International Technical Cooperation Project
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
Brasilia, DF
September 2008
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
Page 1
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
Page 2
A. Context
1. Description of the sector
2. Country’s strategy for the sector
3. Previous or in-course technical assistance
4. Institutional framework for the sector – institutional and operational limitations
B. Project Justification
1. Current situation
2. Expected situation
3. Project beneficiaries
4. Implementation strategy and institutional coordination
5. Reasons for UNESCO’s technical assistance
6. Special considerations
7. Counterpart capacity of the national institution
C. Development Objective
D. Immediate Objectives, Results and Activities
E. Input
F. Risks
G. Obligations and Prerequisites
H. Project Reviews, Reports and Evaluation
I.
Budget
J. Disbursement Schedule
K. Legal Framework
L. Annexes
Schedule of project reviews, reports and evaluation
Execution schedule
Logical framework by immediate objectives
Term of reference for consultants
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
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INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECT BETWEEN
THE GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL AND THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
PROJECT NAME: Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
PROJECT NUMBER: to be assigned by UNESCO after approval
ESTIMATED DURATION: 36 months
EXECUTING AGENCY: Museum of the Indian / FUNAI
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY
FOR COOPERATION: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – UNESCO
TOTAL PROJECT AMOUNT: R$ 4.642.932,00 (US$ 2.063.525 as of November 2008)
SOURCE OF FUNDING: Museum of the Indian / FUNAI
PROJECT SUMMARY: The project aims to carry out the documentation of about 20 endangered
indigenous languages and cultures, thus improving their safeguard, as well as to
create a cohesive team of indigenous and non-indigenous researchers aquainted
with documentation goals, methods and technology, with a view to consolidating
this new research field in Brazil.
On behalf of the Government of Brazil
Name: Marco Farani
Position: Designated Director of the Brazilian Agency for Cooperation
On behalf of the Executing Agency
Name: Márcio de Freitas Meira
Position: President of FUNAI
On behalf of UNESCO
Name: Vincent Defourny
Position: UNESCO Representative to Brazil
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
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A. Context
1. Description of the sector
Languages are the repository of native, millenary traditions and knowledge, as well as a vehicle for their
transmission from one generation to another. The extraordinary cultural and linguistic diversity that still exists
in Brazil, especially in the Amazon region, is endangered. And its documentation requires immediate and
collective effort. Current estimates place the number of indigenous languages spoken in Brazil between 150
and 180. This number may surprise the general public, but it is low compared to estimates that there might
have been over 1,200 languages when Europeans arrived 500 years ago.1 Along five centuries of conquest
and colonization, about 85% of those languages were lost, taking with them entire cultural configurations and
diversified knowledge.
In the world scenario, particularly in South America, Brazil still holds one of the greatest linguistic densities
and biological diversities. It is also where the lowest demographic concentration per language is found.
Think of how many languages are spoken by an estimated population of 400,000 people, distributed among
approximately 200 ethnic groups.
It is known that they comprise forty-one families, two linguistic branches, amounting to a dozen isolated
languages (Rodrigues, 1993; Stenzel, 2006; Brackelaire and Azanha, 2006) besides two “Creole” ones. The
number of speakers may reach twenty thousand (Guaraní, Tikuna, Terena, Macuxi and Kaigang), fewer than
five, or even one single speaker. The average is fewer than 200 speakers by language.2 But even among
the few languages still spoken by many people, there is none to be considered “safeguarded”, in other
words, none that will probably still be used on a daily basis and transmitted from one generation to another
by the end of this century. On the contrary, there are many cases of languages spoken or remembered by a
few people, usually elders, which will almost inevitably disappear in a few years. Unfortunately, such
languages are frequently the least known, and descendants of those last speakers often dramatically request
their recording and rescue.
Thus, there are no “safe” indigenous languages in Brazil: they are all minority and dominated languages,
spoken within settings subject to increasing, fast and deep transformations.
The situation of languages in Brazil is akin to the worldwide scenario. An article by linguist Michael Krauss
(1992) intensified international mobilization toward languages at risk of disappearing. He estimated that 90%
of the world’s languages would be at risk in the 21st century if preventive measures were not taken.
Since the late 90s UNESCO, through its Culture and Communication and Information Sectors, has been
developing broad programs to protect language diversity.
As languages disappear, science loses sources of knowledge of human language and of the ancient and
recent past of indigenous peoples. A country (and mankind as well) loses an essential part of its intellectual
heritage, identity and memory. However, the most affected are indigenous communities themselves, since a
1
Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna. (1993). “Línguas Indígenas: 500 anos de descobertas e perdas.” Ciência Hoje, 16 (p. 20-26); Stenzel, Kristine S.
(2006), “Lenguas y tradiciones orales em la Amazonia brasileña”, In: Lenguas y tradiciones orales de la Amazonia. Diversidas em peligro?
UNESCO, Casa de las Americas (71-120); Brackelaire and Azanha (2006), “Últimos pueblos indígenas aislados em América Latina: reto a la
supervivencia”. In: Lenguas y tradiciones orales de la Amazonia. Diversidas em peligro? UNESCO, Casa de las Americas (315-363).
2
Leite, Yonne & Franchetto, Bruna. (2006). “500 anos de línguas indígenas no Brasil.” In Cardoso, Suzana A.M., Mota, Jacyra A., Mattos and
Silva, R.M. (orgs) Quinhentos Anos de História Lingüística no Brasil. Salvador: Secretariat of Culture and Tourism of Bahia State (p. 15-61). —
Moore, Denny and Gabas Jr., Nilson. (2006). “O futuro das línguas indígenas brasileiras.” In Amazônia 500 Anos. Louis Forline, Ima Vieira & Rui
Murrieta (orgs). Belém: P. E. Goeldi Museum. (p. 333-354).
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
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language and its variations represent a key element of a people’s identity and a vehicle of millenary
traditions and knowledge, self-esteem and perpetuation will.
2. Country’s strategy for the sector
Since the discovery period, Europeans began investigations that supported theories and typologies about
languages found in the territories being settled. In Brazil, the Portuguese concentrated on the languages of
the coast, where Tupí-Guaraní was predominant. Preserved documents include grammars and catechisms
of three languages that have disappeared: Tupínambá, Kariri and Manau. Nowadays we can still be
surprised at the clarity and details of Jesuit Tupí grammars, which allow us to appreciate the phonological,
morphological and syntactical systems and processes of Tupínambá and ancient Tupí languages. On the
other hand, the classification of recorded facts according to categories of Greek-Latin grammatical tradition
is currently rejected. The intent was to conquer the indigenous language, using the missionary undertaking
as an instrument to overcome paganism. Later on, Romanticism literature transfigured (and disfigured) Tupí
language and conveyed to the national Brazilian imagination a generic indian stereotype that still pervades
common sense, school history, films and TV soap operas.
Such studies paved the way for linguistics, which would become a proper science in the second half of the
19th century. During that period travelling scholars joined the missionary, directly or indirectly accompanying
new conquering expeditions: Koch-Grümberg, Steinen, Capistrano de Abreu and Nimuendajú, to mention
the most important ones. Roughly systematic grammatical notes were accompanied or illustrated by text
collections and alphabetic transcriptions of oral tradition enactments of several indigenous peoples. A corpus
was beginning to be built, consisting mostly of narrations, which would again be transfigured to nurture
national folktales featuring emblematic characters such as Macunaíma.
Currently, Gospel-teaching is still the basis of missionary linguistic interest, which is the case in the work of
many faith missions led by the North-American Summer Institute of Linguistics – SIL, nowadays called
International Linguistic Society. SIL played an important role in the implementation of indigenous linguistic
research in Brazil from the late 50s to the 70s. It also held prominence in the international linguistic scene up
to not long ago.
Notwithstanding, laic linguistics gradually disentangled from the missionary landmark, unfolding into the
development of descriptive and explanatory models and the application of its knowledge into projects
designed to provide honorable survival of indigenous languages. A survey carried out by Storto and Moore in
1991 showed that approximately eighty to one hundred languages had been given some kind of description,
but almost half of them had no documentation. Authors considered that 10% of those languages had
satisfactory grammatical description. There were only 12 PhD in Brazil dedicated to studying such
languages, and only eight universities included indigenous languages in their post-graduation programs. SIL
worked on 40 languages, but did not contribute to the training of any Brazilian researchers. Fifty-nine
languages were being researched by non-missionary linguists; a 36% increase between 1985 and 1991.
From 1987 to 1991, the Program for Scientific Research of Brazilian Indigenous Languages (PPCLIB) of the
National Research Council (CNPq) provided scholarship support to field research and intensive courses.
Results of the survey carried out by Bruna Franchetto in 1995 indicated the existence of about 120
researchers (80% active; a dozen missionary researchers in academic connection with Brazilian institutions).
An increase in the participation of college students and post-graduates could be seen, whereas SIL’s
activities seemed halted. Between 1991 and 1995, there was an apparent increase of about 40% to the
number of researched languages.
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
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At that time, Franchetto noted that among approximately 180 indigenous languages, a few more than 30 had
satisfactory documentation or description; 114 had some kind of description about phonological and/or
syntactical aspects; and the others remained unknown. This rough estimate included the results of SIL’s
action, which were then published.
On the other hand, indigenous groups already notice the “danger” their languages are undergoing.
Therefore, they are interested in revitalizing them. In such situations, Indians try to interact with linguists that
can dedicate to documenting their language.
In spite of recorded advances, Brazil has a long-term need for researchers dedicated to studying indigenous
languages.
3. Previous or in-course technical assistance
In 2004, the first cooperation experience between UNESCO and the Museum of the Indian, through the
Regular Programme, resulted in the publishing of a CD-ROM on Basic Vocabulary of Indigenous Languages.
The work covered 10 indigenous peoples and included data on demographic, social and cultural aspects of
those peoples, besides audio-visual speech recordings.
In April 2008, the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI) and the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics –
MPI, the DOBES program technical centre, located in Nijmegen, Holland, signed a cooperation agreement.
MPI contributed to the acquisition and installation of the first server with LAT (Language Archiving
Technology) at the Museum of the Indian, whose operational system (Linux) has a multiple hard-disk system
ensures data backup if one of them fails. This server already has collections on three indigenous languages
spoken in the Alto Xingu region (Mato Grosso state) and results of DOBES’s pioneer projects: Kuikuro
(Karib, Bruna Franchetto, National Museum/UFRJ); Trumai (isolated, Raquel Guirardello, MPI Nijmegen &
Goeldi Museum) and Awetí (Tupí, Sebastian Drude, Berlin Free University & Goeldi Museum).
New databases are being or may be included in the Museum’s server. And there are plans to expand the
cooperation with MPI for the installation of other collections. This potential expansion is connected to the
implementation of this Project, as will be seen below.
4. Institutional framework for the sector – institutional and operational limitations
Linguistic Documentation is a growing research and technology field that has interdisciplinary links with
technological development and, innovatively, with areas of linguistic research itself (its several branches and
theoretical strands), ethnology, history, archaeology, among others.
There is evidence that linguistic documentation, given its emphasis on interdisciplinarity, international
cooperation, speaker community participation and digital technologies, may be able to raise the status and
knowledge of indigenous languages to a higher stage.
In Brazil the documentation field began to be developed about seven years ago through an exemplary
cooperation activity joining researchers from Brazilian institutions and leading international programs,
especially in Europe.
Two international programs have been developed in recent years, with the purpose of sponsoring and
stimulating projects for documentation and revitalization of endangered languages: the DOBES program
(Dokumentation Bedrohter Sprachen), of Volkswagen Foundation, Germany (www.mpi.nl/DOBES), and the
Endangered Languages Documentation Program – ELDP, sponsored by the Lisbet Rousing Charitable Fund
and administered by the School for Oriental and African Studies, London University (www.hrelp.org/grants).
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
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According to data presented by Denny Moore in IPHAN’s Electronic Bulletin in 2007, several international
documentation projects were in progress in Brazil, involving 17 languages:
Language
Family/Branch
Linguist
Institution
DOBES sponsorship
Kuikúro
Karib
Franchetto
National Museum
Trumái
Isolated
Guirardello
MPI/Goeldi Museum
Awetí
Tupí
Drude
Berlin Free University / Goeldi Museum
Kaxuyána
Karib
Meira
Leiden University / Goeldi Museum
Bakairí
Karib
Meira
Leiden University / Goeldi Museum
Mawé
Tupí
Meira
Leiden University / Goeldi Museum
Kaxinawá
Pano
Camargo
CNRS
ELDP sponsorship
Puruborá
Tupí
Galucio
Goeldi Museum
Sakurabiát
Tupí
Galucio
Goeldi Museum
Ayuru
Tupí
Demolin
Brussels Free University / USP
Salamãy
Tupí
Moore
Goeldi Museum
Apurinã
Aruák
Facundes
UFPA
Ofayé
Macro-Jê
Ribeiro
Chicago University / UFG
Kaduvéu
Guaykurú
Sandalo
UNICAMP
Karo
Tupí
Gabas
Goeldi Museum
Enawé Nawé
Aruák
de
Resende
National Museum
Stenzel
National Museum
NSF sponsorship
Piratapúya
Tukano
Besides these projects, which focus rather on documentation than research, there are minor ones sponsored
by national sources or by the Endangered Languages Fund – ELF. Partial results of these projects
demonstrate that this field has unquestionable potential for in-depth documentation of existing native
languages and cultures. Moreover, it can further enhance the interface between technological development
and human sciences in an field where Brazil takes an outstanding position in the international scenario.
The Museum of the Indian, a federal technical/scientific institution dedicated exclusively to indigenous
cultures, holds an ethnologic collection that gathers over 235 thousand recordings of Brazilian indigenous
peoples, comprising arts crafts, texts, images, films and audio recordings, besides specialized publications.
The information preserved in some segments of this collection represents an indispensable research source,
including glossaries, grammar drafts, legends, histories, dictionaries, annotations and other linguistic
materials, mainly from the important Rondon Commission’s archive.
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
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B. Project Justification
1. Current situation
As described above, the main data on the current situation of indigenous language preservation in Brazil are
the following:
– Out of approximately 180 indigenous languages, a few more than 30 have satisfactory documentation or
description; 114 have some kind of description about their phonological and/or syntactical aspects; and
the others remain unstudied;
– Existing recording and documentation initiatives are unable to cover the whole universe to be researched
and supply the demand from indigenous communities as they are few, too scattered around the country
and often meet unfavourable institutional circumstances
– The demand for documentation by indigenous groups is growing, especially in the North, and is far
beyond the capacity of the few researchers and centers prepared for this kind of work;
– Databases on existing cultures and languages at the Museum of the Indian or in possession of
researchers do not have adequate treatment and condition for provision to researcher and indigenous
communities;
– There is a lack of wider and deeper knowledge on the country’s languages for designing adequate and
efficient cultural public policies
– New principles, methods and technologies supporting linguistic documentation cannot yet be applied to
large-scale experimentation and implementation in the country.
This scenario presents an opportunity for an urgent large-scale project to document indigenous cultures and
languages, responding to the demands of indiegenous groups and applying newly conceived and groundbreaking techniques.
2. Expected situation
The Project is expected to carry out a thorough documentation of 20 endangered indigenous languages,
selected among a universe of 35 priority ones.
Documentation processes should be sufficient for consolidating the methodology for linguistic documentation
among Brazilian researchers and for disseminating it to the indigenous communities involved.
Speakers of the documented languages should be able to utilize built databases, as well as to feed them
new data. It is mostly expected that the documentation process and results will enhance the value of the
language as an essential factor for preserving diversity and promoting union among these groups.
In the medium and long term, the project should have a replicating effect, as its core target group includes
numerous young indigenous persons that are highly trained and commited to the transmission of their
cultures and should work as teachers at the villages’ schools.
The Project is also expected to enable the systematization and safeguarding of the main linguistic and
cultural documental collections currently dispersed throughout the country, and to foster the contribution of
new collections to the Museum of the Indian.
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
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3. Project beneficiaries
Contemporary linguistic documentation aims primarily to benefit communities, by revitalizing their languages
and cultures, an indispensable requirement for stable bilingualism and multilingualism, and the only
sustainable way to preserve diversity. It is not by chance that the demand for documentation by indigenous
groups is far greater than the capacity of the few researchers and centers prepared for this kind of work,
especially in the North region.
A key element for current achievements is active participation of members of the respective communities,
which has also established a new model of indigenous research designed to train documentation
researchers.
Two examples illustrate the situation: the documentation of Kuikuro (Southern Karib, Alto Xingu), started by
Bruna Franchetto, Carlos Fausto and Mara Santos (UFRJ), was carried out by the Kuikuro community itself,
after the official closing of the DOBES project. Several videos produced by the Kuikuros won national and
international prizes. An exhibit at the Museum of the Indian, elaborated with their participation, approaches
the complex and enriching relation between new technologies and traditional memory recordings. Another
example is the work of Ana Vilacy Galucio (Goeldi Museum), who produced an innovative bilingual book,
with a CD-ROM containing narrations of the Sakurabiat people. Today, the indigenous peoples appreciate
their language as never before. Another work by the same researcher, recovering Puruborá language,
helped unify that people, previously scattered throughout different cities of Rondônia state.
In order to bring immediate feedback to indigenous communities, the Project will train at least one
indigenous researcher specialized in linguistic documentation for each language to be documented, provide
digitalized material, elaborate didactic and paradidactic materials, among others.
Access to the Museum of the Indian’s collections and others to be incorporated, duly treated and
systematized by the project, will supply the demand of indigenous communities for recovery of recordings
that help them document and revitalize their cultures. Beyond mere beneficiaries of its results, the project
expects to have indians’ direct participation and intervention in different phases of the work, with a view to
improving collection recordings, producing new information, and generating significant databases for their
socio-cultural universes.
The second group of direct beneficiaries is the scientific and academic community, as the Project is intended
for introducing and diffusing new knowledge and technologies still under experimentation and barely diffused
in the country.
The Museum of the Indian will safeguard and diffuse its collection, and enhance its linguistic documentation
capacity, consolidating itself as a reference in the field, particularly for indigenous communities.
Moreover, the project’s international visibility, resulting from the essential scientific cooperation required for
the execution and achievement of its large-scale objectives, may strengthen the country’s position as an
executor of leading social, cultural and technological policies, and raise opportunities for future south-south
cooperation.
4. Implementation strategy and institutional coordination
Given the complexity of the theme, before describing the implementation strategy it is important to present
methodological considerations. The first one concerns precisely the concept of linguistic documentation.
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
Page 10
Linguistic and cultural documentation must not be mistaken for description, which is basically the analysis of
the structure and operation of a language or society and its presentation in the form, for example, of a
grammar (descriptive), dictionary or ethnography. The documentation objective is to record the existing
diversity of cultures and languages within their settings, creating digital collections for multiple purposes and
users. Digital collections accessible to speaker (or former speaker) communities enable long-term
preservation of actual diversity, involving individual and collective memory, traditional knowledge, oral arts,
and vocal and instrumental music.
Recordings must be in digital format and subjected to annotation including at least the transcription and
translation of expressions, so that materials can be useful to future generations. They must also be
organized, classified and described in a structured manner before they are deposited in safeguarded digital
collections that can ensure availability for 20 to 50 years. All original recordings and annotations will be kept
by national institutions, and copies in adequate, accessible format will be delivered to the communities
involved. It is essential to define clear access rules, which may include varying restrictions concerning
intellectual and image rights, as well as the speakers’ choices regarding, for example, culturally and
personally sensitive contents.
This type of undertaking requires appropriate equipment and software that takes into consideration, among
other aspects, the conditions of the fieldwork, which is carried out mostly in places with no electricity and
little or no infrastructure. The majority of programs and applied technologies have been developed
specifically for those purposes. ELAN (Eliciting & Annotation), the most popular program, allows for precise
multilevel annotations not only of linguistic data on endangered languages, but also of any type of audiovisual recordings. Over the past four years, the DOBES3 program has been developing the Language
Archiving Technology – LAT, to build structured digital collections, allowing for organization, description,
cataloguing, disposition and regulated access to multimedia data related to annotations.
Considerations having been made, the Project implementation strategy is described below.
The first measure is to define the universe of languages to be documented. Therefore, 35 languages
considered endangered were identified based on a combination of criteria. This number represents only part
of the native heritage endangered and at risk of disappearing.
Criteria used for selecting the 35 languages include:
1. Small number of speakers within a population in the process of becoming monolingual in Portuguese;
2. Small absolute number of speakers (up to 500 people);
3. Generational halt in the use of native language(s) and/or reduction to its/their domains and settings
and/or loss of oral traditions and knowledge transmitted in native language;
4. Sufficient motivation of the indigenous group to carry out a documentation project, with concomitant
reinforcement or recovery of the language;
5. Good quality research and/or documentation work started or in progress;
6. Endangered institutional and/or individual collections containing recordings and research materials.
Based on those criteria, available surveys and expert information from researchers working on linguistic
documentation in Brazil and abroad4, have been gathered. They generated the following list:
3
http://www.lat-mpi.eu
4
The numbers related to the population of each ethnicity were obtained from Ricardo, Beto and Ricardo, Fany (orgs.), Povos Indígenas no Brasil
2001-2005, São Paulo: Instituto Socioambiental, 2006. Such figures must not be mistaken for the number of speakers.
International Technical Cooperation Project between FUNAI Museum of the Indian and UNESCO
Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
Page 11
Language
Family/Branch
State(s
)
Population
Aikanã
Isolated
RO
200
Apiaká
Tupí-Guaraní
MT
192
Speakers
Observations
Probably 2
only
Akuntsu
Tupari
RO
Arara + Ikpeng
Karib
PA/MT
Arikapú
Jabuti (Macro-Jê?)
RO
Banawá
Arawá
AM
Içana Baniwa
Arawak
AM
Desana
Tukano
AM
About 1,500
Djeoromitxí
Jabuti
RO
50
Dow
Nadahup
AM
83
Fulni-ô
Yatê, Macro-Jê
PE
KanelaApaniekra
Timbira, Macro-Jê
MA
Kanoê
Isolated
RO
95
Karajá, Javaé
and Xambioá
Macro-Jé
TO
2,532 + 1,208 + 269
Javaé and Xambioá are highly endangered;
good working conditions.
Kayabi
Tupí / Tupí-Guaraní
MT
1,000
Increasing presence of Portuguese while the
language is being abandoned; good working
conditions.
Kisêdjê (Suyá)
Macro-Jê
MT
334
Krenak
Macro-Jê
MG
40
Latundê
Nambikwara
RO
19
Makurap
Tupí
RO
381
Maxakali
Macro-Jê
MG
1,270
Nadöb
Nadahup (Makú)
AM
400
Ninam
Yanomami
RR
90
Oro Win
Txapacura
RO
56
Pareci
Arawak
MT
1,300
Patamona
Karib
RR
Poyanáwa
Pano
AC
403
Rikbaktsa
Macro-Jê
MT
1,100
Shawãdawa
Pano
AC
7
Arara: 200; Ikpeng:
320
2
About 100
5,000+
The only surviving language in the Northeast
About 400
Tupí-Guaraní
AM
700
Tuparí
Tupí
RO
338
Tuyuca
Tukano
AM
830
Tupí-Guaraní
Yawalapiti
Arawak
MT
Yawanawa
Pano
AM
5
Requiring urgent documentation
Good working conditions
10
70
5
?
10 elders
Tenharim
Xetá
2 peoples speaking variations of the same
language
3
Fewer than
10
500
200?
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Documentation of Brazilian Indigenous Languages and Cultures
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The second measure, which must be carried out in parallel to the linguistic documentation so as to support
and optimize it, concerns the treatment and provision of documental collections. Therefore, priority
collections were selected from the Museum of the Indian’s collection that bore relevance to the Project
objectives, and from approximately thirty other collections on indigenous languages and cultures belonging
to personal and institutional collections, most of them already donated or made available to the Museum,
among other dispersed ones yet to be gathered.
Collections belonging to the Museum of the Indian
Image, text, cartography, audio and three-dimensional collections on indigenous peoples Desana, Baniwa,
Bororo, Guaraní, Kanela, Karajá, Kadiwéu, Kayapó, Kuikuro, Krenak, Maxacali, Nambikwara, Pareci,
Parintintin, Xavante and Yawanawa, besides others contained in different archival collections, such as: the
Indians’ Protection Service (SPI), Rondon Commission (CR), National Indians’ Protection Council (CNPI),
Brasil Central Foundation (FBC), National Indians’ Foundation (FUNAI) and private personal collections
(Pedro Lima, Milton Guran, William Crocker, General Ismarth, Zelito Viana, Jesco, Helmut Sick, Gustaaf
Viger, etc).
Personal and institutional collections on indigenous languages and cultures
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Apalai (PA) – Lucia van Welthen (MPEG); Protásio Frikel
Asurini (PA) – Regina Muller (UNICAMP)
Avá-Canoeiro (GO+TO) – Mônica Veloso Borges (UFGO)
Enawenê-Nawê (MT) – Ana Paula Ratto Lima (UFRJ)
Guaraní (MS) – Anna Ribeiro; Desidério Aytai
Guaraní-Mbyá (RJ) – José Ribamar Bessa Freire (UERJ)
Ikpeng (Xingu) – Charlotte Emmerich, Frantomé Pacheco (UFAM); Cilene Campetela
Kadiwéu (MS) – Filomena Spatti Sandalo (UNICAMP)
Kamayurá (Xingu) – Lucy Seki (UNICAMP)
Kamayurá, Kuikuro, Yawalapiti (Xingu) – Milton Guran
Karajá, Javaé, Xambioá (GO+MT+PA+TO) – Marcus Maia (UFRJ); Helena Cavalcanti-Schiel
Karitiana (RO) – Luciana Raccanello Storto (USP)
Katukina (AC+AM) – Luiz Antonio Costa (UFRJ)
Kaxinawá (AC) – Elsje Maria Lagrou (UFRJ)
Kayapó (PA+MT) – Milton Guran
Kayapó (PA+MT) – Vanessa Lea (UNICAMP); Maria Amélia Reis da Silva (British Columbia University);
Andrés Pablo Salanova (Ottawa University)
Kuikuro (Xingu) – Bruna Franchetto, Carlos Fausto, Mara Santos (UFRJ)
Marubo (AM) – Pedro Cesarino (USP)
Maxacali (MG) – Rosangela Pereira de Tugny (UFMG)
Mehinaku – Thomas Gregor (Vanderbilt University)
Munduruku (PA+AM+ MT) – Lucia van Welthen (MPEG); Protácio Frikel
Nambikwara (MT) – Anna Ribeiro; Desidério Aytai (MT); Joana Miller (UFRJ)
Nambikwara (MT) – Joana Muller (UFRJ)
Pareci (MT) – Glauber Romling da Silva (UFRJ); Sonia Coqueiro (Museum of the Indian); Romana Costa
Pirahã (AM) – Marco Antonio Gonçalves (UFRJ)
Tapirapé (MT) – Yonne F. Leite (UFRJ); Walkiria Neves
Tiriyó (PA) – Luiz Donisete and Denise Grupioni (USP)
Wajãpi (AP) – Dominique Gallois (USP)
Xavante (MT) – James Robert Welch (Fiocruz); Rosana Costa (UFRJ)
Xavante, Karajá and Bororo (MT) – Anna Ribeiro; Desidério Aytai
Yanomami (RR) – Bruce Albert (IRD); Milton Guran
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Based on this set, a universe will be defined for treatment by the project, according to the following criteria
and others that might be considered pertinent to each specific situation:
1. Representativeness of the collection concerning the thematic line of the surveyed indigenous ethnic
group;
2. Degree of preliminary organization of the collection (authorship, ethnicity, date, place, etc.);
3. Assurance of the authorship of donated documents (i.e. photographs) and the donor’s entitlement to the
property or custody of the material;
4. Importance of the documents’ contents;
5. State of conservation of the sources, in order to allow their treatment, digital reproduction and availability
in the database.
The basic strategy is to seek, always in collaboration with the indians, to qualify the Museum’s collection
based on their direct intervention, in order to generate a digital documents database for direct access by
indigenous communities to both the existing data and that to be produced from the indigenous perspective
and knowledge throughout the collection reconstruction process. This part of the project will be carried out in
partnership with indigenous peoples and their organizations, as well as with other scientific and cultural
institutions.
The indians will be trained and given the means to record by themselves whatever they consider relevant to
their culture and society, acting as subjects rather than objects of study. This will be a definitive change of
direction for the Museum of the Indian, whose production will then be destined to Indians themselves, thus
reversing the classical logic of development of products destined to non-Indians.
It is important to highlight the extensive replicating effect of the research and documentation model to be
adopted at the documentation of collections and languages. By training young indigenous researchers and
producing information with their participation, the communities will acquire tools to carry on the register and
transmission of ther linguistic and cultural heritage to future generations, increasing the means of ensuring
their safeguard in the medium and long terms.
Moreover, the built databases will work as a source of content to schools in indigenous areas in Brazil,
establishing an institutional space in the communities for sustaining the activities started by the project.
Indeed, the main targets of the training and documentation activities are young indigenous persons who are
commited to the transmission of their cultures and work as local teachers. Fellowships for the training of
researchers will supply specialized school teachers and provide accurate data about their culture and
languages on which to base their pedagogical work.
On the other hand, the training, the established databases and the preliminary support infrastructure to be
set up should also allow the establishment of local cultural centres, where applicable, or should provide
contents to existing centres in the communities.
To ensure the continuity of the project’s activities, the budget of the Museum of the Indian was increased
with R$1.500.000 and a partnership with the Banco do Brasil Foundation will provide the equipments to be
donated to the communities. From the outcomes of the project’s activities, the communities will then be able
to determine how to use the available resources. The methods developed will also enhance the
communities’ capacity to carry out other activities funded by national and international sources.
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In order to accomplish the several phases of the linguistic documentation and documental collection
treatment, the Project will be supported by the following structure:
CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE
It will consist of five to ten members, doctors in linguistics or related areas, Brazilian and foreign experts of
international renown, with relevant scientific production and experience in documentation. It will also include
a researcher from the Museum of the Indian. The Committee shall ensure scientific standards are followed
by the project as a whole and by the documentation sub-projects. The Committee will be summoned and
heard whenever required.
The logistic resources required for operation will be provided for by an existing agreement between the
Museum of the Indian and the Banco do Brasil Foundation.
SCIENTIFIC COORDINATION
A Scientific Coordinator will run this instance, being responsible for the evaluation and supervision of the
project’s scientific quality and consistency along its several phases – equipment and technology specification
and selection, training contents, eliciting, annotations, lexical compilations and documentation sub-projects.
The logistic resources required for operation will be provided for through the Agreement between the
Museum of the Indian and Banco do Brasil Foundation.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT OF LINGUISTIC DOCUMENTATION
A consultant engaged by the Project will be responsible for elaborating a detailed planning of the Project;
assisting in team training and training conception and accomplishment; assisting field researchers; assisting
in the treatment of existing linguistic collections and others coming from documentation sub-projects;
diffusing results, activities and materials produced by the Project and sub-projects; and carrying out scientific
assessment of sub-projects.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT OF DOCUMENT COLLECTIONS
A consultant engaged by the project will be responsible for assisting in team training and for the training
itself; planning and implementing activities related to the technical treatment of different collections,
observing their specific features; supervising digitalization works and database information feeding; assisting
in the diffusion of the project’s outputs; and evaluating the production of various teams.
TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT OF LINGUISTIC DOCUMENTATION
A consultant hired by the project will be responsible for providing technical assistance to teams during their
training course; in the conception of the standard structure for collections at the Museum of the Indian
server; in the creation of individual collections; and in the definition and operationalization of the access to
archived materials; as well as for maintaining and updating the Museum of the Indian’s server.
LINGUISTIC DOCUMENTATION SUB-PROJECTS (about 20 sub-projects along 3 years)
These projects will be under the responsibility of consultants hired through the project and indigenous
fellowship holders. They will be in charge of the documentation of selected indigenous languages, including
all of its phases, among them the training and definition of access rights to different user groups.
DOCUMENTAL TREATMENT SUB-PROJECTS (about 15 documental collections treated along 3 years)
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Thise component will be under the responsibility of consultants hired by the Project and indigenous
fellowship holders. They will be in charge of the treatment of selected text and audio-visual collections,
including overall follow-up of technical processing activities, among others specific to each type of document.
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
This staff will be responsible for the Project administrative and accounting management, logistic organization
of participant and professor travels, and provision of required stationery and infrastructure. This function will
be performed by the Museum’s staff, with assistance from staff hired with support from Banco do Brasil
Foundation.
5. Rationale for UNESCO’s technical assistance
The need to face issues concerning indigenous languages has become absolutely pressing due to the
speeding globalization process, in which languages and their complex implications in terms of identity and
social integration, both globally and locally, hold strategic importance. The pace at which languages
disappear is increasing, leading to immeasurable losses of linguistic and cultural diversity worldwide.
By tackling this issue, enhancing lingusitic diversity and supporting oral traditions, the project is in line with the
UNESCO’s 2008/2009 (34C/5) programme, namely Main Line of Action 2 - Safeguarding living heritage, particularly
through the promotion and implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural
Heritage. It is also aligned with Strategic Objective 1 of UNESCO Brasilia’s Strategic Framework, aimed at
incorporating and mainstreaming UNESCO’s legal instruments into the country’s cultural policies.
Besides, several international normative texts and declarations have provided worldwide recognition of the
importance of linguistic issues. A few examples include:
• United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966);
• Vienna Declaration, of the World Conference on Human Rights (1993), which ensures “persons
belonging to minorities the right to use their own languages” (article 19);
• UN General Assembly Resolution 56/262 (Part II), on the protection and preservation of all languages;
• UN Secretary-General’s Report on 58th Session (2003), about measures to protect, promote and
preserve all languages, which includes UNESCO’s contribution;
• Declaration of Principles, approved by the World Summit on the Information Society in 2003, which
emphasizes (Paragraphs 52 and 53) the promotion of linguistic diversity;
• UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007).
In a similar vein, UNESCO has adopted a series of legal instruments concerning this issue, namely the
Convention against Discrimination in Education (1960), the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity and
its Action Plan (2001), the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and the
Recommendation for the Promotion and Use of Multilingualism and Universal Access to Cyber Space (both
in 2003).
Among several activities developed by UNESCO, between 2002 and 2003 the Organization requested from
an international linguist group the development of a set of criteria, to determine the vitality of languages and,
thus, identify their needs and guide the designing of safeguarding policies and measures. This action is
called “Language Vitality and Endangerment”. In addition, the Organization has adopted a series of
operational measures, such as the publishing of a World Atlas on Endangered Languages (in 1996 and
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2001, with a third edition scheduled for 2008), which became an important reference in the subject,
contributing to raise the interest and visibility of endangered languages.
Finally, UNESCO considers that the preservation of traditional knowledge related to the preservation of
biodiversity strongly depends on safeguarding the languages that function as its vehicle. In order to achieve
the commitments of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2002), States Parties have established a series
of progress indicators, among them “the status of traditional knowledge, innovations and practices”. In this
direction, UNESCO has been developing an indicator called “Status and Trends of Linguistic Diversity and
Numbers of Speakers of Indigenous Languages”, which, by collecting data and applying questionnaires,
shall map the course of linguistic diversity around the world.
6. Special considerations
Though previously mentioned in other topics, two aspects must be emphasized, given their importance to the
project’s execution: the participation of the Banco do Brasil Foundation (FBB) and the relation with
universities.
FBB’s participation will almost fully exempt the international cooperation project from logistic, service
contracts and procurement of goods and equipment. The few remaining items on the project (small number
of travels, documental treatment sub-contracts, equipment resources) aim only to prevent potential halts, in
case resources from FBB are temporarily reduced for administrative reasons.
Researchers – linguists and anthropologists – connected to Brazilian universities will also play an important
role in the project. However, given the diversity and dispersion of linguistic documentation studies and
research in the country, no major role can be assigned to any of them. The richness and novelty of such
experience lie precisely in the possibility of bringing universities together towards new methods of cultural
and linguistic documentation, resorting on those with the greater knowledge or contact with the addressed
indigenous people on each case.
7. Counterpart capacity of the national institution
The Museum of the Indian will provide the human resources required for administrative functions, particularly
those of research and documentation sectors, including researchers and specialized technicians with
master’s and doctor’s degrees in Museumology, Archivology, History, Anthropology and other areas in
Human and Social Sciences. The team will have direct participation in the project, whether in the
accomplishment, follow-up and supervision of processing works of documentation and ethnographical
materials gathered from other researchers, or in the collection, complementation or updating of cultural
information on collections with indigenous communities.
In addition, the Museum will mobilize the network of academic researchers working in its projects, aiming
especially to set up the Consultative Committee and Scientific Coordination, and select researchers to
engage in field research.
Another input from the Museum will be the documental collections to be included in the databases of the
documentation system, as well as the collections of researchers interested in keeping them at the Museum.
C. Development Objective
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The project aims to foster the documentation of endangered indigenous languages and cultures and the
preservation linguistic collections, thus ehancing their safeguard and consolidating this upcoming field of
knowledge in Brazil.
D. Immediate Objectives, Results and Activities
Immediate objective 1 – To enhance the capacity of the indigenous and non-indigenous researcher
community for documentation of indigenous languages and cultures.
Result 1: Indigenous and non-indigenous researchers trained and familiar with the goals, methods and
technology of linguistic documentation and processing of documental collections
Activity 1.1 – To conceive and implement training in linguistic documentation methodology.
Activity 1.2 – To conceive and implement training in image/sound recording, capturing,
transcription and annotation technologies, aiming to qualify the indigenous and non-indigenous
researchers of sub-projects.
Activity 1.3 – To conceive and implement training in technologies for preservation and processing
of documental collections.
Activity 1.4 – To conceive and elaborate models and instruments for language/collection research
and documentation, for training activities, sub-project development, and work follow-up and
evaluation.
Result 2: Documental collections relevant to the documentation of indigenous languages and cultures
treated and made available
Activity 2.1 – To select priority collections, based on criteria to be jointly defined by the Project
Consultative Committee and Scientific Coordination.
Activity 2.2 – To implement the technical processing of selected iconography, sound and film
collections, involving, depending on each collection’s status, phases such as research,
identification, arrangement, description, annotation, indexing and information input into database
recordings available on the Internet, and elaboration of inventories on treated collections.
Activity 2.3 – To implement the technical processing of text collections, involving, depending on
each collection’s status, the analysis, identification, diagnosis and elaboration of documental
recordings, proposition of thematic descriptors, data systematization and input into database, and
elaboration of research instrument.
Activity 2.4 – To implement the reproduction of materials, involving, among other procedures, the
digitalization of ethnographic documents, original iconography and text documents, digital capturing
of sound items, production of respective digital representations, and provision of access to the
Museum of the Indian’s database.
Activity 2.5 – To prepare collection dossiers for redelivery to indigenous communities.
Activity 2.6 – To identify indigenous languages and their contents in each treated collection.
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Activity 2.7 – To implement the incorporation of collections on indigenous languages and cultures
into the Museum of the Indian’s server.
Activity 2.8 – To conceive the website for depositing digital representations of researched objects
and treated collections, all of which duly contextualized, into the Museum of the Indian’s electronic
database and sharing the linguistic documentation process.
Result 3 – Indigenous languages and cultures documented
Activity 3.1 – To establish the chronology of documentation processes and select priority
languages, based on criteria to be jointly defined by the Project Consultative Committee and
Scientific Coordination.
Activity 3.2 – To obtain authorizations from selected indigenous communities.
Activity 3.3 – To develop bibliographic studies and material surveys of public and private
collections on indigenous languages and communities.
Activity 3.4 – To accomplish recordings and collect lexical data in field research activities.
Activity 3.5 – To carry out a socio-linguistic survey of indigenous communities.
Activity 3.6 – To analyze and process the lexical data and materials collected in field research
activities.
Activity 3.7 – To accomplish the transcription (orthographical and phonological) of recordings with
time references.
Activity 3.8 – To translate transcriptions into Portuguese, enriching them with linguistic and/or
cultural comments.
Activity 3.9 – To accomplish detailed annotation (phonetic, phonological, morphological and
syntactical) of a selected sample of the material.
Activity 3.10 – To organize and input primary and secondary data and metadata into the Museum
of the Indian’s digital collection.
Activity 3.11 – To compile a basic lexicon.
Activity 3.12 – To accomplish basic annotation of sessions containing speech events.
Activity 3.13 – To elaborate grammatical descriptions.
Activity 3.14 – To redeliver collected materials to indigenous communities.
Activity 3.15 – To complete the digital corpus and descriptive grammar.
Activity 3.16 – To produce materials for diffusion and use by the community.
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Activity 3.17 – To determine, jointly with the involved communities, access rights to different user
groups.
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E. Input
Component 10 – Staff
International consultant travels = R$ 4,000.00 x 8 = R$ 32,000.00
Domestic supervision travels = R$ 1,500.00 x 60 = R$ 90,000.00
Component 20 – Sub-contracts
01 Scientific Management and Linguistic Documentation consultant, as specified by Term of Reference – 01:
Total cost = R$ 167,400.00 (contract value up to R$ 55,800.00 for each year of Project implementation)
01 Scientific Management and Documental Treatment consultant, as specified by Term of Reference – 02:
Total cost = R$ 157,320.00 (contract value up to R$ 52,440.00 for each year of Project implementation)
01 Information Technology consultant, as specified by Term of Reference – 03:
Total cost = R$157,320.00 (contract value up to R$ 52,440.00 for each year of Project implementation)
14 Consultants specialized in documental treatment, as specified by Term of Reference – 04:
Total cost = R$ 1,486,800.00 (14 contracts up to R$ 35,400.00 for each year of Project implementation)
20 Non-indigenous researchers on linguistic documentation, as specified by Term of Reference – 05:
Total cost = R$ 1,206,000.00 (20 contracts up to R$ 20,100.00 for each year of Project implementation)
Serivice contracts for the support to documental treatment (scanning, digital photography and
others) = R$ 120.000,00 ( R$ 40.000,00 per year)
02 Monitoring and Evaluation consultants x 06 months (split over three 2-month intervals) =
R$ 60,000.00
Note: experts and researchers will be hired under fee contracts, as specified in the terms of
reference.
Component 30 – Scholarships, Seminars and Training
Support to 03 annual training activities x R$ 15,000.00 x 03 = R$ 135.000,00
Training fellowships to 20 indigenous researchers on linguistic documentation and documental treatment x
R$ 400.00 x 24 months = R$ 192,000.00
Component 40 – Equipment, Facilities and Publications
Purchasing of equipment and publications (electronic or printed) to support training and research activities –
R$ 110,000.00
Component 50 – Operational Expenditures and Contributions
Expenditures on communication, mail, public services, financial contributions and banking fees –
R$40,000.00
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Component 80 – Managing Costs
Payment for services effectively rendered by UNESCO during Project implementation, corresponding to 5%
(five percent) of project execution, under components 10 to 50
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F. Risks
Given its novelty and object – indigenous languages and cultures – the Project presents risks that are taken
into consideration in this document and for which the following mitigating measures are proposed:
• Non-availability of human resources: there may be difficulty in finding academic researchers and even
available indigenous consultants, especially bilingual ones;
• There may be difficulties in handling LAT/LAMUS technology, which is still commanded by only a few
researchers. There may also be failures in on-field equipment operation and even physical damage to
collected materials due to moving and transportation conditions;
• Logistic problems are expected, due to means of access to research sites and the seasonal nature of
cultural practices to be documented;
• Regarding selected languages, difficulties may arise from political issues (the community does not agree
to or expresses no interest in the documentation), language/culture vitality (speakers do not remember
words or expressions), lack of speakers, or insufficient knowledge of the language structure.
In order to cope with such risks, the Project proposes the following:
• The managing structure laid out in topic 4, Implementation strategy, proposes that the Project be followed
up by a Consultative Committee consisting of renowned researchers, with national and international
connections, to which atypical or non-consensual situations will be taken for consideration.
• Collaboration with the Max Plank Institute – MPI, which may provide consultants to solve technology
issues whenever necessary;
• The international cooperation with UNESCO, which shall mobilize foreign experts whenever required;
• Strict Project planning, which will include prior viability analysis of each language documentation, based
on contacts with researchers, field information from FUNAI and governmental and non-governmental
institutions;
• The selection of a 20-language sub-group among the 35 priority ones, which will allow for replacement of
those proven unfeasible;
• Startup dates always scheduled upon meetings with indigenous communities, proceeding only with those
that present basic conditions required for the work;
• A training scheme for all work stages, whether field and recording activities or data input and technology
use;
• Direct financial and administrative support from the Banco do Brasil Foundation to the Museum, ensuring
access to all necessary equipment and easily manageable means of covering the costs of transportation,
housing, miscellaneous purchases, etc.
Notwithstanding all such precautions, documentation initiatives may still fail. However, this might be
expected to happen to only a very small portion of the activities.
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G. Obligations and Pre-requisites
FUNAI Museum of the Indian will be responsible for providing the financial resources required for Project
accomplishment, as well as the human and material resources necessary for its administrative management.
By means of an agreement signed directly with the Museum of the Indian, Banco do Brasil Foundation is
responsible for providing the resources required for the entire Project logistics, including travels and housing
for researchers on field work, consumption materials and equipment.
H. Project Reviews, Reports and Evaluation
The Project will be subjected to tripartite review meetings, to be held with representatives assigned by
FUNAI Museum of the Indian, the Brazilian Government through the Brazilian Agency for Cooperation (ABC)
and UNESCO, annually and at the Project closing.
At the tripartite meetings, the National Coordinator shall elaborate and submit to ABC and UNESCO an
evaluation report on the Project development (Progress Report), discussing adopted methodology,
implementation process, difficulties encountered and results achieved (Impact Evaluation). Other reports
may be requested during the Project execution period. The preliminary version of the final report shall be
presented to the parties at least one month before the final tripartite meeting date.
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I.
Budget
COMPONENTS
10. PROJECT PERSONNEL
15-01 Travel
Component Subtotal
Total
2008
122.000,00
122.000,00
6.000,00
6.000,00
2009
2010
2011
40.000,00
40.000,00
40.000,00
40.000,00
36.000,00
36.000,00
20. SUBCONTRACTS
21-01 Subcontracts
21-01 Evaluation subcontracts
Line Subtotal
3.762.840,00
60.000,00
3.822.840,00
74.660,00 1.254.280,00
20.000,00
74.660,00 1.274.280,00
30. TRAINING AND TRAVEL
31-01 Fellowships
192.000,00
64.000,00
64.000,00
64.000,00
34-01 Training
Line Subtotal
135.000,00
327.000,00
0,00
45.000,00
109.000,00
45.000,00
109.000,00
45.000,00
109.000,00
10.000,00
2.000,00
4.000,00
2.000,00
2.000,00
100.000,00
110.000,00
10.000,00
12.000,00
40.000,00
44.000,00
30.000,00
32.000,00
20.000,00
22.000,00
40.000,00
2.000,00
10.000,00
15.000,00
13.000,00
40. EQUIPMENT AND
PREMISES
44-01 Publication
45-01 Equipment
Line Subtotal
50. Miscellaneous
53-01 Satationery / Fees, taxes
and contributions /
Miscellaneous
Line Subtotal
Total lines 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
80 - Overhead (5%)
40.000,00
4.421.840,00
221.092,00
TOTAL
4.642.932
2.000,00
10.000,00
94.660,00 1.477.280,00
4.733,00
73.864,00
77. 401
1.254.280,00 1.179.620,00
20.000,00
20.000,00
1.274.280,00 1.199.620,00
15.000,00
13.000,00
1.470.280,00 1.379.620,00
73.514,00
68.981,00
1.345.344
1.337.994
1.377.792
J. Disbursement Schedule
Month/Year
Value
Oct/2008
R$ 700.000
Mar/2009
R$ 1.314.310
Mar/2010
R$ 1.314.310
Mar/2011
R$ 1.314.310
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