REFERENCING AND SCHOLARSHIP: GUIDANCE
1
Introduction
1.1
The University of St Mark & St John requires its students to follow the established
practice of referencing. Students should always use the Marjon Referencing System,
which is based on a version of the Harvard ‘Author-Date’ system of referencing.
Unless you are given specific instructions to the contrary, you must never use more
than one referencing system within a single document.
1.2
The following pages set out the general rules of the Marjon Referencing System.
There is a dedicated web app available called the Marjon Academic Referencing
Generator (MARGen) which you can use to check your referencing for accuracy. This
tool is available at www.marjon.ac.uk/margen. MARGen covers the main sources of
information used for referencing, but additional information can be found in the
Academic Skills area of Learning Space.
2
Referencing your work
2.1
When you hand in an assignment it must include references for all key ideas that are
not your own and for all direct quotations; it is vital for your reader to be able to find
the source to which you are referring. If you do not identify your sources in this way
you could be considered to be committing academic misconduct (plagiarism), which
carries a very high penalty (refer to Section 15 of the Student Handbook for further
information on plagiarism).
3
What are references?
3.1
A reference is the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained
your information. It acknowledges the work of others and demonstrates the body of
knowledge on which you have based your work. You must acknowledge all work,
ideas, arguments and any information you have taken from the work of others,
regardless of whether you have directly quoted from their work (direct reference) or
have summarised their ideas using your own words (indirect reference).
3.2
References enable the identification of sources referred to in your written work. A
reference list is essential for all assignments (to enable the reader / marker to
identify the range and relevance of the materials referred to, to inform your work).
4
What is a bibliography?
4.1
Any sources that you have used whilst researching a piece of work, but have not
referred to in your text, must be listed on a separate page under a heading of
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 1 of 22
‘Bibliography’, after your list of references. The entries are set out in the same way
as for a reference list (see section 9).
5
How do you reference?
5.1
You can use the checklist below to ensure that you reference your work correctly and
completely using the Marjon Referencing System (and through the use of Marjon
Academic Referencing Generator tool - MARGen which can be found at
www.marjon.ac.uk/margen).
Reference checklist

Keep an accurate record of every source you use in preparing your work
(author, date, title, place of publication and publisher).

If you take notes from your sources, keep a record of the page number as well
as the source.

In your assignment, refer to all your sources either directly or indirectly utilised
(see below). Only include the author’s surname, the date and, where relevant,
the page number (e.g. Godwin, 2009:14).

At the end of the assignment you must include your reference list. This is a full
list of all the sources you have mentioned in your work. Set these out in
alphabetical order according to authors’ surnames. If the author is unknown it
should be presented as ‘Author Unknown’.

On a separate page, include your Bibliography, if necessary (refer to section 4
above).
6
What is the difference between indirect and direct referencing?
6.1
An indirect reference alludes to ideas or facts that have been written by an author
which you have not quoted verbatim (word for word) but have been summarised in
your own words. This is something you should be practising regularly and if you have
any doubts about how to do this please refer to materials available via Academic
Skills on Learning Space. These must be acknowledged in your work.
6.2
There are basically two ways of doing this:Example 1:
Andrews (2010) says that the ability to argue rationally is an important part of
civilized society.
Example 2:
An important part of civilized society is the ability to argue rationally (Andrews,
2010).
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 2 of 22
6.3
Particular care should be taken, when students offer extensive summaries of the
work of others, to ensure that references to original authors are made with sufficient
frequency to avoid allegations of plagiarism.
6.4
Where more than one reference is used for the same point made in your work then
these should be arranged alphabetically (by author name) and separated by semicolons.
6.5
A direct reference involves direct quotation from the work of an author.
6.6
Quotations of one sentence, or less than three lines, can be incorporated in the body
of the text in double quotation marks. Please note that you must always provide a
page number for a direct quotation.
Example 1:
“It is important to be able to argue rationally in a civilized society” (Andrews, 2010:1).
Example 2:
Andrews (2010:1) states that “it is important to be able to argue rationally in a
civilized society”.
6.7
Longer quotations (three lines or more) are set out separately, indented from left
and right margins and single spaced. Whilst you do not need to use quotation marks,
it is essential that it is indented to enable the reader to identify it as a direct quote.
The most important thing for all direct quotes is that the page number (if known) is
acknowledged with the source.
Example:
It is important to be able to argue rationally in a civilized
society, and students in higher education will be expected to
be able to do so – both within their courses and in the wider
world (Andrews, 2010:1).
6.8
Some other conventions you should adopt include: Use three dots … to indicate where you have omitted words from the quotation:
Example:
“It is important to ... argue rationally in a civilized society” (Andrews, 2011:1).

Use [square brackets] to enclose words that you have added, omitted, or
changed:
Example:
“It is important to be able to argue [and behave] rationally in a civilized society”
(Andrews, 2011:1).
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 3 of 22
6.9
All of the above apply to illustrative material too which is not your own, i.e. for
figures (diagrams, maps, graphs), tables, photographs or similar.
7
Secondhand referencing (one author quoting the work of another)
7.1
Where one author quotes the work of another, the phrase ‘cited in' or 'quoted in' is
used when you acknowledge the source of the information in your text.
7.2
For an in-text reference: reference according to whether you have made a direct or
indirect reference (see section 6), and you need to provide the publication year for
both the author being quoted and the work in which it is being quoted, e.g.
(Richardson and Woodley, 2008, cited in Bell, 2010:109).
7.3
For your list of references: at the end of your work, you would only include the
reference for the source you have read, i.e. the work that is quoting the other author
(to include the original source in your reference list implies that you have read this
too). It would appear as in the example in the box below. Look at section 9 for an
example of what your list of references should look like, and section 8.7 for revised
editions of texts.
Example:
Bell, J. (2010) Doing Your Research Project. (5th ed.). Maidenhead: Open University
Press.
7.4
Key information required from the original source:
 The author and publication date
7.5
Key information required from the secondary source (i.e. the source you have read)
 The author surname and initial
 Year of publication
 Full book title
 Publisher location
 Publisher
7.6
Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters as shown above.
 Follow the key points regarding underlining/italicising of titles as shown
above.
8
How do you reference different sorts of sources?
8.1
A book with a single author
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 4 of 22
8.1.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6).
8.1.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for the book would
appear as follows in the box below. Look at section 9 for an example of what your list
of references should look like.
Example:
Andrews, R. (2010) Argumentation in Higher Education: improving practice through
theory and research. London: Routledge.
8.1.3 Key information required:
 Author surname
 Author initial
 Year of publication
 Full book title
 Publisher location
 Publisher
8.1.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Capital letters are used for first letter of any nouns, verbs, adjectives or
adverbs in the book title.
 Secondary titles (i.e. after a semi colon :) are all lower case apart from proper
nouns.
 The book title should either be underlined or italicised (but not both) and be
consistent throughout. All examples in this section will use underline.
8.2
A book with two authors
8.2.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6), using both author surnames (e.g. Rectenwald
and Carl, 2011).
8.2.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for the book with up
to two authors would appear as follows in the box below. Look at section 9 for an
example of what your list of references should look like.
Example:
Rectenwald, M. and Carl, L. (2011) Academic Writing Across the Disciplines. Harlow:
Longman Publishers.
8.2.3 Key information required:
 Both author surnames and initials
 Year of publication
 Full book title
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 5 of 22


Publisher location
Publisher
8.2.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters as given in 8.1.
 Follow the key points regarding underlining/italicising of titles as given in 8.1.
 You can use ‘and’ or ‘&’ in both your in-text citation and your list of
references – but be consistent throughout your work.
8.3
A book with more than two authors (i.e. three authors or more)
8.3.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6).
 If the book has more than two authors, use the first author name followed by
et al. in italics. (et al. is the abbreviation of et alia (Latin) which means ‘and
others’) (e.g. Ritchard et al., 2011)
8.3.2 For your list of references: you use all author names at the end of your work, so a
reference for the book with more than 2 authors would appear as follows in the box
below. Look at section 9 for an example of what your list of references should look
like.
Example:
Ritchard, R., Church, M. and Morrison, K. (2011) Making Thinking Visible: how to
promote engagement, understanding and independence for all learners. New Jersey:
Jossey Bass.
8.3.3 Key information required:
 All author surnames and initials
 Year of publication
 Full book title
 Publisher location
 Publisher
8.3.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above examples.
 Follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters as given in section 8.1.
 Follow the key points regarding underlining/italicising of titles as given in
section 8.1.
 If more than two authors, use et al. in your in-text reference, and include ALL
authors in your list of references.
 Remember that you will be referring to multiple authors, so refer to them in
the plural.
 You can use ‘and’ or ‘&’ in both your in-text citation and your list of
references – but be consistent throughout your work.
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8.4
An e-book accessed via a platform service (e.g. MyiLibrary)
8.4.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6).
8.4.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for the book would
appear as follows in the box below. Look at section 9 for an example of what your list
of references should look like.
Example:
Brock, C. (2011) Education as a Global Concern. London: Continuum International
Publishing Group. [Online] Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com?ID=301587
[accessed July 31st 2011].
8.4.3 Key information required:
 Author surname and initial
 Year of publication
 Full book title
 Publisher location
 Publisher
 URL for accessing the book
 The date that you first accessed the book
8.4.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters as given in 8.1.
 Follow the key points regarding underlining/italicising of titles as given in 8.1.
 Insert [Online] after the name of the publisher to indicate this in an online
resource.
 Insert the date you first accessed the e-book in square brackets after the URL.
8.5
An e-book accessed via an e-book reader (e.g. a Kindle)
8.5.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6). E-book readers often do not provide page
numbers, so you should insert p.u. to indicate that the page is unknown, e.g. (Bailey,
2011: p.u.).
8.5.1 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for the book would
appear as follows in the box below. Look at section 9 for an example of what your
list of references should look like.
Example:
Bailey, S. (2011) Academic Writing: a handbook for international students. (3rd ed.).
London: Taylor and Francis. Kindle edition. [accessed July 31st 2011].
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 7 of 22
8.5.2 Key information required:
 Author surname and initial
 Year of publication
 Full book title
 Publisher location
 Publisher
 The e-book reader that you used to access the book
 The date that you first accessed the book
8.5.3 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters as given in 8.1.
 Follow the key points regarding underlining/italicising of titles as given in 8.1.
 Insert the type of e-book reader in italics after the publisher details to
indicate that you have used a reader version of the book.
8.6
Article or chapter in an edited book
8.6.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6)
 Use the surname of the chapter/article author NOT the editor of the book it
appears in, e.g. (Gleeson, 2010).
8.6.2 For your list of references: as the chapter/article appears in a book edited by
someone else, the full reference would use both the chapter/article author, and the
editor of the book, as in the box below. Look at section 9 for an example of what your
list of references should look like:
Example:
Gleeson, D. (2010) Research questions and research design. In Hartas, D. (Ed.) (2010)
Education Research and Inquiry: qualitative and quantitative approaches. London:
Continuum Publishing Corporation: 85-94.
8.6.3 Key information required:
 Surname and initial of the chapter/article author
 Title of the chapter/article
 Year of publication of the chapter/article
 Surname and initial of the book editor
 Full book title
 Year of publication of the edited book
 Publisher location
 Publisher
 Page numbers of the chapter/article within the book
8.6.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
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



8.7
The chapter/article title may be put in single inverted commas; but do not
underline it.
Only the first word of the chapter/article title is in capitals, except for proper
nouns.
The book title should either be underlined or italicised (but not both).
For the book title, follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters as
given in 8.1.
You must include the year of publication for the chapter/article, as well as the
year of publication for the edited book, even if these are the same year.
Revised editions
8.7.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6) and state the publication year of the edition
you are using (e.g. Paul and Elder, 2011).
8.7.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for a book with a
revised edition would include the edition details, and would appear as follows in the
box below. Look at section 9 for an example of what your list of references should
look like.
Example:
Paul, R. and Elder, L. (2011) Critical Thinking: tools for taking charge of your learning
and your life. (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
8.7.3 Key information required:
 Author surname and initial
 Year of publication of the edition you are using
 Full book title
 Which edition you are using
 Publisher location
 Publisher
8.7.4 Key points to remember:
 Always take the date of the latest edition mentioned on the inside page which
gives the publishing details.
 Ignore any reprinting dates – you need to know the publication year.
 In your list of references, include the edition details after the title (as in the
example).
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters as given in 8.1.
 Follow the key points regarding underlining/italicising of titles as given in 8.1.
8.8
Corporate author
(For example some reports, Government White Papers and Acts of Parliament).
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 9 of 22
8.8.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6) and use the name of the organisation as the
author, e.g. (Sports Council Wales, 2009), or (Department for Education & Skills,
2006). For Acts of Parliament state the name of the Act and the year (e.g. Child
Poverty Act, 2010).
8.8.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a corporate author reference for
would appear as follows in the box below. Look at section 9 for an example of what
your list of references should look like.
Example 1:
Sports Council Wales. (2009) Young People’s Participation in Sport. Cardiff: Sports
Council Wales.
Example 2:
Department for Education & Skills. (2006) Widening Participation in Higher
Education. London: DfES.
Example 3:
Child Poverty Act, 2010. London: HMSO.
8.8.3 Key information required:
 Name of the organisation (except for Acts of Parliament)
 Year of publication
 Full book title
 Publisher location
 Publisher (this may be the same as the organisation)
8.8.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters as given in 8.1.
 Follow the key points regarding underlining/italicising of titles as given in 8.1.
 The name of the organisation is used wherever you would use the name of
the author, plus the date of the report.
 If the report has a 'popular' name you may use this in your discussion (but the
first time the report is referred to you must include the full name, with the
‘popular’ name or abbreviation in brackets).
8.9
Journal Article
8.9.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6), using the author name and publication year
as you would for a book (e.g. Greenbank and Penketh, 2009).
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 10 of 22
8.9.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for a journal article
would be as follows in the box below. Look at section 9 for an example of what your
list of references should look like.
Example:
Greenbank, P. and Penketh, C. (2009) Student autonomy and reflections on
researching and writing the undergraduate dissertation. Journal of Further & Higher
Education. Vol. 33, No. 4: 463-472.
8.9.3 Key information required:
 Author surname and initial
 Year of publication
 Full article title
 Full journal title
 Volume
 Number/issue
 Page numbers for the article
8.9.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Only the first word of the title of a journal article has a capital letter, unless
other words are proper nouns.
 The page numbers for the whole article are given after the issue details.
 The article title may be put in single inverted commas; but it is not
underlined.
 The journal title should either be underlined or italicised (but not both).
8.10
E-journal
8.10.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6) using the author name and publication year as
you would for a print journal (e.g. Seale, 2010).
8.10.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for an e-journal
article would be as for a print journal, and would include the URL of the article and
the date you accessed it. It would appear as follows in the box below. Look at section
9 for an example of what your list of references should look like.
Example:
Seale, J. (2010) Doing student voice work in higher education: an exploration of the
value of participatory methods. British Educational Research Journal. Vol. 36, No. 6:
995-1015. [Online] Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411920903342038
[accessed July 31st 2011].
8.10.3 Key information required:
 Author surname and initial
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
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





Year of publication
Full article title
Full journal title
Volume
Number/issue
Page numbers for the article
The URL for the article
The date you first accessed the article
8.10.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Follow the key points regarding capitalisation and underlining/italicising of
titles as given in section 8.9.
 The page numbers for the whole article are given after the issue details.
 Insert [Online] after the page numbers to indicate this is an online resource.
 You must include the URL for the article.
 You must include the date you first accessed the article.
8.11
Conference Paper
8.11.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6), using the author name and publication year
as you would for a book (e.g. Barnett, 2009).
8.11.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for a conference
paper would include the title of the paper and details of the conference, and would
appear as in the box below. Look at section 9 for an example of what your list of
references should look like.
Example:
Barnett, R. (2009) Realising the university in the 21st century: issues and possibilities.
Higher Education Academic Conference 2009. University of Manchester, June 30th –
July 2nd 2009. [Online] Available from:
http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/audioandvideo/annualconference2009.
[accessed July 31st 2011].
8.11.3 Key information required:
 Author surname and initial
 Year of publication
 Title of the conference paper
 Title of the conference
 Date and location of the conference
8.11.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
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

8.12
Only the first word of the title of the paper has a capital letter, unless other
words are proper nouns.
The paper title may be put in single inverted commas; but it is not underlined.
The conference title should either be underlined or italicised (but not both).
Internet references (excluding e-journals and e-books)
8.12.1 There is no standard procedure for referencing material from an Internet site,
however you should endeavour to follow the Marjon Referencing Guidelines and be
consistent throughout.
8.12.2 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6), using an author or organisation if possible. If
neither is evident give the title of the website. The bottom of the webpage may
provide a date, but if this is not evident you may use (d.u.) to indicate date unknown,
(e.g. Sport England, d.u.).
8.12.3 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for an internet site
would include the title of the webpage, the full URL for the webpage and the date
you first accessed it, as follows in the box below. Look at section 9 for an example of
what your list of references should look like.
Example:
Sport England. (Date unknown). Understanding Participation. [Online] Available from:
http://www.sportengland.org/support_advice/county_sports_partnerships.aspx
[accessed July 31st 2011].
8.12.4 Key information required:
 Author or organisation (as given in your in-text reference)
 Date of last update (or use date unknown)
 Title of the webpage
 The URL of the page
 The date that you first accessed the information
8.12.5 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 If no author is credited then ascribe authorship to the smallest identifiable
unit within the publishing organisation.
 If no date is given then write ‘Date unknown’.
 The webpage title should be either underlined or italicised (but not both).
 Insert [Online] after the webpage title to indicate it is an online resource.
 URL of the page, sometimes known as its ‘web address’, is what you will
normally see in the ‘Location bar’ at the top of your screen when viewing the
document with your browser. Do not change the case of the characters.
 Use the date that you first accessed the information.
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8.13
Newspapers and Magazines
8.13.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6), using the author name and publication year
as you would for a book (e.g. Abrahams, 2011).
8.13.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for a newspaper
article would include newspaper details and the date the article was published, as
follows in the box below. Look at section 9 for an example of what your list of
references should look like.
Example:
Abrahams, M. (2011) Improbable Research: is that a shy sheep or a bold sheep? The
Guardian (Education supplement). April 5th 2011: 7.
8.13.3 Key information required:
 Author surname and initial
 Year of publication
 Full article title
 Name of the newspaper
 Full date of publication
 Page numbers of the article
8.13.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Only the first word of the title of a newspaper or magazine article has a
capital letter, unless other words are proper nouns.
 The page numbers for the whole article are given after the issue details.
 Insert [Online] after the page numbers to indicate if this is an online resource.
 You must include the URL for the article if you read the article online.
 You must include the date you first accessed the article if you read the article
online.
 The article title may be put in single inverted commas; but it is not
underlined.
 The newspaper or magazine title should either be underlined or italicised (but
not both).

8.14 TV/Radio Programmes
8.14.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6), using the channel that transmitted the
programme and year of transmission, as you would for a book (e.g. BBC, 2011).
8.14.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for a TV/radio
programme would include the title of the programme, channel and complete date of
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 14 of 22
transmission, as follows in the box below. Look at section 9 for an example of what
your list of references should look like.
Example 1:
BBC 2. (2011) Human Planet: cities. March 23rd 2011. [TV].
Example 2:
BBC 2. (2009) The Wire: the target. March 30th 2009. [TV].
8.14.3 Key information required:
 Channel
 Full date of transmission
 Title of programme
8.14.4 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Insert [TV] or [Radio] after the transmission date to indicate the type of
programme.
 The programme title should either be underlined or italicised (but not both).
8.15
Films
8.15.1 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6), using the film title and year of release, e.g.
(The Social Network, 2010).
8.15.2 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for film would
include the director and production company, as follows in the box below. Look at
section 9 for an example of what your list of references should look like.
8.15.3 Films should be listed alphabetically by title, followed by the date of release, and
should include the name of the director and production company (as shown in the
example below).
Example:
The Social Network. (2010) Fincher, D. California: Columbia Pictures. [Film].
8.15.4 Key information required:
 Full title of the film
 Year of release
 Surname and initial of director
 Location and production company
8.15.5 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 15 of 22



8.16
Insert [Film] after the production company details to indicate the resource is a
film.
Films should be listed alphabetically by title, rather than by director.
The title of the film should either be underlined or italicised, but not both.
Recorded Music
8.16.1 There is no standard procedure for referring to recorded music; however recordings
may be set out in your reference list as follows:
 Artist
 Year (in brackets)
 Song/track title
 Album title. This should be underlined or in italics
 Place of publication
 Record label
 Format
 Catalogue number
Example 1 (for a single):
Kings of Leon (2008) Use Somebody. London: RCA CD 88697 41218 2.
Example 2 (for an album):
Black-Eyed Peas (2003) Where is the love, in Elephunk. London: Interscope CD
602498606926.
8.17
Images
8.17.1 For images which are ‘stand alone’, for example such as a postcard, advertising image
or photograph, there may be limited details available for referencing purposes, but
the following should be supplied as far as possible: Author / Artist / Company / Organisation
 Date created (if known)
 Title or brief description. This should be underlined or in italics.
 Medium (postcard, advertising image, photograph, painting) [in square
brackets]
 Location viewed at / publisher
 Date viewed
Example 1:
Edinburgh tenements 1895. 2007. [postcard] Edinburgh: Heritage Images.
Example 2:
Primark. Undated. We know where you live. . . [billboard] Lothian Road, Edinburgh.
Viewed July 20th 2008.
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 16 of 22
8.17.2 All on-line visual images, including clip-art, should always be acknowledged, as
follows: Title of image or description. This should be underlined or in italics.
 Year
 Online image [in square brackets]
 Available at: followed by the internet address
 Date accessed [in square brackets]
Example:
Boy dressed in vampire costume. 2007. [online image] Available at:
http://wwwinmagine.com [accessed July 15th 2008].
8.17.3 Where a website specifically requires that you cite extra information as a condition of
using their site, this must also be included.
8.18
Maps
8.18.1 In your text you cite the author or organisation (e.g. Ordnance Survey) the date of
publication and (if applicable) the sheet number (this is vital if you are referring to
several Ordnance Survey maps). The full reference for a map requires the following
information, in this order:
 Author or Organisation
 Year of the publication (in brackets)
 Title, this should be underlined or in italics
 Series and Sheet Number (if any)
 Scale
 Place of publication
 Publisher
Example:
Ordnance Survey Explorer OL (2002) Dartmoor. Sheet 28. Four Centimetres: One
Kilometre. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
8.19
Unpublished work
8.19.1 These may include seminar papers, dissertations and theses (but not lecture notes).
Details of these are given as for a book. In text references appear as for a book.
8.19.2 For an in-text citation/reference: reference according to whether you have made a
direct or indirect quote (see section 6), using the author name and publication year
as you would for a book (e.g. Warren, 2001).
8.19.3 For your list of references: at the end of your work, a reference for an unpublished
work (such as a dissertation) would appear as in the example in the box below. Look
at section 9 for an example of what your list of references should look like.
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 17 of 22
Example:
Warren, D. (2001) Nice Girls ‘Still’ Don’t: some teenage perceptions of girls and boys
behaving badly in the 21st century. Unpublished BA dissertation, Plymouth: College
of St Mark & St John.
8.19.4 Key information required:
 Author
 Year of production
 Title of work
 Nature of work (e.g. dissertation, seminar paper)
8.19.5 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 Follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters as given in 8.1.
 You do not need to underline or italicise the title of the work, as it has not
been published.
 If you are citing/referencing a dissertation, seminar paper or thesis, you must
provide the name of the awarding institution.
8.20
Personal Communication
8.20.1 If there is a need to cite unpublished information gained from a private letter,
conversation or interview you should give the name and date in your text. You may
wish to include the person’s title/position in your reference list (please see the
examples set out below). Please note that issues of confidentiality may apply.
Example 1:
White, A. (2005) Personal Communication.
Example 2:
Goodfellow, S. (2005) Chief Ecologist, Dartmoor National Park Authority. Personal
Communication.
8.21
Different books/articles by the same author
8.21.1 If you have sources which are produced by the same author(s) and in the same year
then you need to differentiate between these by adding an 'a' or 'b' (and so on) to
the date both in your text and in your full references, following the sequence in
which they appear in your work.
8.21.2 For an in-text reference: reference according to whether you have made a direct or
indirect reference (see section 6), using the author name and publication, followed
by the appropriate letter, e.g. (Cottrell, 2011a:95).
8.21.3 For your list of references: at the end of your work, references for different
books/articles by the same author would appear following the sequence in which
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 18 of 22
they appear in your work, as in the example in the box below. Look at section 9 for an
example of what your list of references should look like.
Example:
Cottrell, S. (2011a) The Palgrave Student Planner 2011-12. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Cottrell, S. (2011b) Critical Thinking Skills: developing effective analysis and
argument. (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
8.21.4 Key information required:
 Author
 Year of publications
 Title of both publications
 Publisher location and details
8.21.5 Key points to remember:
 Follow the punctuation and order as in the above example.
 For books, follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters as given in
8.1.
 For books, follow the key points regarding underlining/italicising of titles as
given in 8.1.
 For journals, follow the key points regarding capitalisation of letters, and
regarding underlining/italicising of titles as given in 8.9.
 The order of the titles in your reference list should follow the order that you
cited the sources in your work.
9
What does a reference list or bibliography look like?
9.1
The sources should be presented alphabetically (regardless of type source) and by
date for multiple publications by the same author. Whilst there may be slight
differences in the layout, presentation and even in the punctuation of reference lists,
it is essential that it is presented in a consistent manner.
Example:Abrahams, M. (2011) Improbable Research: is that a shy sheep or a bold sheep? The
Guardian (Education supplement). April 5th 2011:7.
Andrews, R. (2010) Argumentation in Higher Education: improving practice through
theory and research. London: Routledge.
Bailey, S. (2011) Academic Writing: a handbook for international students. (3rd ed.).
London: Taylor and Francis. Kindle edition. [accessed July 31st 2011].
Barnett, R. (2009) Realising the university in the 21st century: issues and possibilities.
Higher Education Academic Conference 2009. University of Manchester, June 30th –
July 2nd 2009. [Online] Available from:
http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/audioandvideo/annualconference2009
[accessed July 31st 2011].
BBC 2. (2009) The Wire: the target. March 30th, 2009. [TV].
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 19 of 22
BBC 2. (2011) Human Planet: cities. March 23rd, 2011. [TV].
Bell, J. (2010) Doing Your Research Project. (5th ed.). Maidenhead: Open University
Press.
Black-Eyed Peas (2003) Where is the love, in Elephunk. London: Interscope CD
602498606926.
Boy dressed in vampire costume.
2007.
[online image]
Available at:
th
http//wwwinmagine.com [accessed July 15 2008].
Brock, C. (2011) Education as a Global Concern. London: Continuum International
Publishing Group. [Online] Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com?ID=301587
[accessed July 31st 2011].
Child Poverty Act, 2010. London: HMSO.
Cottrell, S. (2011a) The Palgrave Student Planner 2011-12. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Cottrell, S. (2011b) Critical Thinking Skills: developing effective analysis and
argument. (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Department for Education & Skills. (2006) Widening Participation in Higher
Education. London: DfES.
Edinburgh tenements 1895. 2007. [postcard] Edinburgh: Heritage Images.
Gleeson, D. (2010) Research questions and research design. In Hartas, D. (Ed.)
Education Research and Inquiry: qualitative and quantitative approaches. London:
Continuum Publishing Corporation: 85-94.
Godwin, J. (2009) Planning Your Essay. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Goodfellow, S. (2005) Chief Ecologist, Dartmoor National Park Authority. Personal
Communication.
Greenbank, P. and Penketh, C. (2009) Student autonomy and reflections on
researching and writing the undergraduate dissertation. Journal of Further & Higher
Education. Vol. 33, No. 4: 463-472.
Kings of Leon (2008) Use Somebody. London: RCA CD 88697 41218 2.
Ordnance Survey Explorer OL (2002) Dartmoor. Sheet 28. Four Centimetres: One
Kilometre. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Paul, R. and Elder, L. (2011) Critical Thinking: tools for taking charge of your learning
and your life. (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Primark. Undated. We know where you live . . . [billboard] Lothian Road, Edinburgh.
Viewed July 20th 2008.
Rectenwald, M. and Carl, L. (2011) Academic Writing across the Disciplines. Harlow:
Longman Publishers.
Ritchard, R., Church, M. and Morrison, K. (2011) Making Thinking Visible: how to
promote engagement, understanding and independence for all learners. New Jersey:
Jossey Bass.
Seale, J. (2010) Doing student voice work in higher education: an exploration of the
value of participatory methods. British Educational Research Journal. Vol. 36, No. 6:
995-1015. [Online] Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411920903342038
[accessed July 31st 2011].
Sport England. (Date unknown). Understanding Participation. [Online] Available from
http://www.sportengland.org/support_advice/county_sports_partnerships.aspx
[accessed July 31st 2011].
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 20 of 22
Sports Council Wales. (2009) Young People’s Participation in Sport. Cardiff: Sports
Council Wales.
The Social Network. (2010) Fincher, D. California: Columbia Pictures. [Film].
Warren, D. (2001) Nice Girls ‘Still’ Don’t: some teenage perceptions of girls and boys
behaving badly in the 21st century. Unpublished BA dissertation. Plymouth: College
of St Mark & St John.
White, A. (2005) Personal Communication.
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 21 of 22
Document Title
Document Reference
Version
Issuing Authority
Custodian
Document Date
Last Amended
Sensitivity
Circulation
Effective from
Review Date
Effective until
History
Equality Impact Assessment
University of St Mark & St John
Student Handbook Part C (Guidance)
Referencing and Scholarship
L:\Student Handbook\Student Handbook
3.1
LQSC
Head of Quality and Academic Standards
16th October 2009
1st October 2013
Unclassified
Website, paper copies
Date of approval by Chair of LQSC
Ongoing
Ongoing
Updated annually
Preliminary EIA conducted for SRF, December 2010
University of St Mark & St John Student Guidance: Referencing and Scholarship: page 22 of 22