PMT c c cc cc ccc c c c c ccccccc cccccc cc ccc cc c c cc cc c c c M cc c c cc cccccccc c cc !"c c ccc #!"c $%cccc cccccccc c c c M cc c &cc%cc cc c c' #c(c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c c) * cc c c c c c M cc c cccc c+c#cc c ,c' cc c c cc-ccc ccccc c cc.c c/*c0c +*c#c ccc)-c c c1+c0c+/#c c #,ccc c c c c c c M M c c 2cc'c,cc ccccc,cc cc.c c c ,cc c,c ccc.c c c &ccc c c c M c c c c PMT c &ccc c c M cc c &ccc c c c c M cc c ccccc c /c/ /c/1c# /c#!c3ccc cc ccc cc c M cc c c &ccc" c " c c c c M c c c c PMT c 4.cc~cc%cc ccccc -c c ccc cccc c-c 2 / * 1 + / 9cc c- * 1 c M cc c 5 26c%,c57/,c ccccccc ,cccc ccc c cc cc*#8c cc!1#c cc c &cccccc c c c c c c c M M c c c PMT c c 4c cccc c 3ccc ccc :c c c c M cc c 3cccc;cc cc c M cc c cc-cc ccc#+ccc c ccc% ccc c 7cccc ccccc ccc%c c /*c#c c c c c c M M c c c c 3c cccc cc:c c M cc c &ccc c c M c c c c PMT c 3cc :c c M cc c 5 c cc cc c cc c c. ccc/*c 81+,c/!c+,cc/1c/ccc-cc cc cc*c c c c c c c c M M c c c )ccc ,ccc%c ,cc ,c/1c ,c###ccc *!c7c4cc c c cccc 7#c c c c c c M cc c 7#ccccc 7;ccc cccc c <-cc;cc c cc c M c c c c PMT c =cc ccc%c ccccc- c ,c cccccc c c c c c c c M cc c c c ccc%cccc c c <-cc;cccccc c cc M c <-cc;ccc%cc cc-ccc-c ;cccc c /;c>c/= ;c~c=/;c>c/ ;c c c M M c c c c &ccc ~ ,cMj c c c c c M c c c c PMT c ccc c c- cc cccc c ?c c / cc c *c =c / Mj @.Ac c >!/#c #1/c !=c 1+*c cc c B cccccc-cccc ccccc cc / *c>c =c~ c/ !=c c c c c c c c M cc c 4cc ccc ccc-ccccc-c c c M c c c c PMT c $c cc ccc -ccccc =c )[email protected] c cCCcc >1/c cùcc >#*c cùc c >*/c cùc=c >/81c ùc=c >#11c cc c B cccccc-ccccccccccc c / *c c =c~ c/ !=c c c c c c c c c M cc c 4 ccc-ccccc-c c.ccc cccc cccc c c c M M c c PMT c c 2cc%cc cc; c cc c%c+/!ccc c c,c /47# ,c c -cc ccccc .c3cc ; c c%c cccc .cccc/#*!c#c c;c c%cccc cc cc;cccc c /47# ;c>c 7 ;c~ c ;c>c /47# /7c cc c ccccc cc ccc+/!cc /47# cCc8+c c c c c c M cc c 4ccccc cc c%cc/#*!c#cc c ccccccc ccc #c c c c c M cc c cc cccc cc ccc ++cccc cccc ccc ccc c c c c c M cc c c )c-cccc ccc-- c.cc; c cc ccc c c PMT c & ccc-ccccc/!+c#cc; c ccc c.cc) cccc-ccccc cc/*+cc/!+ccc cccc c cc c cc c 2cc c-ccc cccccccc c ,ccccccccccccccc ccc #ccc cc c4,ccc ,cc c ccc cc.c c c c M cccc M M c c ccc ccc ccccc ccc c= ccc c/ cc/ cccc / cccc c ccc c/ / cccc c/cc / / cc cc / c ccc / cc / c c c c c PMT c &cc c c Dcc c c c M cc c $cc c c c c M cc c c 2ccc cccc cc c M cc c B ccccccc cccccc $cc 6cccc [email protected] c $cc cc c c2 ccc c /c2 ccc c $cccc cc $cc ccc Dccc cc >!+c >8#1c >*!+c 1*/c >/c /*#c c c c c M cc c c c c cc cccccc ,c ,cc c c c c &cc= ccccc ccccccc c PMT c c c c c c c c c M M c cc c c c cccc cc c,cE 7#,cc+cccE 7#c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c ' c,cE 7#,ccccc c%c c c cccc;c E7 ;c>c c 7 ;c~cE7 ;c>c # # /7c ccc-,cc#,cc/++cc #cE7 c;cc c+cccE 7#c c c c c c M cc c ' cc ,cc,ccc%c /E 7# ~/E 7/ c>c7/c c cc-cc%c ,cc#,ccc+cc c c cc cc ccc c cc-cc/*c#ccc ccc%c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c )ccc cc%c c8+c c c ccccc c,c ccc-ccc cc c c c c c M cc c +/++c cc cc cc cc//+ccB c cccc cccccc cc c c c c c M M c c ccccccc cc-cc c cc%cc2cc%cc cccc ccccc c%,c!++#c c++cc #c c c%cc!++c#cc+cc #c 7 ccc c c c1+cFc c &ccc~ c c c M c c c c PMT c ) ccc cccc c c++cc #ccc ccc c *cAcE c ,cccc--cccc c c c c c M cc c ++!++cccc c cc c(ccMj cc .Ac c c c c c c M cc c 4 cc c%c c cc c% ccc%c c c M M c c c )c c c;cccccccccccc c c c c c c PMT c c ccccccc%c A piece of iron, mass about 3 g, was placed in a glass beaker. 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm ²3 aqueous copper sulphate solution was measured using a measuring cylinder and added to the beaker. The temperature of the mixture was measured immediately before the addition and every minute afterwards until no further change took place. Fe + CuSO4 Timing before addition Temperature/°C 22 FeSO 4 + Cu 1 min 2 mins 3 mins 4 mins 5 mins 27 29 26 24 22 c cc c 4 cc- ccc.cc c%c<-cc cccc c- c c 2-cc c c G cc c c 2-c/c c c G c/c c c M c c c c PMT c 2cc-c- cc ~c%cc cc !/cFcccc% ccc!++c#cc+!++cc #c; c c c c c B c ccc.cc ccccc; c c c *cA c ccccc c c c c M cc c cccc ccc c c c c c c M cc c ccccc ccc.Ac c c c c c M M c c c PMT c c c c ccc c c>*c.Ac cccc c c>*1c.Ac c c &ccc c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c M cc c $%ccc c ccc c cccc ccc c ccc c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c M cc c ' c cc %,cE7/c c ccc%cccc ;c *E7/ c>c/7/c~c/E/7# c>c#7/c c c%c c ccc*!1ccc c %c c cc,cc ,ccE7/cc*!1ccc c %c c c c M c c c c PMT c cc,cc ,ccc%ccccc*!1cc c c %c c c c M cc c cc-ccc%,cc#,ccccc*!1ccc c %c) cc++cccc c c/*c#ccc ccc%c c c c c M cc -c 3c-cc%c ,cc#,c ccc c cc cc,ccc :c c c c c M M c c c PMT c c &ccc ~ cc ,c.ccccc cc c%c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c M cc c B cc cc c-cccccccc cc /c>c/ /c>c7 /c~ c c #*c /1c /c #77 c Mj @.Ac c c #77 8*c c c c c c c c c M cc c 3cccc,c cc:c #77 ,cc ccccc HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c M c c c c PMT c &ccc-ccc cccccc cc c4cccc- ccc cc cccc cc cc-ccccc c c c c c c c M M c c c c; c ccccccc%ccc c c c c c c c c PMT c /++c#ccc; c cccc ccc++cc #c c ccc ccc cc c cccc c+cFc- c c )cc ccc; c c%,ccc/++cc #c c /++c#cc c%c c cccc cccc cc cc c cc cc c ) c c c ccc/++c#cc c%c c cccc cc cc c c ccc/++c#c cc c%c cc c cc cccccc#1+c#ccc c%c c ccc cc c cc cc ccccc #+ / c@c" / /8 /1 /! /* /# // / /+ + c c * / 1 /+ /* / #/ #1 *+ 6cc 7 ;c@c # c c c PMT c $%cccc cc%ccc c ccc cc c%c c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c M cc c ?cc,cc-ccc; c c%c c;c cc:c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c M cc c ccccc cc c%cc c-c c c c c M cc -c ccccc ccc cc-cc c c M cc -c 3cccc ccc cc%c cc c c M cc -c 3cccccc%cc cc c c M cc c c cccc cccccccccc c %cccc c c PMT c B ccccccc cc cccc HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c M cc c ?ccc,c ,cc ccc ccccc B ccc !M" c c c M cc c B cc cc-ccc-,cccccc,c M ,cccc<-ccc cc ccc c c c c M cc c 2ccc cccc c%,cc ccccc cc cc HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHc HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH c M M c c c PMT c 2cc%cc cccc ,c -2cc ,c) 7#;,cc c62c ,cE/7*;,cc cc%c c cc c c cccc)cc c,ccccccccccc c c cc c 3cc,cc ,cccc c c c c c c62c c c c M cc c 3c ccccccccc:c c M cc c 3cccc;,cc c ,ccccccc c c c c M M c c c PMT c )c% ccIcc ccc/++c#ccc cc22c cc c+!++cc #ccc cc/1#cFc c cc cc22c cc cc c%:c c c M cc c c ccc,cJj,cc.Ac cc cc-cc ccCc c cc ^ c cc c ^cc c @Ac @Ac cE c @c @Ec ) ccc cc c c/++cccc ccccc c c*cAc E c c c c c c M M c c )c ccccc//c cccc-c cc c cc cc c c c 5 cc c c *1c *8c *c *c !+c +c 8#c 8*+c !!c !/c c c PMT c c 3c cc-c-cc cc:c<-cc cc c c c c c c M cc c 3c cc-cc ccc cc :c c M cc c c <-ccccccc,c c cccc c c ccccc'cccc c M c M cc c c cc c,c7/c7c cccccc cccccc 7/ cc>cc/ cc ~cc cc>cc/7c c 3cccc c :c c M c c c c PMT c cJjcc cc-cc JjKcL7/ McCc *+c.Ac c JjKcL7McCc +c.Ac c c 2cc cc ccc c c c c M cc c cccc-c cccc c M cc -c 3cc ccc c,c%cccc c c c c M M c c c; c ccc,c ?#,ccc,c #,ccc -c c6cc3 c ccc c c% c c ccc ccc;c c c c & cc-cc3 c cc c c c c c M cc c c 2ccccc ccc%ccccc-cc 3 c :cA cc c c PMT c c M cc c 2ccccc ccc%ccccccc c :cA cc c c c M cc -c cccccc ccccccc c cc cc%cc cccc ccc :c c c M cc c c ccccccc ccc c /!c.Ac c / c ccc>cc ? ccc~cc? cccMjK cCc / / / /!c.Ac c ,ccc,c? ,c c ccc cc cc,c c-cc / / c / / [email protected] c c c # cc~ccc / ?/cc~ c?cc c >c*8#c cc>c8c c PMT c cccc ccc ccccc,ccc c ccc c c cc c 2 c,c ccc; ccc,ccc c% c M c 2 c ccc% ccccccc c cc c M cc c B cccccc cùc?cccccc c c c c c M M c c c PMT c c 4ccccc c c -cc c c c c M cc c cc c c M cc c c c c c M cc c c c ccc cc c cc cc c c c $%cc ccc cc cc c c c c M cc c 4ccccccc c cccc c c c M c c c c PMT c 4ccc c c cccc c M cc c ?ccc cc c ccc c c c c 2 c 'c c #/ 4c !++c ## 4c +81c #* 4c */*c cc c cc-cc cc c cc c<-cc ccc c c c c c c c c c M cc c 'cccccc#*4c,c c,cccc /c c M M c c c PMT c )cc cccc ccccc c %c c c ) cc ccc c#*c ,c/cccc c %c c 4cccccc cE7#c c c c c c c c M cc c 7ccc c c ccc-c%c cc c cc /E7#c~c/Ec>c#7/c c 2c++ccc c c ccc c,ccc-cc %c cccccc c c 7cccc ccccc c c/*c#c c c c c c M M c c c PMT c B,cc c c cc ccccc$,c) cc),c c cccccccc%c / #cc>cc7 /cc ~cc /7 / cc>cc /7c cc c &ccc ~ ,cMj" ,ccc c c c c c M cc c ccc,cMj cccc-,c-ccc c ccc 4 c M j" @c.Ac c #c *1/c 7/c ##!c / 7 / c 1#//c /!c /7c c c c c c c M M c c c PMT c c )cccc c cc1c c cccc cccc c cc ccc $ c c ' c c c c M cc c c c ccc ccc c cc - 1+ *+ /+ 1 c 8 c@cc c 3c cc-c-cc cccc c :c<-cc cc c c c c c c M cc c 3cccccc%cccc:c c M M c c c PMT c c c cccc cc c cc*++ccc c c c M cc c 3c c cc,cc c c%c ,c47/c c 3c-cc c%,c ccccc ,c cccc*++ccc c ccc:c L5c-c c/*c#c ccccc Mc c c c M cc c 4c%c cc c%c cccc cc c ,c /47#c c c;cccc c 47/cc>c/ 7 ;cNc /47#;c>c c /7c Gc c;c ccc;,ccc c c c M M c c c c;cc cccc ccc c -cc c c #c>c /7c c * c;c>c7 ;c $%ccc c c cccc cc c c M c c c c PMT c cc cc cc.c cc cc c 3c ccccc.c ccc c :c c c c M cc c )c cc%cccc c22c%cc c c cc ccc ccJj cccc c c c ccc2c c c c c c M c c PMT c cJj cc cc cccc JjcL #McCc c*1c.Ac c JjcL 7McCc>c+/c.Ac c JjcL c /7McCc c/*c.Ac c 2cc cc ccc cc-cc cc c c c c c c c c M M c c c c ccccccc cccccc cc c c c c cc c c PMT c B cc ,cc ccc cccccc Alcohol = ethanol, C 2H5OH Molar Mass (C2H5OH) = 46.0 g mol ±1 Volume of water in beaker = 200 cm 3 Ú mass of water in beaker = 200 g Weighings Spirit lamp + ethanol before combustion = 198.76 g Spirit lamp + ethanol after combustion = 197.68 g Temperatures Water before heating = 19.5 C Water after heating = 38.1 C Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g ±1 C±1 cc c 3c c cc c.ccccccc cc c c c c;cc c-:c c M cc c ccccccc<-cc cc.Ac c c c c c M c c c c PMT c ccccc ccc c c c c c c M cc c B cc- cccc,ccccc ccc<-c c ccccc c c ccc cccc 2cc cc ccc c c c c c c c c c M cc c c O c-ccc%c c-cc My calculated value of the enthalpy of combustion was numerically much less than the data book value. The reasons for my low value include: 1 heat losses to the surrounding air; 2 when I re-checked the mass of the spirit lamp and ethanol after combustion, I noticed that it had lost mass even when it was not being used; 3 a black solid which formed on the base of the beaker. cc c $%ccc cccc -cccc c c c c PMT c M cc c 4 ccccc.c c$%cc ccccccc -ccccc c 2c c $%c c c M M c /,cc cc/c#ccc cccc c ccc ,c c :c c L5c-c c/*c#c ccccc (c )-c c c1c0c+/#c Mc c c c c c c M c c c PMT c 22c c ccccc c22ccccc cc cc c 3ccc;cc c,cc c c c c M cc c c%c ccc c/!c#cc+cc #c cc ccc cc/!c#cc+cc #c c:c c c M c cccc cc cc c c c c M cc c c 2c c cccc cccc c% cc22cc cc cc22ccccc+cc% c c;c L5c cc22ccCc/#!cc Mc c c c M c c c c PMT c c cc cccccc22cc ccc c c c 4 ccc22cc ccc c c c c M c 3cccc%c ccccc22c c :c c c M cc c #ccc22c !,c47*! c /7,c ccc c c ccc cc22c !c B cc'cc cc ccc c c M cc c ccccccc c c c c M cc c 4 ccc ccI c c M M c c c PMT c c; c ccc cccc c ccccc cccc22cc c3ccc cccccc c ,c cc c ccccc c ccc22cc c cc c c 3ccc;ccccc ccc22c c2c c ,cccc c c c c c M cc c 4ccc cccc cccccc c c cccc22c cc c cPc ccc cccc c c c c c M cc c cc c!+cccc ccccc c cccc c cc cc1+cFccccc.c c ccccccccc cc1+cFcc c,c cc cc $ccCc*/c0c cc c0ccc c Gccccccc c c c c c M cc c c c cccc cc c !#+c.Ac c c PMT c cccc cc cccccccc c c c c c M cc c )c cc22cccc+cc #c c c c B cc cccccc-,cc#,cc22cc cc c Pc c cc-ccc c c c c c M cc c 4 c37c cccccccc cc cc c 1+cFc c c c c M M c c c PMT c ccccc,ccc cc-c,c-- cc ccc cc ccc c /c~c /Qc å /c>c { Q # c~c Q c~c c>c # Q #c>c c JKcCc>*c.Ac c Q JKcCc 8c.Ac c c Qc>cQc~c /c ½ x *c>c JKcCc>/*/c.Ac c Q Qc c>c # Qc>c # # c~c Q c~c # #c JKcCc ##c.Ac c #c cc c c 3c cccc:c c c c M cc c &ccR Oc,c cc c c,cccc cc c c c M c 3cccc.c cc c:c c M cc c 3ccc ,cc,cccc :c c M c c c c PMT c c 3cc;ccc-ccccccccc ccc c c c M cc c cc cc,cJK,cc cc c c c c M cc c c 3c cc-ccJKcc c½:c c M c 3cc%c cxcc%cc:cA cc c c c c M cc c c-cc cc cc c ccc c c 3cc%c ccccccc ccc cc :cA cc c c c c M M c c c PMT 2cc ,c c% ccc ccc cc c cc ccc% cccccc c c c%c ccccc,cMj,cccc ! 7# c>c ;c ~c ;c>c7/c>c 5 c /7c Gc 5 cc c cccc cc !++cc 6cccc !++c#c cccccc c c cc //+c c ?ccc c !!c c 5c cc cc *+cc c *cA c c 4cccc c cc c ccc cc cc c c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c ccc ccccc.Ac L) ccc#cc c cc cccMc c c c c c c c c M cc c cc-ccM jcc.Ac c2cc ccc c% cc cccc c c ccccccc c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c 2cc c%cccccccc cc cccc c c " 7 c>c/ / c # # c;c~c/ 2;c>c7/c>c /7c ccc,cMj/,c cccc #!1c.Ac c c <-c37c cccccc cc;cc cc ccc ccc cc c c-cccc c c c M cc c $ <-c7 $c cc cccccc- ccMj,cc Mj/cc%c c c c M M c c c PMT c 2cccc,c ccc c cc cc<c/c ccc c c c cccc cccc c c c ccc cc c c c )cc ccc ccccc ccc c cc c c & cccccccc c c c c c c c c M cc c )c -c c ccc.ccc& cc ccc cc ccccc c c c c M cc c 2 ccc ccccc cc -cccc 3ccc c.ccc ccccc c :c c M c c c c PMT c 5 c ccc cc c c,c547* ,ccc cc ,c547*8 /7 c c )c%c cccccccccc c c -cccc 547*8 c /7 cc % c ùù ùù ùù~ cc547*;cc>cc8 /7c /#cccc c c ccc++cccccc c cccc ccccccFc cc c ccc,ccS ,ccccc%,c cc c $ccAcCc*c0c ccc0ccc c c c c M cc c cccc ccc c c ccc %cB cc'cc cc ccc c c c c M cc c B cc ccccccccccccc 2cc cc cccc ,cc cc-cc/c c c c c c M cc c c ccc cc c c c-cc c c c c-ccc cc ccccc cc c PMT () ) "' * +' , -. / ),'0+ 1 Jj ¯ 2 3 4¯ ¯4 "¯Jj¯ Jj 5 Jj6 M 7 ¯¯ ¯ ¯"¯Jj¯ ¯" ¯8 " "¯ M M9:; ¯"¯ ¯ ¯< ¯ ¯" ! ¯¯ M c %&c PMT c &cc ccc%ccc c,c cc-c cc ' ccc c c c ' ccc c M cc c $%cc ccc ccc-c-ccc ccc c A cc-ccc ' ccc c c c c M cc c c 3ccc;,cc c ,ccc cc c c c M c c c c PMT c B cc cccccccccc ccc c cc cc/cEc2cc cc ccc c JjK" L' JjK LT #Mc /Mc JjK L' Mc Cc>c !*c.Ac c Cc>c/+c.Ac c Cc>c#*1c.Ac c c c c c c c M cc c cc-ccccccccc cc ,c cc ccc c c c M M c c c &cccc c c M c c c c PMT c = 4c,c 2,c cc ccc?#>c cc?/>c cc; c c c 3ccc;ccccc?#>c cc?/>c c c c 3ccc;ccc%ccc c c M c ccc-cc;ccccc?#>c ccc c c M cc c > 4c,c 7#,c c c cc.cc ccccc cc > ? ? # 7c~ c/ c>c 7#c c 4cc%c cccc ?7c c ?7 #c ?cc c c c M cc $%cc cc c c cc ccc c c c M c c c c PMT c @@ c cc cI,c #,c. cccc,cc c c cc ccc ,c c)cc; ccc-cccc ccc cccc cc c ccccc ccc cIc @ @ c~c/Ac>c#A c / c # / 3ccc cc,c!*cUccc ccc c cccc ccc cc c Lcc-ccc ccc cccc c /+cUc Mc c c c M cc c B B ,cccc cccc cc cI,c !*cUccc c # c c c c M cc c cc cc cIcccc!*cUccc c c c c c c M M c c 5,c c *,c c c cc cc ccc cccccc c PMT c &ccc ~ c c c c M cc c 5c cc%cccc;c C CcccccDcccccCccEcc/ Fccccc FccccccccccFccccc DcccccFccEcc/Cccccc FcccccC C c c B cc-cccc cccccccc c c =c [email protected] c ù c >*#!c 7CC7c >*c CC7c >+!c ù7c >*1*c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c 5c cc .ccccccccc;c c *c>c/ /7c~ c7/c>c* /c <-cccccc,ccc O cccc cc cccccc cc 4 c *c [email protected] c 8!c 7/c #*c /7c /*/c c c c c c c M M c c 2cc%cccccc ccc c,c V,ccc.,c ccc cc ~c /!+c#cc++cc #cc; c,c V,c c ccc cc ~##c )c+++cFcc cccccccccc c cccc ~###c !++c#c cc; c c%cccccccc c)cc,ccccc c cccc cc c-cc cccccc)c cc!++c#cc; c c%c cc c c c c PMT c G H 4 c7 $ccccccc~##c7 $cccccc c~###c-ccccc%c ~##c c c ~###c c c M cc c c cccc-cccccc&cc c c cc c,c%ccc c ccc c /! @F I /+ ! + c c + /+ #+ *+ Jcc c%cc@c# !+ c M c c PMT c ?cc,cccc%cc ,cM ,ccc-cc; c c%ccc ,c6Kc 6K cCcc # c McCcc c M cc c c B cccccccc--ccc c c--cCc ; 9 /! * .Ac +++ c c c c c M cc c <-cccc ccc c c++/!c,ccc cc ,cM Gc cc.Ac c c c c c c c c M cCcc.Ac c M M c c c PMT c cc-,c ccccc ,cccc cc c c B cc'cc cc ccc c L5c-ccc c c/*c#ccccc Mc c *ccc,c c c c M c *ccc,c /c c c M M c c L c; c ccc62,c *//78 ,cc c c cc c)c62cccccccc L 7 ;c>c/L L7 ;c~M / c / 8 * # MM7 ;c *//78 c>c/ # 3cccc c :c c M cc c c <-ccccc c ccc62c c M c Gcc;c ccc;,cccc c c c c c M c c c c PMT c )cc ccc62c cccccccc c ccc ccc c c c c c & cccc%cc cc c ccc c c M cc c c cc cccccc62cB cc'c c cc ccc c c c M cc c 2cc%cccc62,c+ccc c 62c c c c 3c cc%c ccc62cccc :c c c c M c c c c PMT c 3c-cccc ccc/cc #cc c%cc+ccc c62:c c c c M cc -c & ccccc,cc ccc62c cc c%c c c c c c M cc -c 4 c37c ccc ccc62,ccc c,c c.ccc ccc cccc c c c c M M c c )cccc62c c cccc;c N c *//78 c N ù ùù~ c /c>c* /7c>c/7# c 3cccc c :c c M cc c c cccc cccccc cc c cc c PMT #" $%Jj"M " M "¯¯ "¯ "¯ ¯ ""¯ M $%"Jj"M &' M c OOc PMT -c cJjK cccc ccccGcccc cc ccc c P Jj" KL Jj" KL *//78 Mc /7Mc Jj" KL/7# Mc Cc +c.Ac c Cc /*/c.Ac c Cc *+c.Ac c c c c c c c c c M cc c 2c c,cc-c ccc cc;cccc 2 c cc /7c~ c /7c%cc:c c A cc c c c c c M M c c c PMT c c c ' c %c c!*cc cc c 4cccccc cc cE7/c c c c c c c c c c c c c M cc c <-cc%ccc%ccccE7/c c M c c c c PMT c 3cc ccccc cccc :c $%cc c c c c c c c c M M c c c $c cccc c-cccc c cccc-ccc c c c cc c *cNcc>c* c WjcCc>11*c.Ac c cc-cccccX cccc c c M c c c c c PMT c B ccccccccc ccccccc cc /c>c/ /c>c=/cNc /= /=c =c )-cc [email protected] c Xc >#*c X c >*#1c =X=c >#c X=c >/81c =c )-cc [email protected] c c c c c c c c c c c c M cc c c ccccc,/,c #8c.Ac c /= /=,c c c 4 ccc ccccc c-cccc-c cc c c c M M c c c PMT c 2cc%ccccccccc Y c>c/>;c~ cY/>;c>c c c c c c-ccc cc c c cc!+cccIcccccc c cc ccc c!+c#cc+cc #c; c22c c cc c,ccccc/!+c#c.c c cc cccccccccc c+!cFc c cc cc ,cc cc-cc c c%c#!c ,cccIcccc; c22c ,c c c c ccccc c-ccc*+cc+c c cc c cc ccc ccccc @c @Fc c c +c +c /+c #+c *+c !+c 1+c 8+c +c +c /++c /++c /++c /++c 1#+c 1+!c !+c !8+c !!!c !#+c c c PMT c c 'ccccc cccccc 8++ 1++ !++ @c" *++ #++ /++ ++ + + + /+ #+ *+ !+ 1+ 8+ + + ++ c@c c M cc c B cccccc%cc,cMc4ccc cccccc c McCcF c M c c c c PMT Q c <-c7 $c ccc ccc c cc ccS c c cc%c c c c M cc c c ccc,ccS c c c ccccc c c*cAc cF c c c c c M cc c 3c c-ccccc ccccc:c c c M cc c ccc ccc22c ,c47*,cc!+c#ccc +cc #c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT -c ccccc ccc.Ac c c c c c c c M cc c 4 c37c- ccccccc%cc c <-cc ccc 2-cc c c c G c c c c 2-c/c c c c G c c c c M M c c c PMT c c =cccc-cccc ccccc cc2ccc%,cc% cccc ccc /!c#cccccc+cc #c c & cccccc cccc,c =// /7,cccc%c c c c c c c c M cc c 3ccc;,cc c ,cc cc c c M cc c cccc cccc ccc%c c c M cc -c cc ccccccc,c=// 'cc cc ccc /7cB cc c c M c c c c PMT -c ccc cc ccccc c c c M cc -c 4 cc cc c cc c c.cccccc c c c M cc c c 3cccc ccccc :c c M c 3ccccc ccc ,c cc cccccc c cccc c M M c c 3c cc cccccc%c,ccc c. ccc /;c>cE/7#;cNc7# c>c/E;c c Gcc-c;c ccc;c2c c ,cccc c c c c M c c c c PMT c )c%c cccc ccccc cc!+c#c cc++cc #c cc cc ccc!+c#ccc ++cc #c cccccccc!cFc c ccc.cccc c cc c c c cCc cc c c c c c @Ac c @c 0c ccc 0cc c c c c c c c c @Ac cF @Fc c Pcc cc c +c#cc c cc cc+cc c c ccccc c c*/cAc cF c c $c.ccCccA c c c c c c M cc c cc ccccc cc c%:c c c c M cc c cccccc,c-cc ccc c c2cc cc ccc c c c c M c c c c PMT -c 3c c c.cc-c ccSc cccc c %:c$%cc c c c c c M cc -c 3c c cc ccccc%cc c %:c c M cc c 2cc%ccc c,cc cc/!c#ccc ,cc ccccccc c M M c c c R 4c,c ,cccccccc ccc R S / c>c/c~c/ c c cc%c cc ccccccc/c cc c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c ccccc ccc c cc cc c -cccccccc-cc+c#c c cc c c c c M cc c cc-ccc c;cccc/ccc c c Lccc c c/*c#ccc ccc%Mc c c c c M cc c & cc cc c ccc%ccc cc c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c c &ccc c c c c c M cc c $%ccc c cccc ccccc c c c c M M c c c 4c O cDc c c c c M c c c c PMT c 5c cc%c c *cc>cc/7 /cc~ cc7 /cc>cc/ /7c ccccc c,c ccc c -cc c =cc @c.Ac c c c c >*#!c 7cCc7c >*c cCc7c >+!c c c7c >*1*c M cc c 4cccc ccc c M cc c c-cc cc,cc c ,c c +c.Ac c 4cccc c c c c M cc -c 4 ,ccc ,cccccccc ccc c c-c;ccc c c c c M c c c c PMT c )cccccc%c c%,cc ccc cc%c cc c B c c cc%cccccc.c c c c c c c c c c c c M M c c )c cccc%ccccccc ccccc c ccc c Qc c ccccc c%cccccc cc Qc !++c#ccccc cccc cc T Qc )cc cccc cc/+cc#c c%,c 7 c Qc cccccc cc Qc c c%c cccccc!+c#c c Qc )cc,cc%c c ccc%ccc Qc c ccc*!c#ccc c%c cccc c c c c PMT c c ccc ,c c cc #+ / /1 @F /* // /+ 1 + ! + ! /+ /! #+ #! *+ *! !+ # 6cc/+cccccc c%c c@c# c cc c cccccc c c cc cc M c c c c PMT c cccc c c cc ccccccc c%c c c B ccccc c U c-cc/+cc#c c%c ,c 7 ,cc c%c cc!+c#ccccc c M c c%ccGM,cccc c M cc c cccccc;cccc cccc ccccc V7 c ;c>c V7 ;c~cWW7 ;c>c # # /7c ccc cc c%c cc cc!+c#cc cc c c c M cc c 3ccc ccccc!++c#ccc c c M cc c cccccc,c X7 ,ccc#c # c c c c M cc c c c B ccccccccccc cc c PMT c c c ccc%ccc c c+c #ccc c cccc%c c*/cAc cF c ccCc c0c ccc0cM c c c M cc c B cc cccccccccc c Y cccc,c 7#c2cc cc ccc c c c c c c c M cc c ccc ccc cccc cc c.c-c ccc c c 4 c7 $ccccccccc c Y c c M M c c c PMT c c cccc cc#!+cccc c B cc'cc cc ccc c Lc)-c ,c'cCc1+/c0c+/#c Mc c c c c c c c c M cc c c;ccccccccc c cc /D c>c/ ;c~ c/D;c>c c /c Gc c;c ccc;,ccc c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c &ccRcc Occccc ccc c 2c ccccc c c c c c c c c c M cc c c-ccc ccccc,cMjK,c c !!8c.Ac c 4c37cccc c cc ccccc c c c c c c M M c c c PMT c c )cccc c cc*+ccccc cc cc ccc c B cc'cc cc ccc ' c c $ c c Z c c M cc c )ccc c c cc#c$%,cc ccc ,cc c cc ccc'cc c c c c M cc c )c ccc cc%cc c c cc c cc-cc ccccc c<-cc ccc c c 2 c c cc #1+c #*c #+c +1+c *++c !c c c c c M c c c c PMT c 3ccccccc ,ccc c M cc c cc cc c ccc c ccccccc 'cc /+++ !++ +++ @c.Ac !++ + ' [ \ ] ^ c cc c 3ccc;,cc c ,cc ccc c cccc c M cc c 7cc,ccc cc cc c ccc cA c cccc ccc c c c c c M c c c c PMT c $%ccc cc c cc c cccc cc c c c c c c c c M cc -c $%ccc cc cc c cccc cc c c c c c M cc c 4 ccc c ccc c ccc c c c M M c c c PMT c c 4cc ccccc cccc c 4cc%c cccccc ccc c -c _ _ c / 2c >c /c Nc / c >c 2/c c c c c c c c c M cc c B c c%c cc%cc cc cc%cc c c M cc c cc%c cccccccc#++ccc cc c c c c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT -c cc-ccc c;ccc cccc c Lccc c c/*c#ccc ccc%Mc c c c c c M cc c c <-cccccc c c ccccc c c c ' c c c M cc c 3cc;,cc c ,cc cc cc cc c cccc c c c c M M c cc c c c $%ccccc c-ccc c c c c M c c c c PMT c 4cc 7 cccccc%ccc c c-c c c c M cc c c &cccc,c=#,c.c c cc5.ccc ccccc c c c c c c c c c M cc c $%ccc= cc cc c c M cc c $%ccc=#cc cc c c c c M cc -c c `cc cccccc c c PMT c c M cc c c )ccc ccc cc cc c cc $c cc c 'c *c c !c ccccc cc c c c c c c M M c cc c c &ccc ~ c c c c c M cc c c cc cc cc- cc '!c c c c'#c>c/c c c PMT c B cc- ccccc-cccWjccc c c Wjc@c .Ac c '!cc c#cc '#cc c#+1cc c c c c M cc c $%,cc ,cccc cccc-ccc ccc;c%c c c c M cc c 7ccccc,c ccccc'!c cc ;ccc c<-cc ccc c c c c M M c c c c c PMT c )ccc cccc-cc%ccc%c V7# c~ cV7 c>c7/c c c$ cccc c 2cc%cccccc$,c!8!cccc cV7#c cccc c cccc (c#!!ccc cV7c cc c $%ccc c ccccccc cccccc c c c M cc c c cc ccc%c c-cc c M cc c ccc ccc%c c-cc c M cc c B cc cccc ccc ccV7#cc!8!cccc c c M cc -c ccc ccV7#c c c M c c c c PMT -c B cc cc-ccc-cc cccc%cc cc-cc cc$cV7#c c c M cc c a)c cc c-c cc2c c ,c c ccccc +ccccc ccV7 c # c B c cccc cc-cccccccc ccV7#c c c c c c c c c M cc c c cccc c- cccc ccV7#c c M cc c c-cccc c- ccc-cc cc$c c c c c c M cc -c B cc'cccc cccc c c cc c c PMT c$c c c M M c cc c c c cccccc c 8 #! b c c#c0c+ //cccc cc 8 b c c #! 8+cc c c B c ccccc-ccc)-c c<-cc cc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c )ccc'c,cc-cc ccccc c+c c 3cccccc cccc:c c cc c%c c c c M M c c cccccc cccccc c ,ccccccccc c c ccc ccc Mj 7cc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc7 c>c7cc # / Mj # Mj * $ ccc c c cc c d 4 c7 $c ccc ccc c M jccc%c c c c c M c c c c PMT c 2cc%ccc jcc cc/++cccccc # M cc/++c#cc/!+cc ccc cc% ccc cccc cc/+!cFcc/#+cFc c 3c cccc cc c%cc,ccc c :c$%cc c ccccc c c c c M cc c cccc cc cc $cc Cc */c 0c c @Ac @Ac cE c c cc c 0c cc @c @Ec ) ccc ccc c c/+cc c c c c c M c c c c PMT c ccc,cMjc2cc cc ccc c Lcc cc7#c c++cc Mc c c c c c c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT -c 2cc%,cc-cc c j/c cccc c.Ac c M B c c ccc cccccc-cc M jc c c c c c c c c c c M cc c c c.cc%c c ccccå" cc c cc Mj f {{ cc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc{{ c c{ /cc # j # j * g ccc c c ecccc ccMj c c # c M M c c c PMT c c ccccc cc ccccc c h cc h c c /* i c / c ' c $ c /c /c c /1 / i c /c c /c /* / 5 / c /c /c c M cc c ccc cc ccc c c c c Z[c &c / c c Z[c /c c c c # c c c c #c c c c c M c c {c c Z[c / c c Z[c /c c c c # c c c c #c c c c c M cc c 3cc;,cc c ,ccccc ccc c M c c c c PMT c c c ccc ccc c ccc. c ccccc c cc 5c c 'cc #! #!c !1/!c #! #8c #8!+c #8 #8c 1/!c cc-cc cccc c c c c c c M cc c cc-cc*8#cccc cc++cFc c Lcc-ccc cc++cFcCc#+1c#c Mc c c c c c c M cc c 4cc%cccccc% cc c c c c $%cc c c c M cc c c 4cccccc% cc cc&cccc cc cc c c c PMT c c &cc cc c c c c c M M c c jj 4cI,c #,c c cccc cc c ,ccc ,cc cIc ccccc c c c c j j c~c/k c>c#k c / # / k k c cc ccccc cI,c B cc'cc cc ccc # c M c c c c PMT c 3c cc cIcccccc*c#cc:c L5c-ccc c c/*c#c ccccc Mc c c c c c M c 3c ccc cc ccccccc :c A cc c c c c c c M M c c )c%c ccccccccccccIccc 22c c c c c Y c>c47*;c~ cY47*;c>c c !+#cc22c c ,ccc+cc #,c cccc c cccccc c c)cc,c!+cccIcc c ,cc%c ccccccc c-c#+c c cc c c 3c cccc c:c c c M c c c c PMT c <-ccccc ccc cc c M cc c 3cc;cc c,ccc cc c M cc ccc cc!+c#cc22c c :c c c c M cc c <-c37c ccc ccc cc c,ccccc,c cccc c c c c c M c c c c PMT c cccc ccccc cccccc cc cc B cc'cc cc ccc c 5 ccIcc c 5 cc22c c c Gc cc c c c c c M cc c c cc ccc c@ c +c 1+c +c /+c !+c +c /+c c@Fc c //c //c 1+c 1!c 1#c 1c !c c c PMT c 7cccc,ccc cc c%c 8+ 1+ !+ @" *+ #+ /+ + + + c*+c + c/+ c@c c1+ c/++ c/*+ c M cc c $%cc cccc c c c c M cc c c%cccc c%c c1!FcB ccc c cccc%cc c c PMT c M cc c c ccccc c%c cc ccccc c c c c ccCc cc 0c ccc 0c c c c c c c @Ac @c c @AcF c c c @F c Pcc cc Qc +c#cc c cc cc+cc Qc c ccccc c c*/cAcF c c c c c c c M cc c B cc cccccccWjc cc2cc c c ccc c c c c c M M c c c PMT c c ccccc ccc cccccc lcc c c c c c 8 #! = c #!c c #!c #! = c c *1c #!c #!c *1c c #! = c M cc c ccc cc lc /c c =c /c c M cc c $%ccc ccc-ccc c c c c M cc c 3c ccc cc cccc ccc cc :c c M c c c c PMT c c c cccc c cc G-c c c 'cc 8#c !+!*c +c **1c cc-cc ccc<-cc cc c c c c c c M cc c 4cc ccc ccc'c cc c c cc c c M M c c c &ccc c c c c M c c c c PMT c cc<c+cc c +8cc c/8c0c+//c ccc c cc-cc ccc L)-c cCc1+/c0c+/#c Mc c c c c M cc c 4 ccccc c M c c c c PMT c ' c %,cE7/,c ccc c c c /E7/ c>c/ /7cNc/E7 ;c>c /7/;c>c7 /c c cc cc c %cccc#+cccc %c c L5c cc c %,cE7/c8c c5c ccc %,c /7/cc#*cc Mc c c c c M c cc-cc%ccccccc c L5c-cc%ccc ccccCc/*+c#c Mc c c c c M M c c c PMT c c c ccc cccc ,cccc%cc cccc cc,cc cc c ½ . c c c c ( 5c ccCc#/cc c 6cccc.cCc!+c# c 5 cccc.cCc!+cc 3 c 4cc>ccc cCc1#8cc 4cc>ccc cCc1#**cc c 3cccCc//+cFc 3cccCc*#!cFc 4cccccCc*cAc cF c cc c c ) Qc 3cc cc ccc c c ccc Qc )c.c ccccccc.c cccc c c c PMT c c ccc cc,c #7 ,cc c c c c c M cc c ccccccc<-cc cc.Ac c c c c c M cc c B cc- cccccccccc cc cc.Ac c2cc ccc c c c c WjCcc.Ac c M cc c c m cc ccc%cccccccc +!cFc cccccccc c c c M c c c c PMT c cc%ccccc-cccc %c c c c M cc c c <-cc ccc ccc ccc cc ccc c c M cc c 4 ccccc.c cc ccc.c4cc ccc-ccccc cc c c c M M c c c PMT c /!+c#ccc c c++/+ccccc c c cccc #c c c c c c c c c M c c n.c cccc ccc.ccc'cc c cccccc.cc cc ,c,ccc c B cc'cc cc ccc /c c M c c c c PMT c )c cc.c ccc ccc cc cc ccc 2 c !o c o 1+ c o 1/ c c 'c)c 1+/c /8#/c #11c cc-c-cc cc.c c c c c M cc c p.c ccc%cc-ccc.c,cp7 c c p c>c*7cNcp7*c * c cc-ccc%c;ccccc!ccc .c c B cc'cc cc ccc Lcc-ccc c c/*c#c ccccc Mc c c c M c c c c PMT c ?cc.c c ccc ccccc cc .22c c c c q c>c q47 ;c>c /47 *;cNc * /c Gc c;cccc,ccc cc4c c cc;c c c c M cc c )c cccc.c cccc c% ccc c c c & ccc ccc.cccc ccc .22c ccc%,cccc cc c c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT r c cc%c ccc.22c ,c 47*8 cccc/!ccc.c /7,cc c c c c c M M c c c%c cc ccccc%ccc c 7 / cNc7 c>c /7c c c cc c.,ccc%c++cc c c c c c ccc/!+c#cccccccc c.ccc c c ccccc1!cFc c cc c ccc cc2c ccccccccc c/!+c#ccccc cc2c c ccc cc /!!cFc c 2cc ,ccc c cc% c c c c c PMT c c ccccccccc cccc c B cc c c c $cc Cc cc c 0c */c 0c c c @cAc c @cc c @cAcF c c @Fc c Pcc cc+c#cc c cc cc+cc2cc cc c c c ?cc cc%c c ?cc cc%c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c cc ccc%cc ccc%:c L5c cc7 /cCc8*+cc Mc c c c M c B cc cccc,cccc ccc c c <-cc cc c2cc cc ccc c c ?cc cc%,cJjc c ?cc cc%,cJj/c c c c c c c M cc c )c cccc c c c cc Mj 7 / 7 c >c / ; / ; Mj Mj/ / ;c >c / c c /7 c /7 c c PMT c B c c cccc cccccJj c2cc cc c c c c c c M cc c )ccc% c--cc cc;c-cc,c-c 37ccc ccccc.ccccccc c c c c c M cc c 4 ccJjc cccccc%c c c c M M c c c PMT c )c c,cè,c cccccc.cc ,c/+ è c,ccc$c c 3c$ ccc; c c%,cc* cc c 3cc cc* c%ccc% ccc c62,c c cc c c c,ccc%cc c */c c 7cc ,c++cccc!#c# ccc%cc ++/+cccccccc c c ccccccc L5c-ccc c c/*c+++c#c ccccc Mc c c c c c M cc c cc cc c+cc c?cccccc c c c c c M c c c c PMT c )c ccc -c+++cccccc ccc c%c c/++c#cc c%c cc c++cc #c c;ccc c c &cc ccccc c c c c c M cc -c &cc ccc cè,c$,cc*c c c c c M cc -c 4 ccc;ccc.cc c c c c c M c c c c PMT c c*ccccc cccèc c 4cc ccc cc c c M M c c c cccccccccccc c c,cc // //1# /#1c c M c =c,c= c // //1# /#1c c M cc c &ccc c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c c ccccccc c ccc ccc G-c c c 'cc 1/#c 18c 1*#c #+#c cc-cc cc c ccc<-cc ccc c c c c c c c M cc c c cc ccccc ,cc ,ccc c c c c c cCc!8!ccCc!*c7cCc#1/c cCc+c c ccc c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c cc ccc c//cc cc cc c c c c M cc c c cc,c/cB ccccccc%ccc c- cccc cc/c &cc G-c c cccc#!cc#8c G-c c cccc1#cc1!c c c c c c M M c c s c; c cc,c c c s c>c# / /c #,cc cc c cccc;c s c/ #c B c%c cc%cc c cc%cc c c c M c c c c PMT c c B cc-cccccccc-cccc cc ccPcccc cc.c =c t\t c )-ccc @c.Ac c **c X c *#1c c #c tX c c c c c c M cc c cc cccc cc c /c.Ac c$%cc c-ccccc ccc c c c c c M c c c c PMT c )cc,cc%ccccc cc cc cc,cc c.c c c B cccccccccc%cc c%c c c c c c c c c c c c .c c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c ccccc.cc-ccccccccc ;cccc c 4cc%,cc cc c,c37c cc cccc cc)c cc c ccccc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c 4cc%c37c cc cc;cccc c c c c c c c c c c c c M M c c c PMT c c% cccccccccccccc c,c57#c c )c ccc c c c cc Mj 5cccc cccc>cccc cccc > 7/ 57# x~ >/ ; Mj Mj# 5/ ;c >c ccc / c >c ccccc > >c/ ; x~ 7/ Mj/ C 1+ .A 5/ ;c >c /7c >c 7/ c cc c cc cc-ccccc ccc c cccc; ccc c c M cc c 2cx~ccc++c#cccc c c )cc,c+++ccc c cccc% cccc c c-cccc ccc c@cc +c c /c #c *c !c 1c c@cFc /+c /+c /!#c /!c /*c /*c /*8c cc c c cc cc cc cc c%:c B cc'cc cc ccc c M c c c c PMT c ccccccc c/++cc #c c cccc cccccc cccc ccccccc%c c c c c M cc c 'ccccc cc c c c M c c PMT -c ccccc c%c ccc c c *!cFcB cc% c c c $ccAcCc*/c0c cc c0ccc L) ccc#cc c cc cccMc c c c M cc -c B cc cc-cccWjccccc ccc cc2cc cc ccc c c c c c M cc -c 4 cccc cc*!cFc c ccccc-c c c c M c c c c PMT c //ccc cc ccc++c#ccc cccx~c c cccc/+cFcc/#!cFc cccccc +!c.Ac c cc ccccc c,c57#cccc cc cc cc cc c%c B cc'cc cc ccc c c c c M cc c B ccccc-,ccWj#c c c c M c c c c PMT c B cc cc-cc,cccccc,cWj,c c c,c57#c 2cc cc ccc c c c c c M c 3c cc cc cWjcc57# c:c c c c M M c c ' c cc% cccc c,c'!c c c /' c>c!/cNc/'! c cc cc cccc8ccc cc c c c c c M c c c c PMT c cc-cccccc8ccc cc c Lc-ccccc cc c%cCc/*+c#c Mc c c c c c M M c c c PMT c )c%c cccc ccccccccIcc ; c22c c c c;cccc c c c Yc>c47*cNcY47*c>cc Qc )c cc c cc c c!+c#c cc/!cc #c 22c c cc c c Qc 3c ccIcccccc ccc Qc $c%c c ccccc ccccc cc+!cFc c cc c%cc ccccc 8++ u u u u uu 1++ u u !++ w @ u *++ u #++ /++ u u ++ c ++ +++ ++ /++ #++ *++ !++ 1++ 8++ v ccI@ c cc c $%ccccc cc ccccc- cc c c c c c M c c c c PMT c c 4 ccc ccc c cccccccc c c c M cc c cc ccc%ccc c1#!cFcB c c-c ccc%cc,ccS ,cc cc c Pc c ccc ccc c c++cc #cc cc c cc c c,c*cAc cF c c c c c c c M c ?cccccccccc,cc.Ac ,cccc2ccc cc-cc cc c c c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c c 2c c ccc ccc%ccc-cc cc ccc+cFc c $%cc c c cc c c c M cc c 4 cc ccccccc.cc%c cc c c c M M c c )c cccc ,ccc81,c ccccc cc c cccc c G-c)c 5 cc2 c c c c !/+c c 8*+c +c /1*+c /c *++c cc c 3c ccccc c ccc ccc ccc :c c M c c c c PMT c cc-c-cc cc ccc c<-cc cc c c c c c c c M M c c c ccccc ccccc,cWj,ccccc c cc c%,c c cc ccc c x / c yc /z x ccccc / j j c y z # x c c / / ccccc j/ c cc c cccccccc%c M cc c 3c cccc ~ ,cWjK,ccc:c c c c c c c M cc c B cccccccccccccc,cWjc c c PMT c 47/cc [email protected] c /1c /4cc /+1c /7cc /!c M M c c B ccccc c-ccc c c; c å *c #7 c + x~ ,-. & ,. c +c 1c c 8/1c #/c { # c c //c **c ½ * +c c /88c !c cc c 3c,c),c=,ccc&,c c cccccc :c å { ½ M c c c c PMT c 4 c-c- c-ccc c3ccc c cc- c- ccccccc c ,cccc cc cc%c:c c ccccccc åc cccc.S cc {c cc.S cccc ½c cc.S cccc M M c c c; c ccc cccc c c c / /c åc # 1c {c # c ½c * +c cc c 3cc cc ccc c cc:c å { ½ M cc c 3c cccccc c cc @ccCc!:c å { ½ M cc c c 3c ccc.ccc.:c c PMT å { ½ M cc c 3ccc/:c å { ½ M M c c 22c c ccccc c22cccccc c cc c 3cc;ccc,cc c c c c c M cc c c%c ccc c++/!c cc cccc/+c c #c3c-cc c cc c :c c c c c M cc c c c 2c c cccc cccc c% cc22cc c cc cc22ccccc+c% c c;c c PMT c L5c cc22ccCc/#!cc Mc c c c c M cc c )c cc c%c cc ccccc++ccc cc.cc c 3 c cccc ccccc-cc:c$%c c c c c M cc c c cc cccccc22cc ccc c c c 4cc%c ccccc22c c cA cc c c c c M c c c c PMT c 3cc cc22c c ccc ,cc ccc c-ccc47*! /7c c 3c ccc cc47*! /7:c c c c c M cc c #ccc47*! c%c /7c cccccccc c c c M M c c c; c cc cc c%c c & cccc cc%ccc cccccc c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c &ccc c cc ccc cc cc cc c cccc cc c c cc c c c M c ccc c c c M cc c Bcc c c ccc:c c $%cc c c c M c c c c PMT c c c ccc cc c c cc + -cc 1+ *+ /+ /+ c// c/* c/1 @c c/ c cc c B ccc-cc ccc c ccc c c c ccc-cc ccc cc c c c c M c c c c PMT c 3cccc c-cc cc :c c c M cc c c 7 c c.cccc cc cc { /+cc #cc,c!! 885 *7!cccCccc+ cc c 3c cc ccc cc++c# cc c cc :c <-cc ccc c c c c c M c Vcccc ccc cc cc c.cc V cc ccc cc cc c2ccc cc ccc c ccccccc c;c c 4 ccc c cccc c c M M c c || ) ,c c c c cc ,cc cI,c #c)cc; ccc -cc ccccccc cc c ccc cc c c c | | c~c/} c>c#} / # /c M j c -c 3ccc cc,c!+c#ccc c cc c c c PMT c cccc cc!+c#ccc cc c c c Lc)-c cCc1+/cc+/#c ccc-ccc ccc cccc c/*c#c Mc c c c c M cc c ~ ~ ,cccc!+c#ccc c cc cc cI,c # c c c c c c M cc c 3cccccccccccc :c c c M c c c c PMT c cc cc cccc cccc)ccc c c ccc cI ccc cIccc c c c $%cc c c c c c c c M M c c )c c- cccccc cccccc c c c c 5 c>c 7#/;c~ c5 7#/;c>c c 2cc c ,ccc cccc22cc c 3ccccccccc c ,cc cc c ccc ccc ccc22cc c cc c )c c- ccccc ccc c c !++c#cc+#++cc #c22cc ccc++c#c.ccc cc% cc cc c c cc cc c cc22cc cc c cc%ccc Cc//cFc Cc*#cFc c ccccc.ccc ccccc c c*/+cAc cE c c 3c ccc-ccccccS :c c c c c M cc c cc cc22ccc ccc%:c c c c PMT c c c M cc c cccccccPc ccc cc c cc c c c c c M cc -c 4 cc ccc.ccc;c cccc-c cccc c c c c c M c c c c PMT c cc;cccc c cc c 5 c>c/>;c~c5/>;c>c c c 3ccccc-ccc%c :c c $%cc ,c cc,cc,ccc-ccccc c c Mj !#/c.Ac c c c c/cccccc c c c c c M cc c cc ccccc O c.c c c c c M cc c cccc cc cc cc1+cUcccc.c c 4 ccccc.ccc%ccc%cccccc cc cPccc%ccccc c c M M c c c PMT c ccccc ccc= ccc22c,c=/c c $ccc cccMjK LT=/Mc $ccc cc,cMjK L Mc ? c ccc,cxLMc 4c ccc,cx/cLMc $ccc,cxL=Mc $ccccc=/ ,cM jKcL= / Mc >c.Ac >###c.Ac >8*1+c.Ac >!+c.Ac #*/1c.Ac *c.Ac c c c c c c cc c 7cccccc= cccc% c,cå,cc{c ccccc c cccc ccccc cccc½c / /= =/ å { ½c c c=/ c M cc c B cccccc-cccccc22cc c <-cc cc ccc c c c c c c M c c c c PMT c 3ccccc22cc cccccc ,c c c cc-ccc+c ccccccc= cc c 3c c c cccccccc22c:c c c M cc c &cccc ccc ccc cc cccc cc c c c c M M c c c c
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