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TheDoppelgangerMotifinTheStrangeCaseof
Dr.JekyllandMr.Hyde
Kalayanee Subhavan*
ABSTRACT
TheStrangeCaseofDr.JekyllandMr.HydewaswrittenbyRobert
LouisStevensoninthelateVictorianera.Duringthetime,therewasagreat
dealofchangethatchallengedoldbeliefsandexperiences.Onesubject
thatinterestedmanywritersofthetimedealtwiththecomplexnatureof
human psyche. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a
psychologicalthrillerwhichpre-datesFreud’spsychoanalysis.Theduality
ofmanisthemotiforthemeofStevenson’sshortnovelwhichcanbeseen,
forexample,throughhischaracterization,thecharacters’dialogues,and
thesetting. Thepurposeof thearticleistopointoutthemotifortheme
throughtheseelementsthatarerepeatedandpredominateinthestory.
Keywords:Doppelganger,Duality,Motif,SigmundFreud,Psychoanalysis
บทคัดยอ
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ประพันธ์โดย Robert
LouisStevensonในปลายสมัยวิคตอเรียในช่วงเวลาดังกล่าวเกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลง
มากมายที่ท้าทายความเชื่อและประสบการณ์เดิมๆประเด็นหนึ่งซึ่งเป็นที่สนใจของ
นักเขียนหลายคนในยุคนั้นเกี่ยวกับความซับซ้อนของจิตมนุษย์ TheStrangeCase
ofDr.JekyllandMr.Hydeเป็นวรรณกรรมสยองขวัญแนวจิตวิเคราะห์ซึ่งเกิดก่อน
ความรู้เรื่องจิตวิเคราะห์ของฟรอยด์จะเป็นที่แพร่หลายบุคลิกภาพสองขั้วของคนคือ
* Lecturer,DepartmentofEnglishandLinguistics,FacultyofHumanities,Ramkhamhaeng
University
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แนวคิดหลักหรือแก่นของเรื่องนี้ ซึ่งสังเกตได้จากบุคลิกตัวละครจากบทสนทนาของ
ตัวละครและฉากที่ผู้ประพันธ์นำเสนอบทความนี้มุ่งชี้ให้เห็นความคิดหลักหรือแก่น
ของเรื่องผ่านลักษณะต่างๆเหล่านี้ที่ปรากฏซ้ำๆตลอดทั้งเรื่อง
คำหลัก: สองบุคลิก,บุคลิกที่แยกเป็นสองลักษณะ,แนวเรื่องหลัก,ซิกมันด์ฟรอยด์,จิตวิเคราะห์
Thedualityofnaturehasintriguedwritersforcenturies,sincemanis
a complex being possessing different or even strange traits that can
contradicteachother.Forthatreason,anyworksaddressingtheproblems
inherent in man’s dual nature may easily attract readers’ interest. Even
beforepsychoanalytictheorieswereofficiallyformulatedatthebeginningof
thetwentiethcentury,thedoppelganger,orthemotifofthe“double”,was
usedbyseveralnotablewritersintheirmostfamousworks,suchasMary
Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818), Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights (1847),
Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr.JekyllAndMr.Hyde
(1886),andOscarWilde’sThePictureOfDorianGray(1891).
One literary main idea, the doppelganger, firstly recognized in
GermanRomanticism,becamepopularduringtheEnglishRomanticperiod
when the theme of double personalities was popularlyshowninvarious
Gothicnovels.ThecarryingonofthispopularitywasduetotheVictorian
period’sfeelingsofconfidenceandoptimism.However,mostgoodfeelings
finallyendedwithdiscontent,uncertaintyandincreasingdoubt.Thiswas
duetolotsofmigrationproblemsofmillionsofupcountrypeopletofind
workincities.Thoseproblemssuchasurbandegeneration,masspoverty,
sicknessanddemoralization,togetherwithfastchangesanddevelopments
innearlyeveryaspect,seriouslyaffectedthetraditionalsociety.Medical
andscientificadvances,alongwiththeadventoftechnologicalknowledge,
stronglyconflictedwiththeformerknowledgeandconservativebeliefs.This
is because many scientific, social and psychological breakthroughs
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broughtabouttheorieswhichwerenotaccordingtothoseformerbeliefs.As
a result of these questionable issues, many were in doubt of concepts
concerningrealityoftruth.Andoneofthemwasthedoubtinthenatureof
humanmind.Thisincreasinginterestledtoonepredictablemainsubjectin
manypsychologicalthrillersduringtheperiod.
Thedoppelgangerorthe“thedouble”becameonepopularliterary
meansused topresent maincharacterswithdualpersonalities.Inmost
cases, dark sides were against moral sides. The concept happened to
corroborate Sigmund Freud’s theory of each person having 3 parts
controllingone’sself.Theywere‘id’,‘ego’,and‘superego’.Idwasbelieved
torespondtoallsituationsinstinctivelyandmaybeunconsciously,while
ego was aware of one’s self and reasonably acted between id and the
externalworldaccordingtosocialrulesandetiquettewhendecidinghowto
behave.Finally,superego,whichconsistedof2systems:theconscience
andtheidealself,wassupposedtocontroltheidimpulsesandpushthe
egotowardsperfection.Superegowasalsoresponsibleforthefeelingof
guiltifonefailedinwhatevertask,andkeptonebehaveproperlyinsociety.
InFreud’sopinion,keepingthebalanceofthese3partsmadeitpossible
foronetoleadanormallife.
Freud(1856-1939)explainsthatiftheid-theinstinctive,impulsive
partofthepsyche-iseitherseverelyrepressedornotcontrolledatallbythe
egoorthesuperego,thentheuncannymayappear.AccordingtoFreud,
“the uncanny applies to everything that was intended to remain secret,
hiddenaway,andhascomeintotheopen.”(Freud,2003)Theappearance
of the doppelganger, or the double, is a form of the uncanny. This is
explainedbyCarlJung(1875-1961)asoneofthearchetypesofthepsyche,
which he refers to as the shadow. “The shadow exists as part of the
unconscious mind and is composed of repressed ideas, weaknesses,
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desires,instincts,andshortcomings.Theshadowisoftendescribedasthe
darkersideofthepsyche,representingwildness,chaos,andtheunknown.
Theselatentdispositionsarepresentinallpeople,althoughtheysometimes
denythiselementoftheirownpsycheandinsteadprojectitontoothers.”
(Kendra,C.,2014)SimilartoFreud,Jungbelievestheappearanceofthe
double can cause complications. The best possible solution for a
fragmentedpsycheistomenditandmakeitwholeonceagain:
Thisconfrontationisthefirsttestofcourageontheinnerway,a
testsufficienttofrightenoffmostpeople,forthemeetingwith
ourselvesbelongstothemoreunpleasantthingsthatcanbe
avoidedsolongaswecanprojecteverythingnegativeintothe
environment.Butifweareabletoseeourownshadowandcan
bearknowingaboutit,thenthesmallpartoftheproblemhas
alreadybeensolved:wehaveatleastbroughtupthepersonal
unconscious.Theshadowisalivingpartofthepersonalityand
thereforewantstolivewithitinsomeform.Itcannotbeargued
out of existence or rationalised as harmless. This problem is
exceedinglydifficultbecauseitnotonlychallengesthewhole
man,butremindshimatthesametimeofhishelplessnessand
ineffectuality.(Jung,1968)
In short, in order to form and bring back one’s coherent psychic
whole, the person who is troubled by the double must first identify and
acknowledgethatdoubleandtakeresponsibilitybyacceptingitsexistence.
Thisisthewaytobeginthere-assimilationoftheself.
Based on these psychological analyses, the doppelganger is
arecurringmotifinliterature,whichcanappearinvariousrelationstothe
character that is being doubled. Christine M. Gamache concludes that
“Adoublecanbelatent(onlyseenintheprotagonist’smind)ormanifest
(physically there in the real world), and can be either consciously or
unconsciouslycreated.Furthermore,adoublecanrepresentadivisionof
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the self, as in a separated fragment of the protagonist’s psyche, or
a multiplication of the self, in which there is not a split but rather the
appearanceofanothercharacterthatisverysimilarinmanywaystothe
initialcharacterandoftentimesanautonomousbeing.”(Gamache,2011)
TheStrangeCaseofDr.JekyllandMr.Hyde,isperhapsoneofthe
mostfamousliteraryexamplesofthedoppelganger.Itwaswrittenwhile
Freud’spsychoanalyticaltheorieswerestillbeingformulated.Interestingly,
theissuesraisedinthebookanticipatedandconfirmedmanyoftheideas
inFreud’stheories.TheStrangeCaseofDr.JekyllandMr.Hydeisthestory
ofDr.HenryJekyll,aprestigiousandrespectedphysicianinconservative
Victoriansociety.Jekylliswellawareoftheevilthatresideswithinhimand
theduplicityofthelifeheleads.Deeply,hewantstofreethisevilinhimbut
isafraidofdoingsoopenlyforfearofsocialcriticism.Inordertogratifythis
urgeinside,heusesapotiontotransformhisappearance.Heconsciously
creates his double–Edward Hyde–and shares the same body with his
double.SinceHyde’sphysicalappearanceandpsychearedifferentfrom
thatofthecreator,Jekyllispleasedthathecanfreelyenjoythepleasures
thatbothpartsofhisbeingdesire.Atthebeginning,Jekyllcancontrolthe
process of transformation, but as time passes, the evil personality of
Mr.HydetakesoverthatofDr.Jekyll,andmakesitmoredifficultforJekyll
to reverse the process. The growing autonomy of Hyde forces Jekyll to
makeadecision.Thatistodissociatehimselffromhisdouble,whichfinally
leadstohisdoom.
The characters in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
clearly manifest Freud’s structural theory of the mind. Jekyll represents
everyone’sego.Heisconsciousandrational,andisdominatedbysocial
norms. However, inside, he has a difficult time struggling between the
demands of the id, represented by the character of Hyde, and the
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superegoasrepresentedbytheproclaimedandimplicitconstraintsofthe
Victoriansociety.Asaresult,whileJekyllmaintainshisrespectabilityand
gentility to conform to necessary outward appearances and decorum,
hegraduallygivesintotheeviltemptationsoftherepressedsideofhisself,
which is completely opposite to his ideal self. He admits to himself
hissenseofguiltandshameattheduplicityofhislife:
And indeed, the worst of my faults was a certain impatient
gaietyofdisposition,suchashasmadethehappinessofmany,
butsuchasIfoundithardtoreconcilewithmyimperiousdesire
to carry my head high, and wear a more commonly grave
countenance before the public. Hence it came about that I
conceal my pleasures; and that when I reached years of
reflection,andbegantolookroundmeandtakeastockofmy
progressandpositionintheworld,Istoodalreadycommittedto
a profound duplicity of life. Many a man would have even
blazonedsuchirregularitiesasIwasguiltyof;butfromthehigh
views that I set before me, I regarded and hid them with an
almostmorbidsenseofshame.(Stevenson,2005)
AlthoughJekylltriestohidehiswickedpartofhimselftoconformto
Victorian’s social standards and respectability, the urge to reveal the
personalityrepressedunderneathissostrongthathedecidestocreatehis
double.Herealisesandacceptsthisdualnatureinhimselfandwantsto
live both lives separately, believing that the encasement of man’s evil
qualitiesinsideofaseparatebeingwillfreetherighteousparttodetach
itselfpermanentlyfromthenotionofguilt:
Ifeach,Itoldmyself,couldbutbehousedinseparateidentities,
life would be relieved of all that was unbearable; the unjust
mightgohisway,deliveredfromtheaspirationsandremorseof
hismoreuprighttwin;andthejustcouldwalksteadfastlyand
securelyonhisupwardpath,doingthegoodthingsinwhichhe
found his pleasure, and no longer exposed to disgrace and
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penitence by the hands of this extraneous evil. (Stevenson,
2005).
Toemphasizethedoppelgangermotif,Stevensoncarefullycrafted
hischaractersaswellasthesetting.Forexample,hemakesitclearthat
Hydeistheevil,hidden,andprimitivepartofJekyllinphysicallook.When
he is first described by Enfield, Hyde’s ruthless, brutal, and destructive
characteristicsareobvious:
I saw two figures: one a little man who was stumping along
eastwardatagoodwalk,andtheotheragirlofmaybeeightor
tenwhowasrunningashardasshewasabledownacrossstreet.Well,sir,thetworanintooneanothernaturallyenoughat
thecorner;andthencamethehorriblepartofthething;forthe
man trampled calmly over the child’s body and left her
screamingontheground.Itsoundsnothingtohear,butitwas
hellish tosee.Itwasn’tlikeaman;itwaslikesomedamned
Juggernaut.(Stevenson,2005).
Utterson also refers to Hyde as a sort of cave-dwelling creature:
“the man seems hardly human! Something troglodytic, shall we say?”
(Stevenson,2005).Poole,Jekyll’sservant,exclaimsthat“whenthatmasked
thinglikeamonkeyjumpedupfromamongthechemicalsandwhippedinto
thecabinet,itwentdownmyspinelikeice.”(Stevenson,2005)Whilethe
animalistic,primitivepartofHydeisemphasized,thereadersarealways
remindedthattwopersonalitiesdwellinthesamebody,asJekyllstates:
“IthusdrewsteadilynearertothattruthbywhosepartialdiscoveryIhave
beendoomedtosuchadreadfulshipwreck:thatmanisnottrulyone,but
trulytwo.”(Stevenson,2005)
Thedoppelgangermotifisalsoreflectedinthesettingofthestory.
ThebuildingsandthestreetswhereJekyllandHydelivereflectthetrue
personalityandpsychologyoftheirowners.Jekyll’sandHyde’shousesare
actuallyoneedifice,withtwofaçadesandseparatezones,connectedbya
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backpassage.Jekyll’shouselooksonahealthybusysquare,theotherone
onasmall,darkside-street.Hyde’shouse“wastwostoreyshigh;showed
nowindow,nothingbutadooronthelowerstoreyandablindforeheadof
discolouredwallontheupper;boreineveryfeaturethemarksofprolonged
andsordidnegligence.”(Stevenson,2005)
This building, practically a ruin, on the dark side of the city
representstheevil,decaying,repressedpartofthedoctor’sinnerselfand
becomes the principal emblem of his duality. The two houses are
connected by a secret passage from one of Hyde’s rooms to Jekyll’s
laboratory.Thesecretpassagewayisthesymbolictransformationofthe
good physician into his evil twin and vice versa. This is not only the
exchangeofform,butitisalsotheexchangeoftheiroppositevaluesand
visionsoflife;itshowsthatbothofthemaretwodifferentaspectsofthe
same person. This passage stands between the twoworlds: thenormal
everydayworldofthedoctor’ssociallifeandtheinfernalabyssofHyde’s
hell,whereheplungeswhenfallingpreytohisevilside.Inotherwords,itis
the passage from the ego to the id or the unconscious. The door
symbolisesapointofentryto,ordivisionbetween,differentaspectsofthe
psyche.Thewriter,inshort,presentsthehouseasthemetaphorforJekyll’s
fragmentedandchaoticpersonality.
WhenJekyllseeshisfacereflectedinhisbedroommirrorafterthe
transformationbytheeffectofthepotion,hefeelsjoyfulatthesightofthe
self he had excluded from his surface life for so long: “And yet when I
lookeduponthatuglyidolintheglass,Iwasconsciousofnorepugnance,
ratherofaleapofwelcome.This,too,wasmyself.Itseemednaturaland
human. Inmyeyesit borealivelier imageof thespirit,itseemedmore
express and single, than the imperfect and divided countenance I had
beenhithertoaccustomedtocallmine.”(Stevenson,2005)Itisevidentthat
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hisdelightmayberootedintwopsychologicalreasons.Ontheonehand,it
isthegratificationoftherepresseddesiresandneeds,whileontheotherit
is probably his personal revenge on the social system that makes him
adoptapersonathathedoesnotfeelateasewith.
Forafewmonths,Jekyllfeelssatisfiedwithhistwocharactersas
well as his two appearances. But once he loses contact with his moral
sensebysplittingoffintoHyde,degenerationquicklyfollows.Underthe
countenanceofHyde,heallowshimselftocommitavarietyofheinousacts
indirectviolationofhisconscience.Hispreviouslyundignified“pleasures”
becomemonstrousandmoresadistic.ThereleaseofHyde–theid–carries
with it an excessive aggression that leads to his savage murder of Sir
DanversCarew.Atthestart,JekyllbelievesthatHydeisdependentonhim,
but having broken off from Jekyll and the influential conscience of the
superego,Hyde’sirrationalandinstinctualpowerbecomesuncontrollable.
Horrified and remorseful, Jekyll tries to lock the double away, but soon
learns that Hyde can no longer be contained. The power of the id–the
unconsciouspartofJekyll–isevidentwhenHydestartsreturningwithout
being called for. He makes his first appearanceoneday whileJekyllis
literally unconscious, lying asleep in bed. He awakes to see his hand
transformed;itis“lean,corded,knuckly,ofaduskypallor,orthicklyshaded
withaswartgrowthofhair.”(Stevenson,2005)Heimmediatelyrealisesthat
henowrunstheriskoflosingcontroloverhisdouble:“ifthisweremuch
prolonged,thebalanceofmynaturemightbepermanentlyoverthrown,the
powerofvoluntarychangebeforfeited,andthecharacterofEdwardHyde
becomeirrevocablymine.”(Stevenson,2005)
Under forced circumstances, Jekyll has decided to choose one
personaovertheother.Itisnotaneasydecision.Itisdifficultbecausethe
pleasure in Hyde’s actions remains irresistible, as he reveals after the
terriblecrimehecommittedagainstCarew:
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Instantly the spirit of hell awoke in me and raged. With a
transportofglee,Imauledtheunresistingbody,tastingdelight
from every blow; and it was not till weariness had begun to
succeedthatIwassuddenly,inthetopfitofmydelirium,struck
throughtheheartbyacoldthrillofterror.Amistdispersed;I
saw my life to be forfeit; and fled from the scene of these
excesses, at once glorying and trembling, my lust of evil
gratifiedandstimulated,myloveoflifescrewedtothetopmost
peg.(Stevenson,2005)
Jekyll knows well that his doppelganger’s powerful autonomy is
strengthening, whereas his own integrity of self is gradually weakening.
This, according to Freud, is a pathological condition when two or more
equallypowerfulpartsoftheselfarestrugglingforconsciousness:
If they obtain the upper hand and become too numerous,
unduly powerful and incompatible with one another, a
pathological outcome will not be far off. It may come to a
disruption of the ego in consequence of the different
identifications becoming cut off from one another by
resistances; perhaps the secret of the cases of what is
described as “multiple personality” is that the different
identificationsseizeholdofconsciousnessinturn.(Freud,1960)
AlthoughhedoesnotdenythatHydeisapartofhim,Jekyllnever
intends to be a part of Hyde, which means that he refuses to take any
responsibilityforhisdouble’saction.Despitethefactthatthegoodandevil
existinsideofhim,Jekyll’sfinalresponsetothisdilemmaisnotanattempt
toresolveoralleviatetheconflictbetweenpersonaldrivesandhissocial
aspiration,butliterallytoseparatethem.Awholeselfcomprisestheid,the
ego,andthesuperego,accordingtoFreud’sstudy,sotheefforttomakea
cleandivorcebetweentheconstituentelementsleadstotheendofJekyll’s
existence.Toconclude,bydestroyinghisdoubletopreservetheidealself
thatheprojectstotheworld,Jekyllunintentionallysucceedsindestroying
himself,aswell.
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The doppelganger, the haunting double infecting the self, was a
popularfictionalsubjectforwritersinthelate19thcentury.RobertLouis
Stevenson’sTheStrangeCaseofDr.JekyllandMr.Hydeisanexploration
intotheconflictsbetweenJekyll’sethicallydirectedegoandtheanimalistic,
instinctiveidintheformofHyde.Thestorysuggeststhatfailingtofaceand
acknowledgethedarkor“shadow”sideofanindividualcaninevitablylead
tofatalconsequences.
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