ICC 107‐7 International Coffee Organization 107th Session 26 – 30 September 2011 London, United Kingdom 22 August 2011 Original: English E
Study The effects of tariffs on the coffee trade Background In the context of its programme of activities, the International Coffee Organization seeks to promote the development of the coffee sector and to take into account measures which could have an impact on consumption. This document provides an update to previous studies EB‐3924/07 Rev. 1 and ICC‐95‐3 regarding the effects of tariffs on the trade and consumption of coffee. Action The Council is requested to take note of this document. THE EFFECTS OF TARIFFS ON THE COFFEE TRADE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. The sustainable development of the global coffee market is a key principle of the International Coffee Organization (ICO), and as such it is important to review any possible impediments to attaining this objective. This paper provides a brief summary of the various taxes and tariffs levied on coffee by Member countries, and the possible implications for the coffee market. 2. It is noted that tariffs are generally higher in exporting countries than in importing countries. However, tariffs in importing countries tend to increase as the product becomes more refined, with higher taxes on soluble coffee than on green beans, discouraging the development of a local processing industry in exporting countries. There is little noticeable relationship between the size of the tariff and levels of consumption in importing countries. Consumption in most exporting countries is relatively low, with significant potential for promotion. INTRODUCTION 3. Article 24 of the International Coffee Agreement 2007 states that: ‘Members recognize the importance of the sustainable development of the coffee sector and of the removal of current obstacles and avoidance of new obstacles which may hinder trade and consumption.’ Furthermore, Members shall undertake to remove and, where possible, eliminate such obstacles. These measures include import arrangements (for example tariffs and quotas), export arrangements (such as subsidies and taxes) and internal trade conditions. 4. This report considers the effect of such measures, and as such is a companion piece to ICC‐107‐8 (Obstacles to consumption), which presents a summary of tariffs, taxes and duties on coffee. It provides an analysis of the effect of tariffs and taxes on coffee consumption in both importing and exporting countries, and is composed of two sections: I. Tariff measures and consumption in importing countries II. Tariff measures and consumption in exporting countries ‐ 2 ‐ I. Tariff measures and consumption in importing countries i. Tariff barriers 5. For members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the fundamental principle of international trade is non‐discrimination, that members cannot grant special favours or access to one country without according the same access to all other WTO members. In terms of tariffs, this means that importing countries impose a uniform rate, known as the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) rate. However, there are exceptions to this principle. The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) scheme offers reduced or zero rates on selected products originating in developing countries. Exemptions can also be granted to Least Developed Countries (LDCs)1. Tariffs on coffee products under these three schemes in importing Member countries can be found in Table 1. It should be noted that Tunisia does not currently offer GSP access, and the Turkish scheme covers only instant or soluble coffee, not green beans. 6. In addition to these tariff lines, further concessions and alternative rates are granted through the use of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). These agreements have proliferated over the last 20 years, and are currently estimated by the WTO to number 489. For reasons of practicality, not all such agreements are detailed in this paper, however some relevant RTAs for the coffee trade include the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico and the USA; the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs); and agreements between members of the Andean Community (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) and the EU and, separately, the USA. 1
The WTO uses the United Nations definition of an LDC, which takes into account Gross National Income per capita, the Human Asset Index and the Economic Vulnerability Index. ‐ 3 ‐ Table 1: Tariffs in importing Member countries Product code Description Category 0901.11.00 Green coffee not decaffeinated EU Norway Switzerland Tunisia Turkey USA MFN GSP LDC 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 15 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ 11 0
0
0 0901.12.00 Green coffee decaffeinated MFN GSP LDC 8.3
4.8
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 15 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ 11 0
0
0 0901.21.00 Roasted coffee not decaffeinated MFN GSP LDC 7.5
2.6
0 0
0
0 63 Fr/100kg
0
0 36 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ 11 0
0
0 0901.22.00 Roasted coffee decaffeinated MFN GSP LDC 9
3.1
0 0
0
0 63 Fr/100kg
0
0 36 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ 11 0
0
0 0901.90.90 Coffee substitutes containing coffee MFN GSP LDC 11.5
8
0 0
0
0 70 Fr/100kg
0
0 36 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ 11 1.5¢/kg
1.5¢/kg
0 2101.11.00 Extracts, essences & concentrates of coffee MFN GSP LDC 9
3.1
0 0
0
0 182 Fr/100kg
0
0 Instant coffee: 0% Other: 10% 9 3.1 0 0
0
0 MFN GSP LDC 11.5
0
0
0 36 ‐ ‐ 9 ‐ 11.5 8 ‐ 9 0 ‐ 9 8.5 – 10
8
0 80.8 ‐ 123.45 Fr/100kg
0 ‐ 79.45 Fr/100kg
0 Preparations with a basis of extracts, essences or concentrates or with a 2101.12.00* basis of coffee 0 ‐ 10
0 ‐ 10 * This tariff heading contains several sub‐categories, hence the range of tariffs given. In percentages unless otherwise indicated Source: WTO Tariff Database 7. Table 1 shows that tariffs are lower for raw and unprocessed products than they are for finished products. This is an issue known as tariff escalation, and is generally used by importing countries as a way of protecting domestic industries. Raw coffee can be imported under a lower tariff and then processed internally in order to ensure value addition. In the European Union, for example, non‐decaffeinated green coffee can be imported tariff‐free, whereas roasted coffee incurs a tariff of 9%. Figure 1 demonstrates the increase in duty applied at each stage of production. ‐ 4 ‐ Figure 1: Tariff escalation in the EU 14
12
Import tariff (%)
10
8
6
4
2
0
0901.11.00
0901.12.00
0901.21.00
0901.22.00
0901.90.90
2101.11.00
2101.12.00
8. Tariff escalation acts to deter exporting countries from processing their own coffee, and can be a disincentive to export diversification and development. The magnitude of this effect can be measured by using the Effective Rate of Protection (ERP), which calculates the effect of a tariff on the value addition of a commodity. In the case of coffee, for example, one could calculate the ERP on roasted coffee using the following formula: 1
100
Where, = tariff on roasted coffee = tariff on green coffee = unit price of green coffee = unit price of roasted coffee 9. To take the case of the EU, this expression can be calculated as follows, using ICO data. The tariff on roasted, non‐decaffeinated coffee is 7.5%; that on green, non‐decaffeinated coffee is 0%. The average unit price in 2010 for green, non‐decaffeinated coffee imported into the EU was 127.5 US cents/lb; that for roasted, non‐decaffeinated coffee was 265.2 US cents/lb in Green Bean Equivalent (GBE). Using these values in the formula above gives an Effective Rate of Protection of 14.4%. To put it another way, the tariff on the value addition gained by roasting coffee is 14.4%, despite a nominal tax of just 7.5%. 10. Although this example is only illustrative, it does suggest that tariff escalation in the case of the coffee trade could favour domestic roasters in importing countries over those in exporting countries. Indeed, if one compares the volume of exports into the EU from exporting countries (Figure 2), the overwhelming majority (96%) is composed of green coffee exports, rather than processed products. ‐ 5 ‐ Figure 2: Total coffee exports into the EU from exporting Member countries (volume) 1% 3%
96%
Green
Roasted
Soluble
11. The European Union also offers preferential trade access to many exporting countries. In addition to GSP preferences, there are further reductions available under programmes such as Everything But Arms (EBA), which gives duty‐free, quota‐free access to 49 LDCs; GSP+, which offers additional tariff reductions to developing countries that meet certain criteria for sustainable development and good governance; and other RTAs such as EPAs with the ACP countries, as well as bilateral arrangements with the Andean Community of Nations, Mexico and Papua New Guinea. These programmes cumulatively result in 37 exporting countries being granted 0% tariffs on all coffee products imported into the EU. 12. However, not all coffee‐exporting countries receive preferential access. Table 2 shows those not benefitting from 0% tariff rates. It should be noted that these countries still receive GSP rates, which are better than MFN rates. Brazil, however, is charged the standard MFN rate on all exports of soluble and instant coffees; the only exporting Member to do so. According to a recent study, these tariffs have accounted for a reduction in the Brazilian share of the soluble market in recent years2. Table 2: Exporting countries not benefitting from EU preferential measures Country Brazil Congo, Rep. of Cuba Gabon India Indonesia Nigeria Philippines Thailand Venezuela, Vietnam In percentages 2
Green decaffeinated [0901.12.00] 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 Roasted not decaffeinated [0901.21.00] 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 Roasted decaffeinated [0901.22.00] 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 Extracts, essences and concentrates [2101.11.00] 9 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 Preparations with a basis of extracts, essences and concentrates
[2101.12.00] 11.5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 See Nishijima, M. & Saes M.S.M. (2010) ‘Tariff discrimination on Brazil’s soluble coffee: an economic analysis’, Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 30 (2), pp. 293‐309. ‐ 6 ‐ ii. Indirect taxes 13. In addition to customs duties, coffee consumption in importing countries is also subject to indirect taxes, particularly Value Added Tax (VAT) and excise duties. VAT varies from country to country, although some do offer exemptions. Table 3 shows levels of VAT imposed on roasted, non‐decaffeinated coffee in importing Member countries. Excise duty, on the other hand, is only levied on coffee by a few importing countries, as displayed in Table 4. Table 3: VAT on roasted coffee, not decaffeinated, in importing Member countries European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Others Norway Switzerland Tunisia Turkey USA VAT on roasted coffee
not decaffeinated
[0901.21.00]
10%
6%
20%
0%
10%
25%
20%
13%
5.5%
7%
13%
25%
0%
20%
22%
19%
3%
0%
6%
23%
13%
24%
20%
8.5%
8%
12%
0%
14%
2.5%
18%
8%
Varies by state
Table 4: Excise duties on coffee in selected importing countries Country Belgium
Excise duties Green: €0.1983/kg net weight Roasted: €0.2479/kg net weight Soluble: €0.6941/kg dry matter Denmark
Green: DKK 5.45/kg Roasted: DKK 6.54/kg Coffee extracts DKK 14.17/kg Germany
Roasted: €2.19/kg Soluble: €4.78/kg Latvia
Roasted and soluble: LVL100/100kg
Norway
Roasted: 1.14% of customs value
Soluble: 0.71% of customs value Switzerland Specific tax on coffee ‐ 7 ‐ iii. Impact on development of the coffee market 14. Levels of consumption in importing countries are influenced by many factors, and it is difficult to determine the exact effect of each tariff or tax. For example, Denmark imposes a relatively high level of VAT on coffee, as well as an excise duty, yet its per capita consumption is over three times that of the United Kingdom, which levies no VAT or excise. Other factors, such as cultural norms and trends, clearly have an impact. 15. However, the cumulative effect of the various tariffs, consumption taxes and excise duties levied on coffee by importing countries is reflected in the final retail price of roasted coffee paid by consumers. The Annex shows retail prices, total consumption and per capita consumption in selected importing countries from 1975 to 2010. It can be seen from these tables that retail prices have had little direct influence over levels of consumption. 16. Figure 3 shows the relationship between retail prices and per capita consumption for 23 importing countries in 2010. As can be seen by the trend line, there is a very slight negative relationship. However, this result is dependent on the exceptionally high levels of per capita consumption in Finland; it is not a robust finding. Retail prices alone do not explain cross‐country differences in consumption. Figure 3: Retail prices and per capita consumption in selected importing countries in 2010 14
Per capita consumption (kg)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Retail prices (US cents/lb)
600
700
800
‐ 8 ‐ II. i. Tariff measures and consumption in exporting countries Domestic consumption The imposition of tariffs on imports of coffee also has an effect on the coffee market in producing countries. Although the vast majority of exports are destined for non‐producing countries, there is still a vibrant trade both between exporting countries, and re‐exports from importing countries to exporting countries. 18. Domestic consumption in exporting countries has been steadily increasing, as can be seen in Table 5 and Table 6. Over the last 5 years, total consumption increased at an average annual rate of 4.0%, accounting for 30.8% of total production in 2010. Brazil is easily the biggest consumer among exporting countries, at 19.1 million bags, with a per capita consumption of 5.8kg per annum, and is soon expected to overtake the United States as the 2nd largest global consumer, after the EU. Table 5: Domestic consumption in selected exporting countries 17. 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Compound Annual Growth Rate
2010 as % of production
TOTAL
35 086
37 283
38 262
39 739
41 010
4.0
30.8
Brazil
Crop year commencing
16 331
17 125
17 660
18 390
19 130
4.0
39.8
Indonesia
2 833
3 333
3 333
3 333
3 333
4.1
37.6
Ethiopia
2 748
2 894
3 048
3 210
3 383
5.3
45.4
Mexico
2 000
2 200
2 200
2 200
2 354
4.2
58.9
India
1 417
1 500
1 573
1 700
1 800
6.2
36.1
Venezuela, B.R.
1 518
1 582
1 649
1 650
1 650
2.1
235.7
917
1 000
1 083
1 583
1 583
14.6
8.6
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
0.0
15.2
Philippines
917
1 060
1 080
1 080
1 080
4.2
282.0
Thailand
500
500
500
500
500
0.0
66.5
Madagascar
467
467
467
467
467
0.0
90.2
Vietnam
Colombia
Honduras
230
460
460
460
460
18.9
12.0
Dominican Republic
378
378
378
378
378
0.0
75.6
97.1
Haiti
340
340
340
340
340
0.0
Guatemala
300
300
335
320
340
3.2
8.6
Côte d'Ivoire
317
317
317
317
317
0.0
14.4
Peru
220
220
250
250
250
3.2
6.2
El Salvador
222
230
232
230
230
0.9
12.5
Costa Rica
324
274
245
229
235
‐7.7
15.0
Cuba
224
224
220
220
220
‐0.4
203.1
Congo, D.R.
200
200
200
200
200
0.0
57.1
Nicaragua
187
189
192
194
268
9.5
20.6
Ecuador
150
150
150
150
150
0.0
17.6
Lao, P.D.R.
140
140
150
150
150
1.7
37.5
Uganda
140
140
140
140
140
0.0
5.0
Yemen
138
130
130
130
130
‐1.5
41.2
Other exporting countries
528
529
529
518
522
‐0.3
9.5
In thousand bags ‐ 9 ‐ 19. However, consumption in many other exporting countries is still relatively low. There is an unexploited potential for increased domestic consumption in many producing nations. Table 6: Per capita consumption in selected exporting countries Calendar year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
TOTAL
0.74
0.77
0.79
0.81
0.82
Brazil
5.14
5.34
5.48
5.64
5.80
Honduras
1.96
2.41
3.77
3.69
3.62
Venezuela, B.R.
3.25
3.33
3.41
3.46
3.40
Costa Rica
4.77
4.19
3.54
3.16
2.97
Ethiopia
2.07
2.12
2.18
2.24
2.30
Dominican Republic
2.35
2.31
2.28
2.25
2.21
El Salvador
2.05
2.20
2.26
2.25
2.23
Nicaragua
2.05
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.19
Haiti
2.13
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.00
Colombia
1.92
1.89
1.87
1.84
1.81
Madagascar
1.55
1.51
1.47
1.43
1.39
Lao, P.D.R.
1.40
1.38
1.38
1.42
1.40
Guatemala
1.38
1.35
1.35
1.42
1.36
Mexico
1.01
1.14
1.22
1.20
1.21
Panama
1.22
1.20
1.18
1.17
1.15
Cuba
1.20
1.20
1.16
1.15
1.15
Vietnam
0.58
0.65
0.70
0.82
1.07
Côte d'Ivoire
0.97
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.88
Indonesia
0.74
0.86
0.88
0.87
0.86
Philippines
0.63
0.67
0.71
0.70
0.69
Ecuador
In kilograms 0.68
0.67
0.67
0.66
0.65
ii. Taxes on imports 20. Import arrangements can also have an effect on the development of the coffee market in exporting countries. As indicated in Section I, the majority of roasting and processing of coffee occurs in developed countries. This stimulates exporting countries to import processed coffee in order to supply domestic consumption. Table 7 shows taxes on imports of coffee in selected exporting countries. ‐ 10 ‐ Table 7: Taxes on imports of coffee in selected exporting countries Angola
Benin Bolivia
Brazil
Burundi
Cameroon Central African Republic
Colombia
Congo, R.
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Gabon Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Haiti
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Jamaica
Kenya
Madagascar Malawi
Mexico
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Tanzania
Green
30
20
15‐20
10
40
5‐30
5‐30
10‐15
5‐30
9‐14
20
5‐30
14
10‐15
10‐15
5‐30
20
10‐15
20
5
10‐15
100
0‐5
0‐40
25
20
25
20
10‐15
20
30
25
10
17
40
5‐15
5
25
40% in quota
90% out of quota
20
25
10‐15
16‐20
25
25
40
Roasted
30
20
15‐20
10
40
30
30
15‐20
30
14
20
30
20
15‐20
15
30
20
15
20
15
15
100
5
40
25
20
25
72
15
20
54
25
10
9‐17
40
30
20
25
40% in quota
90% out of quota
20
25
15‐20
35
25
25
40
Thailand
Togo Uganda
Venezuela, B.R.
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
In percentages Source: WTO Tariff Database; EU Market Access Database Soluble
30
20
15
16
40
30
30
20
30
14
10‐20
30
20
20
15
30
20
15
10‐20
5
15
30
5
20
10‐25
20
25
140.4
15
10‐20
30‐81
25
16
0
45
30
20
10‐15
49
10‐20
10‐25
20
43
25
25
40
VAT on roasted coffee not decaffeinated
10
13
10
0
0
0
12
13
18
12.5
12
10
12
0
10
17.5
16
0
0‐15
5
0
10
10
18
12
0
7
0
10
5
21. As can be seen in Table 7, tariffs in exporting countries are frequently higher than those in importing countries. These measures can be used to protect domestic industry, but could also limit the development of local coffee consumption. Not only do tariffs increase the price of imported coffee, but they also restrict the ability of domestic roasters to produce blends and diversify the quality of their coffee. ‐ 11 ‐ 22. Re‐exports by importing countries to exporting countries are shown in Table 8. They have been steadily increasing over the last five years, at an average annual rate of 27.4%, amounting to nearly 1.5 million bags in 2010. This is mostly composed of exports of soluble coffee (82.8% of the total by volume), with roasted coffee and green coffee accounting for 8.5% and 8.7% respectively. Relative to its size, Brazil is not a major destination for re‐exports, suggesting that it has a much more developed soluble coffee industry than other exporting countries. Table 8: Re‐exports by importing countries to exporting countries 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Compound annual growth rate
TOTAL
553 230
566 471
712 367
938 934
1 457 607
27.4
Angola
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Colombia
Congo, D.R.
Congo, R.
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Jamaica
Kenya
Lao, P.D.R.
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mexico
Nepal
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Sri Lanka
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor‐Leste
Togo
Trinidad & Tobago
Uganda
Venezuela, B.R.
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
6 197
433
2 195
5 920
0
73
78
2 028
4 780
1 168
1 787
1 388
1 665
4 807
11 284
3 014
383
39
2 200
196
2 558
1 020
19
137
353
5 866
55 253
5 119
876
354
21 405
186
722
89 946
123
293
8 892
6 300
11 363
687
22 965
47 027
121
86
5 688
376
176 242
20
284
6 953
232
78
24 450
339
6 682
580
4 745
1 504
1 968
12 484
42
78
2
2 088
1 048
408
1 630
1 619
1 511
5 670
14 408
1 686
246
793
420
1 018
1 901
522
89
173
197
11 893
67 172
7 241
2 215
868
2 048
462
366
98 352
433
122
3 235
3 787
12 494
794
28 892
75 827
56
100
6 358
118
133 661
0
341
9 554
1 067
24
35 328
1 687
3 836
1 890
5 145
191
2 221
9 443
2
298
44
947
1 157
460
1 845
1 568
1 436
9 742
3 153
2 430
292
133
683
1 024
2 868
176
1 301
65
1 266
7 955
94 110
9 135
1 885
40
4 538
725
1 149
87 998
292
112
4 771
9 368
12 320
598
35 819
171 090
55
346
4 993
307
138 574
4
633
12 105
1 920
321
49 838
990
8 815
3 667
6 067
312
1 720
13 164
0
448
325
3 681
1 052
563
827
1 994
666
4 759
5 573
778
348
451
202
1 017
1 732
273
891
9
1 626
6 135
147 986
7 366
1 441
6
1 130
664
734
64 497
333
360
3 261
2 633
15 880
595
29 247
403 159
7
235
7 029
752
118 683
10
1 468
9 849
1 500
513
52 645
1 227
7 209
3 903
8 009
166
3 076
17 500
28
341
12
6 251
1 169
415
13 577
1 729
641
8 949
2 519
1 245
249
196
2 406
1 794
821
219
368
26
1 364
7 863
225 646
7 017
968
24
586
495
1 727
184 013
505
36
5 255
2 874
26 637
1 024
37 370
630 153
42
46
6 693
372
164 164
36
377
11 745
823
182
54 822
246
6 625
6 173
6.6
‐21.3
8.8
31.1
Country of destination
In 60‐kg bags 47.1
‐37.6
32.5
‐29.7
‐22.8
66.0
5.7
‐21.2
16.8
‐31.3
‐19.8
‐10.2
49.7
2.3
73.8
‐24.7
‐31.9
108.5
‐34.1
40.2
7.6
42.2
8.2
2.5
‐48.9
‐59.3
27.6
24.4
19.6
42.5
‐41.0
‐12.3
‐17.8
23.7
10.5
12.9
91.3
‐23.2
‐14.4
4.1
‐0.3
‐1.8
16.5
7.3
14.0
37.2
23.6
22.4
‐7.7
‐0.2
80.6
‐ 12 ‐ 23. Exporting countries also trade with each other. Table 9 shows volume of exports by exporting countries to other exporting countries over the last five years, by country of destination. These have also been growing, at an average annual rate of 14.7%, to amount to 4.4 million bags in 2010. Unlike re‐exports, however, this trade is mostly composed of green coffee beans (85.8%), with soluble making up 13.8% and roasted 0.4%. Table 9: Exports by exporting countries to other exporting countries Country of destination
TOTAL
Angola
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Colombia
Congo, D.R.
Congo, R.
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Jamaica
Kenya
Lao, P.D.R.
Liberia
Madagascar
Mexico
Nepal
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Sierra Leone
Sri Lanka
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad & Tobago
Uganda
Venezuela, B.R.
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
In 60‐kg bags 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Compound annual growth rate
2 513 754
3 384 860
3 657 785
4 393 121
4 353 792
14.7
1 451
711
13 123
65
56
4 066
0
346 221
965
1 133
3 379
0
104 228
947
492 432
84 888
186
0
2 340
8 688
35 409
3 233
1 106
0
2 399
255 995
93 760
6 723
1 814
5 200
488
50
479 050
2 442
64 450
12 829
4 232
9
28 908
18 960
354 440
361
165
1 239
9 204
14 583
8 798
150
21 951
15 641
5 260
26
0
527
2 139
17 567
1 356
0
6 112
256
86 504
4 412
2 882
3 496
480
314 549
1 262
431 894
76 244
15 699
0
5 677
15 389
47 976
151
931
5
2 318
238 279
700 321
38 563
9 280
0
308
641
424 346
2 371
108 282
25 355
7 186
13
37 462
27 986
643 853
447
1 344
368
13 203
3 814
11 507
408
24 228
19 304
8 150
12
0
540
1 109
18 057
0
0
4 704
394
130 934
558
1 870
5 515
0
282 746
1 465
477 078
66 684
895
0
4 086
21 227
51 645
1 341
191
5
2 904
378 317
184 932
9 637
8 862
0
367
0
558 748
2 538
57 347
29 951
5 287
1 015
28 536
33 861
953 918
603
476
0
257 824
2 096
16 043
4 312
21 604
25 207
2 350
7
0
308
2 119
9 875
0
0
5 554
256
671 716
6 478
3 555
37 950
0
224 730
1 158
637 199
60 525
1 382
322
6 836
20 359
48 491
3 262
3
4
2 353
501 069
304 803
5 901
15 502
0
896
633
446 661
2 950
84 644
25 437
3 223
8
24 902
42 277
704 646
768
80
0
78 924
6 422
18 776
5 759
319 960
54 449
0
0
0
2 514
7 448
5 828
4 047
0
4 133
125
572 798
1 403
4 511
123 523
1 160
267 596
25 657
626 460
80 116
662
0
5 631
13 151
56 049
5 941
0
0
2 852
378 360
289 755
6 209
12 937
0
1 878
197
610 485
2 760
57 840
26 660
5 569
11
16 976
47 140
417 950
502
1 686
283
159 048
12 068
16 280
0
450 363
26 032
729
0
471
14.7
79.9
‐18.4
180.9
0.4
13.4
9.8
41.3
145.9
26.6
128.2
6.2
‐1.4
37.4
24.6
10.9
12.2
16.4
4.4
10.3
32.6
‐2.0
63.4
40.1
40.9
6.2
3.1
‐2.7
20.1
7.1
6.1
‐12.5
25.6
4.2
8.6
78.9
‐30.9
103.9
‐4.6
16.6
112.8
13.6
‐39.0
‐ 13 ‐ CONCLUSION 24. Tariffs in importing countries have been steadily reduced through multilateral, regional and bilateral trade arrangements, and many developing countries now benefit from duty‐free access to major markets. This access is not uniformly granted, though, and some countries benefit more than others, creating an unequal trading system. Furthermore, tariff escalation on roasted coffee is a real concern for exporters, as it discourages value addition and protects domestic industries in consumer countries. Higher taxes on processed products, such as roasted, decaffeinated or soluble coffee increase dependence on raw commodity exports by developing countries and impede diversification. 25. In terms of exporting countries, import tariffs and taxes on coffee are generally even higher. These taxes could act to limit the development of so‐called ‘South‐South’ trade between coffee producers and reduce the available market for coffee. Given the relatively low levels of consumption in exporting countries, there is potential for the development of domestic markets, and reducing tariffs on imports could help promote local consumption. Furthermore, tariff reduction on green coffee could help promote the domestic coffee industry by increasing the availability of blends. 26. Consumption in importing countries seems to be relatively unaffected by the tariffs and taxes imposed on coffee. The market for coffee is reasonably developed and coffee generally exhibits a low level of price elasticity. In exporting countries, however, local consumption is comparatively low and the market underdeveloped. Tariffs may therefore still have an effect. There is a strong potential for promoting consumption in exporting countries and increasing the available market for domestic industry. ANNEX Table 1: Retail prices of roasted coffee in selected importing countries (1975‐2010) European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Latvia
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Japan
Norway
Switzerland
USA
European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Latvia
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Japan
Norway
Switzerland
USA
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
221.6
207.4
248.4
253.6
387.8
439.2
404.3
427.1
376.1
395.9
386.8
406.8
347.6
296.4
333.9
284.6
313.3
277.6
292.3
283.3
306.4
294.0
442.7
439.5
498.1
359.0
459.4
337.8
428.1
325.4
489.7
326.9
457.4
292.4
498.9
305.1
145.4
163.6
296.3
314.5
332.8
292.5
212.3
210.3
214.3
220.3
242.9
327.2
331.5
306.4
285.0
282.8
280.1
287.1
233.6
295.4
491.0
522.4
496.2
491.8
368.0
183.6
294.4
219.3
244.5
337.6
240.2
438.3
479.6
435.0
388.8
476.4
427.8
385.8
461.3
417.8
415.7
486.2
425.7
303.7
370.1
331.0
351.3
228.2
280.7
360.6
297.3
325.6
210.0
287.5
339.1
292.3
319.2
221.1
298.7
322.0
286.7
330.7
263.1
315.8
331.5
303.5
486.7
370.1
430.9
473.0
448.0
420.9
352.1
422.4
436.6
506.3
403.5
310.7
375.5
414.7
476.2
379.6
304.0
352.0
389.1
455.8
380.9
297.9
372.9
399.4
531.5
367.2
271.9
342.7
383.5
562.1
378.5
245.6
231.3
399.8
586.0
169.9
231.5
417.7
352.7
329.7
338.7
263.3
284.7
272.0
282.3
273.2
410.6
323.7
319.3
300.6
302.6
295.1
313.3
469.7
438.7
524.2
420.8
336.6
316.6
339.7
357.2
459.6
459.9
416.0
373.9
412.2
426.8
494.8
167.9
247.7
408.8
423.6
368.6
371.5
374.5
349.4
363.1
378.3
285.6
298.1
258.4
292.4
238.2
273.4
270.1
310.5
290.8
321.8
389.0
491.0
478.6
444.2
372.5
520.9
363.6
382.5
494.1
305.0
381.6
440.2
362.0
343.4
503.4
350.4
329.4
472.9
349.7
310.7
483.1
166.2
230.3
133.4
248.1
255.6
187.4
423.2
412.1
347.2
382.7
462.3
310.3
356.4
405.0
291.6
391.1
426.6
310.6
290.9
344.5
250.4
644.2
300.5
345.1
256.8
682.9
291.0
340.2
253.0
688.2
302.1
320.7
263.9
719.9
307.2
335.8
266.9
985.2
475.0
485.5
344.9
1013.2
365.2
493.1
293.3
1099.8
367.1
458.2
284.4
1046.1
359.9
409.1
307.3
1025.7
331.2
483.2
296.6
1188.2
316.3
435.9
280.9
1262.1
311.6
451.7
257.8
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
497.4
278.2
457.5
342.2
517.8
487.7
541.9
403.6
437.1
398.5
396.5
418.7
328.1
355.4
304.7
321.6
293.2
299.7
260.1
318.0
426.3
413.4
404.0
460.6
348.1
193.6
203.0
361.7
458.8
184.4
444.5
272.6
240.1
418.4
467.6
221.3
556.6
397.4
368.9
502.2
570.4
387.5
481.4
322.4
329.5
417.5
592.0
418.3
496.0
350.2
275.8
403.3
545.4
458.0
492.3
342.1
277.6
403.8
553.0
490.5
279.9
325.9
426.7
437.6
402.7
566.8
623.8
365.1
436.6
592.4
366.9
354.3
504.4
338.9
367.3
362.9
488.1
348.0
278.8
264.5
420.4
276.5
378.9
499.1
444.7
485.1
654.5
418.1
395.8
610.8
356.9
435.4
715.3
362.1
441.4
706.8
439.1
391.2
393.3
260.3
254.9
342.4
516.2
420.2
494.9
310.9
318.9
465.3
285.6
472.0
322.8
350.9
618.3
358.0
336.4
344.7
229.2
214.6
283.4
444.2
396.6
422.9
281.4
281.1
395.3
244.2
355.7
269.0
303.2
541.1
358.2
290.8
318.8
198.0
199.3
263.4
433.1
327.6
407.1
255.3
256.7
383.8
225.6
304.7
254.1
253.5
556.6
285.7
305.1
215.1
405.0
298.9
309.2
184.0
207.2
272.7
457.1
321.6
428.5
260.3
211.2
385.3
219.9
310.5
258.1
255.0
544.4
318.0
359.5
267.7
491.7
310.4
356.9
213.1
249.8
318.0
546.7
335.4
528.3
320.0
212.2
455.6
247.1
373.9
300.1
293.5
611.4
333.1
387.3
293.3
523.3
346.3
395.7
233.8
272.1
332.6
601.2
371.7
579.0
347.3
225.8
484.9
270.0
372.6
323.4
308.3
677.5
376.7
410.0
292.0
528.4
379.1
428.0
283.8
274.8
406.4
612.8
392.6
604.1
375.2
256.3
481.7
278.6
372.4
322.3
299.2
694.4
413.0
431.8
290.4
534.2
395.0
442.8
294.0
296.9
432.5
629.3
428.6
643.9
396.4
276.5
473.7
305.1
397.8
342.5
315.9
710.5
426.9
491.2
347.7
575.5
438.6
481.7
325.3
341.3
468.5
701.7
482.9
678.5
445.2
349.2
511.8
388.5
452.8
385.2
352.8
804.3
474.4
546.1
405.4
617.5
575.6
539.9
372.2
386.0
513.0
786.7
589.4
752.3
504.7
445.2
572.3
501.9
498.3
430.7
376.3
784.9
695.1
526.2
383.9
584.4
515.7
528.7
351.4
378.6
474.9
767.6
610.1
729.3
470.1
349.3
533.8
508.1
476.9
416.0
355.4
726.5
668.7
518.1
362.5
556.8
501.1
543.7
368.7
362.0
465.4
734.0
610.0
708.1
457.5
364.0
500.0
484.5
430.6
391.7
399.2
734.8
1457.2
245.9
426.7
247.2
1469.5
329.0
450.4
340.1
1771.8
454.4
632.5
403.8
1524.2
389.9
542.6
343.0
1421.6
411.2
478.8
411.1
1351.6
390.4
503.9
376.5
1532.4
334.6
481.7
342.7
1292.0
298.2
409.3
345.0
860.2
285.6
408.6
309.3
812.5
309.1
446.1
292.4
818.6
348.0
512.5
291.6
875.0
383.7
568.5
284.9
822.5
410.7
586.4
326.3
816.2
389.1
809.2
446.6
832.3
469.2
320.3
346.9
607.2
402.0
530.2
366.9
638.8
447.8
659.3
390.6
In US cents/lb (current prices) 2 Table 2: Consumption in selected importing countries (1975‐2010) European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Latvia
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Japan
Norway
Switzerland
Tunisia
Turkey
USA
European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Latvia
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Japan
Norway
Switzerland
Tunisia
Turkey
USA
In thousand bags
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
611
624
520
603
729
871
825
999
1 072
973
925
977
1 033
1 015
1 337
1 340
1 302
1 212
24
23
354
1 098
1 077
4 974
6 438
3 356
14
25
284
1 025
1 197
4 823
6 829
3 548
43
15
343
912
834
4 436
7 042
3 076
26
22
359
935
928
4 955
6 635
3 231
33
32
398
903
1 021
5 158
7 678
3 786
55
29
436
941
1 061
5 274
7 759
3 679
80
31
453
1 006
1 082
5 466
8 044
3 747
42
24
437
978
1 027
5 357
8 541
4 075
154
70
526
950
1 047
5 423
8 902
4 113
141
‐10
488
941
1 187
4 948
8 274
3 709
92
32
531
940
825
5 051
7 742
4 656
82
16
522
939
986
5 068
8 706
4 189
95
37
585
911
1 036
5 394
9 673
4 299
162
47
573
872
963
5 396
10 177
4 219
85
39
586
918
1 058
5 289
9 380
4 307
102
31
659
865
1 070
5 205
7 279
4 832
17
45
525
909
966
5 557
12 377
4 254
175
39
472
959
1 030
5 614
9 570
4 132
19
2 142
518
253
2 209
539
338
1 276
457
181
1 716
596
229
1 702
567
223
1 740
633
153
2 159
477
244
2 079
366
235
2 239
289
317
2 154
674
330
2 095
732
374
2 235
551
282
2 533
560
450
2 177
620
422
2 102
824
448
2 383
335
467
2 488
243
448
3 261
1 650
573
1 615
1 924
2 016
1 600
1 922
1 930
1 122
1 184
1 621
1 573
1 674
1 740
1 745
1 680
2 457
1 428
1 583
2 022
1 732
1 791
2 392
1 748
1 629
2 286
2 031
1 685
2 266
1 868
1 570
2 367
1 761
1 614
2 307
2 224
1 625
2 282
2 106
1 640
2 355
2 343
1 559
2 331
2 592
1 549
2 177
2 714
1 689
2 348
2 651
1 604
2 342
115
3 045
1 634
2 516
2 334
651
740
65
67
19 993
2 341
694
685
80
167
20 874
2 361
485
553
30
95
15 672
2 171
754
558
53
17
17 925
3 166
691
547
54
3 357
664
673
45
3 245
701
695
50
19 014
17 414
17 200
3 587
719
594
72
41
18 283
3 749
781
642
68
54
17 923
3 878
717
648
81
61
18 397
4 153
724
666
85
68
18 379
4 298
704
714
95
56
17 572
4 755
754
774
92
87
18 197
4 910
643
855
110
81
17 889
4 940
712
935
80
104
18 556
5 060
727
907
101
140
18 298
5 809
758
949
90
163
18 661
5 132
736
995
111
165
18 290
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1 335
1 086
1 012
1 076
1 087
1 105
327
78
448
891
1 129
5 507
11 325
4 888
41
353
45
509
908
1 050
5 111
8 214
4 774
6
393
43
511
758
735
5 313
11 231
4 644
14
246
52
475
895
901
5 512
10 594
4 776
50
275
46
485
808
939
5 487
9 670
4 913
120
324
46
523
854
1 001
5 351
9 976
4 936
134
2 719
1 545
529
276
148
2 728
1 618
2 534
2 122
1 742
673
234
152
2 774
1 669
2 640
2 293
1 637
632
223
140
2 732
1 204
2 200
2 509
1 755
615
244
164
2 901
1 298
2 406
2 367
1 966
603
234
161
2 977
1 241
2 441
1 961
1 965
696
241
162
2 996
1 248
2 588
1 123
834
363
54
558
869
979
5 578
9 748
4 919
166
61
1 471
1 985
737
249
171
3 324
1 279
2 276
875
1 133
275
67
560
791
967
5 402
8 770
5 149
162
144
1 860
2 046
646
263
173
2 991
1 173
2 342
1 013
884
350
53
633
868
947
5 253
9 059
5 243
150
133
1 677
2 222
745
284
183
2 795
1 251
2 215
926
1 484
341
51
642
805
970
5 526
8 498
5 182
145
172
1 574
2 201
720
275
188
2 833
1 224
2 261
720
1 579
397
53
623
724
966
5 394
9 499
5 507
159
190
1 743
2 242
657
285
167
2 740
1 178
2 236
996
1 396
364
60
605
849
1 034
4 929
10 445
5 469
155
221
1 978
2 281
685
283
185
2 705
1 234
2 458
772
1 158
430
70
656
795
1 102
4 787
8 665
5 552
144
227
1 927
2 267
656
293
181
3 007
1 170
2 680
612
1 537
420
55
631
822
1 047
5 278
9 151
5 593
181
233
2 129
1 993
671
281
176
3 017
1 315
3 059
847
1 103
364
69
679
794
1 057
5 628
8 627
5 821
131
251
2 292
1 554
684
356
195
3 198
1 244
2 824
908
650
445
77
621
688
1 115
5 152
9 535
5 892
115
239
1 324
1 681
654
341
194
3 485
1 272
3 067
886
934
409
75
525
679
1 058
5 677
8 897
5 806
88
222
898
2 001
705
213
198
3 352
1 133
3 220
903
871
395
74
472
867
1 080
5 930
9 292
5 781
99
232
1 327
2 086
728
337
205
3 232
1 221
3 123
5 740
690
869
101
219
19 217
5 973
800
944
137
140
17 326
6 116
657
935
137
199
17 363
5 838
713
922
144
241
18 059
5 968
675
712
165
236
17 795
6 052
702
811
147
286
18 604
6 273
785
863
163
265
19 359
6 626
657
827
174
291
18 746
6 936
710
816
233
299
19 554
6 875
692
821
230
408
19 125
6 770
683
852
121
482
20 193
7 117
709
722
263
402
20 973
7 128
743
1 099
190
464
20 998
7 268
721
932
200
497
20 667
7 282
771
989
253
516
21 033
7 065
715
1 149
317
484
21 652
7 130
715
966
289
521
21 436
7 192
746
1 012
298
610
21 784
3 Table 3: Per capita consumption in selected importing countries (1975‐2010) European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Latvia
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Japan
Norway
Switzerland
Tunisia
Turkey
USA
European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Latvia
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Japan
Norway
Switzerland
Tunisia
Turkey
USA
In kilogrammes 1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
4.84
4.94
4.12
4.78
5.79
6.92
6.56
7.95
8.52
7.73
7.34
7.75
8.16
8.00
10.52
10.48
10.12
9.35
0.17
2.24
2.12
13.02
13.72
5.66
4.91
3.65
0.10
2.49
1.69
12.11
15.18
5.46
5.21
3.84
0.29
1.51
2.03
10.73
10.55
5.00
5.38
3.31
0.18
2.16
2.11
10.98
11.73
5.56
5.07
3.47
0.22
3.13
2.33
10.58
12.86
5.76
5.87
4.05
0.37
2.90
2.54
11.03
13.31
5.86
5.95
3.92
0.54
2.98
2.64
11.77
13.53
6.05
6.18
3.98
0.28
2.35
2.54
11.46
12.76
5.90
6.58
4.32
1.03
6.62
3.06
11.13
12.95
5.94
6.87
4.35
0.95
‐0.94
2.84
11.02
14.59
5.39
6.39
3.92
0.62
2.95
3.09
11.04
10.10
5.47
5.98
4.91
0.55
1.50
3.04
11.02
12.03
5.46
6.71
4.41
0.64
3.34
3.41
10.67
12.58
5.78
7.43
4.53
1.09
4.25
3.34
10.22
11.68
5.75
7.78
4.44
0.57
3.46
3.42
10.74
12.78
5.61
7.13
4.54
0.69
2.70
3.84
10.10
12.87
5.49
5.50
5.09
0.12
3.89
3.06
10.58
11.56
5.84
9.29
4.47
1.21
3.37
2.75
11.13
12.27
5.87
7.14
4.34
0.44
9.40
0.91
1.67
9.62
0.94
2.20
5.51
0.79
1.16
7.37
1.02
1.45
7.26
0.97
1.39
7.38
1.07
0.94
9.11
0.80
1.49
8.73
0.61
1.42
9.36
0.47
1.90
8.96
1.09
1.98
8.67
1.18
2.24
9.20
0.88
1.69
10.37
0.89
2.69
8.85
0.98
2.53
8.49
1.30
2.69
9.56
0.53
2.81
9.92
0.38
2.70
12.91
2.58
3.44
2.71
14.10
2.15
2.66
14.03
2.06
1.85
8.61
1.73
2.56
12.15
1.85
2.81
12.15
2.62
2.28
11.43
2.15
2.75
12.91
2.55
2.76
11.75
2.43
3.19
12.14
2.41
2.93
11.31
2.51
2.75
11.60
2.45
3.46
11.63
2.42
3.27
11.70
2.49
3.63
11.06
2.46
4.01
10.92
2.29
4.19
11.84
2.46
4.09
11.16
2.45
3.57
4.68
11.30
2.62
1.25
9.73
7.00
0.69
0.10
5.47
1.25
10.33
6.48
0.83
0.24
5.66
1.24
7.20
5.24
0.30
0.13
4.21
1.13
11.14
5.30
0.52
0.02
4.77
1.64
10.19
5.19
0.51
0.00
5.02
1.72
9.74
6.39
0.42
0.00
4.55
1.65
10.26
6.59
0.45
0.00
4.46
1.81
10.50
5.61
0.64
0.05
4.69
1.88
11.35
6.03
0.59
0.07
4.56
1.94
10.38
6.05
0.68
0.07
4.63
2.06
10.47
6.17
0.70
0.08
4.58
2.12
10.12
6.58
0.76
0.06
4.33
2.34
10.83
7.08
0.71
0.10
4.44
2.41
9.18
7.77
0.84
0.09
4.31
2.41
10.12
8.43
0.60
0.11
4.42
2.46
10.28
8.10
0.74
0.15
4.31
2.82
10.67
8.40
0.65
0.17
4.34
2.48
10.30
8.71
0.78
0.17
4.20
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
10.22
8.26
7.65
8.11
8.18
8.31
2.29
6.55
2.61
10.30
13.39
5.74
8.40
5.13
0.97
2.50
3.78
2.96
10.46
12.37
5.31
6.06
5.01
0.13
2.82
3.51
2.97
8.69
8.63
5.50
8.26
4.87
0.34
1.79
4.20
2.76
10.23
10.53
5.68
7.77
5.01
1.21
2.01
3.72
2.83
9.20
10.97
5.64
7.08
5.16
2.95
2.39
3.60
3.06
9.68
11.67
5.48
7.30
5.19
3.34
10.70
2.41
3.18
3.11
4.54
4.18
11.11
2.63
8.30
2.71
4.03
2.62
4.65
4.24
11.40
2.74
8.91
2.54
3.78
2.50
4.25
4.16
8.18
2.27
9.68
2.73
3.67
2.74
4.99
4.41
8.80
2.48
9.08
3.06
3.58
2.62
4.87
4.51
8.41
2.51
7.47
3.06
4.12
2.70
4.91
4.53
8.46
2.65
8.44
4.92
2.70
4.15
3.26
9.80
11.38
5.69
7.13
5.17
4.17
8.54
5.58
3.09
4.34
2.78
5.17
4.99
8.67
2.33
6.55
6.67
2.06
5.07
3.29
8.88
11.22
5.48
6.41
5.41
4.10
19.66
7.01
3.19
3.79
2.94
5.21
4.46
7.94
2.39
7.56
5.19
2.64
3.97
3.72
9.74
10.95
5.30
6.62
5.49
3.81
18.17
6.29
3.47
4.35
3.16
5.51
4.12
8.45
2.25
6.88
8.67
2.59
3.81
3.78
8.99
11.19
5.54
6.20
5.40
3.72
22.97
5.87
3.45
4.17
3.07
5.68
4.12
8.24
2.28
5.30
9.19
3.04
3.89
3.67
8.06
11.12
5.37
6.92
5.70
4.10
25.32
6.47
3.51
3.79
3.18
5.02
3.93
7.88
2.25
7.30
8.08
2.81
4.34
3.56
9.43
11.87
4.88
7.61
5.63
4.03
28.85
7.31
3.58
3.92
3.16
5.56
3.82
8.21
2.46
5.63
6.67
3.33
4.97
3.86
8.80
12.62
4.71
6.31
5.68
3.78
29.59
7.08
3.56
3.73
3.26
5.44
4.19
7.74
2.67
4.44
8.81
3.28
3.92
3.70
9.09
11.94
5.16
6.66
5.69
4.76
29.76
7.79
3.13
3.80
3.13
5.24
4.15
8.66
3.03
6.11
6.29
2.86
4.89
3.97
8.74
12.01
5.47
6.29
5.89
3.46
31.33
8.36
2.45
3.85
3.97
5.82
4.36
8.15
2.78
6.53
3.68
3.52
5.39
3.61
7.56
12.62
4.98
6.95
5.93
3.06
29.85
4.80
2.65
3.67
3.79
5.77
4.70
8.29
3.01
6.36
5.26
3.25
5.20
3.04
7.44
11.91
5.46
6.50
5.82
2.35
27.17
3.25
3.15
3.95
2.36
5.89
4.48
7.35
3.14
6.45
4.88
3.16
5.05
2.72
9.49
12.12
5.67
6.78
5.76
2.64
28.11
4.78
3.29
4.06
3.74
6.08
4.27
7.89
3.03
2.76
9.61
7.53
0.70
0.22
4.37
2.87
11.05
8.11
0.93
0.14
3.89
2.93
9.04
7.97
0.92
0.19
3.85
2.79
9.77
7.81
0.95
0.23
3.95
2.84
9.18
6.01
1.08
0.22
3.85
2.88
9.51
6.82
0.96
0.27
3.97
2.98
10.56
7.24
1.05
0.24
4.08
3.14
8.80
6.91
1.11
0.26
3.91
3.28
9.44
6.77
1.47
0.27
4.03
3.25
9.15
6.77
1.44
0.36
3.90
3.19
8.97
6.97
0.75
0.42
4.08
3.35
9.25
5.86
1.61
0.34
4.20
3.36
9.61
8.87
1.15
0.39
4.16
3.42
9.25
7.48
1.21
0.41
4.06
3.43
9.81
7.90
1.51
0.42
4.09
3.33
8.99
9.15
1.87
0.39
4.17
3.36
8.92
7.65
1.69
0.42
4.09
3.39
9.23
7.97
1.73
0.48
4.11