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Cryogenics (Helium Liquefaction)
Gagandeep Singh1, Er. Jasvinder Singh2, Er. Jagdish Singh3, Amandeep Singh4
1Student,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, DIET, Kharar
2Assistant
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DIET, Kharar
3Assistant
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DIET, Kharar
4Scientific
Assistant C, Pelletron LINAC Facility, TIFR, Mumbai
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Abstract- This paper represents process for liquefaction of
Cryogen fluids and refrigeration fluids boiling
temperature
helium. Helium becomes liquid at cryogenic temperature so
this paper includes the study of cryogenics. Liquefaction of
gases is physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state
(condensation). We all are familiar with the different phases of
matter viz. gas, liquid and solid. The basic difference between
these phases is the strength of intermolecular attraction
between their molecules. By changing the strength of
intermolecular attraction between molecules of any phase we
can transform it to another phase. By reducing volume of
gases we can change their phase. Most of the gases becomes
liquid below -150 ℃ e.g. Helium, nitrogen, oxygen etc. In
physics production or working with these super cold
temperatures (below -150 ℃) is known as ‘Cryogenics’.
Liquefaction is used for analyzing the fundamental properties
of gas molecules (intermolecular forces), for storage of gases,
heat treatment, superconductivity, used as cryogenic fuel, food
industry and used in medical science. The conclusion tells us
about the liquefaction of gases and their advantages in today’s
world.
Helium liquefier, Heat exchangers,
Turbine, Vacuum pumps, JT expansion.
1. INTRODUCTION
Impact Factor value: 5.181
O2 (90.19 K)
R134a (246.8 K)
Air(78.6 K)
R12 (243.3 K)
N2 (77.36 K)
R22 (233 K)
H2 (20.39 K)
Propane (231.1 K)
He (4.2 K)
Ethane (184 K)
A) By compressing the gas at temperatures less than
its critical temperature.
Cryogenics is the science and technology associated with
generation of low temperature below
123 K or -150
degree Celsius. Cryogenics come from the two words Kryo
means” very cold (frost)” and Genics means “To produce”. So
its “Science and art of producing very cold”. Difference
between cryogenics and refrigeration fluids are shown in
table-1. Cryogenic liquids are used for accessing low
temperatures. They are extremely cold, with boiling points
below 123K. Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, which have
slightly higher boiling points, are sometimes included in this
category.
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Refrigeration
The liquefaction of gases was first carried out by the English
scientist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) in the early 1820s.
There are three methods to liquefy gases. These are given
below:-
Keywords-
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Cryogenics
B)
By making the gas do some kind of work against an
external force, causing the gas to lose energy and
change to the liquid state.
C) By making gas do work against its own internal
forces, also causing it to lose energy and liquefy.
Many gases can be put into a liquid state at normal an
atmospheric temperature by simple cooling; a few, such as
CO2, require pressurization as well. There are two most
important factors needs to be achieved for liquefaction
critical
temperature
and
pressure.
The critical
temperature of a substance is the temperature at and above
which vapour of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter
how much pressure is applied .Every substance has a critical
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temperature. The critical pressure of a substance is the
pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature.
1.1 Helium liquefaction process
Helium liquefies at 4.4 k (-268.75 °c). Most of the helium
liquefiers are Claude cycle based. Linde is the popular in
industry for providing helium liquefaction solutions. Linde
helium liquefiers are based on Claude cycle. Picture 3 shows
the Linde helium liquefier piping & instrumentation diagram.
Helium liquefaction process is explained belowLow pressure (LP) helium gas, supplied to compressor. After
compression of helium, helium enters the oil removal system
where oil and moisture is trapped. Helium enters the cold
box. It is cooled down in heat exchanger E3110 and E3120 by
low pressure (LP) helium gas in counter flow. At its cold end
liquid nitrogen (LN2)-evaporator is integrated so that precooling of the HP-stream with LN2 becomes possible and the
refrigeration or liquefaction capacity of the plant gets larger.
The heat exchanger E3120 has two sections. Between these
two sections the high pressure stream is split in two parts.
The larger fraction gets expanded in turbine X3130. After a
further cool-down in heat exchanger E3140 it enters turbine
X3150. After exit from turbine X3150 helium circulates and
cools
down
the
heat
exchangers.
Picture 2.1 :( Helium liquefier)
Picture 2.2: (Mother Helium Dewar)
Pictu
re 1: (Helium liquefier PI & D)
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of
cryogens
Cryogens have high expansion ratios, which average ~700:1.
When they are heated (i.e. exposed to room temperature),
they vaporize (turn into a gas) very rapidly. If the volume
cannot be expanded (no outlet), the pressure will increase
approximately 700-fold or until it blows something out. The
typical container used to store and handle cryogenic fluids is
the Dewar.
After some circulations of helium, impure helium is fed to the
integrated purifier unit. By cooling down the impure gas in
counter current with cold HP gas impurities, nitrogen and
traces of other gases condensate and/or freeze out. The
purified gas is fed into the cold box HP-inlet side. By warming
up the purifier will be regenerated, whereby the removed
undesirable gases are discharged. When temperature of
helium goes to 8-10 k the JT (Joule-Thomson) valve opens. By
passing through helium liquefies and store in mother Dewar.
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1.2 Storage and handling
(liquefied gases)
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1.2.1 Dewar:
-Cryogens are used in medical industries.
The Dewar is multi-walled designed with a vacuum jacket for
insulation and pressure relief valves to protect against overpressurization. Cryogens normally are stored at low pressure.
These dewars are designed to insulate the heat. As we Know
heat transfer in three ways i.e. Conduction, Convection and
Radiation.
-Cryogens are used in steel treatment as well as other
industrial work.
-Cryogens are used to achieve very low temperature.
-Superconductivity of materials can be achieved by cryogens.
1.4 Advantages
Conduction and convection is stopped by using vacuum as
insulator and radiation is stopped by using MLI (multi layer
insulator) as shown in picture.
Following are some advantages of cryogenics-It helps to Increases tensile strength, toughness and stability
by using cryogenics treatment.
-It helps to achieve very low temperature.
-It is a pure fuel used in rockets.
-Most of gases are easily available in air for liquefaction.
-Cheaper fuel than other fuel used in rockets.
-It is the only way to super conduct materials.
1.5 Disadvantages
Following are some disadvantages of cryogenics-Handling & storing of cryogens is difficult.
-If cryogens is not handled properly it causes explosion.
-The process of liquefaction is expensive & complicated.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Picture 3.1: (Liquid helium Dewar schematic)
Devender Kumar et al.[1] concludes that cryogenics systems
are which are capable of producing temperature below -150
.Linde cryogenics cycle is carefully observe and various gases
are liquefy by it. A comprehensive energy analysis and other
analysis of linde system are carried out by using various
different gases with variable properties. Numerical
computation is carried out to find out mutually dependency
and effect of various properties on other properties and their
involvement in energy destruction. It was observed that inlet
properties and every part performance put huge impact on
overall out of system Inlet pressure ranging from 3 to 6 bars
and inlet Temperature at 298 K while compressor pressure
ranging from 300 to 400 bars is optimum values of
performance parameters for linde system.
Devender Kumar et al.[2] concludes that the study deal with
energy comparative analysis of two cryogenics systems (i.e.
Linde Hampson and Claude) in terms of second law efficiency
and the output ( which in form of liquefaction mass ) of gases,
The numerical computation was carried out for above
systems and it was conclude that by joining extra accessories
in system make a system efficient in output result but in
other hand making system large , its cost and as well as useful
energy destruction of overall system are degraded which
seen in from of low second law efficiency. Two system giving
same atmospherics input condition and varying compressor
Picure-3.2: (Liquid Helium Dewar)
1.3 Applications
Following are some areas showing applications of cryogenics-Liquid hydrogen is most widely used as fuel for rockets.
-Liquid oxygen is used as an oxidizer.
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pressure considered. Final results show the output of Claude
system is more than the Linde system while second efficiency
of Linde system is 18 % more than the Claude system at 300
bar compressor pressure for all gases.
Devender Kumar et al.[3] concludes that high cost of helium
cryogenic system and less availability of work of high cost
component turned the cryogenic science toward
optimization. Second law efficiency analysis arises as a power
tool for thermodynamic of these system components and
selects the component on demand base parameters which
reduces cost of whole system. Helium liquefaction system
based on modified Claude system which well known as Collin
system. A mathematical computational program is made on
the basis of Collin system and with help of program whole
system second law analysis on different input parameters is
studied. Second law efficiency of system is 17.29 % and COP
is 0.8687 when input at ambient condition and compressor
pressure is 15 bar, but both start decreasing with further
increases of compressor pressure whereas liquefaction mass
ratio and Total work done is increases with increase in
compressor pressure. Increase in Intermediate mass ratio of
expander decrease the COP ,increase the second law
efficiency, total work done and liquefaction mass of helium.
Algirdas Baskys et al.[6] concludes that as superconducting
materials find their way into applications, there is increasing
need to verify their performance at operating conditions.
Testing of critical current with respect to temperature and
magnetic field is of particular importance. However, testing
facilities covering a range of temperatures and magnetic
fields can be costly, especially when considering the cooling
power required in the cryogenic system in the temperature
range below 65 K (inaccessible for LN2). Critical currents in
excess of 500 A are common for commercial samples, making
the testing of such samples difficult in setups cooled via a
cryocooler, moreover it often does not represent the actual
cooling conditions that the sample will experience in service.
This work reports the design and operation of a low-cost
critical current testing facility, capable of testing samples in a
temperature range of 10–65 K, with magnetic field up to 1.6 T
and measuring critical currents up to 900 A with variable
cooling power.
Andrew Townsend et al. [7] conclude that the testing of
assemblies for use in cryogenic systems commonly includes
evaluation at or near operating (therefore cryogenic)
temperature. Typical assemblies include valves and pumps
for use in liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen rocket engines. One
frequently specified method of cryogenic external leakage
testing requires the assembly, pressurized with gaseous
helium (He), be immersed in a bath of liquid nitrogen (LN2)
and allowed to thermally stabilize. Component interfaces are
then visually inspected for leakage (bubbles). Unfortunately
the liquid nitrogen will be boiling under normal, bench-top,
test conditions. This boiling tends to mask even significant
leakage. One little known and perhaps under-utilized
property of helium is the seemingly counter-intuitive
thermodynamic property that when ambient temperature
helium is bubbled through boiling LN2 at a temperature of
_195.8 _C, the temperature of the liquid nitrogen will reduce.
This paper reports on the design and testing of a novel proofof-concept helium injection control system confirming that it
is possible to reduce the temperature of an LN2 bath below
boiling point through the controlled injection of ambient
temperature gaseous helium and then to efficiently maintain
a reduced helium flow rate to maintain a stabilized liquid
temperature, enabling clear visual observation of
components immersed within the LN2. Helium saturation
testing is performed and injection system sizing is discussed.
Sim´on Reif-Acherman [4] concludes that liquefaction of
helium and the discovery of superconductivity are two of the
most striking developments in low temperature physics. The
fact that both were carried out in the laboratories of
Kamerlingh Onnes at Leiden is not mere coincidence; the first
one was indispensable for the researches that led to the
second one. On the same way, liquefaction of helium was the
consequence of several decades of efforts addressed to the
process for liquefy the so-called then ‘permanent gases’. A
whole study of this remarked subject must then include
developments that extended, in his decisive step, more than a
half of a century and that connect researches of many
scientists throughout several European countries.
R.G. Sharma [5] concludes that the study of matter at very low
temperature is fascinating because the phonon activity dies
down at very low temperatures and one can look into the
electronic behaviour minutely. Cryogenic baths of liquefied
gases provide excellent medium to cool down samples.
Liquefaction of a gas is a combination of an isothermal
compression followed by an adiabatic expansion. Cascade
process was adopted in liquefying oxygen by Cailletet and
Pictet independently in 1877. The final cooling stage has
always been a Joule-Thomsen (J-T) valve. Another important
breakthrough came in 1898 when James Dewar succeeded in
liquefying hydrogen making a temperature range of 20–14 K
accessible. The moment of triumph came in July, 1908 when
years of hard work by Kamerlingh Onnes at Leiden ultimately
resulted in the liquefaction of helium. A temperature range of
4.2–0.8 K thus became accessible in the laboratory. A cascade
process using Lair, LO2, LN2 and LH2 and the J-T expansion
valve was employed. Within 3 years of this discovery came
the defining moment of the discovery of superconductivity in
April, 1911 in pure Hg at just below 4.2 K.
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Dongli Liua et al. [8] concludes that for the numerical
simulation of GM-type pulse tube cryocoolers (GMPTCs),
several compressors with different input powers were
characterized under static conditions, including their mass
flow, input power, discharge and suction pressures. Based on
the measured data, the relationships between suction volume
flow, exergetic efficiency, and pressure ratio were found to be
independent of the working gas amount contained in the
compressor package. The empirically determined relations of
suction volume flow and exergetic efficiency together with
the volume distributions are given for the measured
compressors. With these characteristics, the mass flow,
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electrical input power, discharge and suction pressures of the
compressors operating in a GMPTC system can be predicted
at various working conditions.
to limit fault current. In order to study the resistance-time
performance of the DCSFCL under the rapid change of fault
current, a simulation model of Zhoushan MTDC system with
DCSFCL is established, and the current-limiting performance
of the DCSFCL at different location of the grid is studied. The
simulations results show that DCSFCL can effectively limit
short-circuit current and improve the operation reliability of
MTDC system.
Q.-S Chen et al. [9] concludes that Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
is being developed as a transportation fuel for heavy vehicles
such as trucks and transit buses, to lessen the dependency on
oil and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The LNG stations
are properly designed to prevent the venting of natural gas
(NG) from LNG tanks, which can cause evaporative
greenhouse gas emissions and result in fluctuations of fuel
flow and changes of fuel composition. Boil-off is caused by the
heat added into the LNG fuel during the storage and fueling.
Heat can leak into the LNG fuel through the shell of tank
during the storage and through hoses and dispensers during
the fueling. Gas from tanks onboard vehicles, when returned
to LNG tanks, can add additional heat into the LNG fuel. A
thermodynamic and heat transfer model has been developed
to analyze different mechanisms of heat leak into the LNG
fuel. The evolving of properties and compositions of LNG fuel
inside LNG tanks is simulated. The effect of a number of buses
fueled each day on the possible total fuel loss rate has been
analyzed. It is found that by increasing the number of buses,
fueled each day, the total fuel loss rate can be reduced
significantly. It is proposed that an electric generator be used
to consume the boil-off gas or a liquefier be used to re-liquefy
the boil-off gas to reduce the tank pressure and eliminate fuel
losses. These approaches can prevent boil-off of natural gas
emissions, and reduce the costs of LNG as transportation fuel.
Ho-Myung Chang [12] concludes that a thermodynamic
review is presented on cryogenic refrigeration cycles for the
liquefaction process of natural gas. The main purpose of this
review is to examine the thermodynamic structure of various
cycles and provide a theoretical basis for selecting a cycle in
accordance with different needs and design criteria. Based on
existing or proposed liquefaction processes, sixteen ideal
cycles are selected and the optimal conditions to achieve
their best thermodynamic performance are investigated. The
selected cycles include standard and modified versions of
Joule–Thomson (JT) cycle, Brayton cycle, and their combined
cycle with pure refrigerants (PR) or mixed refrigerants (MR).
Full details of the cycles are presented and discussed in terms
of FOM (figure of merit) and thermodynamic irreversibility.
In addition, a new method of nomenclature is proposed to
clearly identify the structure of cycles by abbreviation.
Woei-Shyan Lee et al. [13] concludes that the impact
deformation behavior and associated micro structural
evolutions of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy at cryogenic
temperatures are investigated using a compressive splitHopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. Cylindrical
specimens are deformed at strain rates of 1 × 103 s−1,
2 × 103 s−1, 3 × 103 s−1 and 5 × 103 s−1 and temperatures of
0 °C, −100 °C and −196 °C. It is shown that the flow stress is
strongly dependent on the strain rate and temperature. For a
given temperature, the flow stress varies with the strain rate
in accordance with a power law relation with an average
exponent of 0.157 and activation energy of 0.7 kJ/mol.
Moreover, the coupled effects of the strain rate and
temperature on the flow stress are adequately described by
the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z). For all test temperatures,
catastrophic failure occurs only under the highest strain rate
of 5 × 103 s−1, and is the result of adiabatic shear. An
increasing strain rate or reducing temperature leads to a
greater dislocation density and a smaller grain size. Finally,
the dependence of the flow stress on the micro structural
properties of the impacted 7075-T6 specimens is well
described by a specific Hall-Petch constitutive model with
constants of K = 108.3 MPa μm1/2 and K′ = 16.1 MPa μm,
respectively. Overall, the results presented in this study
provide a useful insight into the combined effects of strain
rate and temperature on the flow resistance and
deformability of 7075-T6 alloy and confirm that 7075-T6 is
well suited to the fabrication of fuel tanks and related
structural components in the aerospace field.
E. Shabagin et al. [10] concludes that To meet the increasing
power demand in cities under the spatial constraints for
cable channels, the application of high temperature
superconducting (HTS) cables cooled with liquid nitrogen
offers an increasingly attractive alternative to conventional
cable solutions. This paper presents a differential equation
model for three-phase concentric HTS cables, describing the
temperature distribution in the various cable layers and in
the liquid nitrogen flow. The design of the 1km long
AmpaCity cable is used as a reference, which presently is the
longest HTS cable installation in the world. The model
considers the AC losses in the superconducting phases in
addition to the external thermal load, as well as pressure
losses in the coolant flow. The integrity of the algorithm is
verified through energy conservation, yielding negligible
numerical solver errors. The model is then applied to the
operation of the AmpaCity cable. The final application study
shows options for extending the cable length up to factor five,
using a second cooling unit in combination with a mixed
coolant.
Zhifeng Zhang et al. [11] conclude those recent years; voltage
source converter-based multi-terminal high voltage DC
power transmission (MTDC) is widely developed in the
world. However, it is difficult for the existing DC breaker to
cut off the fault transmission line with large short-circuit fault
current. Then, it would be helpful to develop DC fault current
limiter for the MTDC system. In this paper, DC
superconducting fault current limiter (DCSFCL) is proposed
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Ziemowit M. Malecha et al. [14] concludes that an unexpected
ejection of cryogen into large confined spaces can result in
hazardous consequences. This paper presents the
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experimental results of the controlled release of liquid helium
into the LHC tunnel at CERN. The experiment was designed to
measure the oxygen concentration, temperature, and
propagation of the helium-air mixture cloud in the LHC
tunnel. This required the usage of novel, in-house
manufactured, ultrasonic helium detectors. The experimental
results showed an advantage of the ultrasonic sensors over
traditional electrochemical sensors. Next, a minimal
mathematical model was presented and implemented
numerically. The experimental results contributed to the
validation of the numerical model. A number of numerical
calculations were performed in order to examine the
consequences of a helium spill with different mass flows. This
assisted in the evaluation of the critical helium mass flow,
above which the oxygen concentration could drop below the
safety limit. A satisfactory comparison of the experimental
results and numerical calculations showed the accuracy of
the assumptions of the proposed mathematical model.
172-178, ISSN 2347 – 3258, International Journal of Advance
Research and Innovation.
[2] Devender Kumar, R.S Mishra, “Thermodynamic
Comparison of Linde and Claude Systems for Liquefaction of
Gases”, Volume 2, Issue 1 (2014) 40-49, ISSN 2347 – 3258,
International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation.
[3] Devender Kumar, R.S Mishra, “Second law analysis of
Helium liquefaction sysem for the optimization”,
International Research Journal of Sustainable science &
Engineering, IRJSSE / Volume :2 / Issue: 5 / May 2014, ISSN :
2347-6176, International Journal of Advance Research and
Innovation.
[4] Sim´on Reif-Acherman, “Liquefaction of gases and
discovery of superconductivity: two very closely scientific
achievements in low temperature physics”, v. 33, n. 2, 2601
(2011) Revista Brasileira de Ensino de sica.
[5] R.G. Sharma,“Superconductivity”, Springer Series in
Materials Science 214,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-13713-1_1,
Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.
Mitsuho Furuse et al. [15] conclude that this paper deals with
the cooling system for high-T+c superconducting (HTS)
generators for large capacity wind turbines. We have
proposed a cooling system with a heat exchanger and
circulation pumps to cool HTS field windings designed for
10 MW-class superconducting generators. In the cooling
system, the refrigerants in the stationary and rotational
systems are completely separated; heat between the two
systems exchanges using a rotational-stationary heat
exchanger. The refrigerant in rotational system is circulated
by highly reliable pumps. We designed the rotationalstationary heat exchanger based on a conventional shell-and
tube type heat exchanger. We also demonstrated that heat
exchange in cryogenic temperature is possible with a
commercially available heat exchanger. We devised a novel
and highly reliable cryogenic helium circulation pump with
magnetic reciprocating rotation system and verified its
underlying principle with a small-scale model.
[6] Algirdas Baskys a,⇑, Simon C. Hopkins a, Jakob Bader a,
Bartek A. Glowacki a,b,c, “Forced flow He vapor cooled critical
current testing facility for measurements of superconductors
in a wide temperature and magnetic field range”, Volume
79,October 2016, Pages 1–6, Elsevier.
[7] Andrew Townsend a,⇑, Rakesh Mishra b, “Design and
development of a helium injection system to improve
external leakage detection during liquid nitrogen immersion
tests”, Volume 79, October 2016, Pages 17–25, Elsevier.
[8] Dongli Liua, b, Marc Dietrichc, Guenter Thummesc, d,
Zhihua Gana, b,, “Numerical simulation of a GM-type pulse
tube cryocooler system: Part I. Characterization of
compressors”, Volume 79, October 2016, Pages 17–25,
Elsevier.
3. CONCLUSIONS
[9] Q.-S Chena, b, J Wegrzync, , , V Prasada, “ Analysis of
temperature and pressure changes in liquefied natural gas
(LNG) cryogenic tanks” , Volume 44, Issue 10, October 2004,
Pages 701–709, Elsevier.
Liquefaction of gases like Helium is way more complex than
normal refrigeration. It is not easy reach the cryogenic
temperature but it can be achieved with above mentioned
processes. Cryogenics is playing important role in various
fields like medical, manufacturing, food industries and R&D.
Applications like superconductivity, food preservation,
cryotherapies, storage of gases and heat treatment of
materials opens the gate of new possibilities. Transportation
of cryogens is not easy also. Cryogens may have dangerous
effects if not handled properly to overcome this specially
designed vessels are being used. By using optimized heat
exchangers, turbine and JT expansion liquefaction capacities
have been increased by 50% to 100% in comparison to the
old liquefier generation.
[10] E. Shabagina, b, C. Heidta, b, S. Straußb, S.
Grohmanna, b, “ Modelling of 3D temperature profiles and
pressure drop in concentric three-phase HTS power cables”,
Volume 81, January 2017, Pages 24–32, Elsevier.
[11] Zhifeng Zhang, , Tengxuan Guo, Jiabin Yang, Qinquan
Qi, Liye Xiao, Guomin Zhang, Liangzhen Lin, “Resistance
varying characteristics of DC superconducting fault current
limiter in MTDC system”, Volume 81, January 2017, Pages 1–
7, Elsevier.
[12] Ho-Myung Chang,“ A thermodynamic review of
cryogenic refrigeration cycles for liquefaction of natural gas”,
Volume 72, Part 2, December 2015, Pages 127–147, Elsevier.
REFRENCES
[1] Devender Kumar, R.S Mishra, “Thermodynamic Analysis
of Linde System for Liquefaction of Gases”, Volume 3 (2013)
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[13] Woei-Shyan Lee, , Ching-Rong Lin,“ Deformation
behavior and microstructural evolution of 7075-T6
aluminum alloy at cryogenic temperatures”, Volume 79,
October 2016, Pages 26–34, Elsevier.
Amandeep Singh received the
diploma
in
Mechanical
Engineering from Punjab State
Board of Technical Education
and Industrial Training in 2007
and having 8 years of
experience. He is working as
Scientific Assistant C in,
Pelletron LINAC Facility, TIFR,
Mumbai.
[14] Ziemowit M. Malechaa, Artur Jedrusynaa, Maciej
Grabowskia,
Maciej
Chorowskia,
Rob
van
Weelderenb, “Experimental and numerical investigation of
the emergency helium release into the LHC tunnel”, Volume
80, Part 1, December 2016, Pages 17–32, , Elsevier.
[15] Mitsuho Furuse, , Shuichiro Fuchino, Makoto
Okano, Naotake Natori, Hirofumi Yamasaki,“ Development of
a cooling system for superconducting wind turbine
generator”, Volume 80, Part 2, December 2016, Pages 199–
203, , Elsevier.
[16] Berdais, K.-H., Wilhelm H., Ungricht Th., “
IMPROVEMENTS OF
HELIUM LIQUEFACTION /
REFRIGERATION PLANTS AND APPLICATIONS”, Linde
Kryotechnik AG, Daettlikonerstrasse 5, CH-8422 Pfungen,
Switzerland.
[17] http://www.tifr.res.in/~ltf/
[18] http://www.cryofab.com/
Author profile:
Gagandeep Singh started
pursuing B.Tech in 2014 in
Mechanical
Engineering
Department at Doaba Institute
of Engineering and Technology
(DIET), Kharar Distt- Mohali
and doing research work in
Cryogenics.
Jasvinder Singh received the
M.Tech degree in mechanical
Engineering from Rayat Bahra
University in 2016. He is
working as assistant professor
and in Mechanical Engineering
department at DIET, Kharar,
distt- Mohali.
Jagdish Singh received the
M.Tech degree in Production
Engineering from
Punjab
Technical University in 2016.
He is working as assistant
professor and in Mechanical
Engineering department at
DIET, Kharar, distt- Mohali.
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