%
57.4%
45.3%
37.8%
23.7%
62.1%
20.4%
25.8%
45.1%
22.8%
31.6%
25.6%
39.4%
50.9%
37.1%
32.7%
31.1%
21.6%
32.1%
33.5%
71.3%
16.2%
31.4%
40.7%
13.2%
9.3%
6.8%
0.0%
0.0%
7.7%
9.3%
9.5%
8.2%
5.6%
8.7%
11.7%
9.9%
3.3%
8.3%
5.9%
7.3%
8.6%
38.0%
1.6%
7.3%
16.6%
Other
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
urban
Location type
Urban Rural Dushanbe
Location type
13.8%
9.1%
7.2%
100%
0.0%
11.9%
6.2%
15.8%
11.5%
7.3%
5.8%
6.3%
10.2%
3.3%
3.6%
8.6%
8.1%
8.8%
20.0%
6.9%
8.2%
11.9%
DRD
0.0%
0.1%
.
.
0.0%
0.2%
0.0%
0.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
GBAO
13. Utilities
109
13
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Description
314110
467801
902772
2543727
1628397
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
13.5%
13.0%
11.1%
18.4%
17.0%
27.9%
19.1%
14.7%
55.2%
14.6%
18.0%
18.4%
20.9%
18.7%
12.3%
16.6%
22.5%
5.4%
7.7%
8.0%
4.6%
8.1%
54.8% 9.2%
48.4% 6.9%
58.5% 7.8%
56.5% 41.7%
25.3% 0.0%
46.5% 8.9%
52.0% 5.0%
45.9% 11.1%
46.2% 10.0%
49.9% 4.0%
50.6% 5.3%
52.6% 5.4%
47.6%
38.0%
36.5%
40.9%
51.0%
55.6%
54.1%
61.0%
53.2%
48.9%
54.5%
54.3%
53.8%
51.7%
56.7%
53.7%
55.3%
53.8%
48.9%
46.1%
48.0%
57.0%
5.4%
7.7%
8.0%
4.6%
8.1%
54.0% 9.2%
45.1% 6.9%
57.9% 7.8%
62.8% 41.7%
6.5% 0.0%
42.9% 8.9%
50.4% 5.0%
42.2% 11.1%
44.2% 10.0%
45.7% 4.0%
48.4% 5.3%
50.9% 5.4%
44.6%
35.2%
30.6%
37.4%
48.8%
55.6%
54.1%
61.0%
53.2%
48.9%
54.5%
54.3%
53.8%
51.7%
56.7%
53.7%
55.3%
53.8%
48.9%
46.1%
48.0%
57.0%
39.7%
34.0%
22.6%
66.6%
7.7%
25.3%
40.8%
22.9%
30.8%
23.2%
36.9%
47.3%
34.1%
32.8%
31.5%
16.7%
29.3%
10.3%
7.4%
6.0%
0.0%
0.0%
7.1%
6.9%
9.6%
7.5%
4.4%
7.4%
8.2%
8.5%
2.5%
7.4%
3.2%
6.2%
11.5%
7.8%
6.5%
100%
0.0%
9.9%
5.4%
13.1%
9.5%
6.3%
5.1%
5.5%
9.3%
1.2%
2.6%
7.9%
7.1%
0.0%
0.0%
.
.
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.7%
0.0%
0.0%
Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Percent of population of
Total
Other
households that obtain gas
Urban Rural Dushanbe
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon DRD GBAO
population
urban
through gas pipeline
18.2%
7063800 49.3% 7.1%
54.4%
46.4% 7.1%
54.4%
30.1%
7.0%
7.6% 0.0%
49.3%
1857700 69.6% 32.6% 20.5% 0.0%
7.1%
5206100 16.6%
1.6%
5.7% 0.1%
16.5%
5952440 47.3% 6.6%
53.5%
44.1% 6.6%
53.5%
28.3%
6.2%
6.9% 0.1%
27.3%
1111360 56.0% 10.3%
57.3%
55.2% 10.3% 57.3%
38.5% 12.7% 11.4% 0.0%
Table 69: Percent of population obtaining gas through gas pipeline
110
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
chapter
Gender of
household
head
Education level None
of household Primary
head
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location type
Description
1117949
360340
757608
901760
216188
45093
68757
136260
409867
257403
200569
834147
253406
15247
15149
533701
584248
192651
201055
205844
226999
291400
96.1%
93.7%
95.7%
96.1%
96.6%
98.1%
96.0%
98.3%
100%
79.1%
96.1%
96.6%
97.4%
95.8%
94.7%
96.2%
97.4%
99.4%
100%
100%
96.5%
98.4%
96.9%
94.6%
97.9%
100%
47.3%
95.5%
94.9%
97.0%
94.9%
93.8%
94.8%
95.8%
95.2%
95.1%
92.0%
95.5%
95.1%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
95.2%
100%
99.3% 95.5%
100%
97.7% 93.8%
100%
98.9%
99.3%
98.8%
100%
100%
94.8%
97.9%
99.5%
98.4%
98.2%
97.7%
99.4%
99.4%
98.5%
98.0%
100%
100%
87.0%
96.9%
99.1%
97.6%
97.4%
96.1%
98.9%
99.0%
99.0%
100%
100%
94.8%
97.7%
98.9%
96.0%
98.1%
Other
urban
Location type
Rural Dushanbe
Location type
Total
households Urban
(number)
Total
Percent of
households that
have electricit y
meter
96.4%
98.9%
95.2%
96.6%
95.6%
Table 70: Percent of households having electricity meter
96.9%
94.6%
97.9%
100%
47.3%
95.5%
94.9%
97.0%
94.9%
93.8%
94.8%
95.8%
95.2%
95.1%
92.0%
95.5%
95.1%
95.5%
93.8%
95.2%
Rural
100%
100%
100%
99.6%
100%
100%
99.9%
100%
100%
84.7%
99.7%
100%
99.3%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99.8%
99.5%
99.9%
99.9%
99.4%
100%
Sughd
Dushanbe
94.3%
89.4%
95.1%
100%
68.4%
89.1%
92.0%
91.1%
88.3%
88.9%
91.9%
93.1%
93.0%
88.8%
86.8%
88.3%
89.1%
90.8%
95.2%
89.7%
91.6%
86.0%
Khatlon
Oblast (region)
99.6%
99.1%
99.5%
100%
100%
99.4%
99.0%
100%
99.6%
98.4%
99.3%
99.0%
99.3%
100%
95.8%
99.5%
99.7%
99.2%
99.2%
99.2%
99.5%
98.0%
DRD
89.2%
91.9%
.
.
27.9%
82.1%
89.9%
67.2%
84.1%
91.9%
87.8%
91.3%
90.9%
74.7%
88.8%
86.6%
83.1%
87.0%
99.1%
85.0%
87.4%
84.9%
GBAO
13. Utilities
111
13
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
Gender of
household
head
Education level None
of household
Primary
head
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location type
Description
7063800
1857700
5206100
5952440
1111360
314110
467801
902772
2543727
1628397
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
96.3%
95.0%
95.0%
96.2%
96.5%
98.2%
96.1%
98.1%
100%
78.6%
96.2%
96.7%
98.0%
95.7%
94.2%
96.6%
97.7%
Total
population
Total
Percent of population
of households that
have electricity meter
96.4%
98.8%
95.6%
96.6%
95.6%
Table 71: Percent of population having an electricity meter
99.3%
98.6%
100%
100%
98.6%
98.0%
99.6%
99.3%
97.7%
97.0%
99.4%
99.7%
99.0%
100%
100%
97.9%
98.3%
99.0%
98.1%
98.8%
Urban
97.5%
95.0%
97.8%
100%
51.6%
95.6%
95.5%
97.4%
95.1%
93.5%
95.6%
96.6%
95.6%
95.5%
93.9%
94.3%
95.6%
95.8%
94.1%
95.6%
Rural
Location type
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Dushanbe
98.5%
97.8%
100%
100%
97.4%
97.1%
99.4%
99.0%
96.9%
95.1%
99.0%
99.5%
98.5%
100%
100%
96.8%
97.7%
98.5%
97.0%
98.2%
Other
urban
Location type
97.5%
95.0%
97.8%
100%
51.6%
95.6%
95.5%
97.4%
95.1%
93.5%
95.6%
96.6%
95.6%
95.5%
93.9%
94.3%
95.6%
95.8%
94.1%
95.6%
Rural
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99.9%
100%
100%
96.9%
99.9%
100%
99.8%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
99.9%
99.9%
99.9%
100%
100%
99.9%
95.1%
90.3%
95.1%
100%
73.9%
89.7%
93.0%
92.7%
88.9%
88.9%
93.2%
94.6%
93.7%
89.5%
89.6%
87.2%
90.0%
91.4%
95.4%
90.6%
92.1%
86.5%
Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
73.0%
91.4%
88.2%
84.8%
87.8%
99.3%
86.0%
88.1%
85.6%
99.8%
99.4%
99.6%
100%
100%
99.4%
99.5%
100%
99.7%
98.4%
99.5%
99.6%
90.0%
92.4%
.
.
28.9%
84.4%
90.3%
71.3%
86.3%
93.8%
89.2%
91.0%
99.4% 89.7%
100%
97.1%
99.7%
99.7%
99.4%
99.5%
99.4%
99.5%
99.2%
DRD GBAO
112
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
chapter
Less than 34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
Education
None
level of
Primary
household
Basic
head
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Gender of
household
head
Age of
household
head
Description
119072
295901
322335
177138
203503
45093
68757
136260
409867
257403
200569
834147
253406
15247
15149
533701
584248
192651
201055
205844
226999
291400
1.8%
1.5%
1.8%
1.2%
1.5%
0.8%
2.0%
0.7%
1.2%
1.8%
2.7%
1.5%
1.7%
4.0%
0.5%
1.1%
2.0%
0.3%
1.2%
2.0%
1.3%
2.5%
Total
Percent of households that
Total houseuse generator as alternative
holds (number)
energy source
1.6%
1117949
1.4%
360340
1.6%
757608
1.7%
901760
0.9%
216188
1.6%
1.1%
2.3%
4.2%
0.7%
0.8%
1.7%
0.0%
1.2%
2.1%
1.8%
1.6%
1.5%
1.2%
1.9%
1.7%
0.2%
0.8%
1.0%
1.9%
1.2%
1.1%
3.7%
1.7%
1.6%
0.0%
0.0%
1.2%
2.1%
0.4%
1.2%
2.0%
1.1%
3.2%
1.9%
2.2%
1.2%
1.9%
1.5%
1.7%
0.7%
2.0%
0.6%
1.2%
1.0%
0.8%
1.9%
3.1%
1.2%
1.0%
1.0%
0.0%
2.5%
0.8%
0.9%
1.1%
0.6%
1.0%
0.7%
1.1%
0.6%
2.3%
5.7%
4.8%
0.0%
0.8%
1.6%
1.0%
1.4% 1.8%
0.8%
1.2% 0.6%
1.5%
1.4%
Oblast (region)
2.4%
1.4%
2.4%
6.0%
0.0%
0.8%
2.3%
0.0%
0.6%
2.9%
2.4%
2.0%
2.1%
1.4%
2.9%
2.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.7%
1.2%
1.8%
1.1%
1.6%
1.9%
2.1%
2.0%
0.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.3%
1.0%
0.7%
1.1%
0.6%
2.3%
5.7%
4.8%
0.0%
0.8%
0.6%
1.0%
0.8%
1.9%
3.1%
1.2%
1.0%
1.0%
0.0%
2.5%
0.8%
0.9%
1.1%
2.2%
1.2%
1.9%
1.5%
1.7%
0.7%
2.0%
0.6%
1.2%
1.9%
3.7%
1.7%
1.6%
0.0%
0.0%
1.2%
2.1%
0.4%
1.2%
2.0%
1.1%
3.2%
3.4%
1.6%
1.1%
6.4%
0.0%
1.1%
2.1%
0.0%
1.0%
4.4%
0.5%
2.6%
2.4%
1.5%
1.0%
1.7%
1.7%
0.8%
1.6%
1.0%
1.8%
0.8%
0.6%
1.5%
3.8%
1.3%
1.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.7%
1.9%
0.0%
0.4%
1.3%
1.3%
3.0%
1.3%
0.9%
1.3%
1.6%
0.4%
2.4%
1.7%
1.0%
1.4%
0.5%
1.4%
2.6%
1.1%
1.6%
0.5%
Other
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
urban
Location type
Urban Rural Dushanbe
Location type
Table 72: Percent of households using generator as alternative energy source
3.2%
2.3%
3.1%
0.0%
0.0%
1.7%
3.0%
1.5%
2.6%
1.1%
2.7%
3.5%
2.7%
4.0%
1.4%
2.6%
3.9%
1.5%
0.0%
4.0%
1.2%
2.3%
2.4%
1.7%
2.5%
2.7%
1.1%
DRD
0.0%
0.4%
.
.
0.0%
0.0%
0.6%
0.0%
0.0%
1.3%
0.5%
0.0%
0.9%
2.3%
0.4%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.4%
0.4%
0.9%
0.3%
0.5%
0.0%
GBAO
13. Utilities
113
13
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
314110
467801
902772
2543727
1628397
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
0.6%
1.6%
0.6%
1.2%
2.0%
3.1%
1.6%
1.7%
2.8%
0.4%
1.1%
2.3%
0.4%
1.2%
1.8%
1.6%
3.2%
1.7%
1.2%
2.1%
3.0%
0.6%
0.6%
2.1%
0.0%
1.0%
1.5%
2.1%
2.1%
1.7%
1.1%
0.4%
1.8%
0.9%
4.0%
1.8%
1.6%
0.0%
0.0%
1.2%
2.4%
0.5%
1.2%
1.9%
1.5%
3.8%
2.1%
0.5%
1.9%
0.4%
1.3%
0.8%
0.8%
2.4%
1.4%
1.4%
0.6%
1.1%
0.0%
1.4%
0.8%
0.9%
1.3%
0.8%
5.7%
0.9%
0.0%
1.1%
0.8%
1.4%
0.9%
Dushanbe
2.6%
1.5%
2.1%
6.1%
0.0%
0.6%
2.7%
0.0%
0.8%
1.8%
3.0%
2.6%
2.2%
0.0%
0.0%
2.7%
0.8%
1.9%
0.6%
1.6%
Other
urban
Location type
4.0%
1.8%
1.6%
0.0%
0.0%
1.2%
2.4%
0.5%
1.2%
1.9%
1.5%
3.8%
2.1%
0.5%
1.9%
0.4%
1.3%
1.9%
0.5%
1.7%
Rural
0.8%
0.8%
2.4%
1.4%
1.4%
0.6%
1.1%
0.0%
1.4%
0.8%
0.9%
1.3%
0.8%
5.7%
0.9%
0.0%
1.1%
0.8%
1.4%
0.9%
3.7%
1.8%
1.1%
6.4%
0.0%
1.1%
2.6%
0.0%
0.8%
5.2%
0.6%
3.9%
3.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.1%
1.6%
0.7%
1.9%
1.9%
0.4%
3.9%
1.3%
1.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
2.1%
0.0%
0.4%
0.9%
1.3%
3.6%
1.4%
1.2%
1.0%
0.9%
0.5%
1.3%
2.7%
1.1%
1.5%
0.4%
Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
3.9%
2.5%
3.4%
0.0%
0.0%
2.1%
3.2%
2.1%
3.0%
0.8%
3.4%
3.4%
2.5%
0.0%
3.6%
1.4%
2.8%
2.6%
1.9%
2.7%
2.9%
1.0%
DRD
0.0%
0.4%
.
.
0.0%
0.0%
0.7%
0.0%
0.0%
1.7%
0.3%
0.0%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.4%
0.6%
0.4%
0.5%
0.0%
GBAO
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Description
Total
Location type
Percent of population that
Total
use generator as alternative
Urban Rural
population
energy source
1.6%
7063800
1.4%
1.7%
1.4%
1857700 1.7%
5206100 1.8%
5952440
1.5%
1.9%
0.7%
1111360
0.9%
0.5%
Table 73: Percent of population using generator as alternative energy source
114
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
45093
68757
136260
409867
257403
200569
834147
253406
15247
15149
533701
584248
192651
201055
205844
226999
291400
1.6%
4.4%
4.5%
4.6%
6.8%
14.8%
7.5%
2.3%
31.4%
17.8%
5.2%
8.3%
6.1%
4.4%
5.3%
6.4%
10.3%
Total
households
(number)
1117949
360340
757608
901760
216188
28.7%
19.8%
12.8%
33.3%
26.5%
17.5%
21.2%
19.4%
13.6%
20.0%
20.1%
22.0%
18.2%
7.3%
16.8%
17.7%
15.1%
19.3%
20.7%
19.7%
Urban
0.9%
0.8%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.7%
0.7%
0.4%
1.0%
1.0%
0.4%
0.5%
1.1%
0.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.7%
0.4%
0.7%
Rural
Location type
46.2%
42.1%
34.7%
52.6%
44.2%
40.3%
43.5%
41.4%
35.0%
40.8%
42.7%
45.3%
46.9%
9.7%
38.2%
38.7%
35.8%
42.3%
42.8%
42.4%
Dushanbe
6.7%
5.2%
6.7%
0.0%
0.0%
5.8%
4.7%
8.1%
4.4%
6.3%
2.3%
5.2%
1.5%
6.8%
3.3%
7.8%
6.2%
5.1%
5.5%
5.2%
Other
urban
Location type
42.4%
0.7%
42.3%
42.8%
9.7%
38.2%
38.7%
35.8%
46.9%
46.2%
42.1%
34.7%
52.6%
44.2%
40.3%
43.5%
41.4%
35.0%
40.8%
42.7%
45.3%
0.7%
0.4%
0.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
1.1%
0.9%
0.8%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.7%
0.7%
0.4%
1.0%
1.0%
0.4%
0.5%
Dushanbe
Rural
6.1%
4.2%
1.9%
0.0%
0.0%
2.9%
4.1%
2.9%
2.9%
5.8%
1.1%
4.3%
1.7%
3.4%
4.8%
3.9%
2.7%
3.4%
7.6%
1.5%
3.4%
3.4%
Sughd
0.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
0.4%
0.0%
0.7%
0.0%
0.3%
0.6%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.7%
0.4%
0.8%
0.3%
0.3%
0.6%
1.2%
1.3%
1.2%
0.0%
0.0%
1.3%
1.2%
1.9%
1.3%
0.4%
1.4%
1.3%
2.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.0%
1.3%
1.2%
6.8%
0.3%
1.1%
1.9%
Khatlon DRD
Oblast (region)
0.6%
0.3%
.
.
0.0%
0.4%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.8%
0.0%
0.4%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
0.8%
0.2%
0.3%
0.0%
GBAO
chapter
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Description
Total
Percent of households
with central heating
in dwelling
6.8%
19.7%
0.7%
6.1%
9.8%
Table 74: Central heating in dwelling (percent of households)
13. Utilities
115
13
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Description
314110
467801
902772
2543727
1628397
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
0.6%
3.0%
3.6%
3.6%
4.7%
11.2%
5.7%
1.9%
28.0%
13.4%
4.1%
6.0%
5.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.9%
7.6%
26.3%
17.3%
12.4%
30.6%
23.3%
14.8%
19.3%
16.2%
11.1%
18.2%
18.6%
20.0%
14.7%
3.3%
12.1%
17.0%
13.4%
0.8%
0.9%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.7%
0.7%
0.6%
1.0%
0.8%
0.4%
0.5%
0.9%
0.0%
1.1%
0.7%
0.5%
Total
Location type
Percent of population
Total
with central heating
Urban
Rural
population
in dwelling
5.0%
7063800
17.0%
0.7%
17.0%
1857700 0.7%
5206100 4.6%
5952440
16.8%
0.7%
7.1%
1111360
18.0%
0.6%
Table 75: Central heating in dwelling (percent of population)
45.6%
39.8%
32.8%
46.7%
52.6%
36.4%
42.5%
36.5%
30.8%
39.3%
42.1%
44.8%
42.1%
2.8%
29.1%
36.8%
34.5%
40.3%
38.5%
39.9%
Dushanbe
5.6%
4.1%
7.1%
0.0%
0.0%
5.0%
3.9%
6.6%
3.7%
5.4%
2.2%
4.1%
1.2%
3.5%
1.8%
7.3%
5.8%
4.2%
5.3%
4.5%
Other
urban
Location type
0.8%
0.9%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.7%
0.7%
0.6%
1.0%
0.8%
0.4%
0.5%
0.9%
0.0%
1.1%
0.7%
0.5%
0.7%
0.6%
0.7%
Rural
45.6%
39.8%
32.8%
46.7%
52.6%
36.4%
42.5%
36.5%
30.8%
39.3%
42.1%
44.8%
42.1%
2.8%
29.1%
36.8%
34.5%
40.3%
38.5%
39.9%
5.0%
3.8%
1.9%
0.0%
0.0%
2.9%
3.7%
2.7%
3.1%
5.7%
1.0%
3.5%
2.1%
1.7%
5.5%
4.2%
2.5%
3.1%
7.3%
1.7%
3.0%
3.7%
Dushanbe Sughd
0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.3%
0.1%
Khatlon
Oblast (region)
0.8%
1.1%
0.8%
0.0%
0.0%
1.0%
1.1%
1.5%
0.9%
0.2%
1.0%
1.4%
1.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6%
1.3%
1.0%
6.5%
0.2%
1.0%
1.4%
DRD
0.6%
0.2%
.
.
0.0%
0.3%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6%
0.0%
0.5%
0.4%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.8%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
GBAO
116
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
45093
68757
136260
409867
257403
200569
834147
253406
15247
15149
533701
584248
192651
201055
205844
226999
291400
33.5%
35.5%
35.2%
40.1%
45.5%
60.0%
46.5%
30.8%
92.2%
60.2%
38.2%
48.8%
40.8%
37.8%
35.7%
43.6%
55.6%
92.2%
85.9%
74.3%
94.3%
89.9%
79.6%
88.5%
78.5%
79.4%
84.7%
85.7%
89.7%
84.2%
74.3%
93.7%
77.5%
81.0%
27.9%
25.2%
22.0%
59.9%
0.0%
23.0%
25.5%
25.0%
22.3%
21.5%
24.8%
27.3%
26.2%
22.1%
19.0%
22.5%
23.6%
97.4%
95.0%
97.0%
100%
100%
94.0%
96.5%
92.0%
95.0%
95.3%
95.9%
97.1%
95.9%
93.4%
92.7%
91.7%
94.4%
95.9%
97.4%
95.0%
97.0%
100%
100%
94.0%
96.5%
92.0%
95.0%
95.3%
95.9%
97.1%
77.4% 26.2%
27.9%
25.2%
22.0%
59.9%
0.0%
23.0%
25.5%
25.0%
22.3%
21.5%
24.8%
27.3%
85.7%
79.9%
68.0%
84.3%
74.7%
72.2%
82.6%
71.6%
72.6%
77.7%
77.8%
84.4%
93.4%
92.7%
91.7%
94.4%
22.1%
19.0%
22.5%
23.6%
70.2%
94.3%
70.8%
75.3%
52.5%
42.3%
30.2%
89.4%
80.4%
30.1%
53.3%
29.6%
31.0%
33.7%
43.1%
61.9%
42.8%
37.2%
41.5%
30.7%
36.5%
46.5%
39.3%
18.4%
26.6%
0.0%
32.4%
35.4%
45.4%
31.1%
25.7%
34.7%
40.1%
36.5%
24.7%
31.3%
24.7%
32.1%
34.9%
35.8%
42.4%
100%
14.6%
40.9%
33.8%
45.2%
41.6%
35.0%
32.1%
34.7%
chapter
32.9%
26.0%
.
.
1.9%
16.4%
28.8%
8.2%
15.7%
24.6%
20.4%
37.7%
39.8% 30.0%
32.8%
19.7%
10.4%
19.7%
24.2%
80.8%
15.0%
22.3%
33.4%
37.0%
82.6%
29.4%
35.9%
42.8%
30.3%
22.2%
42.5%
39.2%
GBAO
DRD
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Total
Location type
Description
Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Percent of households
Total
Other
that use urban/rural
households Urban
Rural Dushanbe
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
urban
plumbing as water source (number)
43.8%
1117949
84.9%
24.2%
95.7%
78.1% 24.2% 95.7%
39.4% 34.1%
84.9%
360340 73.1% 84.2%
24.2%
757608 24.0% 22.1%
40.7%
901760
83.4%
23.4%
95.3%
76.1% 23.4% 95.3%
35.8% 32.5%
56.4%
216188
88.9%
28.3%
96.5%
83.6% 28.3% 96.5%
52.2% 43.7%
Table 76: Percent of households using urban/rural plumbing as water source
13. Utilities
117
13
Urban
Rural
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location
type
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Description
314110
467801
902772
2543727
1628397
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
31.4%
33.2%
31.5%
35.8%
41.7%
53.7%
42.2%
28.6%
89.1%
38.1%
36.3%
42.7%
39.5%
36.4%
31.4%
40.0%
49.1%
91.5%
84.5%
70.3%
92.9%
66.2%
78.5%
86.7%
76.0%
79.6%
84.8%
84.8%
87.2%
82.8%
73.7%
92.2%
72.2%
77.7%
27.5%
24.6%
22.1%
50.0%
0.0%
22.7%
25.1%
25.1%
22.7%
19.6%
25.1%
27.5%
26.0%
21.4%
20.8%
22.5%
22.5%
Total
Location type
Percent of population that
Total
use urban/rural plumbing
Urban
Rural
population
as water source
39.3%
7063800
82.6%
23.8%
82.6%
1857700 23.8%
5206100 37.2%
5952440
81.4%
23.0%
50.5%
1111360
86.7%
29.0%
Table 77: Percent of population using urban/rural plumbing as water source
96.8%
93.2%
97.0%
100%
100%
92.0%
95.3%
88.2%
94.3%
95.3%
94.7%
95.9%
94.2%
98.1%
91.7%
82.8%
92.5%
93.9%
93.7%
93.9%
Dushanbe
85.7%
79.4%
63.4%
79.2%
39.3%
72.4%
80.9%
70.2%
74.1%
78.4%
77.8%
81.7%
77.2%
67.6%
92.4%
67.1%
72.4%
74.8%
82.4%
76.4%
Other
urban
Location type
27.5%
24.6%
22.1%
50.0%
0.0%
22.7%
25.1%
25.1%
22.7%
19.6%
25.1%
27.5%
26.0%
21.4%
20.8%
22.5%
22.5%
96.8%
93.2%
97.0%
100%
100%
92.0%
95.3%
88.2%
94.3%
95.3%
94.7%
95.9%
94.2%
98.1%
91.7%
82.8%
92.5%
23.8% 93.9%
23.0% 93.9%
29.0% 93.7%
47.0%
37.9%
28.0%
84.0%
39.3%
28.7%
48.4%
27.7%
30.8%
31.1%
40.9%
56.8%
39.4%
35.5%
36.9%
27.4%
31.4%
34.9%
67.8%
23.5%
32.3%
46.5%
46.0%
38.4%
17.3%
10.5%
0.0%
32.7%
33.6%
47.0%
31.3%
23.6%
35.0%
38.5%
35.5%
18.7%
31.9%
23.1%
31.7%
33.2%
83.7%
22.6%
32.0%
41.5%
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
22.6%
80.5%
13.8%
21.1%
30.9%
GBAO
31.5%
32.3%
43.4%
100%
12.9%
37.8%
30.9%
44.3%
38.8%
29.7%
28.8%
32.5%
28.9%
24.3%
.
.
1.1%
15.1%
28.3%
7.4%
15.3%
23.3%
20.0%
39.3%
37.2% 28.5%
32.2% 40.9%
21.8% 24.2%
39.8% 6.9%
35.5% 18.5%
34.3%
83.2%
27.3%
33.0%
42.2%
DRD
118
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
45093
68757
136260
409867
257403
200569
834147
253406
15247
15149
533701
584248
192651
201055
205844
226999
291400
6.4%
8.1%
11.1%
16.4%
19.0%
35.9%
20.8%
7.6%
88.5%
39.8%
13.1%
24.3%
13.4%
13.4%
13.2%
18.3%
31.1%
69.3%
54.5%
40.9%
94.1%
59.5%
41.7%
63.2%
38.3%
41.6%
52.8%
56.5%
66.6%
53.9%
20.6%
32.5%
42.7%
51.6%
2.6%
2.5%
0.8%
0.0%
0.0%
2.5%
1.4%
2.8%
2.8%
1.7%
1.3%
1.6%
1.6%
2.4%
1.2%
1.6%
2.3%
88.8%
79.1%
77.4%
94.0%
84.2%
71.6%
84.8%
73.8%
68.4%
74.8%
78.4%
88.7%
78.8%
54.4%
52.8%
66.3%
77.6%
44.7%
38.4%
30.8%
94.3%
22.4%
26.4%
47.3%
20.2%
30.1%
38.4%
39.3%
50.7%
39.4%
13.4%
19.6%
31.5%
40.4%
54.4%
52.8%
66.3%
77.6%
78.8%
88.8%
79.1%
77.4%
94.0%
84.2%
71.6%
84.8%
73.8%
68.4%
74.8%
78.4%
88.7%
2.4%
1.2%
1.6%
2.3%
1.6%
2.6%
2.5%
0.8%
0.0%
0.0%
2.5%
1.4%
2.8%
2.8%
1.7%
1.3%
1.6%
26.2%
18.3%
6.1%
100%
20.4%
6.6%
28.9%
4.5%
9.9%
8.7%
19.2%
37.5%
21.8%
5.2%
8.5%
9.6%
13.2%
8.4%
7.8%
2.1%
0.0%
0.0%
4.7%
7.7%
4.5%
3.5%
6.3%
5.4%
10.3%
7.6%
0.0%
1.3%
4.1%
7.2%
10.2%
9.3%
7.1%
0.0%
14.6%
13.4%
5.2%
16.0%
14.6%
7.7%
6.1%
4.2%
7.1%
8.9%
4.1%
6.2%
12.2%
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Total
Other
households Urban Rural Dushanbe
Rural Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon DRD
urban
(number)
1117949
54.6% 2.0%
80.2%
38.3% 2.0%
80.2%
15.5% 6.4%
8.9%
360340
49.1% 31.0% 19.9%
757608
0.1%
0.5%
7.1%
901760
51.6% 1.9%
79.5%
34.4% 1.9%
79.5%
12.6% 5.3%
8.3%
216188
62.4% 2.5%
82.0%
48.8% 2.5%
82.0%
25.6% 13.1% 12.4%
chapter
Total
Location type Urban
Rural
Male
Gender of
household
Female
head
None
Education
level of
Primary
household
Basic
head
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Description
Total
Percent of households
connected to central
sewage system
18.9%
54.6%
2.0%
16.2%
30.3%
Table 78: Percent of households connected to central sewage system
3.6%
2.0%
.
.
0.0%
1.1%
2.3%
0.0%
0.8%
2.8%
0.0%
4.1%
1.9%
0.0%
0.0%
1.3%
1.5%
1.8%
12.3%
0.2%
2.1%
0.8%
GBAO
13. Utilities
119
13
Urban
Rural
Gender of
Male
household head Female
Education level of None
household head Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status
Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location type
Description
1628397
1206994
5338982
1628072
33308
63438
3779399
3284401
1411801
1411730
1416466
1410962
1412840
13.0%
26.7%
15.0%
5.3%
84.7%
25.8%
10.0%
16.8%
10.4%
10.2%
9.7%
13.4%
22.2%
62.2%
46.4%
32.0%
92.8%
44.9%
34.5%
56.1%
31.3%
34.2%
47.7%
50.8%
59.1%
43.5%
2.1%
1.9%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
2.1%
1.1%
2.2%
2.6%
1.3%
1.0%
1.3%
1.3%
Total
Location type
Percent of
population of
Total
households
Urban
Rural
population
connected to central
sewage system
13.2%
7063800
45.4%
1.7%
45.4%
1857700 1.7%
5206100 11.7%
5952440
43.4%
1.6%
21.0%
1111360
52.4%
2.3%
4.4%
314110
13.6%
2.2%
4.2%
467801
19.9%
0.9%
6.6%
902772
30.3%
1.4%
12.0%
2543727
43.8%
2.0%
Table 79: Percent of population connected to central sewage system
86.9%
73.5%
76.1%
92.0%
86.5%
65.6%
81.3%
65.6%
63.7%
71.7%
75.4%
86.0%
74.3%
75.1%
72.8%
38.7%
37.6%
53.0%
72.1%
74.5%
Dushanbe
35.9%
30.6%
20.5%
94.3%
11.6%
20.5%
39.3%
15.2%
23.2%
33.1%
33.6%
41.9%
28.4%
26.6%
39.7%
7.3%
9.1%
19.2%
33.7%
29.4%
Other
urban
Location type
2.1%
1.9%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
2.1%
1.1%
2.2%
2.6%
1.3%
1.0%
1.3%
1.3%
1.6%
2.3%
2.2%
0.9%
1.4%
2.0%
1.7%
Rural
86.9%
73.5%
76.1%
92.0%
86.5%
65.6%
81.3%
65.6%
63.7%
71.7%
75.4%
86.0%
74.3%
75.1%
72.8%
38.7%
37.6%
53.0%
72.1%
74.5%
18.3%
12.8%
3.5%
100%
7.7%
4.7%
22.0%
3.3%
6.7%
6.6%
15.5%
30.5%
14.5%
10.1%
38.9%
0.2%
8.5%
17.5%
2.6%
3.1%
5.9%
8.8%
6.8%
5.5%
1.4%
0.0%
0.0%
3.7%
5.3%
3.8%
2.9%
4.5%
4.1%
7.0%
4.7%
4.5%
24.2%
0.4%
3.9%
8.6%
0.0%
0.2%
1.7%
6.0%
Dushanbe Sughd Khatlon
Oblast (region)
GBAO
6.5%
7.0%
6.4%
0.0%
12.9%
10.2%
3.9%
11.3%
12.3%
5.3%
4.5%
3.1%
6.0%
3.9%
2.0%
.
.
0.0%
1.2%
2.4%
0.0%
0.8%
3.4%
0.0%
4.8%
1.4%
7.0% 1.9%
17.1% 12.7%
5.5% 0.3%
6.4% 2.2%
10.5% 0.3%
6.7% 0.0%
3.0% 0.0%
3.9% 2.0%
10.4% 1.6%
DRD
120
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
14. Durable goods
121
14. DURABLE GOODS Table 80: Possession of durable goods
Gas oven
Electric oven
Gas hob
Electric hob
Electric stove
Electric water heater
Outdoor metal stove, broshooka (heating and cooking)
Kerosene stove
Wood stove
Tandoor earthen stove (bricks, grass, dung, sand)
Sandalee
Generator
Radiator electric
Refrigerator
Freezer
Washing machine
Electric iron
Vacuum cleaner
Air conditioner
Electric fan
Electric room heater
Electric lamp
Kerosene lamp
Electric water boiler
Gas water boiler
Microwave oven
Electric sewing/knitting machine
Colour television
TV, black and white
Radio
Stereo
Video player
Computer
Satellite dish
Tape player/CD player
Video camera
Motorcycle/scooter
Car
Truck
Bicycle
Possession (percent of
households)
29.0%
47.0%
3.9%
15.4%
11.9%
14.4%
19.2%
2.0%
60.5%
65.8%
19.5%
1.4%
2.1%
33.4%
1.6%
10.4%
69.5%
8.4%
6.3%
19.3%
13.8%
7.8%
46.7%
3.0%
0.6%
8.4%
22.6%
60.7%
37.9%
12.5%
8.2%
15.1%
2.0%
6.7%
23.5%
1.5%
1.5%
15.9%
2.5%
15.7%
Average number (per
1000 households)
293.2
478.7
39.6
154.1
120.7
146.0
204.7
22.3
677.0
664.4
210.3
15.5
22.4
336.8
17.1
104.4
702.1
84.9
64.3
197.4
159.7
144.5
573.9
31.4
6.8
84.8
229.2
627.8
384.2
127.0
82.7
153.0
20.3
69.3
238.4
15.1
15.2
161.1
26.3
160.6
14
chapter
Description
Urban
Rural
Location type
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast (region) Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of
Male
household head Female
Education level None
of household
Primary
head
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location type
Description
42.4%
29.9%
23.5%
73.0%
30.1%
24.2%
33.4%
26.3%
25.4%
20.4%
28.6%
39.7%
29.0%
58.3%
15.1%
64.3%
54.4%
15.1%
64.3%
40.6%
9.8%
22.0%
8.2%
26.8%
38.2%
22.0%
19.2%
19.6%
28.2%
28.7%
Gas oven
54.0%
48.8%
41.2%
50.4%
44.1%
41.1%
52.4%
34.6%
42.7%
49.5%
51.7%
52.7%
5.8%
4.3%
2.7%
1.4%
4.9%
3.4%
4.3%
2.7%
3.2%
4.8%
4.4%
4.1%
Electric
Gas hob
oven
47.0%
3.9%
60.6%
5.5%
40.5%
3.1%
73.2%
6.0%
52.6%
5.2%
40.5%
3.1%
73.2%
6.0%
34.3%
2.3%
54.7%
3.0%
38.3%
6.9%
50.8%
3.1%
46.6%
4.0%
48.5%
3.5%
41.9%
4.5%
37.2%
4.0%
41.2%
4.1%
43.5%
3.0%
53.8%
3.6%
Table 81: Possession of durable goods (percent of households)
17.0%
16.5%
11.3%
26.7%
8.8%
13.9%
16.7%
12.3%
14.9%
14.3%
17.0%
17.3%
Electric
hob
15.4%
16.8%
14.7%
16.3%
17.1%
14.7%
16.3%
8.4%
17.2%
21.9%
23.6%
15.3%
15.7%
9.3%
18.3%
14.1%
13.8%
17.6%
16.7%
13.3%
6.8%
14.4%
17.2%
7.7%
15.7%
6.5%
8.6%
9.4%
12.2%
19.4%
25.5%
15.0%
10.9%
34.7%
18.1%
10.6%
17.9%
7.9%
11.6%
13.4%
14.6%
21.2%
Electric Electric water
stove
heater
11.9%
14.4%
20.6%
24.8%
7.8%
9.5%
27.0%
36.0%
16.4%
17.6%
7.8%
9.5%
27.0%
36.0%
5.7%
13.2%
7.8%
10.0%
15.3%
7.1%
32.0%
28.7%
11.5%
14.3%
13.7%
14.8%
8.2%
7.9%
8.9%
10.4%
6.1%
6.4%
10.3%
12.2%
15.3%
15.7%
15.8%
19.4%
19.3%
5.3%
18.8%
21.5%
17.1%
22.3%
21.1%
20.1%
17.3%
16.6%
Outdoor metal
stove, broshooka
19.2%
12.2%
22.5%
5.4%
16.6%
22.5%
5.4%
24.1%
21.9%
16.3%
14.7%
19.8%
16.4%
19.5%
19.0%
19.8%
20.7%
18.9%
2.5%
2.2%
1.6%
0.7%
1.2%
1.5%
2.5%
1.6%
1.2%
1.5%
2.9%
2.4%
Kerosene
stove
2.0%
1.6%
2.2%
1.8%
1.5%
2.2%
1.8%
1.8%
2.0%
2.2%
3.0%
2.1%
1.5%
1.1%
1.6%
2.9%
1.6%
2.0%
48.6%
58.9%
69.9%
5.7%
45.1%
63.7%
57.5%
60.8%
64.5%
66.5%
62.4%
51.7%
Wood
stove
60.5%
28.2%
75.8%
6.5%
42.1%
75.8%
6.5%
62.2%
70.2%
74.2%
72.1%
63.5%
47.9%
66.6%
67.0%
65.5%
62.7%
60.6%
50.9%
63.4%
79.6%
2.4%
25.5%
72.0%
60.0%
71.3%
71.0%
72.5%
64.7%
54.5%
Tandoor
earthen stove
65.8%
30.2%
82.7%
10.5%
42.8%
82.7%
10.5%
74.7%
76.3%
76.9%
26.0%
68.9%
52.5%
73.0%
73.3%
72.9%
69.7%
64.0%
122
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Quintiles of
consumption
Poverty status
Ethnicity of
household head
Gender of
household head
Education level of
household head
Oblast (region)
Location type
Total
Location type
chapter
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Description
1.5%
3.3%
1.6%
1.2%
0.0%
0.5%
0.9%
2.0%
0.7%
0.7%
1.5%
0.9%
2.9%
15.3%
17.1%
29.8%
0.0%
0.0%
25.7%
13.9%
36.4%
23.0%
14.7%
13.9%
13.7%
1.4%
0.9%
1.7%
0.6%
1.2%
1.7%
0.6%
1.6%
1.5%
1.8%
0.6%
1.6%
0.8%
0.5%
0.5%
0.8%
1.0%
13.6%
19.5%
10.6%
23.7%
0.8%
16.9%
23.7%
0.8%
51.9%
2.5%
8.8%
0.2%
19.8%
18.4%
23.2%
17.9%
25.6%
23.1%
Sandalee Generator
4.6%
2.3%
1.1%
5.0%
4.1%
1.4%
2.7%
1.3%
2.0%
0.6%
2.0%
3.7%
2.5%
2.1%
3.4%
1.4%
5.2%
2.3%
1.4%
5.2%
1.2%
2.4%
1.0%
1.2%
2.1%
1.9%
1.4%
0.6%
0.8%
1.3%
Radiator,
electric
55.4%
34.6%
25.9%
82.2%
48.2%
25.3%
40.8%
22.8%
26.7%
27.8%
34.4%
48.4%
34.2%
33.4%
61.4%
20.2%
75.4%
52.4%
20.2%
75.4%
41.2%
15.7%
22.7%
30.9%
32.3%
38.3%
20.4%
24.1%
21.9%
29.0%
2.5%
1.6%
1.2%
5.1%
5.9%
0.9%
2.2%
1.4%
0.6%
0.9%
2.2%
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
3.3%
0.7%
5.3%
2.1%
0.7%
5.3%
0.8%
1.6%
0.5%
1.2%
1.4%
2.1%
0.4%
1.9%
0.8%
1.2%
Refrigerator Freezer
Table 82: Possession of durable goods (percent of households) (continued)
21.4%
10.5%
6.7%
47.8%
26.8%
5.6%
14.8%
4.4%
6.6%
6.4%
9.7%
20.2%
11.5%
10.4%
19.6%
6.0%
25.2%
16.0%
6.0%
25.2%
11.8%
5.0%
8.1%
5.7%
9.8%
12.7%
5.7%
5.7%
5.8%
7.0%
Washing
machine
Vacuum
cleaner
8.4%
20.1%
2.9%
29.0%
14.4%
2.9%
29.0%
8.2%
2.7%
6.0%
2.4%
7.9%
10.6%
2.3%
2.6%
3.2%
5.4%
8.4%
21.5%
9.0%
4.5%
34.2%
19.0%
3.0%
13.4%
3.0%
3.2%
3.2%
7.2%
20.2%
Electric
iron
69.5%
84.3%
62.5%
89.7%
80.8%
62.5%
89.7%
71.6%
59.7%
71.3%
57.6%
69.6%
69.3%
54.6%
55.0%
58.1%
66.5%
74.9%
84.9%
72.0%
61.6%
89.5%
45.8%
63.5%
75.0%
60.8%
63.3%
67.3%
71.4%
79.8%
16.2%
6.8%
2.8%
28.1%
17.3%
1.8%
10.4%
1.7%
2.3%
2.2%
7.2%
14.4%
7.0%
6.3%
15.9%
1.7%
20.3%
13.2%
1.7%
20.3%
4.0%
6.1%
2.8%
0.4%
6.1%
7.2%
1.9%
1.9%
2.0%
3.7%
30.5%
19.4%
18.9%
28.4%
12.9%
13.3%
24.8%
11.6%
13.7%
15.6%
20.8%
29.7%
24.2%
19.3%
32.3%
13.1%
32.1%
32.4%
13.1%
32.1%
19.7%
17.8%
16.3%
1.2%
19.4%
18.9%
10.0%
11.3%
11.6%
15.7%
Air
Electric fan
conditioner
14. Durable goods
123
14
Urban
Rural
Location type
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast (region) Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of
Male
household head Female
Education level None
of household
Primary
head
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location type
Description 7.8%
8.5%
7.5%
8.6%
8.4%
7.5%
8.6%
5.3%
9.2%
6.0%
24.1%
7.9%
7.4%
5.6%
6.8%
8.4%
6.6%
7.7%
11.0%
8.1%
6.4%
16.3%
9.7%
6.7%
8.9%
5.4%
7.6%
7.3%
9.1%
8.9%
16.8%
26.6%
15.5%
5.9%
53.0%
12.6%
8.7%
18.5%
8.3%
9.0%
9.4%
15.3%
22.8%
Electric
lamp
13.8%
37.6%
2.5%
61.6%
22.2%
2.5%
61.6%
8.8%
6.0%
5.2%
8.5%
12.4%
19.5%
5.3%
4.0%
6.7%
10.7%
Electric room
heater
40.9%
47.6%
46.4%
13.7%
37.4%
46.8%
46.7%
43.2%
49.3%
49.4%
50.4%
42.6%
48.2%
46.7%
23.1%
58.0%
8.4%
32.5%
58.0%
8.4%
38.1%
62.0%
53.9%
83.6%
48.9%
37.6%
46.6%
52.2%
56.8%
44.4%
Kerosene
lamp
7.1%
3.5%
1.0%
6.5%
4.2%
1.8%
4.1%
1.4%
2.1%
2.0%
3.2%
5.3%
3.4%
Electric
water
boiler
3.0%
6.6%
1.3%
10.3%
4.3%
1.3%
10.3%
3.1%
0.9%
1.6%
2.9%
3.0%
2.9%
0.0%
1.0%
1.8%
1.8%
Table 83: Possession of durable goods (percent of households) (continued)
0.6%
0.7%
0.1%
8.9%
0.0%
0.3%
0.9%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.7%
1.2%
1.3%
0.6%
1.4%
0.3%
1.2%
1.4%
0.3%
1.2%
1.1%
0.4%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6%
0.9%
0.2%
0.8%
0.2%
0.4%
11.4%
9.7%
4.6%
5.0%
4.2%
7.0%
9.7%
5.5%
7.7%
7.1%
9.1%
11.2%
10.6%
8.4%
11.1%
7.2%
7.5%
13.4%
7.2%
7.5%
6.3%
9.9%
9.6%
11.1%
8.7%
7.2%
5.2%
5.7%
5.4%
7.4%
Gas water Microwave
boiler
oven
25.4%
23.2%
21.5%
11.7%
15.3%
22.5%
22.6%
19.6%
24.5%
21.3%
21.9%
24.7%
22.6%
76.1%
63.1%
53.0%
66.6%
51.7%
51.6%
69.1%
46.1%
55.5%
57.0%
65.6%
72.7%
66.2%
26.7%
36.0%
45.6%
26.8%
23.9%
45.0%
31.4%
48.0%
42.4%
41.5%
34.2%
28.5%
34.9%
Electric sewing/
Colour
TV, black
knitting
television and white
machine
22.6%
60.7%
37.9%
24.4%
76.7%
23.8%
21.7%
53.1%
44.6%
22.7%
89.1%
6.9%
25.4%
68.8%
34.5%
21.7%
53.1%
44.6%
22.7%
89.1%
6.9%
29.6%
55.1%
44.7%
18.1%
52.9%
46.3%
19.2%
64.2%
36.1%
16.1%
61.4%
21.6%
23.0%
61.0%
38.4%
20.7%
59.4%
35.8%
14.9%
50.3%
38.5%
17.9%
51.0%
41.3%
22.4%
43.7%
49.4%
22.8%
58.1%
40.8%
14.1%
12.4%
13.6%
8.2%
10.0%
11.8%
13.3%
10.5%
11.0%
13.9%
12.6%
14.0%
13.4%
12.5%
9.4%
14.1%
7.8%
10.3%
14.1%
7.8%
10.8%
14.8%
16.6%
3.8%
13.7%
7.8%
10.3%
10.0%
14.5%
11.3%
Radio
124
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
22.9%
16.2%
11.7%
15.7%
12.8%
9.6%
20.1%
7.5%
11.3%
12.2%
16.3%
24.0%
10.6%
9.2%
5.6%
1.0%
2.3%
4.8%
11.3%
4.3%
4.1%
6.8%
11.0%
12.3%
chapter
16.0%
9.6%
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
7.9%
10.1%
10.0%
14.0%
3.7%
6.9%
7.0%
7.2%
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Oblast
(region)
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Video
player
15.1%
24.8%
10.5%
25.4%
24.4%
10.5%
25.4%
15.8%
11.5%
12.6%
18.2%
14.6%
17.4%
8.2%
12.5%
6.1%
10.1%
14.0%
6.1%
10.1%
6.0%
9.5%
8.7%
6.3%
8.3%
7.5%
Stereo
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Description
6.8%
2.1%
1.1%
7.9%
6.4%
0.4%
3.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.8%
1.2%
5.8%
1.3%
1.9%
0.4%
0.2%
0.9%
2.0%
5.0%
0.6%
8.1%
3.0%
0.6%
8.1%
1.4%
0.9%
0.8%
2.1%
2.1%
1.5%
Computer
15.6%
7.7%
3.1%
13.2%
9.8%
2.6%
10.5%
1.7%
3.2%
3.5%
7.2%
14.4%
6.4%
2.2%
3.6%
3.9%
4.5%
Satellite
dish
6.7%
12.4%
4.0%
14.2%
11.3%
4.0%
14.2%
7.0%
4.5%
3.7%
13.6%
7.1%
5.2%
Table 84: Possession of durable goods (percent of households) (continued)
34.0%
25.1%
18.3%
20.4%
26.2%
17.9%
28.6%
16.5%
17.1%
22.0%
25.6%
32.0%
24.8%
14.2%
15.0%
17.8%
21.9%
Tape player/
CD player
23.5%
30.7%
20.1%
39.7%
24.9%
20.1%
39.7%
21.3%
19.0%
22.0%
33.6%
24.5%
19.4%
2.4%
1.8%
0.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.8%
2.1%
0.5%
0.8%
1.3%
1.2%
2.9%
2.2%
1.0%
0.2%
1.3%
0.9%
Video
camera
1.5%
2.0%
1.2%
2.0%
2.1%
1.2%
2.0%
1.1%
1.3%
1.9%
1.2%
1.5%
1.1%
2.5%
1.2%
3.1%
0.6%
1.6%
3.1%
0.6%
1.8%
3.4%
3.2%
3.9%
2.9%
0.6%
15.9%
14.6%
16.5%
14.3%
14.9%
16.5%
14.3%
16.9%
14.7%
18.3%
10.7%
17.7%
8.4%
19.8%
14.1%
10.1%
12.9%
17.1%
24.3%
16.7%
14.5%
3.5%
8.4%
11.1%
20.3%
7.8%
12.8%
14.4%
17.2%
23.4%
1.6%
1.2%
1.4%
1.6%
0.8%
2.1%
1.1%
2.8%
0.0%
2.2%
1.8%
1.2%
1.5%
1.9%
2.1%
1.0%
1.1%
2.8%
2.7%
1.7%
2.4%
1.2%
1.1%
3.7%
0.4%
1.8%
1.9%
3.3%
4.0%
2.9%
1.6%
2.4%
1.7%
2.4%
Truck
Car
Motorcycle/
scooter
1.5%
0.2%
2.1%
0.3%
0.1%
2.1%
0.3%
2.4%
1.4%
0.9%
1.4%
1.8%
0.3%
13.1%
13.6%
23.2%
14.7%
5.6%
15.6%
15.9%
13.6%
15.5%
19.3%
15.2%
15.2%
15.7%
14.9%
13.1%
15.9%
17.5%
15.7%
9.8%
18.5%
5.5%
12.5%
18.5%
5.5%
19.0%
23.9%
6.0%
4.1%
17.0%
10.5%
Bicycle
14. Durable goods
125
14
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Oblast
(region)
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Description
428.2
372.1
424.6
444.0
543.0
551.7
497.1
419.0
504.0
441.4
422.1
530.4
360.0
437.7
503.5
520.9
535.0
291.5
424.7
301.4
238.7
729.6
311.5
243.8
338.2
266.2
254.1
205.8
289.9
402.1
Electric
oven
478.7
613.5
414.6
734.7
536.1
414.6
734.7
356.1
557.4
385.3
514.3
475.4
492.4
229.0
196.2
201.4
283.7
293.2
586.7
153.6
645.1
549.4
153.6
645.1
410.3
99.8
224.2
87.9
271.2
384.7
Gas oven
61.1
43.7
26.9
14.3
49.3
34.3
44.3
27.3
32.0
48.1
43.6
43.7
36.0
45.4
39.9
41.5
29.9
Gas
hob
39.6
57.1
31.2
62.2
53.8
31.2
62.2
23.6
29.6
68.9
31.9
40.6
35.1
171.0
165.5
113.4
266.9
87.9
139.6
167.3
123.1
149.2
142.5
170.1
173.4
175.9
94.1
184.1
141.5
137.8
Electric
hob
154.1
168.6
147.1
164.9
171.0
147.1
164.9
83.8
171.5
218.8
238.4
153.3
157.2
Table 85: Average numbers of durable goods (per 1000 households)
170.4
134.5
70.9
144.4
172.2
77.7
160.1
65.0
86.4
94.2
123.9
197.6
154.0
81.8
88.5
62.1
104.7
Electric
stove
120.7
208.4
79.0
276.2
165.2
79.0
276.2
57.2
78.6
155.5
319.8
116.7
137.4
257.0
151.6
112.6
360.0
180.9
106.5
182.1
78.7
117.5
135.2
148.2
216.1
159.3
80.8
104.2
64.1
124.8
171.7
209.7
198.3
52.7
187.8
228.5
183.0
228.4
230.4
215.4
181.6
181.6
211.5
202.0
209.0
212.0
213.6
Electric water Outdoor metal
heater
stove, broshooka
146.0
204.7
248.9
129.5
97.1
240.5
362.8
58.0
176.2
175.1
97.1
240.5
362.8
58.0
131.7
242.2
101.4
251.9
75.8
171.7
287.1
148.9
145.4
213.0
148.5
170.1
27.9
24.4
17.2
7.5
11.8
15.7
28.4
16.8
12.2
16.8
36.5
25.8
24.1
10.7
16.3
29.5
18.4
Kerosene
stove
22.3
16.8
25.0
19.9
14.8
25.0
19.9
19.1
24.7
23.7
31.2
24.1
14.8
542.0
663.7
770.0
57.3
472.8
710.2
646.6
668.0
714.5
769.2
700.8
573.2
675.4
809.2
780.0
751.3
687.4
Wood
stove
677.0
295.3
858.5
75.6
435.4
858.5
75.6
661.6
839.0
816.6
728.2
714.5
520.2
515.5
642.5
799.4
23.8
255.2
726.5
607.6
721.7
714.3
731.7
652.8
553.5
645.9
752.6
736.3
736.8
703.0
Tandoor
earthen stove
664.4
305.5
835.1
106.2
432.6
835.1
106.2
751.0
773.5
780.0
260.4
696.3
531.0
126
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
chapter
Urban
Rural
Location type
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast (region)
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of
Male
household head
Female
Education level of None
household head
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status
Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location type
Description
15.5
9.9
18.2
7.1
11.7
18.2
7.1
16.2
16.4
20.2
6.4
17.5
7.5
5.5
4.8
8.3
9.7
16.0
37.7
16.7
13.3
0.0
4.9
9.7
20.9
6.8
9.1
14.9
10.5
30.1
141.9
178.3
180.8
332.5
0.0
0.0
280.5
146.2
396.1
252.0
159.5
151.4
140.4
Generator
210.3
106.7
259.6
9.4
168.7
259.6
9.4
564.0
25.7
90.1
2.0
214.5
192.8
248.3
203.6
258.3
249.9
Sandalee
52.8
23.8
14.5
62.8
40.6
14.8
29.4
14.0
20.4
6.4
20.2
42.4
26.0
22.4
37.6
15.2
59.9
23.3
15.2
59.9
12.3
26.4
11.0
11.7
23.1
19.5
14.5
5.9
7.7
13.9
Radiato,r
electric
560.2
348.3
261.2
821.9
481.6
254.4
412.1
229.6
266.7
279.0
347.7
488.3
344.9
336.8
617.1
203.5
756.3
528.3
203.5
756.3
414.1
160.8
228.6
309.4
325.4
384.2
203.7
241.3
221.1
291.5
30.4
16.4
14.8
51.2
59.5
10.5
23.0
16.4
6.3
9.3
22.4
26.2
20.8
17.1
35.7
8.2
55.6
23.1
8.2
55.6
9.5
17.7
4.7
13.0
15.9
21.9
3.7
18.6
8.5
12.2
Refrigerator Freezer
Table 86: Average numbers of durable goods (per 1000 households) (continued)
215.1
105.8
67.6
477.7
267.7
55.6
149.0
43.9
66.4
64.0
96.9
205.0
114.9
104.4
197.6
60.0
255.9
160.4
60.0
255.9
117.9
49.6
82.0
58.4
98.8
127.8
56.9
56.8
58.2
72.1
Washing
machine
Vacuum
cleaner
84.9
201.6
29.3
289.9
145.3
29.3
289.9
82.6
28.0
60.4
24.3
79.7
106.4
22.7
26.0
32.5
55.7
84.1
215.1
90.3
45.3
342.3
190.2
29.9
135.0
29.8
32.4
31.5
74.7
203.1
Electric
iron
702.1
850.8
631.3
904.6
816.4
631.3
904.6
723.7
599.0
726.0
576.4
702.9
698.4
553.7
557.5
583.9
671.3
755.5
859.5
727.7
620.8
894.8
458.1
639.9
758.9
618.4
634.0
674.2
721.2
809.2
164.3
69.0
29.1
280.5
173.0
18.2
106.4
16.6
22.5
22.1
73.0
147.6
71.8
64.3
162.2
17.7
206.2
134.2
17.7
206.2
40.6
60.7
30.0
5.1
62.4
72.1
18.8
18.9
19.5
38.1
306.8
198.4
192.8
284.2
129.4
135.1
254.3
119.4
139.7
158.8
209.1
307.0
245.5
197.4
325.2
136.6
325.2
325.2
136.6
325.2
201.0
181.9
170.4
12.4
198.6
192.5
107.7
114.0
118.1
163.9
Air
Electric fan
conditioner
14. Durable goods
127
14
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Oblast
(region)
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Description
116.8
103.2
160.0
118.9
163.9
181.8
149.3
117.5
206.7
268.6
128.1
159.4
105.2
155.7
118.6
180.2
153.2
187.2
310.3
180.9
65.3
579.6
151.8
98.6
215.6
93.5
99.8
112.8
167.4
272.1
Electric
lamp
144.5
158.7
137.7
187.6
140.3
137.7
187.6
71.1
137.1
174.7
537.3
145.5
140.1
67.4
43.8
90.1
121.6
Electric room
heater
159.7
428.3
32.0
737.2
231.2
32.0
737.2
89.3
70.6
62.0
99.4
144.5
223.1
515.3
587.7
562.3
137.1
451.5
562.9
584.0
535.7
581.4
610.9
626.4
527.1
613.0
583.6
593.4
729.8
521.9
72.4
36.6
10.6
65.0
60.3
18.9
42.9
13.8
20.8
22.5
34.2
54.6
34.0
0.0
17.5
19.8
19.4
Kerosene
Electric
lamp
water boiler
573.9
31.4
269.4
67.3
718.8
14.3
99.9
104.1
377.6
43.9
718.8
14.3
99.9
104.1
438.9
30.9
804.0
10.9
664.8
18.1
919.3
35.4
604.4
31.6
446.7
30.6
7.1
7.2
1.0
88.8
0.0
3.3
10.0
3.9
3.7
2.6
7.9
13.0
13.0
1.8
8.4
1.6
4.8
114.6
98.0
46.2
49.6
42.3
69.9
98.4
55.1
77.5
71.1
92.5
113.3
106.9
51.6
57.2
53.8
75.0
Gas water Microwave
boiler
oven
6.8
84.8
14.0
111.2
3.4
72.3
13.4
76.2
14.4
133.5
3.4
72.3
13.4
76.2
10.8
63.2
5.2
100.1
0.0
96.5
0.0
110.8
6.4
87.9
8.6
71.9
Table 87: Average numbers of durable goods (per 1000 households) (continued)
260.0
236.1
217.8
117.4
152.5
228.3
229.9
198.4
249.3
213.9
225.2
249.5
227.5
151.2
178.7
229.2
232.1
Electric sewing/
knitting machine
229.2
247.2
220.6
234.8
255.1
220.6
234.8
299.9
184.0
194.4
160.5
234.0
209.2
803.0
652.5
547.1
696.1
544.5
525.0
721.6
468.6
568.3
581.5
680.0
766.0
685.6
534.2
528.7
441.7
594.4
275.7
364.7
463.8
268.0
239.2
455.9
318.7
485.5
429.9
419.1
350.6
287.2
354.5
394.9
418.2
493.9
412.6
Colour TV, black and
television
white
627.8
384.2
799.3
241.7
546.2
452.0
942.0
76.3
708.2
347.2
546.2
452.0
942.0
76.3
562.5
452.6
544.3
466.1
669.8
368.2
620.5
219.6
633.0
390.3
605.8
358.8
143.0
125.4
136.6
82.1
100
118.9
134.4
105.9
110.0
140.8
127.6
142.4
135.4
108.7
100.3
146.2
114.0
127.0
95.4
142.0
83.4
103.2
142.0
83.4
108.2
149.4
166.6
39.6
138.7
78.1
Radio
128
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
chapter
Urban
Rural
Location type
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast (region) Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of
Male
household head Female
Education level None
of household
Primary
head
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/
tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Total
Location type
Description
108.3
93.1
56.6
10.3
23.0
47.8
114.7
43.1
41.3
67.8
112.6
124.9
82.7
125.4
62.5
102.4
140.1
62.5
102.4
59.7
97.0
89.0
63.4
84.7
74.7
36.5
68.7
70.1
73.1
96.7
Stereo
230.2
163.7
117.9
157.0
150.1
97.4
203.8
76.3
113.0
122.7
163.8
244.3
Video
player
153.0
249.7
107.0
256.5
245.4
107.0
256.5
158.5
116.9
130.4
181.6
148.0
173.9
86.7
103.3
100.3
142.9
161.9
68.8
21.2
11.4
78.9
63.7
4.1
35.2
2.7
3.6
7.6
13.1
58.1
20.3
50.3
6.1
82.1
30.0
6.1
82.1
14.2
9.6
8.1
21.9
21.7
14.9
19.1
4.1
2.3
9.8
13.5
Computer
160.5
78.7
33.0
131.8
98.2
25.6
109.2
17.2
32.0
34.6
73.6
150.7
Satellite
dish
69.3
126.5
42.1
146.7
113.6
42.1
146.7
70.3
48.3
39.0
136.3
73.2
52.8
22.4
35.9
41.5
47.0
65.5
Table 88: Average numbers of durable goods (per 1000 households) (continued)
341.0
254.6
185.6
203.6
262.3
180.7
291.1
165.7
170.8
222.6
262.6
325.4
Tape player/
CD player
238.4
308.6
205.0
398.5
251.2
205.0
398.5
216.4
194.1
224.6
337.2
248.8
194.9
165.6
157.3
178.4
223.0
249.2
24.5
18.4
6.2
0.0
0.0
7.6
21.9
4.8
7.7
12.8
13.5
29.9
Video
camera
15.1
21.2
12.2
20.9
21.4
12.2
20.9
11.3
14.4
19.4
11.9
16.1
11.1
10.5
2.4
12.7
9.9
21.6
26.3
12.4
32.9
7.1
15.7
32.9
7.1
17.7
37.7
31.7
39.5
31.1
6.0
16.3
23.6
17.0
26.9
29.5
161.1
147.2
167.7
145.0
148.6
167.7
145.0
168.9
150.0
186.3
107.4
179.6
83.8
197.8
140.7
101.4
130.5
174.4
245.7
169.1
146.8
35.0
84.0
111.0
206.8
78.5
128.0
143.7
176.3
238.9
22.0
11.4
28.3
0.0
21.9
18.2
12.5
15.2
18.8
21.3
11.8
11.2
30.3
28.6
19.5
23.8
12.0
11.5
39.8
3.8
18.5
20.8
34.8
43.7
Truck
Car
Motorcycle/
scooter
15.2
2.4
21.3
4.1
1.3
21.3
4.1
24.1
14.7
8.9
13.7
18.2
3.0
16.3
11.9
14.0
17.0
8.5
135.7
139.0
238.9
146.7
55.8
157.6
163.4
136.7
156.4
196.2
160.3
154.5
160.6
99.3
189.8
58.7
125.2
189.8
58.7
193.7
244.1
60.6
41.0
173.9
105.0
148.8
133.9
161.9
180.1
157.5
Bicycle
14. Durable goods
129
14
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
130
15. AGRICULTURAL ASSETS
15.1 Land Table 89: Possession of Land Description Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Gender of household
head
Age of household head
Education level of
household head
Ethnicity of household
head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
Less than 34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Possession of own
land (percent of
households)
66.2%
23.9%
86.4%
1.9%
37.9%
86.4%
1.9%
69.7%
82.9%
73.0%
75.5%
69.7%
52.0%
48.1%
59.4%
70.9%
71.0%
75.3%
72.6%
77.0%
72.7%
70.2%
65.0%
50.2%
64.2%
79.2%
5.8%
23.5%
71.3%
61.6%
67.0%
72.0%
75.0%
66.5%
55.3%
Own land area (sotka per
household)
Mean
Median
14.1
5
5.0
0
18.4
10
0.2
0
8.0
0
18.4
10
0.2
0
11.9
4
19.3
10
17.1
7
18.9
8
15.2
6
9.2
1
9.3
0
11.1
4
13.6
5
21.1
8
15.7
7
17.3
6
13.3
7
20.6
8
12.7
6
13.4
5
12.8
1
13.5
5
17.4
8
0.4
0
2.0
0
13.7
6
14.3
5
11.8
4
15.8
6
14.4
7
15.2
6
13.1
3
15. Agricultural assets
131
Table 90: Average land area (sotka per household)
Total
Location type
Location type
Oblast (region)
Gender of
household head
Age of
household head
Education level
of household
head
Ethnicity of
household head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
Less than 34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
13.4
13.1
0.2
8.3
21.4
29.6
12.8
13.5
17.4
0.4
2.0
13.7
14.3
11.8
15.8
14.4
15.2
13.1
12.7
13.3
17.4
0.4
2.0
13.7
14.1
11.8
15.7
14.4
15.0
12.9
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.2
5.2
7.0
7.9
0.0
0.1
8.3
5.8
10.0
6.9
6.6
7.4
5.1
17.9
20.4
25.2
0.4
2.1
22.0
20.0
21.8
22.6
21.0
22.3
18.1
23.2
27.4
33.1
0.4
2.2
30.3
25.8
31.8
29.6
27.7
29.7
23.2
15
chapter
Description
Average
Average Average Average own Average own
Average
own land own land rented /rented land
/rented /
own land
area used
area
land
area used
rented out
area
for farming rented out
area
for farming
land area
(sotka)
(sotka)
(sotka)
(sotka)
(sotka)
(sotka)
14.1
13.9
0.1
7.0
21.0
28.0
5.0
5.0
0.0
3.1
8.1
11.1
18.4
18.2
0.2
8.9
27.1
36.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
8.0
8.0
0.0
5.0
13.0
18.1
18.4
18.2
0.2
8.9
27.1
36.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
11.9
11.9
0.0
8.4
20.2
28.6
19.3
19.0
0.3
10.9
29.9
40.7
17.1
17.0
0.1
4.5
21.5
26.0
18.9
18.9
0.1
0.1
19.0
19.1
15.2
15.1
0.1
8.2
23.3
31.5
9.2
9.1
0.0
2.1
11.3
13.4
9.3
9.0
0.3
5.7
14.6
20.3
11.1
11.1
0.0
4.3
15.3
19.6
13.6
13.5
0.1
7.7
21.2
28.9
21.1
20.7
0.3
9.7
30.4
40.1
15.7
15.6
0.0
8.5
24.2
32.7
17.3
17.3
0.0
7.9
25.2
33.0
13.3
13.3
0.0
6.2
19.5
25.6
20.6
20.6
0.1
10.1
30.7
40.8
12.7
12.6
0.1
6.1
18.7
24.9
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
132
Table 91: Possession of land in rural area
Description
Total
Oblast (region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of household Male
head
Female
Education level of
None
household head
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of household Tajik
head
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status
Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Possession of own land
(percent of households)
86.4%
88.0%
91.3%
77.5%
82.7%
87.1%
82.2%
84.6%
88.3%
85.2%
87.0%
85.6%
86.5%
85.8%
89.1%
40.1%
37.5%
85.2%
87.6%
80.0%
86.1%
89.5%
88.4%
86.8%
Own land area (sotka per
household)
Mean
Median
18.4
12.7
22.4
19.2
21.8
19.2
13.6
21.0
16.5
23.6
15.4
18.3
21.7
18.5
18.3
4.8
5.1
16.2
20.6
15.6
16.3
17.6
19.6
22.1
10
6
14
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
9
10
7
10
10
10
10
15. Agricultural assets
133
Table 92: Average land area in rural area (sotka per household)
Total
Oblast
(region)
Gender of
household
head
Education
level of
household
head
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of Tajik
household
Uzbek
head
Russian
Other
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Average
Average own Average own
Average
own land
/rented land
/rented /
rented
area
area used
rented out
land area
rented out
for farming
land area
(sotka)
(sotka)
(sotka)
(sotka)
0.2
8.9
27.1
36.0
0.0
11.2
23.8
35.0
0.4
10.7
32.6
43.3
0.0
5.0
24.1
29.1
0.1
0.1
21.8
21.9
0.2
9.9
28.9
38.8
0.0
3.4
17.0
20.4
18.4
12.7
22.4
19.2
21.8
19.2
13.6
21.0
16.5
23.6
15.4
20.9
16.5
23.6
15.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
10.1
7.6
11.2
7.4
31.0
24.2
34.7
22.6
41.1
31.8
45.9
30.0
18.3
18.0
0.4
9.6
27.6
37.2
21.7
18.5
18.3
4.8
5.1
16.2
20.6
15.6
16.3
17.6
19.6
22.1
21.4
18.3
18.3
4.8
5.1
16.2
20.3
15.6
16.3
17.5
19.3
21.7
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.4
10.0
9.2
8.4
0.0
0.2
9.3
8.4
11.1
7.2
8.3
9.6
8.6
31.4
27.5
26.7
4.8
5.3
25.5
28.7
26.7
23.4
25.8
28.9
30.3
41.5
36.7
35.0
4.8
5.5
34.9
37.2
37.8
30.6
34.1
38.5
38.8
15
chapter
Description
Average
own land
area used
for farming
(sotka)
18.2
12.7
22.0
19.1
21.7
19.0
13.6
Average
own land
area
(sotka)
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
134
15.2 Livestock Table 93: Possession of livestock (percent of households) Description Total
Location type
Urban
Rural
Location type
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast (region) Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of
Male
household head Female
Age of
Less than 34
household head 35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
Education level None
of household
Primary
head
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Any livestock
Any livestock
(cattle, horses,
(cattle, horses,
donkeys, mules, donkeys, mules,
pigs, sheep,
pigs, sheep, goats)
goats)
and poultry
51.8%
54.6%
14.3%
16.0%
69.6%
73.0%
1.5%
1.7%
22.4%
25.1%
69.6%
73.0%
1.5%
1.7%
48.5%
51.6%
68.6%
71.7%
57.7%
61.7%
75.3%
76.2%
55.7%
58.4%
35.4%
38.7%
35.2%
36.7%
44.9%
47.8%
54.7%
57.6%
58.5%
61.8%
60.8%
63.9%
57.1%
58.6%
61.2%
65.4%
59.7%
63.0%
53.0%
56.7%
Horses, Pigs,
Cattle donkeys, sheep, Poultry
mules
goats
47.2%
12.1%
63.9%
1.4%
18.9%
63.9%
1.4%
40.8%
64.1%
55.7%
69.9%
50.8%
32.3%
29.9%
40.4%
50.3%
53.9%
56.7%
51.5%
57.6%
54.7%
47.8%
15.4%
3.1%
21.3%
0.2%
4.9%
21.3%
0.2%
15.9%
24.5%
10.4%
12.8%
17.2%
8.1%
12.8%
13.7%
17.7%
15.5%
15.9%
12.4%
15.8%
21.6%
15.6%
21.0%
5.6%
28.4%
0.2%
9.0%
28.4%
0.2%
21.5%
25.6%
17.2%
67.9%
23.3%
11.7%
14.5%
15.4%
23.7%
25.7%
24.7%
23.4%
26.5%
23.3%
21.3%
27.4%
7.2%
37.0%
0.5%
11.5%
37.0%
0.5%
19.8%
42.7%
31.9%
31.9%
29.3%
19.8%
19.4%
25.1%
29.2%
31.8%
28.8%
28.1%
31.3%
31.9%
27.4%
51.3%
53.8%
47.0%
15.8%
20.0%
27.5%
39.9%
50.1%
62.1%
2.4%
21.0%
53.8%
49.9%
49.4%
54.7%
60.0%
54.5%
43.3%
41.0%
52.6%
65.7%
3.8%
27.5%
57.4%
52.0%
53.5%
57.1%
64.0%
56.9%
45.2%
36.7%
46.1%
55.7%
2.4%
12.0%
48.4%
46.2%
41.6%
50.3%
56.2%
50.4%
40.0%
11.0%
13.8%
22.4%
0.0%
6.1%
18.2%
12.9%
19.0%
16.8%
17.6%
15.2%
10.8%
17.9%
19.8%
26.5%
0.0%
16.2%
21.4%
20.7%
22.6%
20.4%
23.5%
21.1%
18.6%
22.9%
26.3%
33.2%
3.8%
15.7%
27.5%
27.3%
24.0%
28.1%
32.1%
29.7%
24.1%
15. Agricultural assets
135
Table 94: Average number of livestock (per 1000 households)
Total
Location type
Urban
Rural
Location type
Dushanbe
Other urban
Rural
Oblast (region)
Dushanbe
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of household Male
head
Female
Age of household
Less than 34
head
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
Education level of
None
household head
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of household Tajik
head
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status
Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Cattle
1382.6
310.5
1892.4
50.2
476.6
1892.4
50.2
917.4
2135.9
1658.7
2091.1
1531.5
761.2
745.0
1057.4
1532.7
1586.1
1813.5
1371.1
2323.2
1411.2
1246.5
1625.2
1009.8
1309.4
1770.7
23.8
285.4
1301.4
1456.7
1005.1
1474.8
1520.5
1644.0
1267.4
Horses,
donkeys, mules
540.8
44.4
776.8
1.7
71.7
776.8
1.7
1131.8
427.3
162.0
172.9
643.7
111.3
163.6
601.4
334.6
417.6
1107.0
250.0
232.9
1587.2
334.2
325.8
698.9
436.8
944.0
0.0
67.3
668.5
424.1
728.8
242.9
867.4
211.8
647.5
Pigs, sheep,
goats
1760.5
370.4
2421.7
13.7
598.0
2421.7
13.7
1271.6
2200.1
1738.2
8227.3
2025.3
656.2
1246.5
1165.5
1989.9
2326.1
2070.9
2023.8
1877.4
2170.8
1786.2
1545.3
1606.2
1708.4
1890.8
0.0
4223.6
1564.6
1939.5
1661.3
1388.5
1908.6
2000.9
1790.9
Poultry
2359.4
666.9
3164.3
63.7
1051.7
3164.3
63.7
1397.5
3819.7
3051.5
2477.0
2566.9
1493.6
1523.1
2171.8
2603.1
2986.9
2189.2
2183.9
2429.8
2656.2
2273.4
2695.9
1917.0
2249.2
2874.7
445.4
1730.9
2174.0
2528.7
1718.2
2334.9
2749.8
2598.1
2338.4
15
chapter
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
136
Table 95: Possession of livestock in rural areas (percent of households)
Description
Total
Oblast (region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Gender of
Male
household head Female
Age of
Less than 34
household head 35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
Education level None
of household
Primary
head
Basic
Secondary
general
Secondary
special/tech.
Higher
Ethnicity of
Tajik
household head Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poverty status
Poor
Non-poor
Quintiles of
Poorest
consumption
2
3
4
Richest
Any livestock
Any livestock
(cattle, horses,
(cattle, horses,
donkeys, mules,
donkeys, mules,
pigs, sheep,
pigs, sheep, goats)
goats) and
poultry
69.6%
73.0%
63.7%
67.4%
77.0%
80.2%
63.4%
67.2%
83.8%
84.4%
71.4%
74.6%
59.5%
63.8%
59.8%
62.1%
64.7%
68.2%
71.2%
74.6%
75.1%
78.5%
72.8%
76.5%
66.9%
68.8%
72.9%
77.3%
71.8%
75.4%
68.1%
72.2%
Horses, Pigs,
Cattle donkeys, sheep, Poultry
mules goats
63.9%
54.5%
72.3%
61.1%
77.8%
65.7%
54.0%
50.2%
58.6%
66.0%
70.2%
68.2%
60.6%
68.2%
66.2%
62.0%
21.3%
22.1%
27.7%
12.0%
14.9%
22.6%
14.4%
22.6%
20.1%
23.6%
20.7%
19.6%
15.9%
20.3%
27.2%
20.2%
28.4%
28.1%
28.5%
19.1%
77.2%
29.8%
20.3%
23.9%
22.5%
30.8%
33.0%
30.2%
27.1%
32.9%
28.7%
26.9%
37.0%
26.3%
48.5%
34.3%
35.4%
37.7%
33.4%
33.3%
35.6%
38.2%
41.7%
35.0%
33.8%
38.3%
38.7%
35.5%
68.9%
71.9%
63.9%
21.5%
26.9%
36.4%
71.9%
69.2%
70.9%
40.1%
56.9%
66.5%
72.8%
61.6%
67.8%
73.1%
73.2%
71.0%
73.5%
72.3%
74.9%
40.1%
66.0%
70.7%
75.4%
66.2%
70.8%
77.5%
76.4%
72.7%
66.3%
64.4%
63.7%
40.1%
29.5%
60.2%
67.9%
52.5%
62.4%
68.6%
68.2%
66.1%
20.7%
19.5%
26.1%
0.0%
18.5%
22.9%
19.7%
24.9%
20.7%
21.7%
20.8%
19.0%
32.6%
27.8%
29.7%
0.0%
42.3%
26.5%
30.4%
27.5%
25.9%
29.3%
27.5%
31.3%
41.5%
36.5%
38.6%
40.1%
30.3%
34.4%
39.9%
29.7%
35.6%
39.5%
40.4%
38.8%
15. Agricultural assets
137
Table 96: Average number of livestock in rural areas (per 1000 households)
Total
Oblast (region)
Gender of
household head
Age of household
head
Education level of
household head
Ethnicity of
household head
Poverty status
Quintiles of
consumption
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Male
Female
Less than 34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
None
Primary
Basic
Secondary general
Secondary special/tech.
Higher
Tajik
Uzbek
Russian
Other
Poor
Non-poor
Poorest
2
3
4
Richest
Cattle
1892.4
1242.0
2437.5
1842.3
2357.6
1996.8
1314.1
1238.4
1560.7
2040.2
2001.7
2276.6
1650.3
2885.7
1697.7
1630.0
2199.0
1891.8
1836.3
2070.5
400.9
729.1
1650.9
2148.4
1283.1
1900.3
1866.4
2266.2
2061.3
Horses,
donkeys,
mules
776.8
1635.5
488.9
187.1
200.9
880.9
200.4
291.0
921.2
449.9
571.4
1444.5
320.1
299.3
2048.8
437.4
466.9
1381.0
647.8
1125.0
0.0
203.5
881.9
665.5
1012.2
285.0
1102.6
294.5
1178.0
Pigs, sheep,
goats
Poultry
2421.7
1731.3
2465.7
1909.4
9472.7
2647.1
1172.8
2149.5
1729.7
2677.4
3112.1
2450.1
2491.3
2377.8
2643.4
2282.3
2172.9
3020.1
2429.5
2167.6
0.0
12714.3
1968.8
2901.6
2009.5
1801.8
2433.2
2721.6
3034.9
3164.3
1791.0
4338.0
3295.9
2735.4
3291.0
2462.4
2513.5
3008.5
3370.5
3987.3
2655.5
2656.8
2985.3
3064.9
2954.9
3614.4
3382.9
3089.0
3339.6
3206.9
3918.6
2719.3
3635.9
2071.4
2973.5
3380.8
3517.3
3705.0
15
chapter
Description
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
138
15.3 Farm Equipment Table 97: Possession of farm equipment (percent of households) Description Total
Location
type
Location
type
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Tractor
AnimalMechanical Aggregator, Planting
Motorized
drawn
Trailer
plough
disk, etc. machine
thresher
plough
Hand
thresher
1.1%
0.2%
1.5%
0.0%
0.4%
0.9%
0.2%
1.2%
0.0%
0.4%
0.6%
0.1%
0.9%
0.0%
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
0.2%
1.5%
0.0%
0.9%
1.3%
1.8%
0.9%
1.2%
1.0%
1.1%
1.5%
0.9%
0.8%
1.2%
1.2%
0.0%
1.2%
0.2%
0.3%
9.5%
1.1%
0.7%
0.9%
1.2%
1.3%
0.8%
0.4%
0.9%
0.0%
0.4%
0.8%
1.2%
0.6%
0.4%
0.9%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.7%
1.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.2%
0.0%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.3%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.4%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
0.4%
0.1%
0.3%
1.2%
0.4%
0.2%
0.3%
0.5%
0.2%
0.3%
0.1%
Table 98: Possession of farm equipment (percent of households) (continued)
Machine
Mechanical
to
Motorized Electric
Milking
Electric Green Description
water
Mill
process insecticide water
Sheds
machine
churn houses
pump
livestock
pump
pump
feed
Total
0.2%
0.3%
0.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.4%
Location
Urban
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.4%
type
Rural
0.1%
0.4%
0.0%
0.3%
0.4%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
Location
Dushanbe
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
type
Other
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
urban
Rural
0.1%
0.4%
0.0%
0.3%
0.4%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
Oblast
Dushanbe
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
(region)
Sughd
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.2%
0.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.0%
Khatlon
0.2%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
DRD
0.3%
0.4%
0.0%
0.6%
0.3%
0.2%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
GBAO
0.3%
0.8%
0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
Poverty
Poor
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.4%
status
Non-poor
0.2%
0.5%
0.0%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
Quintiles of Poorest
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.4%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.4%
consumption 2
0.0%
0.2%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.4%
3
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.2%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
4
0.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
Richest
0.4%
0.5%
0.0%
0.4%
0.3%
0.5%
0.0%
0.1%
0.6%
15. Agricultural assets
139
Table 99: Average numbers of farm equipment (per 1000 households)
Description
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consump- 2
tion
3
4
Richest
Tractor
11.6
2.3
16.0
0.0
3.7
AnimalMechani- Aggregator, Planting
Motorized Hand
drawn
Trailer
cal plough disk, etc. machine
thresher thresher
plough
11.6
6.5
1.0
0.2
2.3
0.0
3.8
3.4
1.1
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.0
1.1
15.5
9.0
1.4
0.3
2.8
0.0
5.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.6
1.9
0.0
0.0
1.9
0.0
1.9
16.0
0.0
9.1
13.4
20.5
8.6
11.8
11.3
10.7
14.6
8.5
9.2
14.0
15.5
0.0
15.6
4.6
2.6
121.6
15.0
8.5
13.1
18.4
16.8
9.3
4.2
9.0
0.0
4.0
8.4
11.7
6.0
4.3
8.5
5.1
3.5
3.8
7.0
10.9
1.4
0.0
0.0
1.6
2.4
0.0
0.7
1.3
0.0
0.0
1.7
1.2
1.6
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
2.8
0.0
1.9
3.2
3.3
0.0
1.3
3.1
1.4
0.0
2.1
3.1
3.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
3.5
0.8
9.7
12.0
4.1
3.5
2.6
5.0
3.3
7.5
1.1
15
Description
Total
Location
type
Location
type
Urban
Rural
Dushanbe
Other
urban
Rural
Oblast
Dushanbe
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Poverty
Poor
status
Non-poor
Quintiles of Poorest
consump- 2
tion
3
4
Richest
1.7
2.6
1.3
2.8
2.4
MaMotorchine to
Electric ElecMilking
ized inGreenMill
process
water
tric
Sheds
machine
secticide
houses
livestock
pump churn
pump
feed
3.0
0.0
1.9
3.4
1.8
0.0
0.4
4.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
1.8
0.0
0.0
3.9
4.4
0.0
2.8
4.5
1.7
0.1
0.6
4.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.0
4.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
2.0
0.0
0.0
3.4
1.3
2.8
0.0
2.3
2.8
2.5
1.0
2.4
2.5
0.0
0.3
0.0
4.7
4.4
0.0
0.9
5.3
3.8
7.6
1.0
4.8
0.3
2.1
1.3
4.5
5.3
Mechanical water
pump
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.8
0.0
1.6
0.0
6.4
2.5
0.9
2.8
0.0
1.1
2.1
1.6
3.7
4.5
0.0
8.0
0.8
2.8
0.0
4.0
2.9
7.5
3.4
1.7
2.7
2.5
1.7
1.4
0.0
3.4
2.3
1.5
0.7
2.7
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
1.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.4
4.7
4.5
10.3
1.5
0.0
0.0
3.7
5.1
3.8
3.7
2.8
4.9
6.1
chapter
Table 100: Average numbers of farm equipment (per 1000 households) (continued)
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
140
Table 101: Possession of farm equipment in rural areas (percent of households)
Description
Total
Oblast
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Poverty
Poor
status
Nonpoor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Tractor
AnimalMechanical Aggregator, Planting
Motorized Hand
drawn
Trailer
plough
disk, etc. machine
thresher thresher
plough
1.5%
1.0%
1.6%
2.1%
1.0%
1.4%
1.6%
1.2%
1.4%
0.3%
0.3%
11.0%
1.4%
1.0%
0.9%
0.4%
1.0%
1.4%
0.7%
0.5%
1.2%
0.1%
0.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.0%
0.1%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.4%
0.4%
0.0%
0.2%
0.4%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
0.4%
0.1%
0.4%
1.4%
0.4%
0.3%
1.5%
1.4%
1.1%
1.2%
2.3%
1.3%
1.4%
1.4%
1.1%
0.7%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.8%
2.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.2%
0.0%
0.3%
0.2%
0.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.4%
0.2%
Table 102: Possession of farm equipment in rural areas (percent of households) (continued)
Description
Total
Oblast
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Poverty
Poor
status
Nonpoor
Quintiles of Poorest
consump- 2
tion
3
4
Richest
Mechanical water
pump
Mill
0.1%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.2%
0.0%
0.3%
0.4%
0.1%
0.7%
0.4%
0.9%
0.1%
0.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6%
0.0%
0.3%
0.2%
0.6%
1.0%
Machine
to
Motorized Electric
Milking
Electric Greenprocess insecticide water
Sheds
machine
churn houses
livestock
pump
pump
feed
0.0%
0.3%
0.4%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0.2%
0.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.0%
0.8%
0.3%
0.3%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.4%
0.0%
0.4%
0.5%
0.4%
0.0%
0.1%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.7%
0.5%
0.2%
0.2%
0.4%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.7%
0.6%
15. Agricultural assets
141
Table 103: Average numbers of farm equipment in rural areas (per 1000 households)
Description
Total
Oblast
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Poverty
Poor
status
Nonpoor
Quintiles of Poorest
consumption 2
3
4
Richest
Tractor
AnimalMechanical Aggregator, Planting
Motorized Hand
drawn
Trailer
plough
disk, etc. machine
thresher thresher
plough
16.0
10.0
16.6
23.9
10.0
14.1
18.0
15.5
17.8
5.8
3.0
141.2
19.5
11.3
9.0
4.2
10.5
13.7
7.0
5.9
12.3
1.4
0.0
2.0
2.9
0.0
0.9
2.0
0.3
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
2.8
1.1
4.0
3.8
0.0
1.8
3.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.0
3.5
1.0
11.3
13.9
4.5
5.5
15.3
14.4
10.9
13.4
25.7
18.6
22.5
16.5
13.5
7.7
7.2
4.9
5.0
7.6
20.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
1.8
2.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2
2.0
0.0
2.8
1.9
6.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.7
4.0
4.3
10.8
2.0
15
Table 104: Average numbers of farm equipment in rural areas (per 1000 households) (continued)
Total
Oblast
(region)
Sughd
Khatlon
DRD
GBAO
Poverty
Poor
status
Nonpoor
Quintiles of Poorest
consump- 2
tion
3
4
Richest
1.3
0.0
1.1
3.2
1.5
0.1
2.5
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
5.8
0.4
2.9
1.7
6.4
9.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
2.7
2.4
6.8
10.7
1.8
2.2
3.8
4.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.3
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
2.6
3.6
4.2
3.1
6.7
5.5
chapter
Description Machine
to
Motorized Electric
Milking
Electric GreenMill
process insecticide water
Sheds
machine
churn houses
livestock
pump
pump
feed
4.4
0.0
2.8
4.5
1.7
0.1
0.6
4.7
1.3
0.0
2.4
10.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.0
6.5
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.9
0.0
0.0
1.9
4.4
0.0
7.5
3.3
2.6
0.0
2.2
0.0
8.8
0.0
2.9
0.0
0.0
1.5
1.2
0.0
1.4
0.0
1.2
4.4
0.0
0.1
0.0
4.1
7.6
0.0
4.4
4.5
3.6
0.0
1.2
5.2
Mechanical water
pump
142
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Appendix A: Brief technical information on
Tajikistan Living Standards Survey 200712
The Tajikistan 2007 Living Standards Survey (TLSS 2007)13 was undertaken between September and
November 2007. The sample was designed to allow reliable estimation of poverty and most variables
for a variety of other living standards indicators among various domains of interest, based on a representative probability sample on the level of:
•
•
•
Tajikistan as a whole
Total urban and total rural areas
The five main administrative regions (oblasts) of the country: Dushanbe, Direct Ruled Districts
(DRD), Sughd, Khatlon and Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO).
A total of 4,860 households were visited for the survey throughout the country in 270 communities.
Oblast
Dushanbe
DRD
Sughd
Khatlon
GBAO
Total
Communities
50
54
56
71
39
270
Dwellings
900
972
1,008
1,278
702
4,860
Individuals
4,545
7,031
5,949
9,393
3,860
30,778
Three questionnaires were used to collect information for the TLSS 2007: a household questionnaire,
a female questionnaire for recording information about women of childbearing age, and a community
questionnaire. These questionnaires were based on the TLSS questionnaires used in 2003, but with
some changes and modifications.
12 For more information on details of how the survey was administered and implemented, see the Basic Information Document.
13 The TLSS 2007 is the third Living Standards Survey in Tajikistan. Earlier surveys were conducted in 1999 and 2003. More information
is available at: http://go.worldbank.org/GWZWDF36A1 and http://go.worldbank.org/ATIZKX36A0.
Appendix A: Brief technical information
2. Migration
Individual
3. Education
Individual
4. Health
Individual
5. Labour market
Individual
6. Financial services
Individual
7. Dwelling, utilities and Household
durable goods
8. Transfers and social
assistance
Household
9. Subjective poverty
and food security
Household
10. Consumption and
Household
expenditures on food for
the last 7 days
11. Expenditures on
non-food items
Household
Description
This module contains the roster of individuals living in the
household, their relationship to the household, gender, year of
birth, age and marital status. It also allows the identification of
spouses and parents of household members.
This module collects information on three types of migration.
Part A collects information on internal migration, including the
last two moves within the country. Part B collects information
on international migration for those household members
currently in the household. Part C collects information on
individuals who would be members of the household if they
were currently in the household.
The education module collects information in two parts. Part A
collects information on children under 6 years of age who are
attending (or not) preschool. Part B collects information on the
education level for all respondents 6 years or older.
The health module collects information on general health
status (Part A), utilization of outpatient health care (Part B),
hospitalization (Part C), access to health care (Part D), and HIV/
AIDS awareness (Part E).
The labour market module collects information on participation
in the labour market during the past 14 days (Part A), jobs
worked in the last 14 days (Part B), main and secondary jobs
worked in the last 14 days, (Part C), and activities over the last
12 months (Part D). This module includes a series of questions
designed to help determine the reasons why respondents chose
the informal sector over the formal sector.
Information is collected on the use of formal and informal
institutions for banking and loan services.
Standard information on the description of the dwelling and
use of utilities is collected. An expanded section on water
and sanitation was included. Ownership and current value of
durable goods also was collected.
Part A collects information on transfers received from other
households or institutions. Part B collects information on
transfers made to other households or institutions. Part C
collects information on social assistance received by members of
the household.
This module collects information on food security and
information needed to generate the Household Food Insecurity
Access Scale (HFIAS). Part B collects information on who makes
decisions within the household regarding household chores and
activities such as purchases, marriage, school attendance, etc.
This module asks what food items were consumed in the last 7
days, as well as the method used to acquire the items (purchase,
home production, receipt as a gift, received as humanitarian aid,
received as part of salary, or taken from stocks). Information
also is collected on the prices of purchased goods.
Part A collects information on non-food items purchased during
the past 30 days, Part B collects information on non-food
items purchased during the past 6 months, and Part C collects
information on non-food items purchased during the last 12
months.
A
appendix
Section
Level
HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Household roster
Individual
143
144
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Section
12. Agriculture
Level
Household
13. Other income
Household
14. Subjective beliefs
Head of
Household
15. Immunization and
anthropometrics
Individual
Description
This module collects information on agricultural holdings of
the household, including land used, machinery owned, crops
grown, inputs used, livestock owned and livestock byproduct
production.
This module collects information on income from sources such
as rental income, revenue from sale of assets and other income.
The head of household is asked his/her opinion about different
scenarios regarding how his/her life might be in the future in
Part A. In Part B, the head of household is asked a series of
vignettes and is then asked to rank the vignette on a scale from
1 to 6.
The immunization records for children 0 to 6 years old is
collected along with anthropometric measurements (height or
length and weight)..
FEMALE QUESTIONNAIRE (Females 15-49)
A. Time use
Individual
Time spent on various household chores during the past 7 days.
B. Fertility
Individual
Age at first period, age at first marriage, number of children born
(alive or stillborn) and fertility history.
C. Information on last
Individual
Prenatal care, medical assistance at birth, breastfeeding,
child born
cessation of breastfeeding, number of miscarriages and
stillbirths, if the woman has had an induced abortion, and most
important source of contraception information.
COMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Demographic
Community
Demographics of the community.
2. Infrastructure
Community
General characteristics of the community in terms of local
infrastructure.
3. Economy
Community
Information on major economic activities in the community.
4. Education
Community
Availability of services within the education sector.
5. Health
Community
Information about health services and garbage disposal.
6. Agriculture
Community
General information on agriculture in the community.
7. Institutions
Community
Presence of public institutions in the community.
8. Prices
Community
Prices of goods found in the food consumption module in the
household questionnaire and some additional prices.
Poverty is defined by a welfare aggregate created from consumption data14. Consumption is generally
preferred to income because consumption provides a more adequate measure of well-being, especially in low- or middle-income households. The consumption aggregate as created from the TLSS
2007 combines actual consumption of food with expenditures on non-food.
Consumption was calculated on a household basis and included consumption of food, expenditures
on non-food items – such as clothing, cleaning products, entertainment, services, etc. – education,
health, utilities, transfers, durable goods and agricultural production. These were all adjusted for
regional price differences using the food price data as collected in the TLSS 2007 household questionnaire.
14 A complete description of how the welfare aggregate was created can be found in the Basic Information Document.
Appendix B: Additional notes on TLSS 2007 Data
145
Appendix B: Additional notes on TLSS 2007 Data
The information on education – enrolment, attendance, grade level, type of institution, expenditures,
absences, scholarships, and tutoring – is all collected with regard to the 2006-07 school year (September 2006-June 2007). This is true for both preschool and regular school. This time period covers the
year before the school year that was ongoing at the time of fieldwork for the survey.
The preferred method for collecting information on immunizations was to use the card on which the
health care provider records which immunizations the children have received. In the case of Vitamin
A, information was recorded only if this card was available15. For BCG, polio and measles immunizations, information was recorded from the card when it was available. However, if the card was not
available, the caregiver could provide information on the dates of the immunizations.
B
appendix
Iodization of salt was tested by the interviewers at the time of the interview.
15 It is possible, however, that a card may not be up to date. Information on whether or not the card is up to date is included in the data.
146
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Appendix C: TLSS Indicators:
Numerators and Denominators
Indicator
NUTRITION
Nutrition Status
Underweight prevalence
(moderate and severe)
Underweight prevalence
(severe)
Stunting prevalence
(moderate and severe)
Stunting prevalence
(severe)
Wasting prevalence
(moderate and severe)
Wasting prevalence
(severe)
Numerator
Number of children under age 5 who fall below
-2 STDEV from the median weight for age
(moderate and severe)
Number of children under age 5 who fall below
-3 STDEV from the median weight for age
(severe)
Number of children under age 5 who fall below
-2 STDEV from the median height for age
(moderate and severe)
Number of children under age 5 who fall below
-3 STDEV from the median height for age
(severe)
Number of children under age 5 who fall below
-2 STDEV from the median weight for height
(moderate and severe)
Number of children under age 5 who fall below
-3 STDEV from the median weight for height
(severe)
Breastfeeding
Initiation of breastfeeding Number of women aged 15-49 with a live birth
within 1 day of birth
in the 2 years preceding the survey who put the
newborn infant to the breast within 1 day of
birth
Continued breastfeeding Number of children aged 12-23 months who are
rate (at 12-23 months)
currently breastfeeding
Salt iodization
Iodized salt consumption Number of households with salt testing 15 ppm
(proportion of
and more
households)
Iodized salt consumption
by location type and
region (proportion of
households)
Iodized salt consumption Population of households with salt testing 15
(proportion of population) ppm and more
Iodized salt consumption
by location type and
region (proportion of
population)
Vitamin A
Vitamin A
Number of children aged 6-59 months received
supplementation
Vitamin A at least one time
Denominator
Total number of children under
age 5 weighed
Total number of children under
age 5 weighed
Total number of children under
age 5 measured
Total number of children under
age 5 measured
Total number of children under
age 5 weighed and measured
Total number of children under
age 5 weighed and measured
Total number of women aged
15-49 years with a birth in the 2
years preceding the survey
Total number of children aged
12-23 months surveyed
Total number of tested
households
Total population of tested
households
Total number of children 6-59
months old (having a card)
Appendix C: TLSS Indicators: Numerators and Denominators
ENVIRONMENT
Water and sanitation
Use of improved drinking
water sources
Number of residents in households using
improved sources of drinking water (urban/
rural plumbing, public tap/ standpipe, hand
pump, protected dug well or spring)
Denominator
Total number of children aged
12-23 months
Total number of children aged
12-23 months
Total number of children aged
12-23 months
Total number of children aged
12-23 months
Total number of children aged
12-23 months
Total population
Total population
Use of improved drinking
water sources, by location
type and region
Water treatment
Number of household members using water
Total population
that has been treated
Water treatment, by
location type and region
Use of improved
Number of household members using improved Total population
sanitation facilities
sanitation facilities (flush/pour-flush connected
(‘pit latrine’ with or
to piped sewer system, flush/pour-flush
without slab classified as connected to septic tank,
improved)
latrine connected to septic tank, pit latrine)
Number of household members using improved Total population
Use of improved
sanitation facilities (flush/pour-flush connected
sanitation facilities (‘pit
latrine’ with or without slab to piped sewer system, flush/pour-flush
classified as unimproved)
connected to septic tank,
latrine connected to septic tank)
Use of improved
sanitation facilities, by
location type and region
(‘pit latrine’ classified as
improved)
C
appendix
Indicator
Numerator
CHILD HEALTH
Immunization
Tuberculosis immunization Number of children aged 12-23 months
coverage
receiving BCG vaccine against tuberculosis
anytime prior to the survey
Polio immunization
Number of children aged 12-23 months
coverage (OPV3)
receiving OPV3 vaccine against polio anytime
prior to the survey
Polio immunization
Number of children aged 12-23 months
coverage (OPV2)
receiving OPV2 vaccine against polio anytime
prior to the survey
Polio immunization
Number of children aged 12-23 months
coverage (OPV1)
receiving OPV1 vaccine against polio anytime
prior to the survey
Measles immunization
Number of children aged 12-23 months
coverage
receiving vaccine against measles anytime prior
to the survey
Solid fuels use
Solid fuels used
Number of residents in households that use
solid fuels (wood, charcoal, crop residues or
dung) for heating
Solid fuels used, by
location type and region
147
148
Indicator
Use of improved
sanitation facilities by
location type and region
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Numerator
Denominator
(‘pit latrine’ classified as
unimproved)
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Contraception
Contraceptive prevalence Number of women aged 15-49 currently
married or in union who are using a
contraceptive method
Contraceptive prevalence,
by location type and
region
Maternal and newborn health
Antenatal care
Number of women aged 15-49 with a birth
in the 2 years preceding the survey who were
attended at least once during pregnancy by
skilled health personnel
Skilled attendant at
Number of women aged 15-49 with a birth
delivery
in the 2 years preceding the survey who were
attended during childbirth by skilled health
personnel
Institutional deliveries
Number of women aged 15-49 with a birth in
the 2 years preceding the survey who delivered
in a health facility
EDUCATION
Preschool education
Preschool attendance (at
current age 4-5 years)
Preschool attendance (at
current age 3-4 years)
Preschool attendance (at
current age 3-5 years)
Main reasons for not
attending preschool
Number of children aged 4-5 years who
attended preschool in last academic year
Number of children aged 3-4 years who
attended preschool in last academic year
Number of children aged 3-5 years who
attended preschool in the last academic year
Type of preschool
Average monthly payment
for preschool (mean and
median)
Number of years of
preschool attendance for
people aged 6+
Number of years of
preschool attendance for
children aged 12-16
School education
Net primary education
Number of children of school-entry age who
intake rate
attended first grade (for last academic year)
Total number of women aged
15-49 currently married or in
union
Total number of women aged
15-49 with a birth in the 2 years
preceding the survey
Total number of women aged
15-49 with a birth in the 2 years
preceding the survey
Total number of women aged
15-49 with a birth in the 2 years
preceding the survey
Total number of children
currently aged 4-5 years
Total number of children
currently aged 3-4 years
Total number of children
currently aged 3-5 years
Number of children aged 3-5
years who did not attend
preschool in last academic year
Number of children aged 3-5
years who attended preschool in
last academic year
Number of children aged 35
years who attended preschool in
the last academic year
Number of people aged 6+
years
Number of children aged 12-16
Total number of children of
primary school-entry age (for
last academic year)
Appendix C: TLSS Indicators: Numerators and Denominators
149
Indicator
Proportion of children
of school entry age who
attended school
Net primary school
attendance rate
Numerator
Number of children of school-entry age who
attended school (for last academic year)
Number of children of primary school age
(grades 1-4) who attended primary or
secondary school (for last academic year)
Denominator
Total number of children of
primary school-entry age (for
last academic year)
Total number of children of
primary school age (grades 1-4)
(for last academic year)
Net basic school
attendance rate
Number of children of basic school age (grades
5-9) who attended basic school or higher (for
last academic year)
Number of children of basic school age (grades
5-9) who attended primary school (for last
academic year)
Total number of children of
basic school age (grades 5-9)
(for last academic year)
Total number of children of
basic school age (grades 5-9)
(for last academic year)
Number of children of basic school age (grades
5-9) who did not attend school (for last
academic year)
Total number of children of
basic school age (grades 5-9)
(for last academic year)
Number of children of secondary school age
(grades 10-11) who attended secondary school
or higher (for last academic year)
Proportion of children of Number of children of secondary school age
secondary school age who (grades 10-11) who attended primary school
attended primary school (for last academic year)
(for last academic year)
Proportion of children of Number of children of secondary school age
secondary school age who (grades 10-11) who attended basic school (for
attended basic school (for last academic year)
last academic year)
Proportion of children of Number of children of secondary school age
secondary school age who (grades 10-11) who did not attend school (for
did not attend school (for last academic year)
last academic year)
Gender parity index
Proportion of girls in primary education (for last
(primary education)
academic year)
Gender parity index (basic Proportion of girls in basic education (for last
education)
academic year)
Overall school attendance Number of children who attended school and
missed classes for less than 4 weeks (in last
academic year)
Hot meals in grades 1
Number of children who attended grades 1
and 2
and 2 and received hot meals at school (in last
academic year)
Literacy
Adult literacy rate (for
Number of women aged 15-24 who are able to
women aged 15-24)
read
Adult literacy rate
Number of people aged 15+ who are able to
read
Adult literacy rate (for
Number of men aged 15+ who are able to read
men)
Adult literacy rate (for
Number of women aged 15+ who are able to
women)
read
C
Total number of children of
secondary school age (grades
10-11) (for last academic year)
Total number of children of
secondary school age (grades
10-11) (for last academic year)
Total number of children of
secondary school age (grades
10-11) (for last academic year)
Total number of children of
secondary school age (grades
10-11) (for last academic year)
Proportion of boys in primary
education (for last academic
year)
Proportion of boys in basic
education (for last academic
year)
Total number of children
who attended school in last
academic year
Total number of children who
attended grades 1 and 2 in last
academic year
Total number of women aged
15-24 surveyed
Total number of people aged
15+ surveyed
Total number of men aged 15+
surveyed
Total number of women aged
15+ surveyed
appendix
Proportion of children
of basic school age who
attended primary school
(for last academic year)
Proportion of children of
basic school age who did
not attend school (for last
academic year)
Net secondary school
attendance rate
150
Indicator
Education level
Education level of adults
Education level of adult
men
Education level of adult
women
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Numerator
Education level of people aged 15+
Education level of men aged 15+
Education level of women aged 15+
CHILD PROTECTION
Early marriage
Young women aged 15-19 Number of women aged 15-19 currently
currently married/in union married or in union
HIV /AIDS
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Heard of HIV/AIDS
Number of people aged 15-49 who heard of
HIV/AIDS
Knowledge of
Number of people aged 15-49 who know at
least 1 main method of preventing HIV/AIDS
at least 1 main method
transmission
of preventing HIV/AIDS
transmission
Knowledge of
Number of people aged 15-49 who know at
least 2 main methods of preventing HIV/AIDS
at least 2 main methods
transmission
of preventing HIV/AIDS
transmission
Knowledge of 3 main
Number of people aged 15-49 who know
methods of preventing
3 main methods of preventing HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS transmission
transmission
Men who heard of HIV/
Number of men aged 15-49 who heard of HIV/
AIDS
AIDS
Men’s knowledge of
Number of men aged 15-49 who know at
at least 1 main method
least 1 main method of preventing HIV/AIDS
of preventing HIV/AIDS
transmission
transmission
Men’s knowledge of
Number of men aged 15-49 who know at
at least 2 main methods
least 2 main methods of preventing HIV/AIDS
of preventing HIV/AIDS
transmission
transmission
Men’s knowledge of
Number of men aged 15-49 who know 3 main
3 main methods of
methods of preventing HIV/AIDS transmission
preventing HIV/AIDS
transmission
Women who heard of
Number of women aged 15-49 who heard of
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
Women’s knowledge of
Number of women aged 15-49 who know at
at least 1 main method
least 1 main method of preventing HIV/AIDS
of preventing HIV/AIDS
transmission
transmission
Women’s knowledge of
Number of women aged 15-49 who know at
at least 2 main methods
least 2 main methods of preventing HIV/AIDS
of preventing HIV/AIDS
transmission
transmission
Denominator
Total number of people aged
15+ surveyed
Total number of men aged 15+
surveyed
Total number of women aged
15+ surveyed
Total number of women aged
15-19
Total population aged 15-49
Total population aged 15-49
Total population aged 15-49
Total population aged 15-49
Total number of men aged 15-49
Total number of men aged 15-49
Total number of men aged 15-49
Total number of men aged 15-49
Total number of women aged
15-49 s
Total number of women aged
15-49
Total number of women aged
15-49
Appendix C: TLSS Indicators: Numerators and Denominators
Household activities of women
Time spent by women
Mean weekly hours spent by women aged 15aged 15-49 in household 49
activities
Time spent by women
aged 15-49 in household
activities, by location type
and region
UTILITIES
Density of telephone
Households that have land telephone line inside
subscribers (proportion of dwelling
households)
Density of telephone
Population of households that have land
subscribers (proportion of telephone line inside dwelling
population)
Density of mobile phone Households that have mobile phone
subscribers (proportion of
households)
Denominator
Total number of women aged
15-49
Total population aged 15-49
Total population aged 14-64
Total number of men aged 14-64
C
Total number of women aged
14-64
Economically active population
aged 14-64
Median hourly wages of
employed males aged 14-64 in
main job
Total number of women aged
15-49
Total number of households
Total population
Total number of households
appendix
Indicator
Numerator
Women’s knowledge
Number of women aged 15-49 who know
of 3 main methods of
3 main methods of preventing HIV/AIDS
preventing HIV/AIDS
transmission
transmission
Number of people aged 15-49 who agree or
Agreement with some
disagree with some statements about HIV/AIDS
statements about HIV/
AIDS
Economic activities (during the last 14 days)
Share of economically
Economically active population aged 14-64
active population
Share of economically
active population, by
location type and region
Share of economically
Economically active men aged 14-64
active population among
men
Share of economically
active population among
men, by location type and
region
Share of economically
Economically active women aged 14-64
active population among
women
Share of economically
active population among
women, by location type
and region
Economically active women
Share of women in the
Economically active women aged 14-64
economically active
population
Share of women in the
economically active
population, by location
type and region
Gender wage gap
Median hourly wages of employed females
aged 14-64 in main job
151
152
Indicator
Density of mobile phone
subscribers (proportion of
population)
Obtaining gas through gas
pipeline (proportion of
households)
Obtaining gas through gas
pipeline (proportion of
population)
Having electricity
meter (proportion of
households)
Having electricity meter
(proportion of population)
Using generator as
alternative energy
source (proportion of
households)
Using generator as
alternative energy source
(proportion of population)
Central heating of
dwelling (Proportion of
households)
Central heating of
dwelling (Proportion of
population)
Using urban/rural
plumbing as water
source (Proportion of
households)
Using urban/rural
plumbing as water source
(Proportion of population)
Connected to central
sewage system
(Proportion of
households)
Connected to central
sewage system
(Proportion of population)
DURABLE GOODS
Possession of each item of
durable goods
Average number of each
item of durable goods (per
1000 households)
AGRICULTURAL ASSETS
Land
Possession of own land
Average own land area
Median of own land area
Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey 2007
Numerator
Population of hhs that have a mobile phone
Denominator
Total population
Households that obtain gas through gas pipeline Total number of households
Population of households that obtain gas
through gas pipeline
Total population
Households that have electricity meter
Total number of households
Population of households that have electricity
meter
Households that use generator as alternative
energy source
Total population
Total number of households
Population of households that use generator as Total population
alternative energy source
Households with central heating of dwelling
Total number of households
Population of households with central heating
of dwelling
Total population
Households that use urban/rural plumbing as
water source
Total number of households
Population of households that use urban/rural
plumbing as water source
Total population
Households connected to central sewage
system
Total number of households
Population of households connected to central
sewage system
Total population
Number of households that have each item of
durable goods
Number of each item of durable goods (per
1000 households)
Total number of households
Number of households that have own land
Own land area (in sotka) of households
Own land area (in sotka) of households
Total number of households
Total number of households
Total number of households
Total number of households
Appendix C: TLSS Indicators: Numerators and Denominators
Average number of
livestock (per 1000
households)
Possession of livestock in
rural location
Average number of
livestock (per 1000
households) in rural
location
Farm Equipment
Possession of farm
equipment
Average number of each
item of farm equipment
(per 1000 households)
Possession of farm
equipment in rural
location
Average number of each
item of farm equipment
(per 1000 households) in
rural location
Numerator
Denominator
Land area (in sotka) of households (rented land, Total number of households
land rented out, land used for farming)
Number of rural households that have own land Total number of rural
households
Own land area (in sotka) of rural households
Total number of rural
households
Own land area (in sotka) of rural households
Total number of rural
households
Land area (in sotka) of rural households (rented Total number of rural
land, land rented out, land used for farming)
households
C
Number of households that have livestock
(cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, sheep,
goats, poultry)
Number of livestock (per 1000 households)
Total number of households
Total number of households
Number of rural households that have livestock Total number of households
(cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, sheep,
goats, poultry)
Number of livestock (per 1000 households) in
Total number of households
rural households
Number of households that have each item of
farm equipment
Number of each item of farm equipment (per
1000 households)
Total number of households
Number of rural households that have each
item of farm equipment
Total number of households
Number of each item of farm equipment (per
1000 households) in rural households
Total number of households
Total number of households
appendix
Indicator
Average land area (rented
land, land rented out, land
used for farming)
Possession of own land in
rural location
Average own land area in
rural location
Median of own land area
in rural location
Average land area in rural
location (rented land, land
rented out, land used for
farming)
Livestock
Possession of livestock
153