Huygens Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)
Citation:
Broek, A.J.P. van den, On the relation between the symphysis and the acetabulum in the mammalian
pelvis and the signification of the cotyloid bone, in:
KNAW, Proceedings, 14 II, 1911-1912, Amsterdam, 1912, pp. 781-786
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-1-
whieh becomes for Tk:
f'
=
d'1:) =/(/-2),
( -dm
2
instead of P = (f-1) (a J-2b),. as we found above. 80 accol'eling
to VAN DER WAALS'S formllla p would be
7X 5
3.5, whel'eas
really p is abou1
6 X 8,5 à 10 = 50 à 60.
80 accol'ding to VAN DEH W AAV;; we should have at Tk:
=
=
IJ
=
= l-/(l-m) + I/J(j-2)(1-m)2j
anel aceording to our formula:
1:
= l-f(l-m) + 1/,(f-l)(a- 2b)(1-m)2.
2
Clal'ens, Dec. 15, 1911.
Anatomy. - "On tlte 1'elation between the symphysis and the acetabuluJn in the marnmalian pelvis and the signification of the
cotyloid bone." By A. J. P. v. D. BROEK. (Communicated by
Prof. L.
BOLK).
In the course of investigations on the strllctnre of the pel vis of
Primates I met with some phenomena in the acetabululll, namely
the development of the cotyloid bone os acetabllli, that ineluced us
to a compal'ison with the pelvis of other mammals.
In the Primates the. eoty loid bone appeal's as i8 pointed out by
me I), in the form of two little triangular bones, au anteriol' anel a
posterior one. The anterior cotyloid bone lies between pubis anel
ilium, the posterior betweeu ilium anel ischium. The}ormer excludes
the pubis from the acetabulum.
An iO\'estigation in the eotyloiel bone in other mammals brought
to light a distinct correlation between the development of the symphysis and the composition of the acetablllum, which I shall explain
in this note. This correlation is, as I think, of some value for our
know ledge in the morphologic signification of the coty loid bone.
In the following explanationa I shall divide the pelvis of mammalia
aftel' the composition of their symphysis.
r. Symphysis composed by the os pubis and os isehii. In the
Monotl'enws, as is known, os pubis and os ischj{ take the same part
in the forming of the symphysis, whieh is very high. The aeetabulum
is formeel by the three components of the os coxae, namely the os
52
Pl'oceedings Royal Acad. Amsterdam. Vol. XIV.
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ilei, os ischii and os pubis whieh take about lhe same part in it.
All os acetabnli has not yet been found in the monoh'emes.
J.l1a1'supialia. In the marsnpials the sympIlysis is high and is for
t11e greater part formed by thc os pubis, and for a smaller part by
the os ischii.
In the marsupials has been found an os aeetabnli as weU, but
only as a very small calcified pieee of cartilage, against the os pubis.
1t does not extenel to tbe boreler of the aeetabulum, as LECHE 4)
writes, the pubie bone taking part at that border in the fOl'mation
of the at'ticulal' smface. (Didel phys, l'hascolomys.).
Bodentia. Hydrochoerus anel Scimus are two genera by whom
the ischium a1so; but only partially ta.kes share)n the symphysis.
The os aeetabuli is developed in the same manner as in the Marsupials
above-mentioned. It is a little bone on the os pubis, exclueling th is
bone partly from the acetn,bulum. The os acetabuh exists of ealeified
cartilage.
Carnivora. Only in Canis familin,ris as is pointed out by LEOHE
the pubie bone tn,kes part in t11e formation of the acetabulum, in all
the other carnivora it is exclnded therefrom by the eotyloiel bone.
Aftel' ELLEN BERGER anel BAtll\!~) fhe symphysis in the dogs pelvis
is a symphysis pubis et isehii.
UnfJulata. Except in Tapirus americanus, an os aeetabuli fails in
ungulata so far as we know; tbe os pubis forming, as is described
by GEGENBAUH 3) "einen bedelltenderen Theil der Pi'anne" (l.c. p. 234).
It is weIl known thn,t the symphysis in the ungulata, is vet'y high
n,nd is formed by the pubie anel the isehial bones.
lt is neeessalT to remark that WEBER gives a figure of the pelvis
of a Uervus speeiosus (l.c. pg. J 07 fig. 85) in whieh we see a very
gt'eat eoty loid bone exteneling over the whole bl'eaelth of th€' aeetablllnm; yet the os pubis is taking part in the formation of the
articdal' surface.
Il. Symphysis formed exelusively by the os pubis.
Tztbulidentata. Althollgh thc sympbysis is very high, it is formeel
exelllshlely bJ tbe pubic bone.
In Oryetel'opus I found a vel'y gl'eat triangulal' shaped os acetabuli
between ilium anel pIlbis. It has quito exeluded the pubis from the
n,cetal.mlum, and l'eaches for a part the medial sllrfaee of the os
eoxae beL ween thc bonepieces above-mentioneel.
Rodentia. In tIle majol'ity of Rodentia tlw symphysis is exclusively
a symphysis pubis. (In two of tbem, namely Oavia and Mus, the os
aeetabuli which is sitllatea at the ventral side of lhe n,cetabulum,
has neal'ly quile exeluded the pubie bone and tlle pubic. bone reaehes
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the acetabllium only ~tt the border; in the others, namely LepusHesperomys Xerus, the os pubis is qnite excluded from the fOl'matioll
of the al'ticular surface.
As far as I knowand could obsel've (Hystrix, Dasy pro eta) in
Rodentia only at the ventral side of the acetabllium between Ilium and
Pubis an os 3cetabuli is found and Ilium and Ischiut11 vergp- directi,}'
upon each othel' at the back. It consists of calcified cartilage.
Carnivora. In carniyora fissipedia, wh ere the symphysis is limited
to the os p1lbis (V iv el'Hl" Muslela) 1) tbe os acetabuli is stl'ongly developed, l'eaches the medial surfare of the pelvis anti thus sepal'ates
ilium and pubis, quite excluding the latter from the acetabllhlll1.
For carnivora pinnipedia prevails, according to WEBER ï) that the
os acetabuli is 'Ibesonders ausgedehnt", though, as LECHE describes, the
pubie bone l"eaehes the articular surface and takes part in its formation .
As to the symphysis, WEBER 7) says that notwithstaneling the length
of fh\3 ossa pubis, "die Kth'ze del' Symphyse allffàlt".
Prosimiae and Pl'irnates. In bath these groups and also in hOnJo,
by whom the symphysis is exclusively formed by the pubic bone
the os acetabnli shows a very important and at the same time
remarkable way of development. As has been said already in the beginning, and descl'ibed same where e1se more fully we see neady
always t\yO ossa acetabuli, one between the ilium anel pubis, the othel'
between ilium and ischium, which r elistinguish as Il, dOl'sal êtnd a
ventl'al os acetabuli. Bath are triangular in shape with thei1' top
towards the rniddle of the acetabulum. They so to say push out
the ilium partly from the acetabulum, it is at the co st ot' th is bone
that the ossa acetabuli develop themsel yes furthel' in the al'ticulal'
sUl'face.
Tlléy form tbe trallsWon between the simple os acetabuli and one
as I found in lVIrrmecophaga that extends over the whole ureadth of
the acetabulum and now separates the ilium from the pubis ns
weIl as from the ischitlm,
lIL Symphysis formed by a smalt part of the os pubis and fol'
the greater part by thc sa called "epiphysenlmorpel",
This farm of symphysis only appea1's as far as lmown in Galaeopithecus. - Here tlle composition of tlle acetabulum, whirh only for
the third part is fOl'med by the ilium, for the rest by the ischilllU
nnd the os acetabuli, is important; while the pubitl is quite excluded
from the fOl'mation of the nrticulal' sUl'face.
IV. Symphysis fornted exclusi,-ely by the 80 called "epiphysenknol'pel." Aconnection between the two halves of the pelvis exclnsively
fOl'med by the sa called "epiphysenknol'pel" is fOllnd arnong the Insecti-
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vora, in Myogale-Erinacaeidae-Oentetidae-Ohrysoch1ol'idae. In some
(Erinacaeus, Oentetes) the os acetabuli shows in its extension eon-formity with Galaeopithecus, in others - Myogale (in Chl'ysochloris
it has not yet been obsel'ved) this bone is developed more strongly,
and it excludes the os pubis as weil as ihe os ilej' from the formation
of ihe articlllar surface:
~
The acetabulum is thus formed only by the ischium and the os
acetabuli. When we study the meclial surface of the os coxae it
appears that the os acetabnli does not Cjuite reach that surface ; there
ilium anel ischillm, anel a[so ilium anc! pubis partIy vel'ge elirectly.
Thns it l'epresents in the main a small piece of bone on the
external surface of the ilium. Save in the namecl Insectivol'ae a
fOl'mation of the symphysis by the sa called "epiphysenknorpel" is
observed in Afanidae, aftel' the elescription of LRCHE 6) in "Bronn's
Klassen uncl Ol'elnungen des Tierl'eiches". 1 observed in Manis an
os aceiabuli exr[uding as weIl the os pubis as the 0S ilei ii'orri the
acetabllllltTI. It did not l'each the medial surface of the os coxae.
At the ventral border of the acetabulum it is broader than at the
dOl'sal border.
The composition of the symphysis in XenaJ'thra is apparently not
yet weIl known. In the above mentioneel stndy of LEOHE 5) one
fincls qn page 583 "die kurze, stets nul' durch das Schambein gebildete Schamfuge", and on the ::;ame page fnrther "das Schambein
ist ventralwal'ts ausgezogen in einen langen pi'ocess, wele,her durch
einen Schamfugenknorpel met den gegenseitigen verbunden ist". A
figure of Tatusia peba (PJate 92 fig. 10) shows us the presence of
an "epiplJysenlmorpel". The os acetabuli is strongly developed, in
Dasyporlidae it is still greater than in Bradypodiclae. It excludes the
os pubis from the acetabulum anel reaches the medial surface of
the os coxae bet ween these two bones. In ChoJoepus and Myrmecoplmga the ilium 01l1y forms a very liWe part of the border of
the al'ticlllar sUl-face.
In the Dasypoeliclae both the pubis and the ilium are, aftel' the
descl'iptioJl of REINHARDT 6) exclueled from the acetabuillm. I found
this condition in Dasypus dnoelecimocinctlls; in which the os acetabuli
l'eached partially the medial snrface of' the os coxae. At the dorsal
bordel' of the acetabulum it covered on1y the ou te)' surface of the ilium.
V. Symphysis fails,
At last we have to consider the mammals in which a symphysis
is failing in the adult. This condition is, as is weIl known, only to
be observed in some of the Insectivora, "iz Sol'icidae, Talpinae and
Urotrichus. In these three forms the cotyloid bone is very great anel
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separates the ilium from- the pubis and the ischium. The acetabulUln
is only composed by the ischium and the os acetabuli. This bone
reaehes also the medial surface of the os eoxae, so that also 'there
the ilium is separated from ischium and pubis.
Tbe above gi \'en survey leads to the following eonclusions.
1st . The os acetabuli shows among the mammals a very different
degl'ee of development. It is gl'eater and forms a more and more
important part of the aeetabuhlln as the symphysis is 10wel'.
2nd • Tbe development of the os acetabuli shows no more than the
symphysis a l'egularity, in this sense that it shonld be othel'wise
in the so called primitive mammals than in the so ealled higher
mammaIs.
In more than one order of rnammals we meet with very great
diffel'ences in the degree of development of the os aeetabuli and of
t.be symphysis (Eden tata-Rodentia-Inseetivora-Cal'l1 ivora).
These two conclusions leaJ to the qnestion by wh at reasons
would be determined the de, elopment of the symphysis and what
would be the morphologic vallle of the os acetabuli.
Tl{e answel' to the first question must be l'emoved to later; here
it ean only be said, that, as the l'esult of eomparative anatomical
and embryological researches one ean ,say, that a high symphysis
is a secondary condition (LECIIE I. e. p. 23). .
Applying this to the mammals above described, it follows that
in those mammals whieh possess, in eonseqllenee of their high symphysis a primiti ve form of pel vis, an os acetabnli seems to fail
(Monotremens, Ungulata ?). As soon as the symphysis is not so high
we ean obsel'\'e an os ar.etabuli,. gl'owing more developed as the
symphysis becomes 10wel"
It is not Jet pel'mitted to say that the os aeetabuli in mammals
is a constant, so called fOUl'th element of the os eoxae, fol' whieh
('au be shown a homologon in other vertebl'ates.
lf one wishes to compal'e the os acetabllli in the mammalian
pelvis with the littIe bone lmown as the "pars acetabulal'is" in the
pelvis of cL'Ocodiles, as is done by LECHE, one has not yet the right
to speak _of an indepbndent bone, beeause we know that, aftel' the
investigations of WIEDERSHEIl\I 8) this pars acetatularis i" asecondal')'
part, separated in the course of the development ti'om the processlls
acetabularis ileï.
If the os aeetabuli and the pars acetabularis are h01l1010gous bones,
the former can only be regarded as a bone of a secondary signifi·
cation ; in his development dependent on development of the pelvis"
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t 7RG )
Ll'fERATURE.
1). V. D. BROEK (A. J. P.) Uber das Os acetabuli bei Primaten. Archiv. f. Ana- v
tomie uud Entwicklungsgeschichte 1912.
2). ELLENBERGER (W.) und BAUM (H.) Anatomie des Huudes.
'~). GEGENBAUR (C.) Ubet' den Ausschluss des Sc'lambeins van der Pfallue des
Hüftgelenkes. Morph Jahrb. Bd. 1.
4). LECHE (W.) ZUl' Anatomie. del' Beckenregion der Inseclivora Konig. Sv. vet.
Abd Hand\. Bd. 20. no. 4.
ä). LECHE (W.) Mammalin, in Bronn's Klassen nnd Ordnungen des Tierreiches.
Bd 6, Abth 6, pg. 583.
6). REIN HARDT Nogle Bemaerk. om Gnmlerne'l, is aer BaeHedYl'enes Baekken.
Vidensh. Medde!. fra natmk. \<'Ol'ening, Kjobenhavel1 18Rl.
1). WEBER (M.) Die Säugetiere.
8). WIEDERSHEIM (R.) Vergleichende Anatomie d. Wirbe1tiere.
Pp.ysics. - "1!.lectric double 1'efl'action in same al'tificial clouds
ancl va.pOtb1'S" (second Pal't). By Prof. P. ZEEMAN l10d
O. M.
HOOG"ENBOO~I.
10. The eondensel' mentioned in t11e expel'imellt of ~ 3 was
ph"Lced in the interiOl' of the horizontl11 gll1sS tube; the metal p]ates
wel'e of 1b ('111. length, their dista.nce being 16 mmo 'rite invesrigl1tio'JT
of gt"Lse& and vnpOLlrs, acting cbemically I1pOI1 the metal of the
eOl1denscl' plntes is better eonducted in an npparatns wiih external
plates anel the same apparatus may be serviceable also in other
cases ns it is more easily cleaned. An apparatuR made of glass and
of pal'al1elipipedic form was tbel'efore constl'l1eted, (lengUl 46,5 cm.,
distance between t!te insides of the vertical walls 5 nun., height
10 cm. thickness of glass 3 mm.). At the outside strips of tin foil
40 X 3 cm. wel'e al'l'anged. The tube is closed by plates of thin
eovel'glass.
11. The experiment with the sal-ammoniac clond produced in ap
anteroom (~ 4), was repeated with the new condenser, but with the
old optical arrangement (~ 3).
Tt now appeared that the re8ult obtained in ~ 4, indicating 801e1y
a double refraction indnced in the sal-ammoniac ('I oud, was a rat her
special case.
The sal-ammoJliac eloud now exhibiled diehl'oism also. As it is
pl'obably the greater. densitJ" of the eloud opel'ati ve in the new
apparatns, whieh made it easiel' to observe the new pl'operty, the
l1nteroom (§ 4) was removed altogether. In o~r fLll'ther experi111ents
f,he gases, hydroehlol'ic acid and nmmonia, wel'e introcluced dil'ectly
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