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--FORMAT FOR CITATIONS & DOCUMENTATION-(2008-2009)
YOU MUST CITE A SOURCE EVEN IF YOU PUT INFORMATION INTO YOUR
OWN WORDS!
-----SEE LAST PAGE FOR SUMMARIES AND PARAPHRASES-----
Table of Contents
1a.
1b.
1c.
2a.
2b.
3.
Source that has an author
Source that has multiple authors
Author with more than one source
Source that has no author
Source that has no author but same titles
Citations longer than four (4) lines
4a. Citations already in quotation marks
4b. Citations already in quotation marks longer
than four (4) lines
5. Citations ending with “?” and “!”
6a. Plays, poems, and novels
6b. Dialogue in fiction
1. CITATIONS FOR SOURCES THAT HAVE AN AUTHOR
(Computer generated sources do not use page numbers
)
Feel free to use other introductory phrases and sentence structures, but please be sure that
the sentence is a complete, properly punctuated sentence.
As stated by Mike Kinder, “I regret the first day I took my first puff on a cigarette” (13).
“I regret the first day I took my first puff on a cigarette” (Kinder 13).
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a
“The majority of Americans who began smoking at an early age regret their decision,” according
to Fred Smith (4).
“People debate the authorship of Shakespeare's works,” said Connie Bartalino, “but they do not
doubt their brilliance” (283).
Tina Matterhörn explains that religion “has no viable place in public education.”
She further says “there’s no separation of church and state in the Constitution” (Matterhörn).
(Sources that have multiple authors)
If the source has two authors: “Handgun reform faces an uphill battle in the Senate” (Smith and
Jones 16).
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b
If the source has three authors: “Seatbelts save lives” (Staley, Caley, and McFadden).
If the source has more than three authors: “The funding for stem cell research was denied”
(Martin et al. 32).
2
(Same author with more than one source)
Daniel Barry writes in his article “The Importance of Diction,” “Being understood is the main
tenant of communication” (23).
“Being understood is the main tenant of communication” (Barry, “The Importance” 23).
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c
Daniel Barry writes, “Being understood is the main tenant of communication” (“The Importance”
23).
In his book It’s Okay for Men to Cry, Daniel Barry states, “It is society that prevents a man from
crying” (iv).
2. CITATIONS FOR SOURCES THAT HAVE NO AUTHOR
(Computer generated sources do not use page numbers
)
Feel free to use other introductory phrases and sentence structures, but please be sure that
the sentence is a complete, properly punctuated sentence.
As stated in the article “Smoking Is Bad,” “Most people regret the first day they took their first
puff on a cigarette” (13).
“Most people regret the first day they took their first puff on a cigarette” (“Smoking” 15).
2
a
“The majority of Americans who began smoking at an early age regret their decision,” according
to “Tobacco Plague” (4).
“People debate the authorship of Shakespeare's works,” states the article “Who’s Shakespeare,”
“but they do not doubt their brilliance” (283).
“Religion and the Law” argues that religion “has no viable place in public education.”
It further explains “there’s no separation of church and state in the Constitution” (“Religion”).
(Same title from different sources)
When more than one entry has the same title, you must provide more information to
differentiate between the titles (below are two articles both titled “Communication” but a
different source is provided).
“Communication” from Newsweek says, “Being understood is the main tenant of
communication” (23).
2
b
“Being understood is the main tenant of communication” (“Communication,” Newsweek 23).
“Communication,” states “Being understood is the main tenant of communication” (Newsweek
23).
“Communication” explains “Most employers look for good communication skills during the
interview process” (Business Weekly 42).
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3. CITATIONS LONGER THAN FOUR (4) LINES
When you take exact information from a source and the information is not in quotes and is
more than four (4) lines of type on the computer monitor, indent two tabs from the left and
type the quotation.
ONLY THE QUOTATION IS INDENTED! PERIOD IS BEFORE PARENTHESES!
Americans seem to use smoking as a way to cope with the various stresses that everyday life
provides. However, according to Mike Jones,
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Smoking seems to attract all ages of people, but most cases seem to stem at
the early adolescent stage of development. Researchers have attempted to
track the factors that cause smoking to appeal to this age level. Results of
these studies have shown that self-esteem issues trigger many young adults to
smoke. (54)
Perhaps raising self-esteem would lead to decrease in smoking in young adults.
4. CITATIONS ALREADY IN QUOTATION MARKS
When you take exact information from a source and the information is already in quotes
and is four (4) lines of type or fewer on the computer monitor, the author of the quotation
goes in the text of the citation, while the author of the source goes in the parenthesis (notice
the use of a double quotation mark with a single quotation mark).
4
a
Selma Franks says, “‘Many teens smoke over a pack of cigarettes a day’” (qtd. in Jones 196).
If the source does not have an author, substitute the first relevant word(s) of the source’s
title for the author.
Tyler Durden says, “It is difficult to track the occurrences of teenage tobacco use since ‘the
product is often sold illegally’” (qtd. in “Teenage” 46).
(Citations longer than 4 lines)
When you take exact information from a source that is already in quotation marks and is
more than four (4) lines of type on the computer monitor, indent two tabs, and use single
quotation marks.
ONLY THE QUOTE IS INDENTED! NOW USE SINGLE QUOTATIONS! PERIOD IS
BEFORE PARENTHESES!
All ages of Americans feel the effects of smoking. Tara Thompson states,
4
b
‘Smoking seems to attract all ages of people, but most cases seem to stem at
the early adolescent stage of development. Researchers have attempted to
track the factors that cause smoking to appeal to this age level. Results of
these studies have shown that self-esteem issues possibly trigger many
young adults to smoke.’ (qtd. in Morris 124)
If the source does not have an author, substitute the first relevant word(s) of the source’s
title for the author.
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5. CITATIONS THAT END WITH “?” AND “!”
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Howard Schwartz ponders, “Does the Christian Coalition philosophy belong in school policy
determined by local school boards?” (12).
Molly DeCisco raves, “It was exhilarating!” (41).
6. CITATION FORMATS FOR OTHER SOURCES
If you cite from a novel, write the page number and the chapter.
Typical: (89; ch. 16).
Named Chapters: (73; “Day 3”).
Novel divided into books or parts: (276; bk. 2, ch. 4). or (172; pt. 3, ch. 12).
If you cite from a play, write the act then the scene numbers. (See teachers for further
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a
information.)
Modern: (4.1).
[4 is the act and 1 is the scene; there are no line numbers]
Shakespearean: (Mac. 1.3.8-14). [Mac. is the play abbreviation, 1 is the act, the 3 is the scene, and the 8-14 are the lines.]
or
(I.iii.67-69).
If you cite from a poem, provide the line numbers
For one line: (26).
For two or more lines: (12-16).
(When citing dialogue)
If the citation is from dialogue in a work of fiction, use double quotation marks with single
quotation marks, and also do not use “qtd. in.”
Then Martin turned to his mother and said, “‘You saw nothing’” (117; ch. 9).
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b
If the citation is from dialogue in a work of fiction between two or more characters, use
double quotation marks, indent the start of each character’s line with and double tab,
subsequent lines with a single tab, and also do not use “qtd. in.”
Then the two brothers start a lengthy argument when Brian turns to Martin and says,
“I can’t take it anymore. I work too hard at my job, and then I have to come
home to this. At least you could try and get up off the couch by the time I get home.”
“Oh yah,” said Ted, “at least I know how to have a good time.” (123; ch. 9)
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SUMMARIES AND PARAPHRASES
SUMMARIES AND PARAPHRASES: A summary or a paraphrase occurs when someone’s
ideas are used, but the information is presented using different words or sentence structure. A
summary takes a great deal of information and turns it into a few sentences. A paraphrase takes
information from a few sentences and restates that information using different words.
When summarizing or paraphrasing, a citation is still required; however, quotation marks are no
longer used around the information. Still, all other format options for citations are necessary. If
a paraphrase or summary is more than 4 typed lines on the computer monitor, it is NOT
indented.