LEED EB Draft Reference Guide – Sustainable Sites
August 25, 2003
Sustainable Sites Prerequisite 1: Erosion and Sedimentation Control
SS-Prerequisite 1, Intent
Control erosion to reduce negative impacts on water and air quality.
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 1: Requirements
Develop and implement, as organizational policy, a site sedimentation and erosion
control plan that conforms to the best management practices (BMPs) in the EPA’s Storm
Water Management for Construction Activities, OR local Erosion and Sedimentation
Control standards and codes, whichever is more stringent. The plan shall meet the
following objective: Prevent loss of soil by storm water runoff and/or wind erosion
during any landscaping or building improvements that disturb the site.
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Erosion and Sedimentation Control
• Provide a copy of the site construction and erosion control policy that
specifies inclusion of the erosion and sediment control requirements in
contract documents for any construction projects for the building.
• For any construction projects carried out at the building over the last year:
ƒ Declare whether the project follows local erosion and
sedimentation control standards or the referenced EPA standards
and provide a brief listing of the measures implemented. If local
standards and codes are followed, describe how they meet or
exceed the EPA best management practices.
ƒ Provide the erosion control plan (or drawings and specifications)
with the sediment and erosion control measures highlighted.
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
‰ Erosion and Sedimentation Control
• Organization site and erosion control policy
If there has been no change in this policy since the previous filing for
LEED EB certification:
Note that there has been no change in this Policy
If there has been a change in this policy since the previous filing for LEED
EB certification:
Provide a copy of the revised site and erosion control policy that specifies
inclusion of the erosion and sediment control requirements in contract
documents for any construction projects for the building.
• For any construction projects carried out at the building over the last year:
ƒ Declare whether the project follows local erosion and
sedimentation control standards or the referenced EPA standards
and provide a brief listing of the measures implemented. If local
standards and codes are followed, describe how they meet or
exceed the EPA best management practices.
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ƒ
Provide the erosion control plan (or drawings and specifications)
with the sediment and erosion control measures highlighted.
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
This standard describes two types of measures that can be used to control sedimentation
and erosion. Stabilization measures include temporary seeding, permanent seeding, and
mulching. Each of these measures is intended to stabilize the soil to prevent erosion.
Conversely, structural control measures are implemented to retain sediment after erosion
has occurred. Structural control measures include earth dikes, silt fencing, sediment
traps, and sediment basins. The application of these measures is dependent on the
conditions at the specific site. If local provisions are substantially similar, they can be
substituted for this standard. However, applicants must demonstrate that local provisions
meet or exceed the EPA best management practices.
Standard cited:
(1) US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) document: “Storm Water
Management for Construction Activities: Developing Pollution Prevention
Plans & Best Management Practices, Chapter 3 – Sediment and Erosion
Control,” EPA Document No. EPA-832-R-92-005, (Topic cited: Storm water
management for construction activities.)
Where to obtain this document:
Organization name: USEPA
Telephone number: (202) 564-9545
Web address: http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/
Directions: From the web page listed above, select the
“publications” link in the NPDES information box and enter
“EPA-832-R-92-005” into the “Search NPDES Publications by
Keyword” field and press “search.” The entire document will be
available to download by chapter, or select Chapter 3 and
download as .pdf file.
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 4: Green Building Concerns
Site clearing and earth moving during construction often results in significant erosion
problems because adequate environmental protection strategies are not employed.
Erosion results from precipitation and wind processes, leading to degradation of property
as well as sedimentation of local water bodies. This affects water quality as well as
navigation, fishing, and recreation activities. Fortunately, measures can be implemented
to minimize site erosion during construction and to avoid erosion once the buildings are
occupied.
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Contaminated water that flows into receiving waters disrupts stream and estuary habitats.
Contributors to erosion problems include destruction of vegetation that previously slowed
runoff and reconfiguration of natural site grading. Controlling stormwater runoff reduces
erosion and contamination of receiving waters.
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SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 6: Economic Issues
Erosion and sedimentation control measures do not necessarily add cost to a project. On
the contrary, reduction of sedimentation and erosion through landscaping and other
measures can reduce the size, complexity, and cost of stormwater management measures.
While there are additional costs associated with identifying soil conditions at the site, the
knowledge gained can be used to avoid problems over the building lifetime. Specifically,
soil erosion issues associated with unstable foundations and potential loss of structural
integrity can be avoided if soil conditions are documented in advance and used in the
building design.
Landscaping activities implemented to prevent soil erosion include augmentation of poor
soil and inclusion of additional plantings in the landscape design to retain soil in place.
Additional landscaping may require maintenance over time, resulting in additional
operation costs. Using native plants reduces both watering and maintenance needs.
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies
The general approach towards capturing this credit is to identify the soil composition on
the project site, uncover potential site problems, and devise possible mitigation efforts.
Erosion prone areas should be protected from construction activities and a plan should be
adopted to stabilize these areas. Include stringent erosion control requirements in
construction drawings and specifications that address erosion and sedimentation control
during construction activities. In addition to construction controls, design the project site
to minimize erosion and sedimentation processes over the lifetime of the building.
Erosion and sedimentation control measures should be addressed in an Erosion Control
Plan. This document often addresses stormwater management in addition to erosion
control because these concepts are intimately linked. The document should include the
following information:
1. A statement of erosion control and stormwater control objectives
2. A comparison of post-development stormwater runoff conditions with predevelopment conditions
3. A description of all temporary and permanent erosion control and stormwater control
measures implemented on the project site
4. A description of the type and frequency of maintenance activities required for erosion
control facilities utilized
Finally, consider augmenting the project design team with an expert on sustainable
landscape architecture and land planning. The expert should be familiar with local and
state legal requirements for erosion control as well as strategies and technologies to
minimize erosion and sedimentation.
The EPA Erosion and Sedimentation standard lists numerous measures such as silt
fencing, sediment traps, construction phasing, stabilizing of steep slopes, maintaining
vegetated ground cover and providing ground cover that will meet this credit. Table 1
describes technologies for controlling erosion and sedimentation as recommended by the
referenced standard
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SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Measures for erosion and sedimentation control are dependent on site location and site
design. These measures are often integrated with stormwater management plans because
stormwater is a large contributor to erosion problems. Landscaping strategies have a
significant effect on erosion. Areas on the site that are most suitable for the building in
terms of passive solar gains or environmental quality benefits may be inappropriate due
to problematic soil conditions. Conversely, landscaping that is planted for soil erosion
mitigation might affect passive solar gains or wind currents used for natural ventilation.
Table 1: Technologies for Controlling Erosion and Sediment
Control Technology
Description
Stabilization
Temporary Seeding
Plant fast-growing grasses to temporarily
stabilize soils.
Permanent Seeding
Plant grass, trees, and shrubs to permanetly
stabilize soils.
Mulching
Place hay, grass, woodchips, straw, or gravel
on the soil surface to cover and hold soils.
Structural Control
Earth Dike
Construct a mound of stabilized soil to divert
surface runoff volumes from disturbed areas or
into sediment basins or sediment traps.
Silt Fence
Construct posts with a filter fabric media to
remove sediment from stormwater volumes
flowing through the fence.
Sediment Trap
Excavate a pond area or construct earthen
embankments to allow for settling of sediment
from stormwater volumes.
Sediment Basin
Construct a pond with a controlled water
release structure to allow for settling of
sediment from stormwater volumes.
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other
Materials
Model Organization Policy on Site Erosion and Sediment Control
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Whenever construction is carried out on the site of this building, erosion and
sediment control requirements will be included in the project design and in any
project contract documents that conform to the best management practices in the
EPA’s Storm Water Management for Construction Activities, OR local Erosion
and Sedimentation Control standards and codes, whichever is more stringent. The
plan shall meet the following objective: Prevent loss of soil by storm water runoff
and/or wind erosion during any landscaping or building improvements that disturb
the site.
Documentation will be developed for any construction projects carried out on the
site of this building that includes: (1) A statement on whether the project follows
local erosion and sedimentation control standards or the referenced EPA
standards; (2) Provides a brief listing of the measures implemented; (3) If local
standards and codes are followed, provides a description of how they meet or
exceed the EPA best management practices; and (4) An erosion control plan (or
drawings and specifications) with the sediment and erosion control measures
highlighted.
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 10: Other Resources
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 11: Definitions
Erosion is a combination of processes in which materials of the earth’s surface are
loosened, dissolved, or worn away, and transported from one place to another by natural
agents.
Sedimentation is the addition of soils to water bodies by natural and human-related
activities. Sedimentation decreases water quality and accelerates the aging process of
lakes, rivers, and streams.
SS-Prerequisite 1, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications
when these become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection (1 Point)
SS-Credit 1, Intent
Avoid development of inappropriate sites and reduce the environmental impact from the
location of a building on a site.
SS-Credit 1, Section 1: Requirements
Continue to occupy an existing building.
SS-Credit 1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Provide a signed written statement that your organization continues to occupy the
existing building for which certification is being requested.
SS-Credit 1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under
LEED EB
‰ Provide a signed written statement that your organization continues to occupy the
existing building for which certification is being requested.
SS-Credit 1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited: None cited
SS-Credit 1, Section 4: Green Building Concerns
Continuing to occupy existing buildings contributes to reducing greenfield development
and problems of habitat encroachment that are becoming more prevalent as development
increases in non-urban areas. Continuing to occupy an existing building selects a building
site that has already been developed . Since these sites have already been disturbed,
environmental disturbance is limited and sensitive land areas are preserved.
The site surrounding a building also defines the character of the building and provides the
first impression for occupants and visitors to the building. When space is available, site
designs can incorporate the natural surroundings into the landscape plan to provide
character and create a dialog with neighbors and the existing natural areas.
SS-Credit 1, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Habitat preservation is important for supporting indigenous wildlife and is the most
effective means to meet the requirements of the Endangered Species Act. By continuing
to occupy an existing building, other areas are preserved for wildlife and for enjoyment
by all.
SS-Credit 1, Section 6: Economic Issues
By continuing to occupy an existing building, project delays associated with public
review processes for new greenfield sites can be avoided. By continuing to occupy an
existing building mitigation costs that may be required for sensitive new sites are
avoided.
Continuing to occupy an existing building can avoid potential loss of property due to
potential litigation resulting from harm to endangered species.
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SS-Credit 1, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies
The strategy for earning this credit is simple, continue to occupy an existing building.
Getting your existing building certified under the LEED™ EB Rating System will give
you a great existing building to continue occupying.
SS- Credit 1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Continued use of existing buildings reduces the amount of green field development and
urban sprawl. However existing buildings can deteriorate over time and frequently don
not provide a high quality indoor environment. A way to solve this problem is to get
your existing building certified under the LEED™ EB Rating System which will give
you a great existing building to continue occupying.
SS- Credit 1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
None
SS-Credit 1, Section 10: Other Resources
None
SS- Credit 1, Section 11: Definitions
An Ecosystem is a basic unit of nature that includes a community of organisms and their
nonliving environment linked by biological, chemical, and physical process.
Wetland Vegetation consists of plants that require saturated soils to survive as well as
plants such as certain tree species that can tolerate prolonged wet soil conditions.
A Community is an interacting population of individuals living in a specific area.
An Endangered Species is an animal or plant species that is in danger of becoming
extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range due to harmful human activities
or environmental factors.
A Threatened Species is an animal or plant species that is likely to become endangered
within the foreseeable future.
SS- Credit 1, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications
when these become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 2: Urban Redevelopment (2 Points)
SS-Credit 2, Intent
Channel development to urban areas with existing infrastructure, protecting greenfields,
preserving habitat and natural resources.
SS-Credit 2, Section 1: Requirements
Continue to occupy a building located within an area with a density of at least 60,000
(what about < 60,000sq. ft.?) square feet of building floor space per acre (2-story
downtown development). To determine the development density of the project, both the
project density and the density of surrounding developments must be calculated.
SS-Credit 2, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Urban Redevelopment
• Provide a signed written statement that the existing building for which
certification is being requested is located within an area with a density of
at least 60,000 square feet of building floor space per acre (2-story
downtown development).
SS-Credit 2, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under
LEED EB
‰ Urban Redevelopment
• Provide a signed written statement that the existing building for which
certification is being requested is located within an area with a density of
at least 60,000 square feet of building floor space per acre (2-story
downtown development).
SS-Credit 2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited: None cited
SS-Credit 2, Section 4: Green building Concerns
The development of open space away from urban cores and other existing developments
often reduces property costs but this strategy has negative consequences on the
environment and the community. Building occupants become increasingly dependent on
private automobiles for commuting and, as travel distances increase, this results in more
air and water pollution. Prime agricultural land is lost and inner city neighborhoods fall
into disuse and decay. In addition, infrastructure must be installed to support new
development areas.
In contrast, continuing to occupy an existing building in a density of areas that has
already been developed helps avoid urban sprawl and reduce the loss of green field space.
Continuing to occupy an existing building and upgrading it to achieve LEED EB
Certification contributes to revitalizing and enhancing existing communities while
preserving non-urban spaces.
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SS-Credit 2, Section 5: Environmental Issues
By maintaining density in cities, agricultural land and greenfields areas are preserved for
future generations. Mass transportation in urban areas can be an attractive alternative
mode of transportation, reducing impacts associated with automobile use. Continuing to
occupy an existing building in an urban area reduces the number of vehicle miles traveled
and thus, reduces pollution caused by automobiles. The use of existing utility lines,
roadways, parking, landscaping components, and other services eliminates the
environmental impacts of constructing these features for non-urban developments.
SS-Credit 2, Section 6: Economic Issues
A significant economic benefit of continuing to occupy an existing building is the
reduction or elimination of new infrastructure, including roads, utility services, and other
amenities already in place. If mass transit serves the urban site, significant cost
reductions are possible by downsizing the project parking capacity.
SS-Credit 2, Section 7: Strategies and Technologies
Continue to occupy a building located within an area with a density of at least 60,000
square feet of building floor space per acre (2-story downtown development).
SS-Credit 2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Existing building may have limited space available for construction waste management
activities and occupant recycling programs. Urban sites may have negative IEQ aspects
such as contaminated soils, undesirable air quality, or limited daylighting applications.
SS-Credit 2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
Calculations
To determine the development density of a project, both the project density and the
densities of surrounding developments must be calculated. The extent of neighboring
areas to include in density calculations varies depending upon the size of the project.
Larger projects are required to consider a greater number of neighboring properties than
smaller projects. The density calculation process is described in the following steps:
1. Determine the total area of the project site and the total square footage of the building.
2. Calculate the development density for the project by dividing the total square footage
of the building by the total site area in acres. This development density must be equal to
or greater than 60,000 square feet per acre (See Equation 1).
3. Convert the total site area from acres to square feet and calculate the square root of this
number. Then multiply the square root by three to determine the appropriate density
radius. (Note: the square root function is used to normalize the calculation by removing
effects of site shape.) (See Equation 2.)
4. Overlay the density radius on a map that includes the project site and surrounding
areas, originating from the center of the site. This is the density boundary. Include a
scale on the map.
5. For each property within the density boundary as well as for those properties that
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intersect the density boundary, create a table with the building square footage and site
area of each property. Include all properties in the density calculations except for
undeveloped public areas such as parks and water bodies. Do not include public roads
and right-of-way areas. Information on neighboring properties can be obtained from your
city or county zoning department.
6. Sum all of the square footage values and site areas. Divide the total square footage by
the total site area to obtain the average property density within the density boundary. The
average property density of the properties within the density boundary must be equal to
or greater than 60,000 square feet per acre.
The following example illustrates the property density calculations. A 30,000 SF
building is located on a 0.44-acre urban site and the calculations are used to determine the
building density. The building density is above the minimum density of 60,000 square
feet per acre required by the credit (see Table 1).
Next, the density radius is calculated. A density radius of 415 feet is calculated (see
Table 2).
The density radius is applied to an area plan of the project site and surrounding area. The
plan identifies all properties that are within or are intersected by the density radius. The
plan includes a scale and a north indicator.
Table 3 below summarizes the information about the properties identified on the map.
The building space and site area is listed for each property. These values are summed
and the average density is calculated by dividing the total building space by the total site
area.
For this example, the average building density of the surrounding area is greater than
60,000 square feet per acre and thus, the example qualifies for one point under this credit.
EQUATION 1:
DevelopmentDensity[ SF / Acre] = BuildingSquareFootage[ SF ]
Pr opertyArea[ Acres]
EQUATION 2:
DensityRadius[ LF ] = 3 × Pr opertyArea[ Acres ] × 43,560{SF / Acre]
Table 1: Property Density Calculations
Project
Buildings
Project
Density [SF/Acre]
Building
Space [SF]
30,000
Site
Area [Acres]
0.44
68,182
Table 2: Density Radius Calculation
Density Radius Calculation
Site Area [Acres]
0.44
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Density Radius [LF]
415
Table 3: Sample Area Properties
Buildings
Building Site Area
w/in Density Space
Radius
A
33,425
0.39
B
87,500
1.58
C
6,350
0.26
D
27,560
0.32
E
66,440
1.17
F
14,420
1.36
G
12,560
0.20
H
6,240
0.14
I
14,330
0.22
J
29,570
0.41
K
17,890
0.31
L
9,700
0.31
M
24,080
0.64
Total Building Space [SF]
Buildings
w/in Density
Radius
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Building
Space
28,740
6,690
39,000
348,820
91,250
22,425
33,650
42,400
19,200
6,125
5,000
4,300
997,665
Site Area
0.30
0.15
0.39
2.54
1.85
0.27
0.51
0.52
0.76
0.64
0.26
0.30
0.24
Total Site Acres [Acres]
16.04
Average Density [SF/Acres]
62,199
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Figure 1: An Illustration of a Sample Area Plan
SS-Credit 2, Section 10: Other Resources
Websites
Urban Land Institute
www.washington.uli.org
A nonprofit organization based in Washington D.C. that promotes the responsible use of
land to enhance the environment.
The International Union for the Scientific Study of Population
www.iussp.org
The IUSSP promotes scientific studies of demography and population-related issues.
Print Media
Density by Design: New Directions in Residential Development, Steven Fader, Urban
Land Institute, 2000.
Green Development: Integrating Ecology and Real Estate, by Alex Wilson, et. al.,
John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
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Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream by
Andres Duany, et. al., North Point Press, 2000.
Once There Were Greenfields: How Urban Sprawl Is Undermining America’s
Environment, Economy, and Social Fabric by F. Kaid Benfield, et. al., Natural
Resources Defense Council, 1999.
Changing Places: Rebuilding Community in the Age of Sprawl by Richard Moe and
Carter Wilkie, Henry Holt & Company, 1999.
SS-Credit 2, Section 11: Definitions
A Greenfield is undeveloped land or land that has not been impacted by human activity.
Property Area is the legal property boundaries of a project and includes all areas of the
site including constructed areas and non-constructed areas.
The Building Footprint is the portion of the property area covered by constructed site
elements such as buildings, parking lots, sidewalks, and access roads.
The Site Area is the portion of the property area that is not covered with constructed site
elements and typically includes landscaped areas and natural areas.
The Square Footage of a building is the total area in square foot of all rooms including
corridors, elevators, stairwells, and shaft spaces.
SS- Credit 2, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications
when these become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 3: Brownfield Redevelopment [Not Applicable to LEED
EB]
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Sustainable Sites Credit 4: Environmentally Preferable Transportation
Sustainable Sites Credit 4.1: Public Transportation Access (1 Point)
SS-Credit 4.1, Intent
Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use.
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 1: Requirement
‰ Provide/maintain a building-occupant conveyance program (shuttle-link) for
buildings that are more than ¼ mile from commuter rail or subway and ½ mile from
established bus routes, or demonstrate the existence of at least two bus routes less
than ¼ mile from the building site.
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access
• Provide an area drawing highlighting the building location, the fixed rail
stations and bus lines and indicate the distances between them. Include a
scale bar for distance measurement, AND
• Provide records and results of quarterly contacts with transit link service
providers to determine if service continues to be provided within specified
distances from building.
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
‰ Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access
• If there have been changes in the distance between the facility and the
commuter rail or subway and the established bus routes, provide an
updated area drawing highlighting the building location, the fixed rail
stations and bus lines and indicate the distances between them. Include a
scale bar for distance measurement, AND
• Provide records and results of quarterly contacts with transit link service
providers to determine if service continues to be provided within specified
distances from building.
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited: None cited
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 4: Green building Concerns
The U.S. currently has an estimated 200 million of the 520 million cars worldwide.
Reducing the use of private automobiles by increasing the use of mass transit saves
energy and avoids environmental problems associated with automobile use. These
problems include vehicle emissions that contribute to smog and air pollution as well as
environmental impacts from oil extraction and petroleum refining.
Parking facilities for automobiles also have negative impacts on the environment because
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impervious surfaces like asphalt increase stormwater runoff while contributing to urban
heat island effects. By restricting the size of parking lots and increasing the use of mass
transit these negative impacts on the environment can be reduced.
Fortunately, alternatives to conventional transportation methods exist. A surprisingly
large number of people are willing to use alternative means of transportation such as
mass transit if it is convenient and facilities are provided to encourage their use.
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Reduction in private automobile use reduces fuel consumption in addition to air and
water pollutants in vehicle exhaust. By increasing the use of mass transit these negative
impacts on the environment can be reduced.
Parking lots produce stormwater runoff and contribute to the urban heat island effect.
They also encroach on green space on the project site. Minimizing parking lots reduces
the building footprint and sets aside more space for natural areas or greater development
densities.
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 6: Economic Issues
Reducing the size of parking areas based on anticipated use of public transit by building
occupants may reduce initial project costs. If local utilities charge for stormwater based
on impervious surface area, minimization of these areas can result in lower stormwater
charges.
The initial cost to design and construct a project in close proximity to mass transit varies
widely. Project owners should compare the cost of building sites in different areas to
determine if a reduction in automobile use is possible and economical. Many occupants
view proximity to mass transit as a benefit and this can influence the value and
marketability of the building. Parking infrastructure and transportation requirements,
disturbance to existing habitats, resource consumption, and future fuel costs should also
be assessed.
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies
Survey potential building occupants and determine if the available mass transportation
options meet their needs. Use existing transportation networks to minimize the need for
new transportation lines. Provide sidewalks, paths and walkways to existing mass transit
stops. Provide incentives such as transit passes to encourage occupants to use mass
transit. Include the option of telecommuting in the building design and size facilities
appropriately. Encourage off-site work as this reduces office space requirements and
employee facilities.
Engage public transportation link service provider. Explore the possibility of sharing
facilities with other groups for transportation link service.
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Transportation planning is affected by site selection and has a significant impact on site
design. A building site in close proximity to transit lines may have negative
characteristics, such as site contamination, poor air quality, unsafe conditions, or
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problematic drainage. Real estate costs may also be higher in areas close to transit lines.
Provisions for encouraging increased the use of public transportation for building
occupants reduces the need for more parking spaces, thus reducing the need for
impervious surfaces and potential water runoff problems. A reduction in hard surface
parking areas could also increase the amount of open space on the site while reducing
heat island effects and stormwater runoff volumes.
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
Calculations for Mass Transit
Use an area drawing to indicate mass transit stops within ½ mile of the project.
Remember that the project is required to be within ½ mile of a commuter rail, light rail,
or subway station or within ¼ mile of 2 or more bus lines. Figure 1 shows two buslines
within ¼ mile of the project location. The map includes a scale bar and a north indicator.
(Insert Figure 1 here when available)
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 10: Other Resources
SS-Credit 4.1, Section 11: Definitions
Mass Transit includes transportation facilities designed to transport large groups of
persons in a single vehicle such as buses or trains.
Public Transportation is bus, rail, or other transportation service for the general public
on a regular, continual basis that is publicly or privately owned.
SS- Credit 4.1, Section 12: Case Study
Note: Add a LEED EB Case Study from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these
become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 4: Environmentally Preferable Transportation
Sustainable Sites Credit 4.2: Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms (1 Point)
SS-Credit 4.2: Intent
Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use.
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 1: Requirement
Provide/maintain suitable means for securely housing bicycles, with convenient
changing/shower facilities for use by cyclists, for 5% or more of the adult building
occupants that work in the building daily. (1 point)
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 2.a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Friendly
• Provide site drawings and documents highlighting bicycle securing
apparatus and changing/shower facilities. Include calculations
demonstrating that these facilities have the capacity to accommodate 5%
or more of building occupants.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the
initially identified number of bicycle securing apparatus and
changing/shower facilities continue to be available. Provide end of month
checks of the number to building occupants to determine if these facilities
continue to have the capacity to accommodate 5% or more of building
occupants.
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 2.b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
‰ Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Friendly
• If there have been any changes to the following since the previous LEED
EB certification filing, provide updated site drawings and documents
highlighting bicycle securing apparatus and changing/shower facilities, as
well as updated calculations demonstrating that these facilities have the
capacity to accommodate 5% or more of building occupants.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the
initially identified number of bicycle securing apparatus and
changing/shower facilities continue to be available and provide end of
month checks of the number to building occupants to determine if these
facilities continue to have the capacity to accommodate 5% or more of
building occupants.
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited: None cited
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 4: Green building Concerns
The U.S. currently has an estimated 200 million of the 520 million cars worldwide.
Reducing the use of private automobiles saves energy and avoids environmental
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problems associated with automobile use. These problems include vehicle emissions that
contribute to smog and air pollution as well as environmental impacts from oil extraction
and petroleum refining.
Parking facilities for automobiles also have negative impacts on the environment because
asphalt surfaces increase stormwater runoff while contributing to urban heat island
effects. By restricting the size of parking lots and promoting use of bicycles, buildings
can benefit from more green space.
Fortunately, alternatives to conventional transportation methods exist. A surprisingly
large number of people are willing to use alternative means of transportation such as
bicycles if they are convenient and facilities are provided to encourage their use.
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Reduction in private automobile use reduces fuel consumption in addition to air and
water pollutants in vehicle exhaust. Increase use of bycycles offer the possibility of
reducing air pollutants from conventional vehicles as well as the environmental effects of
producing gasoline
Parking lots produce stormwater runoff and contribute to the urban heat island effect.
They also encroach on green space on the project site. Minimizing parking lots reduces
the building footprint and sets aside more space for natural areas or greater development
densities.
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 6: Economic Issues
Reducing the size of parking areas based on anticipated use of bicycles by building
occupants may reduce initial project costs. If local utilities charge for stormwater based
on impervious surface area, minimization of these areas can result in lower stormwater
charges.
The initial project cost increase for bike storage areas and changing facilities is nominal
relative to the overall project cost.
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies
Design and construct safe bike pathways and secure bicycle storage areas for cyclists.
Provide shower and changing areas for cyclists that are easily accessible from bicycle
storage areas. Explore the possibility of sharing facilities and bike paths with other
groups.
A variety of bicycle rack and locker products are currently available. The appropriate
type and number of bicycle facilities depends on the number of bicyclists and the climate
of the region.
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Provisions for the use of bicycles as a viable transportation mode for building occupants
reduces the need for more parking spaces, thus reducing the need for impervious surfaces
and potential water runoff problems. A reduction in hard surface parking areas could
also increase the amount of open space on the site while reducing heat island effects and
stormwater runoff volumes.
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Shower and changing facilities can add to the building’s footprint or decrease other
usable building space. These facilities also increase water and material usage.
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
Calculations for Bicycle Securing Apparatus and Changing / Showering Facilities
To determine the number of secure bicycle spaces and changing / showering facilities
required for the building, follow the calculation methodology as follows:
1. Identify the total number of full-time and part-time building occupants.
2. Calculate the Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) building occupants based on a standard 8hour workday. A full-time worker has a FTE value of 1.0 while a halftime worker has a
FTE value of 0.5 (see Equation 1).
Equation 1: FTE = Worker Hours [hours]/8 [hours]
3. Total the FTE values for each shift to obtain the total number of the FTE building
occupants. In buildings that house companies utilizing multiple shifts, select the shift
with the greatest number of FTE building occupants.
4. The minimum number of bicycling facilities required is equal to 5% of the FTE
building occupants during the maximum shift (see Equation 2).
Equation 2: Bicycle Facilities = FTE Building Occupants x 5%
5. The required number of secure bicycle spaces is equal to the minimum number of
bicycling facilities. Secure bicycle spaces include bicycle racks, lockers, and storage
rooms. These spaces must be easily accessible by building occupants during all periods
of the year.
6. The required number of changing and showering facilities is based on the number of
bicycling occupants. A minimum of 1 shower for every 8 bicycling occupants is required
to earn this point (this number is based on recommended showering facilities for
institutional spaces). Showering facilities can be unit showers or group showering
facilities (see Equation 3).
Equation 3: Showering Facilities = Bicycling Occupants/8
For example, a building houses a company with two shifts. The first shift includes 240
full-time workers and 90 halftime workers. The second shift includes 110 full-time
workers and 60 part-time workers. Calculations to determine the total FTE building
occupants for each shift is included in Table 1.
Table 1: Sample FTE Calculation
Full-Time Occupants
Part-Time Occupants
Occupant
[hr]
Occupant
[hr]
Total Occupants
First Shift
240
8
90
4
285
Second Shift
110
8
60
4
140
Shift
20
FTE Occupants
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The first shift is used for determining the number of bicycling occupants because it has
the greatest FTE building occupant total. Based on a total of 285 FTE building
occupants, the estimated number of bicycling occupants is 15. Thus, 15 secure bicycle
spaces are required for this example. The required number of changing and showering
facilities is one facility for each eight bicycling occupants. Thus, total number of
required showering facilities for this example is two. More showers may be necessary
for the building based on the number of actual bicycling occupants.
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 10: Other Resources
SS-Credit 4.2, Section 11: Definitions
SS- Credit 4.2, Section 12: Case Study
Note: Add a LEED EB Case Study from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these
become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 4: Environmentally Preferable Transportation
Sustainable Sites Credit 4.3: Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations (1 Point)
SS-Credit 4.3: Intent
Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 1: Requirement
Provide/maintain alternative-fuel refueling station(s) for 3% of the total vehicle parking
capacity of the site, or provide preferred parking programs for hybrid or alternative fuel
vehicles for at least 10% of the total vehicle parking capacity.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 2.a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Alternative Transportation, Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations
• Provide site drawings and documents highlighting alternative-fuel
refueling stations. Include information on venting if applicable or provide
site drawings, documents and policy documents highlighting sections
demonstrating that preferred parking is provided for hybrid or alternative
fuel vehicles.
• Provide calculations demonstrating that these facilities have the capacity
to accommodate 3% (for refueling stations) or 10% (for hybrid or
alternative fuel vehicle parking) or more of the total vehicle parking
capacity.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the
initial alternate-fuel refueling/alternative vehicle capacity continues to be
available and end of month checks of the total vehicle parking capacity to
determine if these refueling facilities continue to have the capacity to
accommodate 3% or 10% or more of the total vehicle parking capacity.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 2.b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
‰ Alternative Transportation, Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations
• If there have been any changes to the following since the previous LEED
EB certification filing, provide updated site drawings and documents
highlighting alternative-fuel refueling stations along with information on
venting if applicable or provide site drawings, documents and policy
documents highlighting sections demonstrating that preferred parking is
provided for hybrid or alternative fuel vehicles.
• If there have been any changes to the following since the previous LEED
EB certification filing, provide updated calculations demonstrating that
these facilities have the capacity to accommodate 3% (for refueling
stations) or 10% (for hybrid or alternative fuel vehicle parking) or more of
the total vehicle parking capacity.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the
initial alternate-fuel refueling/alternative vehicle capacity continues to be
available and end of month checks of the total vehicle parking capacity to
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determine if these refueling facilities continue to have the capacity to
accommodate 3% or 10% or more of the total vehicle parking capacity.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited: None cited
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 4: Green building Concerns
The U.S. currently has an estimated 200 million of the 520 million cars worldwide.
Reducing the use of private automobiles saves energy and avoids environmental
problems associated with automobile use. These problems include vehicle emissions that
contribute to smog and air pollution as well as environmental impacts from oil extraction
and petroleum refining.
Fortunately, alternatives to conventional transportation methods exist. A surprisingly
large number of people are willing to use alternative means of transportation such as
carpools if they are convenient and facilities are provided to encourage their use.
Alternative-fuel vehicles are another method to avoid the environmental impacts
associated with conventional automobiles. These vehicles use non-petroleum based fuels
such as electricity, natural gas, and fuel cells. As a result, they require special refueling
facilities to be viable alternatives to conventional vehicles. Hybid Vehicles are another
method to reduce the environmental impacts associated with automobiles.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Reduction in private automobile use reduces fuel consumption in addition to air and
water pollutants in vehicle exhaust. Alternative-fuel vehicles offer the possibility of
reducing air pollutants from conventional vehicles as well as the environmental effects of
producing gasoline. However, alternative fuels such as natural gas and electricity are not
environmentally benign.
Hybrid Vehicles are another method to reduce the
environmental impacts associated with automobiles.
Parking lots produce stormwater runoff and contribute to the urban heat island effect.
They also encroach on green space on the project site. Minimizing parking lots reduces
the building footprint and sets aside more space for natural areas or greater development
densities.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 6: Economic Issues
Initial costs for alternative vehicles are higher than for conventional vehicles and this
may delay their purchase, decreasing the necessity for refueling stations. Different
alternative-fuel vehicles need different refueling stations and the costs associated with
these stations vary.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies
Add preferred parking to existing parking
Encourage carpooling through initiatives such as preferred parking areas for high
occupancy vehicles (HOV) and the elimination of parking subsidies for non-carpool
vehicles. Install an adequate number of easy-to-use refueling stations for alternative-fuel
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vehicles. Designate an adequate number of preferred parking spaces for hybrid vehicles.
Electric vehicles (EVs) require a receptacle specifically designed for this purpose, usually
240 volts. EVs with conventional lead-acid batteries require recharging after 50 miles.
Refueling stations for natural gas vehicles have compressors and dispensers that deliver
compressed natural gas (CNG) at about 3,000 psi.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Space allocation and installation of refueling stations may not be cost-effective if there
are not enough vehicles that require refueling at such stations. Building space may come
at a premium, especially in projects that are rehabilitating existing buildings.
While alternative fuel vehicles have lower impacts on the environment than conventional
vehicles, they are still energy and material intensive to produce and they require land area
for storage and mobility. Alternative fuel refueling stations require energy for operation
as well as commissioning and measurement & verification attention.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
Calculations
Alternative-Fuel Refueling Stations
To calculate the number of required alternative-fuel refueling stations, multiply the total
number of vehicle parking spaces by 3% (see Equation 4). (Tim, please insert equation
4)
In the example under SS-Credit 4.2, Section 9, the building has a parking area with 250
parking spaces. Therefore, alternative-fuel refueling stations are required 3% of the 250
parking spaces or 8 vehicles.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 10: Other Resources
Websites
Alternative Fuels Data Center
www.afdc.doe.gov/
A section of the DOE Office of Transportation Technologies that has information on
alternative fuels and alternative-fueled vehicles, a locator for alternative refueling
stations, and other related information.
The Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas
www.evaa.org/
An industry association to promote electric vehicles through policy, information, and
market development initiatives.
The Electric Auto Association
www.eaaev.org/
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A nonprofit education organization promoting the advancement and widespread adoption
of electric vehicles.
EV World
www.evworld.com/
A website with current events, product reviews, and other information related to electric
vehicles.
The Natural Gas Vehicle Association
www.ngvc.org/
An organization consisting of natural gas companies, vehicle and equipment
manufacturers, service providers, environmental groups, and government organizations to
promote the use of natural gas for transportation.
Print Media
Alternative Fuels: Technology & Developments, Society of Automotive Engineers,
1997.
SS-Credit 4.3, Section 11: Definitions
Alternative-Fuel Vehicles are vehicles that use low-polluting, non-petroleum based fuels
such as electricity, propane or compressed natural gas, liquid natural gas, methanol, and
ethanol.
A Carpool is an arrangement where two or more people share a vehicle together for
transportation.
SS- Credit 4.3, Section 12: Case Study
Note: Add a LEED EB Case Study from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these
become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 4: Environmentally Preferable Transportation
Sustainable Sites Credit 4.4: Parking Capacity (1 Point)
SS-Credit 4.4: Intent
Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use.
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 1: Requirement
Provide preferred parking and implement/document programs and policy for carpools or
vanpools capable of serving 5% of the building occupants, and, add no new parking, or
implement/maintain an occupant telecommuting program reducing the commuting
frequency by 70% for 10% or more of the building occupants.
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 2.a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Alternative Transportation, Parking Reductions
• Provide a description, parking plan, and company literature describing
carpool and vanpool programs designed to serve 5% of the building
occupants, AND
• Provide annual summary and the supporting daily reports on carpool and
vanpool usage documenting that these programs serve 5% of the building
occupants on an annual average basis, OR
• Provide a description of telecommuting program designed to reduce the
commuting frequency to 70%, for 10% or more of the building occupants,
AND
• Provide annual summary and the supporting daily reports on
telecommuting participation documenting that this program is reducing the
commuting frequency to 70%, for 10% or more of the building occupants,
on an annual average basis.
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 2.b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
‰ Alternative Transportation, Parking Reductions
• If there have not been any changes to the programs since the previous
LEED EB certification filing, provide a statement that there have been no
changes.
• If there have been any changes to the following since the previous LEED
EB certification filing, provide an updated parking plan and company
literature describing carpool and vanpool programs designed to serve 5%
of the building occupants, AND
• Provide annual summary and the supporting daily reports on carpool and
vanpool usage documenting that these programs serve 5% of the building
occupants on an annual average basis, OR
• If there have not been any changes to the programs since the previous
LEED EB certification filing, provide a statement that there have been no
changes.
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•
•
If there have been any changes to the following since the previous LEED
EB certification filing, provide an updated description of the
telecommuting program designed to reduce the commuting frequency to
70%, for 10% or more of the building occupants, AND
Provide annual summary and the supporting daily reports on
telecommuting participation documenting that this program is reducing the
commuting frequency to 70%, for 10% or more of the building occupants,
on an annual average basis.
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited: None cited
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 4: Green building Concerns
The U.S. currently has an estimated 200 million of the 520 million cars worldwide.
Reducing the use of private automobiles saves energy and avoids environmental
problems associated with automobile use. These problems include vehicle emissions that
contribute to smog and air pollution as well as environmental impacts from oil extraction
and petroleum refining.
Parking facilities for automobiles also have negative impacts on the environment because
asphalt surfaces increase stormwater runoff while contributing to urban heat island
effects. By restricting the size of parking lots and promoting carpooling activities,
buildings can benefit from more green space.
Fortunately, alternatives to conventional transportation methods exist. A surprisingly
large number of people are willing to use alternative means of transportation such as
carpools if they are convenient and facilities are provided to encourage their use.
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Reduction in private automobile use reduces fuel consumption in addition to air and
water pollutants in vehicle exhaust. Carpooling and telecommuting offer the possibility
of reducing air pollutants from conventional vehicles as well as the environmental effects
of producing gasoline.
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 6: Economic Issues
Reducing the size of parking areas based on anticipated use of carpools and
telecommuting by building occupants may reduce initial project costs. If local utilities
charge for stormwater based on impervious surface area, minimization of these areas can
result in lower stormwater charges.
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies
Provide incentives for using car pooling or telecommuting to encourage occupants to use
mass transit. Include the option of telecommuting in the building design and size
facilities appropriately.
Encourage off-site work as this reduces office space
requirements and employee facilities.
Encourage carpooling through initiatives such as preferred parking areas for high
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occupancy vehicles (HOV) and the elimination of parking subsidies for non-carpool
vehicles.
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Provisions for carpooling and telecommuting as viable transportation modes for building
occupants reduces the need for more parking spaces, thus reducing the need for
impervious surfaces and potential water runoff problems. A reduction in hard surface
parking areas could also increase the amount of open space on the site while reducing
heat island effects and stormwater runoff volumes.
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
Calculations of Carpool Spaces
To calculate the number of carpool spaces required, multiply the number of FTE building
occupants at the maximum shift (see the bicycle calculations above) by 5% and divide by
two occupants per vehicle (see Equation 5). In the example in SS-Credit 4.2, Section 9,
285 FTE building occupants requires a minimum of eight carpool spaces. (Tim Please
insert Equations 5)
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 10: Other Resources
State of Arizona Telecommuting Program: www.TeleworkArizona.com.
Telework/Telecommuting is a powerful management option that allows selected
employees to work from home, or a State office location closer to home, one or more
days a week.
The Telework Collaborative: www.teleworkcollaborative.com. The Telework
Collaborative joins the expertise and resources of five western states (Texas, Arizona,
California, Oregon and Washington) to deliver some of the most respected telework
program implementation materials in the field.
Teletrips: www.teletrips.com. Teletrips helps create, implement and manage publicprivate partnership programs to reduce commuter congestion, improve air quality, and
reduce energy consumption.
SS-Credit 4.4, Section 11: Definitions
A Carpool is an arrangement where two or more people share a vehicle together for
transportation.
SS- Credit 4.4, Section 12: Case Study
Note: Add a LEED EB Case Study from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when these
become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 5: Reduced Site Disturbance
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Protect or Restore Open Space (1 Point)
SS-Credit 5.1, Intent
Conserve existing natural areas and restore damaged areas to provide habitat and promote
biodiversity.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 1: Requirements and Submittals
Restore/maintain vegetated ground cover to a minimum of 50% of the open site, OR
undertake a Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield, OR create/maintain green
space covering 25% of the horizontal roof of the building.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Vegetated Ground Cover on at least 50% of the open site
• Provide highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating
that 50% open areas are vegetated.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if 50%
open are remain vegetated
OR
‰ Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield,
•
‰
Provide documentation showing that a Phase 1 site assessment of an on
site Brownfield has been implemented.
OR
Green Space on Roof
• Provide highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating
that green space covers 25% of the horizontal roof of the building.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine that
green space continues to cover 25% of the horizontal roof of the building.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
‰ Vegetated Ground Cover on at least 50% of the open site
• Highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating that 50%
open areas are vegetated.
ƒ If there has been no change to this information since previous
LEED EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.
ƒ If there has been a change to this information since the previous
LEED EB filing provide updated information.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if 50% of
open areas remain vegetated
OR
‰ Phase 1 site assessment program of an on site Brownfield,
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•
‰
Provide documentation showing that a Phase 1 site assessment of an
on site Brownfield has been implemented since the previous LEED EB
filing.
OR
Green Space on Roof
• Highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating that green
space covers 25% of the horizontal roof of the building.
ƒ If there has been no change to this information since previous
LEED EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.
ƒ If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED
EB filing provide updated information.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine that
green space continues to cover 25% of the horizontal roof of the building.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited:
American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) Standard E1527-00: “Practice for
Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment Process,”
(Topic cited: Phase 1 site assessment of a Brownfield.)
Where to obtain this document: Organization name: ASTM International
Telephone number: (610) 832-9585
Web address: www.astm.org
(Consult your individual state’s Brownfields Program for a Brownfield remediation
case study or information.)
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 4: Green Building Concerns
Development disturbs and destroys wildlife and plant habitat as well as wildlife corridors
that encourage animal migration. As animals are pushed out of existing habitat, they
become increasingly crowded into smaller spaces. Eventually, their population exceeds
the carrying capacity of these spaces and they begin to invade surrounding developments
or perish due to overpopulation. The overall biodiversity as well as individual plant and
animal species may be threatened by reduction in habitat areas. By restoring the site,
habitat impacts can be reduced.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 5: Environmental Issues
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 6: Economic Issues
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 7: Strategies and Technologies
Activities may include removing excessive paved areas and replacing them with
landscaped areas, or replacing excessive turf-grass area with natural landscape features.
Work with local horticultural extension services or native plant societies to select and
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maintain indigenous plant species for site restoration and landscaping. Coordinate with
activities, technologies and strategies under Green Groundskeeping (SS Credit 9.2).
Design a master plan for the project area, survey existing ecosystems and identify soil
types on the site. Document existing water elements, soil conditions, ecosystems, trees
and other vegetation and map all potential natural hazards. Consider the impacts of the
proposed development on existing natural and built systems and proposes to negative
impact mitigation.
Encourage preservation, conservation, and restoration of existing natural site amenities.
If appropriate, build on parts of the site that are already degraded so as not to degrade
undisturbed areas. Restore the native landscape of the site by preserving and planting
native species to re-establish pre-development site conditions. Restoration efforts will
vary depending on the particular project site.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Balancing the verticality of a structure with open space requirements can be a challenging
exercise. For instance, shading from tall structures may change the environmental
character of the open space and these structures may be intimidating and unwelcoming to
building occupants. Furthermore, large expanses of open space may be a barrier to public
transportation access. Conversely, retaining a high proportion of open space vegetation
reduces stormwater runoff volumes and natural features may be available for wastewater
or stormwater treatment. Preservation of certain trees may reduce passive solar gains.
Check the siting of the structure to optimize solar opportunities and to preserve the most
significant trees. Additional vegetation can assist with cooling breezes and noise
reduction, and enhance the site air quality.
The site location and site design has a significant effect on open space and reduced
habitat disturbance. Heat island effects, stormwater generation, and light pollution
should all be considered when determining the site design. The landscape design and
irrigation scheme is intimately tied with the site design and open space allotted. In
addition, water reuse and on-site wastewater treatment strategies have an effect on nonbuilding spaces.
Renewable energy strategies such as micro-turbines and biomass generation require site
space. Rehabilitation of existing buildings may dictate the amount of open space
available. Construction waste management schemes may encroach on natural areas for
storage of building wastes earmarked for recycling.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 10: Other Resources
Websites
Soil and Water Conservation Society
www.swcs.org
An organization focused on fostering the science and art of sustainable soil, water, and
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related natural resource management.
Print Media
Beyond Preservation: Restoring and Inventing Landscapes by A. Dwight Baldwin, et.
al., University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and Natural Resources by
John Tillman Lyle and Joan Woodward, Milldale Press, 1999.
Landscape Restoration Handbook by Donald Harker, Lewis Publishers, 1999.
SS-Credit 5.1, Section 11: Definitions
A Greenfield is defined as undeveloped land or land that has not been impacted by
human activity.
The Building Footprint is the area on a project site that is used by the building structure
and is defined by the perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, landscapes and other
non-building facilities are not included in the building footprint.
Local Zoning Requirements are local government regulations imposed to promote
orderly development of private lands and to prevent land use conflicts.
SS- Credit 5.1, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when
these become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Facility Footprint (1 Point)
SS-Credit 5.2, Intent
Conserve existing natural areas and restore damaged areas to provide habitat and promote
biodiversity.
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 1: Requirement
Restore/maintain a minimum of 25% of the open site area by planting native or adapted
vegetation, OR undertake a Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield, OR
create/maintain green space covering 50% of the horizontal roof of the building.
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Vegetated Ground Cover on at least 50% of the open site
• Provide highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating
that 25% of the open site area restored/maintained by planting native or
adapted vegetation.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if 25% of
the open site area remain restored/maintained by planting native or
adapted vegetation.
OR
‰ Phase 1 site assessment of an Brownfield,
• Provide documentation showing that a Phase 1 site assessment of an
on site Brownfield has been implemented since the previous LEED EB
filing. (Note: This Brownfield remediation point cannot be earned
simultaneously under both SS Credit 5.1 and SS Credit 5.2.)
OR
‰ Green Space on Roof
• Provide highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating
that green space covers 50% of the horizontal roof of the building.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine that
green space continues to cover 50% of the horizontal roof of the building.
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
‰ Vegetated Ground Cover on at least 50% of the open site
• Provide highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating
that 25% of the open site area restored/maintained by planting native or
adapted vegetation.
• If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED
EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.
• If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB
filing provide updated information
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if 25% of
the open site area remains restored/maintained by planting native or
adapted vegetation.
OR
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‰
‰
Phase 1 site assessment of an on site Brownfield,
• Provide documentation showing that a Phase 1 site assessment of an
on site Brownfield has been implemented since the previous LEED EB
filing. (Note: This Brownfield remediation point cannot be earned
simultaneously under both SS Credit 5.1 and SS Credit 5.2.)
OR
Green Space on Roof
• Provide highlighted site drawings with area calculations demonstrating
that green space covers 50% of the horizontal roof of the building.
• If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED
EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.
• If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB
filing provide updated information.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine that
green space continues to cover 50% of the horizontal roof of the building.
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited:
American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) Standard E1527-00: “Practice for
Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment Process,”
(Topic cited: Phase 1 site assessment of a Brownfield.)
Where to obtain this document: Organization name: ASTM International
Telephone number: (610) 832-9585
Web address: www.astm.org
(Consult your individual state’s Brownfields Program for a Brownfield remediation
case study or information.)
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 4: Green Building Concerns
Development of a greenfield or undeveloped areas disturbs and destroys wildlife and
plant habitat as well as wildlife corridors that encourage animal migration. As animals
are pushed out of existing habitat, they become increasingly crowded into smaller spaces.
Eventually, their population exceeds the carrying capacity of these spaces and they begin
to invade surrounding developments or perish due to overpopulation. The overall
biodiversity as well as individual plant and animal species may be threatened by
reduction in habitat areas. By restoring the site, habitat destruction can be reduced.
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 5: Environmental Issues
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 6: Economic Issues
Indigenous plantings require less maintenance than foreign plantings and minimize inputs
of fertilizers, pesticides, and water, reducing maintenance costs over the building
lifetime. In many cases, trees and vegetation developed as specimens off-site are costly
to purchase and may not survive the transplanting process. Additional trees and other
landscaping, as well as soil remediation and water elements, can add to initial project
costs. It may be advantageous to develop these features in phases to spread out additional
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costs over time.
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 7: Strategies and Technologies
Activities may include removing excessive paved areas and replacing them with
landscaped areas, or replacing excessive turf-grass area with natural landscape features.
Work with local horticultural extension services or native plant societies to select and
maintain indigenous plant species for site restoration and landscaping. Coordinate with
activities, technologies and strategies under Green Groundskeeping (SS Credit 9.2).
Design a master plan for the project area, survey existing ecosystems and identify soil
types on the site.
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 10: Other Resources
Websites
Soil and Water Conservation Society
www.swcs.org
An organization focused on fostering the science and art of sustainable soil, water, and
related natural resource management.
Print Media
Beyond Preservation: Restoring and Inventing Landscapes by A. Dwight Baldwin, et.
al., University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and Natural Resources by
John Tillman Lyle and Joan Woodward, Milldale Press, 1999.
Landscape Restoration Handbook by Donald Harker, Lewis Publishers, 1999.
Green Roofs - USEPA
SS-Credit 5.2, Section 11: Definitions
A Greenfield is defined as undeveloped land or land that has not been impacted by
human activity.
The Building Footprint is the area on a project site that is used by the building structure
and is defined by the perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, landscapes and other
non-building facilities are not included in the building footprint.
Local Zoning Requirements are local government regulations imposed to promote
orderly development of private lands and to prevent land use conflicts.
Specific plants qualify as Native Vegetation/Adapted Vegetation if it is appropriate for
your region and will contribute to the restoration of the site and provide habitat and
promote biodiversity.
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SS- Credit 5.2, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when
these become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 6: Storm water Management (Points: 2)
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1: Rate or Quantity Reduction (1 Point)
SS-Credit 6.1, Intent
Limit disruption of natural water flows by minimizing storm water runoff, increasing onsite infiltration and reducing contaminants.
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 1: Requirement
‰ Implement/maintain a stormwater management plan that results in
reducing/maintaining the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff from existing
conditions by 25%.
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ 25% Stormwater Runoff Reduction:
• Provide a narrative description and calculations showing a stormwater
management plan has been implemented that reduces the rate and quantity
of stormwater runoff from previously existing conditions by 25%.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the
features that reduce the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff are being
maintained.
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
‰ 25% Stormwater Runoff Reduction:
• Provide narrative description and calculations showing a stormwater
management plan has been implemented that reduces the rate and quantity
of stormwater runoff from previously existing conditions by 25%.
• If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED
EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.
• If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB
filing provide updated information.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the
features that reduce the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff from
previously existing conditions by 25% are being maintained.
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
This document discusses a variety of management practices that can be incorporated to
remove pollutants from stormwater volumes. Chapter 4, Part II addresses urban runoff
and suggests a variety of strategies for treating and infiltrating stormwater volumes after
construction is completed. See the Technologies section for a summary of best
management practices.
Standards Cited:
USEPA’s “Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint
Pollution in Coastal Waters” (EPA 840-B-93-001c January 1993) - (Topic cited: Best
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Management Practices (BMPs) Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal
Waters.)
Where to obtain this document: Organization name: USEPA Office of Wetlands,
Oceans & Watersheds
Telephone number: (800) 832-7828
Web address: www.epa.gov/owow
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 4: Green building Concerns
The volume of stormwater generated on a site depends on the amount of impervious
surfaces. In natural areas, the majority of precipitation infiltrates into the ground while a
small portion runs off on the surface and into receiving waters. This surface runoff water
is called stormwater. As areas are constructed and urbanized, surface permeability is
reduced, resulting in increased stormwater runoff volumes that are transported via urban
infrastructure (e.g., gutters, pipes, and sewers) to receiving waters. These stormwater
volumes contain sediment and other contaminants that have a negative impact on water
quality, navigation, and recreation.
Furthermore, conveyance and treatment of
stormwater volumes requires significant municipal infrastructure and maintenance.
By reducing the generation of stormwater volumes, the natural aquifer recharge cycle is
maintained. In addition, stormwater volumes do not have to be conveyed to receiving
waters by the municipality and receiving waters are not impacted.
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Reduction and treatment of runoff volumes reduces or eliminates contaminants that
pollute receiving water bodies. For instance, parking areas contribute to stormwater
runoff that is contaminated with oil, fuel, lubricants, combustion by-products, material
from tire wear, and deicing salts. Minimized stormwater infrastructure also reduces
construction impacts and the overall footprint of the building. Finally, infiltration of
stormwater on site can recharge local aquifers, mimicking the natural water cycle.
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 6: Economic Issues
If natural drainage systems are designed and implemented at the beginning of site
planning, they can be integrated economically into the overall development. Water
detention and retention features require cost for design, installation, and maintenance.
However, these features can also add significant value as site amenities if planned early
in the design. Water features may pose safety and liability problems, especially in
locations where young children are playing outdoors. The use of infiltration devices such
as pervious paving may reduce water runoff collection system costs. However, the initial
cost for pervious pavers may be up to three times higher than solid asphalt or concrete.
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies
Significantly reduce impervious surfaces, maximize on-site stormwater infiltration, and
retain pervious and vegetated areas. Capture rainwater from impervious areas of the
building for groundwater recharge or reuse within building. Use green/vegetated roofs.
Utilize biologically based and innovative stormwater management features for pollutant
load reduction such as constructed wetlands, stormwater filtering systems, bioswales,
bio-retention basins and vegetated filterstrips.
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The most effective method to cope with stormwater volumes is to reduce the volumes
generated. By reducing these volumes, stormwater infrastructure can be minimized or
deleted from the project. Methods to minimize stormwater volumes include reducing
impervious surfaces to encourage the natural processes of evaporation and infiltration,
designing a smaller building footprint, and installing garden roofs and pervious paving.
Stormwater from impervious areas can also be captured for reuse within the building.
Stormwater harvesting from roofs and hardscapes can be used for non-potable uses such
as sewage conveyance, fire suppression, and industrial applications.
For stormwater volumes that must be conveyed from the site to a receiving water body,
design treatment ponds to match the needs of the location and the specific drainage area.
Design detention ponds to remove contaminants and release the volumes to local water
bodies. Utilize biologically based and innovative stormwater management features for
pollutant load reduction such as constructed wetlands, stormwater filtering systems,
bioswales, bio-retention basins, and vegetated filter strips. Use vegetation buffers around
parking lots to remove runoff pollutants such as oil and grit. Specify and install water
quality ponds or oil grit separators for pretreatment of runoff from surface parking areas.
Oil /grit separators work via gravity to separate oil, grit, and “pretreated” water into
separate chambers.
Do not disturb existing wetlands or riparian buffers when constructing ponds at the
lowest elevations of a site. Design stormwater runoff to travel into vegetated swales
rather than into structured pipes for conveyance to water quality ponds. Swales provide
filtration for stormwater volumes and require less maintenance than constructed
stormwater features. Install sequences of ponds whenever possible for more complete
water treatment.
In some cases, such as heavily wooded sites where larger ponds are not feasible, smaller
bio-retention areas that use subsurface compost and plantings to accelerate the filtering of
contaminants can be distributed around the site instead of using one large pool. To
moderate water runoff along drainage paths, construct water ponds to temporarily store
stormwater flows and they improve water quality through settling and biodegradation of
pollutants.
Impervious surfaces can be minimized by clustering or concentrating developments to
reduce the amount of paved surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and sidewalks. Widths
and lengths of roads, parking lots, and sidewalks can also be minimized. For instance,
turning lanes in roads can be removed to minimize the width of the paved surface. This
requires the sharing of traveling and turning lanes.
Garden roofs or green roofs are vegetated surfaces that capture rainwater and return a
portion of it back to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration. They consist of a layer of
plants and soil, a cup layer for collection and temporary storage of stormwater, and a
synthetic liner to protect the top of the building from stormwater infiltration. Garden
roofs also provide insulating benefits and aesthetic appeal. Some garden roofs require
plant maintenance and are considered to be active gardens while other garden roofs have
grasses and plants that require no maintenance or watering. All types of garden roofs
require semiannual inspection but are estimated to have a longer lifetime and require less
maintenance than conventional roofs.
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Pervious paving systems reduce stormwater runoff by allowing precipitation to infiltrate
the undersurface through voids in the paving material. These systems can be applied to
pedestrian traffic surfaces as well as low vehicle traffic areas such as parking spaces, fire
lanes, and maintenance roads. Use pervious paving materials such as poured asphalt or
concrete with incorporated air spaces or use concrete unit paving systems with large
voids that allow grass or other vegetation to grow between the voids.
Pervious paving has several options, including systems that use grass and a plastic grid
system (90% pervious), concrete grids with grass (40% pervious), and concrete grids with
gravel (10% pervious). Pervious paving requires different maintenance procedures than
impervious pavement. With some systems, vacuum sweeping is necessary to prevent the
voids from clogging with sediment, dirt, and mud. Systems that use vegetation, such as
grass planted in a plastic matrix over gravel may require mowing like conventional
lawns. Snow removal from pervious paving requires more care than conventional
paving. Check existing codes relating to the use of pervious surfaces for roadways.
To earn the second portion of this credit, stormwater volumes leaving the site must pass
through a stormwater treatment system that removes total suspended solids and
phosphorous to the required levels. Packaged stormwater treatment systems can be
installed to treat stormwater volumes. These systems use filters to remove contaminants
and can be sized for various stormwater volumes.
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Stormwater runoff is affected significantly by site selection and site design, especially
transportation amenity design. It may be possible to reuse stormwater for non-potable
water purposes such as flushing urinals and toilets, custodial applications, and building
equipment uses. Rehabilitation of an existing building may affect stormwater reduction
efforts if large impervious surfaces already exist.
It is helpful to perform a water balance to determine the estimated volumes of water
available for reuse. Designing the building with underground parking, a strategy that also
reduces heat island effects, can also reduce Stormwater runoff volumes. Pervious paving
systems usually have a limit on transportation loads and may pose problems for
wheelchair accessibility and stroller mobility. If stormwater volumes are treated on site,
additional site area may need to be disturbed to construct treatment ponds or underground
facilities. Application of garden roofs reduces stormwater volumes that may be intended
for collection and reuse in for non-potable applications.
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
Below is a summary of stormwater control measures from the EPA’s Guidance
Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Non-point Pollution in Coastal
Waters.
Infiltration Basins and Trenches are devices used to encourage subsurface infiltration
of runoff volumes through temporary surface storage. Basins are ponds that can store
large volumes of stormwater. They need to drain within 72 hours to maintain aerobic
conditions and to be available for the next storm event. Trenches are similar to
infiltration basins except that they are shallower and function as a subsurface reservoir
for stormwater volumes. Pretreatment to remove sediment and oil may be necessary to
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avoid clogging of infiltration devices. Infiltration trenches are more common in areas
where infiltration basins are not possible.
Porous Pavement and Permeable Surfaces are used to create permeable surfaces that
allow runoff to infiltrate into the subsurface. These surfaces are typically maintained
with a vacuuming regime to avoid potential clogging and failure problems.
Vegetated Filter Strips and Grassed Swales utilize vegetation to filter sediment and
pollutants from stormwater. Strips are appropriate for treating low-velocity surface sheet
flows in areas where runoff is not concentrated. They are often used as pretreatment for
other stormwater measures such as infiltration basins and trenches. Swales consist of a
trench or ditch with vegetation and require occasional mowing. They also encourage
subsurface infiltration, similar to infiltration basins and trenches.
Filtration Basins remove sediment and pollutants from stormwater runoff using a filter
media such as sand or gravel. A sediment trap is usually included to remove sediment
from stormwater before filtering to avoid clogging.
Constructed Wetlands are engineered systems that are designed to mimic natural
wetland treatment properties. Advanced designs incorporate a wide variety of wetland
trees, shrubs, and plants while basic systems only include a limited number of vegetation
types.
Detention Ponds capture stormwater runoff and allow pollutants to drop out before
release to a stormwater or water body. A variety of detention pond designs are available,
with some utilizing only gravity while others use mechanical equipment such as pipes
and pumps to facilitate transport. Some ponds are dry except during storm events and
other ponds permanently store water volumes.
Table 1 highlights the advantages, disadvantages, and removal efficiency rates for the
above stormwater control practices.
Table 1: EPA Best Management Practices
Practice
Advantages
Disadvantages
Removal Efficiency
TSS (req. TP (req.
80%)
40%)
Infiltration Basins & Provides groundwater
Infiltration Trenches
recharge,
high
removal
efficiency,
provides habitat
Requires permeable 50 to 100
soils, high potential
for failure, requires
maintenance
50 to 100
Porous Pavement
Requires permeable 60 to 90
soils, not suitable for
high-traffic
areas,
high potential for
failure,
requires
maintenance
60 to 90
Provides groundwater
recharge, no space
requirement,
high
removal efficiency
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Vegetated Filter Strips Low
maintenance,
good for low-velocity
flows,
provides
habitat, economical
Not appropriate for 40 to 90
high-velocity flows,
requires
periodic
repair
and
reconstruction
removal 20 to 40
30 to 80
Grassy Swales
Small
land Low
requirements,
can efficiency
replace curb and
gutter infrastructure,
economical
20 to 40
Filtration Basins
Provides groundwater Requires pretreatment 60 to 90
recharge,
peak to avoid clogging
volume control
0 to 80
Constructed Wetlands
Good
for
large
developments, peak
volume control, high
removal
efficiency,
aesthetic value
Not economical for 50 to 90
small developments,
requires maintenance,
significant
space
requirements
0 to 80
The following calculation methodology is used to support the credit submittals as listed
on the first page of this credit. Stormwater runoff volumes are affected by surface
characteristics on the site as well as rainfall intensity over a specified time period. To
simplify stormwater calculations, one should consider only the surface characteristics of
the project site. Stormwater volumes generated are directly related to the net
imperviousness of the project site. By reducing the amount of impervious surface on the
site, stormwater volumes are reduced.
The calculation methodology to estimate the imperviousness of the project site is as
follows:
1. Identify the different surface types on the site: roof areas, paved areas (e.g., roads and
sidewalks), landscaped areas, and other areas.
2. Calculate the total area for each of these surface types using site drawings and use
Table 2 to assign a runoff coefficient to each surface type. If there is a surface type not
included in the table, use a “best estimate” or manufacturer information. For instance, if
pervious paving is used, consult the manufacturer to determine the imperviousness or
percentage of the surface that does not allow infiltration.
Table 2: Typical Runoff Coefficients
Surface Type
Runoff Coefficient
Surface Type
Runoff Coefficient
Pavement, Asphalt
0.95
Turf, Flat (0-1%
slope)
0.25
Pavement, Concrete
0.95
Turf, Average (1-3%
slope)
0.35
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Pavement, Brick
0.85
Turf, Hilly (3-10%
slope)
0.40
Pavement, Gravel
0.75
Turf, Steep (> 10%
slope)
0.45
Roofs, Conventional
0.95
Vegetation, Flat (01% slope)
0.10
Roof, Garden Roof
0.50
Vegetation, Average
(1-3% slope)
0.20
0.30
Vegetation, Hilly (310% slope)
0.25
0.20
Vegetation, Steep (>
10% slope)
0.30
(<4 in)
Roof, Garden Roof
(4-8 in)
Roof, Garden Roof
(9-20 in)
Roof, Garden Roof
0.10
(>20 in)
3. Create a spreadsheet to summarize the area and runoff coefficient for each surface
type. Multiply the runoff coefficient by the area to obtain an impervious area for each
surface type. This figure represents the square footage of each surface area that is 100%
impervious (see Equation 1).
Equation 1:
Impervious Area [SF] = Surface Area [SF] x Runoff Coefficient
4. Sum the impervious areas for each surface type to obtain a total impervious area for
the site.
5. Divide the total impervious area by the total site area to obtain the imperviousness of
the site (see Equation 2).
Equation 2:
Imperviousness [%] = Total Pervious Area [SF]/Total Site Area
Credit requirements state that for sites with imperviousness less than or equal to 50%,
imperviousness must not increase from pre-development to post-development conditions.
For previously developed sites with imperviousness greater than 50%, impervious must
be reduced by 25% from pre-development to post-development conditions.
The following example describes the calculation method for site imperviousness. The
example project is an office renovation and site improvements to an existing concrete
parking lot of average slope. Surface types include sidewalks, parking areas,
landscaping, and the roof. The roof area is assumed to be equal to the building footprint
as determined from site drawings. Table 3 shows calculations for the design case.
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Table 3: Design Case Imperviousness
Surface Type
Runoff Coefficient
Area [SF]
Impervious Area [SF]
Pavement, Asphalt
0.95
5,075
4,821
Pavement, Pervious
0.60
1,345
807
Roof, Garden Roof
(4-8 in)
0.30
8,240
2,472
Vegetation, Average
(1-3% slope)
0.20
4,506
901
Total Area
14,660
Total Impervious Area
8,100
Imperviousness
55%
To reduce imperviousness, concrete sidewalks and asphalt parking lots can be substituted
with pervious paving and vegetation in some areas. The building footprint is reduced and
garden roofs are applied to reduce roof runoff.
Next, calculations are done for the baseline case or the existing site conditions (see Table
4). The original use of the site was for parking and thus, the entire site was paved with
concrete pavement.
The calculations demonstrate that the design case has an imperviousness of 55% and the
baseline case has an imperviousness of 95%.
Credit requirements state that
imperviousness must be reduced by 25% over the baseline case, equal to an
imperviousness of 71% or less. Thus, the design case earns one point under this credit.
Table 4: Baseline Case Imperviousness
Surface Type
Pavement, Concrete
Runoff Coefficient
Area [SF]
Impervious Area [SF]
0.95
19,166
18,208
Total Area
Total Impervious Area
Imperviousness
19,166
18,208
95%
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 10: Other Resources
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 6.1, Section 11: Definitions
Stormwater Runoff consists of water volumes that are created during precipitation
events and flow over surfaces into sewer systems or receiving waters. All precipitation
waters that leave project site boundaries on the surface are considered to be stormwater
runoff volumes.
Impervious Surfaces promote runoff of precipitation volumes instead of infiltration into
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the subsurface. The imperviousness or degree of runoff potential can be estimated for
different surface materials.
Total Phosphorous (TP) consists of organically bound phosphates, poly-phosphates and
orthophosphates in stormwater, the majority of which originates from fertilizer
application. Chemical precipitation is the typical removal mechanism for phosphorous.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are particles or flocs that are too small or light to be
removed from stormwater via gravity settling. Suspended solid concentrations are
typically removed via filtration.
A Constructed Wetland is an engineered system designed to simulate natural wetland
functions for water purification. Constructed wetlands are essentially wastewater
treatment systems that remove contaminants from wastewaters.
SS- Credit 6.1, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when
these become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2: Treatment (1 Point)
SS-Credit 6.2, Intent
Limit disruption of natural water flows by minimizing storm water runoff, increasing onsite infiltration and reducing contaminants.
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 1: Requirement
‰ Implement/maintain stormwater treatment systems designed to remove 80% of the
average annual post development total suspended solids (TSS), and 40% of the
average annual post development total phosphate (TP). Accomplish this by
implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) outlined in EPA’s Guidance
Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal
Waters.
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Stormwater Treatment
• Provide plans, drawings and calculations showing that a stormwater
treatment plan has been implemented that removes 80% of the average
annual post development total suspended solids (TSS), and 40% of the
average annual post development total phosphorous (TP), by
implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) outlined in EPA’s
Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint
Pollution in Coastal Waters (EPA 840-B-92-002 1/93).
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the
features that remove 80% of the average annual post development total
suspended solids (TSS) and 40% of the average annual post development
total phosphorous (TP) are being maintained.
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 2.b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
‰ Stormwater Treatment
• Plans, drawings and calculations showing that a stormwater treatment plan
has been implemented that removes 80% of the average annual post
development total suspended solids (TSS), and 40% of the average annual
post development total phosphorous (TP), by implementing Best
Management Practices (BMPs) outlined in EPA’s Guidance Specifying
Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal
Waters (EPA 840-B-92-002 1/93).
• If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED
EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.
• If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB
filing provide updated information.
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if the
features that remove 80% of the average annual post development total
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suspended solids (TSS) and 40% of the average annual post development
total phosphorous (TP) are being maintained.
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
This document discusses a variety of management practices that can be incorporated to
remove pollutants from stormwater volumes. Chapter 4, Part II addresses urban runoff
and suggests a variety of strategies for treating and infiltrating stormwater volumes after
construction is completed. See the Technologies section for a summary of best
management practices.
Standards Cited:
USEPA’s “Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint
Pollution in Coastal Waters” (EPA 840-B-93-001c January 1993) - (Topic cited: Best
Management Practices (BMPs) Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal
Waters.)
Where to obtain this document: USEPA Office of Wetlands, Oceans & Watersheds
Telephone number: (800) 832-7828
Web address: www.epa.gov/owow
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 4: Green Building Concerns
The volume of stormwater generated on a site depends on the amount of impervious
surfaces. In natural areas, the majority of precipitation infiltrates into the ground while a
small portion runs off on the surface and into receiving waters. This surface runoff water
is called stormwater. As areas are constructed and urbanized, surface permeability is
reduced, resulting in increased stormwater runoff volumes that are transported via urban
infrastructure (e.g., gutters, pipes, and sewers) to receiving waters. These stormwater
volumes contain sediment and other contaminants that have a negative impact on water
quality, navigation, and recreation.
Furthermore, conveyance and treatment of
stormwater volumes requires significant municipal infrastructure and maintenance.
By reducing the generation of stormwater volumes, the natural aquifer recharge cycle is
maintained. In addition, stormwater volumes do not have to be conveyed to receiving
waters by the municipality and receiving waters are not impacted.
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Reduction and treatment of runoff volumes reduces or eliminates contaminants that
pollute receiving water bodies. For instance, parking areas contribute to stormwater
runoff that is contaminated with oil, fuel, lubricants, combustion by-products, material
from tire wear, and de-icing salts. Minimized stormwater infrastructure also reduces
construction impacts and the overall footprint of the building. Finally, infiltration of
stormwater on site can recharge local aquifers, mimicking the natural water cycle.
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 6: Economic Issues
If natural drainage systems are designed and implemented at the beginning of site
planning, they can be integrated economically into the overall development. Water
detention and retention features require cost for design, installation, and maintenance.
However, these features can also add significant value as site amenities if planned early
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in the design. Water features may pose safety and liability problems, especially in
locations where young children are playing outdoors. The use of infiltration devices such
as pervious paving may reduce water runoff collection system costs. However, the initial
cost for pervious pavers may be up to three times higher than solid asphalt or concrete.
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies
Impervious surfaces can be minimized by clustering or concentrating developments to
reduce the amount of paved surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and sidewalks. Widths
and lengths of roads, parking lots, and sidewalks can also be minimized. For instance,
turning lanes in roads can be removed to minimize the width of the paved surface. This
requires the sharing of traveling and turning lanes.
The most effective method to cope with stormwater volumes is to reduce the volumes
generated. By reducing these volumes, stormwater infrastructure can be minimized or
deleted from the project. Methods to minimize stormwater volumes include reducing
impervious surfaces to encourage the natural processes of evaporation and infiltration,
designing a smaller building footprint, and installing garden roofs and pervious paving.
Stormwater from impervious areas can also be captured for reuse within the building.
Stormwater harvesting from roofs and hardscapes can be used for non-potable uses such
as sewage conveyance, fire suppression, and industrial applications.
For stormwater volumes that must be conveyed from the site to a receiving water body,
design treatment ponds to match the needs of the location and the specific drainage area.
Design detention ponds to remove contaminants and release the volumes to local water
bodies. Utilize biologically based and innovative stormwater management features for
pollutant load reduction such as constructed wetlands, stormwater filtering systems,
bioswales, bio-retention basins, and vegetated filter strips. Use vegetation buffers around
parking lots to remove runoff pollutants such as oil and grit. Specify and install water
quality ponds or oil grit separators for pretreatment of runoff from surface parking areas.
Oil /grit separators work via gravity to separate oil, grit, and “pretreated” water into
separate chambers.
Do not disturb existing wetlands or riparian buffers when constructing ponds at the
lowest elevations of a site. Design stormwater runoff to travel into vegetated swales
rather than into structured pipes for conveyance to water quality ponds. Swales provide
filtration for stormwater volumes and require less maintenance than constructed
stormwater features. Install sequences of ponds whenever possible for more complete
water treatment.
In some cases, such as heavily wooded sites where larger ponds are not feasible, smaller
bio-retention areas that use subsurface compost and plantings to accelerate the filtering of
contaminants can be distributed around the site instead of using one large pool. To
moderate water runoff along drainage paths, construct water ponds to temporarily store
stormwater flows and they improve water quality through settling and biodegradation of
pollutants.
Garden roofs or green roofs are vegetated surfaces that capture rainwater and return a
portion of it back to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration. They consist of a layer of
plants and soil, a cup layer for collection and temporary storage of stormwater, and a
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synthetic liner to protect the top of the building from stormwater infiltration. Garden
roofs also provide insulating benefits and aesthetic appeal. Some garden roofs require
plant maintenance and are considered to be active gardens while other garden roofs have
grasses and plants that require no maintenance or watering. All types of garden roofs
require semiannual inspection but are estimated to have a longer lifetime and require less
maintenance than conventional roofs.
Pervious paving systems reduce stormwater runoff by allowing precipitation to infiltrate
the undersurface through voids in the paving material. These systems can be applied to
pedestrian traffic surfaces as well as low vehicle traffic areas such as parking spaces, fire
lanes, and maintenance roads. Use pervious paving materials such as poured asphalt or
concrete with incorporated air spaces or use concrete unit paving systems with large
voids that allow grass or other vegetation to grow between the voids.
Pervious paving has several options, including systems that use grass and a plastic grid
system (90% pervious), concrete grids with grass (40% pervious), and concrete grids with
gravel (10% pervious). Pervious paving requires different maintenance procedures than
impervious pavement. With some systems, vacuum sweeping is necessary to prevent the
voids from clogging with sediment, dirt, and mud. Systems that use vegetation, such as
grass planted in a plastic matrix over gravel may require mowing like conventional
lawns. Snow removal from pervious paving requires more care than conventional
paving. Check existing codes relating to the use of pervious surfaces for roadways.
To earn the second portion of this credit, stormwater volumes leaving the site must pass
through a stormwater treatment system that removes total suspended solids and
phosphorous to the required levels.
Packaged stormwater treatment systems can also be installed to treat stormwater
volumes. These systems use filters to remove contaminants and can be sized for various
stormwater volumes.
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Stormwater runoff is affected significantly by site selection and site design, especially
transportation amenity design. It may be possible to reuse stormwater for non-potable
water purposes such as flushing urinals and toilets, custodial applications, and building
equipment uses. Rehabilitation of an existing building may affect stormwater reduction
efforts if large impervious surfaces already exist.
It is helpful to perform a water balance to determine the estimated volumes of water
available for reuse. Designing the building with underground parking, a strategy that also
reduces heat island effects, can also reduce Stormwater runoff volumes. Pervious paving
systems usually have a limit on transportation loads and may pose problems for
wheelchair accessibility and stroller mobility. If stormwater volumes are treated on site,
additional site area may need to be disturbed to construct treatment ponds or underground
facilities. Application of garden roofs reduces stormwater volumes that may be intended
for collection and reuse in non-potable applications.
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
Consult Section 9 under SS Credit 6.1 for this information.
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SS-Credit 6.2, Section 10: Other Resources
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 6.2, Section 11: Definitions
Stormwater Runoff consists of water volumes that are created during precipitation
events and flow over surfaces into sewer systems or receiving waters. All precipitation
waters that leave project site boundaries on the surface are considered to be stormwater
runoff volumes.
Impervious Surfaces promote runoff of precipitation volumes instead of infiltration into
the subsurface. The imperviousness or degree of runoff potential can be estimated for
different surface materials.
Total Phosphorous (TP) consists of organically bound phosphates, poly-phosphates and
orthophosphates in stormwater, the majority of which originates from fertilizer
application. Chemical precipitation is the typical removal mechanism for phosphorous.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are particles or flocs that are too small or light to be
removed from stormwater via gravity settling. Suspended solid concentrations are
typically removed via filtration.
A Constructed Wetland is an engineered system designed to simulate natural wetland
functions for water purification. Constructed wetlands are essentially wastewater
treatment systems that remove contaminants from wastewaters.
SS- Credit 6.e, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when
these become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 7: Reduced Heat Island Effect (Points: 2)
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Non-Roof (1 Point)
SS-Credit 7.1, Intent
Reduce heat islands (thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped
areas) to minimize impact on microclimate and human and wildlife habitat.
SS-Credit 7.1, Section 1: Requirements
‰ Provide/maintain (within 5 years) shade on at least 30% of non-roof impervious
surface on the site, including parking lots, walkways, plazas, etc., OR use/maintain
light-colored/high-albedo materials (reflectance of at least 0.3) for 30% of the site’s
non-roof impervious surfaces, OR place/maintain a minimum of 50% of parking
space underground, OR use/maintain open-grid pavement system (net impervious
area of LESS than 50%) for a minimum of 50% of the parking lot area.
SS-Credit 7.1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Non-Roof surfaces
• Provide site plan highlighting all non-roof impervious surfaces and
portions of these surfaces that will be shaded within five years. Include
calculations demonstrating that a minimum of 30% of non-roof
impervious surface areas will be shaded within five years,
OR
• Provide third party documentation and photographs for high-albedo
materials applied to non-roof impervious surfaces highlighting the
reflectance of the installed materials,
AND
• Provide a site plan and calculations demonstrating that these materials
exist on 30% of non-roof impervious surfaces.
• Provide a parking plan demonstrating that a minimum of 50% of site
parking spaces are located underground,
OR
• Provide third party documentation and photographs for a pervious paving
system with a minimum perviousness of 50%. Include calculations
demonstrating that this paving system covers a minimum of 50% of the
total parking area,
AND
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if these
features are being maintained.
SS-Credit 7.1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
• If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED
EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.
• If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB
filing provide updated information.
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SS-Credit 7.1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited:
ASTM Standard E408 – “Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces
Using Inspection-Meter Techniques” (Reapproved 2002) - (Topic cited: Standard Test
Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques.)
Where to obtain this document: Organization name: ASTM
Telephone number: (610) 832-9585
Web address: www.astm.org
Summary of Referenced Standard
ASTM E408-71 (1996) e1 – Standard Test Methods for Total Normal
Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
This standard describes how to measure total normal emittance of surfaces using a
portable inspection-meter instrument. The test methods are intended for large surfaces
where non-destructive testing is required. See the standard for testing steps and a
discussion of thermal emittance theory.
SS-Credit 7.1, Section 4: Green Building Concerns
The use of dark, non-reflective surfaces for parking, roofs, walkways, and other surfaces
contribute to heat islands effects created when heat from the sun is absorbed and radiated
back to surrounding areas. As a result of heat island effects, ambient temperatures in
urban areas are artificially elevated by 10°F or more when compared with surrounding
suburban and undeveloped areas. This results in increased cooling loads in the summer,
requiring larger HVAC equipment and energy for building operations. Heat island
effects can be mitigated through the application of shading and the use of light colors that
reflect heat instead of absorbing it.
SS-Credit 7.1, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Heat island effects are detrimental to site habitat, wildlife, and migration corridors.
Plants and animals are sensitive to higher temperatures and may not thrive in areas that
are unnaturally hot. Reduction in heat island effects minimizes disturbance of local
microclimates. This can reduce summer cooling loads that in turn reduce energy use and
infrastructure requirements.
SS-Credit 7.1, Section 6: Economic Issues
Reduction in heat islands reduces the cost of cooling and HVAC equipment needs.
Energy costs for cooling buildings is a substantial cost over the building lifetime.
Conversely, higher initial costs result from installation of additional trees and
architectural shading devices. However, these items have a rapid payback when
integrated into a whole systems approach that maximizes energy savings.
SS-Credit 7.1, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies
Employ strategies, materials, and landscaping techniques that reduce heat absorption of
exterior materials. Note albedo/reflectance requirements in the drawings and
specifications. Provide shade (calculated on June 21, noon solar time) using native or
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climate tolerant trees and large shrubs, vegetated trellises, or other exterior structures
supporting vegetation. Substitute vegetated surfaces for hard surfaces. Explore
elimination of blacktop and the use of new coatings and integral colorants for asphalt to
achieve light colored surfaces. Use photovoltaic cells for the shading. Also consider
water features to mitigate heating.
To maximize energy savings and minimize heat island effects, materials must exhibit a
high reflectivity and a high emissivity over the life of the product. Read the
manufacturer’s data carefully when selecting a product based on a material’s reflective
properties. Not all manufacturers conduct solar reflectivity and emissivity testing as a
matter of course, although research on urban heat islands has helped to expose the
problem and encourage such testing. Far more often, manufacturers measure visible
reflectance.
Visible reflectance correlates to solar reflectance but the two quantities are not equal
because solar gain covers a wider range of wavelengths than visible light. A material that
exhibits a high visible reflectance usually has a lower solar reflectance. For example, a
good white coating with a visible reflectance of 0.9 typically has a solar reflectance of
0.8. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the solar reflectance of the material even if the
visible reflectance is known.
Paving Materials with high values of solar reflectivity are difficult to find in the
marketplace. Most traditional paving materials are mineral based and have low solar
reflectivity. Therefore, concentrate efforts on those materials with high reflectivity
values for the property’s non-parking impervious surfaces such as sidewalks and plazas
in order to keep costs down.
There are new coatings and integral colorants that can be used in parking surfaces to
improve solar reflectance. If coatings or concrete/gravel cannot be used, consider an
open paving system that increases perviousness by at least 50%, reducing the amount of
low reflective material present and increasing infiltration.
Vegetative Shading can make a large contribution to increasing the surface albedo of a
site. Employ design strategies and landscaping schemes to reduce solar radiance on
exterior materials. Provide shade using native or climate tolerant trees and large shrubs,
vegetated trellises, or other exterior structures supporting vegetation on parking lots,
walkways, and plazas. In site locations where tree planting is not possible, use
architectural shading devices to block direct sunlight radiance.
Garden Roofs minimize heat island effects by reflecting solar radiation in a natural way.
Garden roofs or green roofs are vegetated surfaces that capture rainwater and return a
portion of it back to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration. Garden roofs provide
insulating benefits, aesthetic appeal, and require lower maintenance than standard roofs.
Some garden roofs require plant maintenance and are considered to be active gardens
while other garden roofs have grasses and plants that require no maintenance or watering.
All types of garden roofs require semiannual inspection but have longer lifetimes than
conventional roofs.
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SS-Credit 7.1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Site selection and site planning have a significant effect on urban heat islands, especially
transportation planning. Planting indigenous trees that are low water users as well as
fruit producers can add environmental benefit to the site. Selecting trees that are
maintenance intensive (extensive watering, fertilizing, or pesticide needs) could pose
potentially greater environmental negative impacts than heat island effects. Shading from
trees and architectural shading devices may interfere with possible solar benefits of a
project. Shading strategies should be integrated with solar strategies such as daylighting,
solar heating, and photovoltaic cells.
Garden roofs reduce stormwater volumes that may be collected for non-potable purposes.
If water reuse and garden roof strategies are applied together, it is necessary to perform a
water balance to determine the estimated volumes of water available for reuse.
Stormwater runoff volumes from garden roofs depend on the local climate, the depth of
soil, the type of plants used, and other variables. However, all garden roofs decrease
stormwater volumes substantially. Garden roofs are not appropriate for all climates. In
dry climates, garden roofs may require substantial irrigation effort, resulting in increased
water use, irrigation infrastructure, and maintenance.
Light colored finishes used to increase reflectance may not be as long lasting as darker
colored materials. There may be a trade-off between material durability and material
reflectance. Light colored surfaces may also create glare from reflection, posing a hazard
to vehicle traffic and annoyance for building occupants.
SS-Credit 7.1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
The following calculation methodology is used to support the credit submittals as listed
on the first page of this credit.
Shading of Non-Roof Impervious Surfaces
1. Identify all non-roof impervious surfaces on the project site and sum the total area.
2. Identify all trees that contribute shade to non-roof impervious surfaces. Calculate the
shade coverage provided by these trees after five years on the non-roof impervious
surfaces on June 21 at noon solar time to determine the maximum shading effect. Sum
the total area of shade provided for non-roof impervious surfaces.
3. Shade must be provided for at least 30% of non-roof impervious surfaces to earn this
point (see Equation 1).
Equation 1:
Shade [%] = Shaded Impervious Area [SF]/Total Impervious Area [SF]
Impervious Surface Calculations
1. Calculate the total parking lot area of the project. Parking lots include parking spaces
and driving lanes. Exclude parking spaces that do not receive direct sun (e.g.,
underground parking, stacked parking spaces), sidewalks, roadways, and other
impervious surfaces that cannot support vehicle loads.
2. Calculate the parking area that is designed with pervious paving materials.
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3. A minimum of 50% of the total parking area must be comprised of pervious paving
materials (see Equation 2).
Equation 2:
Pervious Portion [%] = Pervious Parking Area [SF]/Total Parking Area [SF]
Vegetated Roof Calculations
1. Calculated the total roof area of the project.
appurtenances.
Deduct areas with equipment and
2. Calculate the area of roof that is surfaced with a vegetated roof system.
3. Calculate the percentage of the total roof area that is covered with a green vegetated
roof system (see Equation 3).
Equation 3:
Vegetated Roof [%] = Vegetated Roof Area [SF]/Total Roof Area [SF]
SS-Credit 7.1, Section 10: Other Resources
Websites
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group
LBL has devised a term called the Solar Reflectivity Index (SRI) that relates the
reflectivity and emissivity factors. In general, the SRI is a measure of how well the
material rejects solar heat, as indicated by a small temperature rise. It is defined so that a
standard black is 0 and a standard white is 100. When selecting between two alternate
materials, and the solar reflectivity is equal, choose the material with the highest SRI.
Color Matters
www.colormatters.com
Includes a discussion and statistics on color choices and their energy use effects.
SS-Credit 7.1, Section 11: Definitions
Heat Island Effects occur when warmer temperatures are experienced in urban
landscapes as a result of solar energy retention on constructed surfaces. Principle
surfaces that contribute to the heat island effect include streets, sidewalks, parking lots
and buildings.
Solar Reflectance is the ratio of the reflected electromagnetic energy to the incoming
electromagnetic energy. A reflectance of 100% means that all of the energy striking a
reflecting surface is reflected back into the atmosphere and none of the energy is
absorbed by the surface.
Infrared Emittance is a parameter between 0 and 1 that indicates the ability of a
material to shed infrared radiation. The wavelength range for this radiant energy is
roughly 5 to 40 micrometers. Most building materials (including glass) are opaque in this
part of the spectrum, and have an emittance of roughly 0.9. Materials such as clean, bare
metals are the most important exceptions to the 0.9 rule. Thus clean, untarnished
galvanized steel has low emittance, and aluminum roof coatings have intermediate
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emittance levels.
Underground Parking is a “tuck-under” or stacked parking structure that reduce the
exposed parking surface area.
Third Party is someone not directly involved in the operation and maintenance of the
building being certified. This person can either be an employee of the organization that
owns the building being certified or someone who is not an employee of the organization
that owns the building being certified.
SS- Credit 7.1, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when
these become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Roof (1 Point)
SS-Credit 7.2, Intent
Reduce heat islands (thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped
areas) to minimize impact on microclimate and human and wildlife habitat.
SS-Credit 7.2, Section 1: Requirement
Use/maintain ENERGY STAR® roof compliant, high-reflectance, and high emissivity
roofing (initial reflectance of at least 0.65 and three-year-aged reflectance of at least 0.5
when tested in accordance with ASTM E408) for a minimum of 75% of the roof surface;
OR install/maintain a “green” (vegetated) roof for at least 50% of the roof area.
SS-Credit 7.2, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Roof Surfaces
• Provide third party documentation and photographs highlighting roofing
materials that are Energy Star labeled, with a minimum Initial Reflectance
of 0.65, and a minimum three year-aged reflectance of 0.5 and a minimum
emissivity of 0.9. Include area calculations demonstrating that the roofing
material covers a minimum of 75% of the total roof area,
AND
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if these
features are being maintained,.
OR
• Provide photographs highlighting a green vegetated roof system. Include
area calculations demonstrating that the roof system covering a minimum
or 50% of the total roof area,
AND
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if these
features are being maintained.
SS-Credit 7.2, Section 2.b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
• If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED
EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.
• If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB
filing provide updated information.
SS-Credit 7.2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited:
ENERGY STAR® Roof Compliant, High-Reflectance, and High Emissivity Roofing (Topic cited: Standards for ENERGY STAR® Roofs.)
Where to obtain this document: Organization name: USEPA
Telephone number: (888) 782-7937
Web address: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_roof_products
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ASTM Standard E408 – “Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces
Using Inspection-Meter Techniques” (Reapproved 2002) - (Topic cited: Standard Test
Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques.)
Where to obtain this document: Organization name: ASTM
Telephone number: (610) 832-9585
Web address: www.astm.org
Summary of Referenced Standards
EPA Energy Star Roofing Guidelines
The EPA’s Energy Star program allows for voluntary partnerships between the U.S.
Department of Energy, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, product
manufacturers, local utilities, and retailers. Energy Star is dedicated to promoting energy
efficiency, reducing air pollution, and saving money for businesses and residences
through decreased energy use.
In addition to several other building product categories, the Energy Star program
addresses roofing products. By choosing roofing products wisely, air conditioning needs
can be reduced or eliminated. Roofing products with the Energy Star logo meet the EPA
criteria for reflectivity and reliability. Roof solar reflectance requirements for Energy
Star roofing products are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1: EPA Energy Star Roof Criteria
Roof Type
Low-Slope Roof
Steep Slope Roof
Slope
Initial Solar
Reflectance
0.65
0.25
<= 2:12
> 2:12
3-Year Solar
Reflectance
0.50
0.15
ASTM E408-71(1996)e1 – Standard Test Methods for Total Normal
Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
This standard describes how to measure total normal emittance of surfaces using a
portable inspection-meter instrument. The test methods are intended for large surfaces
where non-destructive testing is required. See the standard for testing steps and a
discussion of thermal emittance theory.
SS-Credit 7.2, Section 4: Green building Concerns
The use of dark, non-reflective surfaces for parking, roofs, walkways, and other surfaces
contribute to heat islands effects created when heat from the sun is absorbed and radiated
back to surrounding areas. As a result of heat island effects, ambient temperatures in
urban areas are artificially elevated by 10°F or more when compared with surrounding
suburban and undeveloped areas. This results in increased cooling loads in the summer,
requiring larger HVAC equipment and energy for building operations. Heat island
effects can be mitigated through the application of shading and the use of light colors that
reflect heat instead of absorbing it.
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SS-Credit 7.2, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Heat islands effects are detrimental to site habitat, wildlife, and migration corridors.
Plants and animals are sensitive to higher temperatures and may not thrive in areas that
are unnaturally hot. Reduction in heat island effects minimizes disturbance of local
microclimates. This can reduce summer cooling loads that in turn reduce energy use and
infrastructure requirements.
SS-Credit 7.2, Section 6: Economic Issues
Reduction in heat islands reduces the cost of cooling and HVAC equipment needs.
Energy costs for cooling buildings is a substantial cost over the building lifetime.
Conversely, higher initial costs result from installation of additional trees and
architectural shading devices. However, these items have a rapid payback when
integrated into a whole systems approach that maximizes energy savings.
SS-Credit 7.2, Section 7: Strategies and Technologies
Employ materials that reduce heat absorption of roofing materials. Note
albedo/reflectance requirements in the drawings and specifications. Substitute vegetated
surfaces for hard surfaces.
To maximize energy savings and minimize heat island effects, materials must exhibit a
high reflectivity and a high emissivity over the life of the product. Read the
manufacturer’s data carefully when selecting a product based on a material’s reflective
properties. Not all manufacturers conduct solar reflectivity and emissivity testing as a
matter of course, although research on urban heat islands has helped to expose the
problem and encourage such testing. Far more often, manufacturers measure visible
reflectance.
Visible reflectance correlates to solar reflectance but the two quantities are not equal
because solar gain covers a wider range of wavelengths than visible light. A material that
exhibits a high visible reflectance usually has a lower solar reflectance. For example, a
good white coating with a visible reflectance of 0.9 typically has a solar reflectance of
0.8. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the solar reflectance of the material even if the
visible reflectance is known.
Membrane Roofing is fabricated from strong, flexible, waterproof materials. They may
be applied in multiple layers or they may be a continuous single-ply membrane.
Membranes usually contain a fabric made from felt, fiberglass, or polyester for strength
and this is laminated to or impregnated with a flexible polymeric material. The
polymeric material may be a bituminous hydrocarbon material such as asphalt, synthetic
rubber known as EPDM, or a synthetic polymer such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The
color of the polymer itself ranges from black to white, depending on the amount of
carbon black present. The upper surface of the membrane may be coated with a colored
material that determines the solar reflectance or it may simply be ballasted with roofing
gravel. When a dark membrane is surfaced with roofing granules, the membrane has the
appearance and solar reflectance of asphalt shingles.
Metal Roofing is typically steel or aluminum based, although there is still a small
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amount of copper and tin roofing used today. Steel roofing is usually produced with a
galvanic corrosion protection coating of zinc or zinc/aluminum coating. This corrosion
coating may be covered by colored paint-like polymeric coating that can influence the
overall emissivity of the roofing product.
Bare aluminum and steel typically have a solar reflectance of 60 %, and a low emittance.
The reflectance and emittance of bare metals are very sensitive to the smoothness of the
surface and the presence or absence of surface oxides, oil film, etc. Usually, bare metals
are not very cool in the sun. For example, in one outdoor experiment, a bare clean sheet
of galvanized steel with a solar reflectance of about 0.38 reached temperatures nearly as
high as a reference black surface.
SS-Credit 7.2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 7.2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
Table 2 provides example values of initial solar reflectance and infrared emittance for
common roofing materials.
Typically, white roofing products exhibit higher
performance characteristics than nonwhite products. Performance varies by roofing
materials as well as brand. Check with roofing manufacturers and the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory’s Cool Roofing Materials Database for current
performance information.
Table 2: Type of Roofing
Roofing Material
Initial Solar Reflectance
Infrared Emittance
Roof Coating, White
0.68
0.90
Roof Coating, Tinted
0.67
0.91
Roofing Membranes
0.65
0.90
Concrete Tile, Off-White
0.74
0.90
SS-Credit 7.2, Section 10: Resources
Websites
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group
LBL has devised a term called the Solar Reflectivity Index (SRI) that relates the
reflectivity and emissivity factors. In general, the SRI is a measure of how well the
material rejects solar heat, as indicated by a small temperature rise. It is defined so that a
standard black is 0 and a standard white is 100. When selecting between two alternate
materials, and the solar reflectivity is equal, choose the material with the highest SRI.
EPA Energy Star Roofing Products
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_roof_products
Provides solar reflectance levels required to meet Energy Star labeling requirements.
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SS-Credit 7.2, Section 11: Definitions
None developed at this time.
SS- Credit 7.2, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when
these become available.
Sustainable Sites Credit 8: Light Pollution Reduction (Points: 1)
Sustainable Sites Credit 8: Light Pollution Reduction
SS-Credit 8: Intent
Eliminate light trespass from the building and site, improve the night sky access and
reduce development impact on nocturnal environments.
SS-Credit 8, Section 1: Requirement
Meet or provide lower light levels and uniformity ratios than those recommended by the
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) Recommended Practice
Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments (RP-33-99). Design exterior lighting such
that all exterior luminaires with more that 1000 initial lamp lumens are shielded and all
luminaires with more than 3500 initial lamp lumens meet Full Cutoff ISENA
Classification. The maximum candela value of all interior lighting shall fall within the
building (not out through the windows) and the maximum candela value of all exterior
lighting shall fall within the property. Any luminaire within a distance of 2.5 times its
mounting height from the property line shall have shielding such that no light from the
luminaire crosses the property boundary.
SS-Credit 8, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
Light Pollution Reduction
• Provide a brief exterior lighting system narrative describing the lighting
objectives and the measures taken to meet the requirements,
AND
• Provide records and results of quarterly inspections to determine if these
requirements continue to be maintained.
SS-Credit 8, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification under
LEED EB
• If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED
EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.
• If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB
filing provide updated information.
SS-Credit 8, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
IESNA Recommended Practice Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments
This standard addresses visual issues of exterior lighting such as glare, luminance, visual
acuity, and illuminance. It also covers design issues of exterior lighting including
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community responsive design, lighting ordinances, luminaire classification, structure
lighting, softscape lighting, and hardscape lighting. A selection process is presented to
design exterior lighting needs and to address energy conservation issues, lighting
maintenance, and lighting design for different site areas. A summary of the maximum
brightness limits for specific areas is provided in Table 1. The presented illuminance
values are measured at the eye on a plane perpendicular to the line-of-sight.
Standards Cited:
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA): “Recommended Practice
Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments” - (Topic cited: Exterior lighting foot-candle
level requirements.)
Where to obtain this document: Organization name: IESNA
Telephone number: (212)248-5000
Web address: www.iesna.org
SS-Credit 8, Section 4: Green building Concerns
Outdoor lighting is necessary for illuminating connections between buildings and support
facilities such as sidewalks, parking lots, roads and community gathering places. Light
pollution from poorly designed outdoor lighting schemes affects the nocturnal ecosystem
on the site and hinders enjoyment of the night sky by building occupants and neighbors.
Through thoughtful planning, outdoor lighting can provide for the illumination needs of
the site while creating a low lighting profile for the building exterior.
SS-Credit 8, Section 5: Environmental Issues
Reduction of light pollution encourages nocturnal life to thrive on the building site.
Thoughtful exterior lighting strategies reduce infrastructure costs & energy use over the
lifetime of the building.
SS-Credit 8, Section 6: Economic Issues
By avoiding unnecessary outdoor lighting, infrastructure costs are reduced. Also, energy
savings over the lifetime of the building can be substantial.
SS-Credit 8, Section 7: Strategies/Technologies
Adopt site lighting criteria to maintain safe lighting levels while avoiding off-site lighting
and night sky pollution. Minimize state lighting where possible and model the site
lighting using a computer model. Technologies to reduce light pollution include full
cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces and low-angle spotlights.
Consult IESNA Recommended Practice Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments for
Commission International de I’Eclairage (CIE) zone and pre- and post-curfew hour
descriptions and associated ambient lighting level requirements. Ambient lighting for
pre-curfew hours for CIE zones range between .01 foot-candles for areas with dark
landscapes such as parks, rural, and residential areas, and 1.5 foot-candles for areas with
high ambient brightness such as urban areas with high levels of nighttime activity. Design
site lighting and select lighting styles and technologies to have a minimal impact off-site
and minimal contribution to sky glow. Minimize lighting of architectural and landscape
features.
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Minimize lighting of architectural and landscape features. Use only lighting that is
needed for safety, access, and building identification. For required exterior lighting,
consult the IESNA Recommended Practice Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments
and follow the lighting level requirements. Employ the following strategies when
designing the exterior lighted environment:
1. Inspect neighboring areas to identify potential light trespass problems.
2. Apply down lighting for landscape lighting as opposed to up lighting.
3. Select luminaire locations wisely to contain light within the design lighted area.
4. Design exterior lighting to have minimal upward illumination from direct or reflected
light sources.
Employ an exterior lighting professional to assess your project’s lighting plan and
provide recommendations. Select lighting styles and technologies that have a minimal
impact off-site and minimal contribution to sky glow.
Create a computer model of the electric lighting system design and simulate the project
performance during dark hours of operation. Use this tool to output a footcandle contour
map demonstrating that illuminance values measured at eye position in a plane
perpendicular to the line of site meet the reference standard requirements.
Project specific criteria must be selected from the referenced standard on the basis of the
lighting zone and description (see Table 1).
Table 1: Maximum Brightness Levels
Area
Description
Maximum Brightness
[fc]
PreCurfew
PostCurfew
Intrinsically Dark Landscapes
Parks and residential areas where
controlling light pollution is a high
priority
0.1
0.0
Low Ambient Brightness
Other urban and rural residential
areas
0.3
0.1
Medium Ambient Brightness
Urban residential areas
0.8
0.2
High Ambient Brightness
Urban areas having both residential
and commercial use and experiencing
high levels of nighttime activity
1.5
0.6
After the lighting system is installed, check the installations on a regular basis to ensure
that it is adjusted correctly, and that spill and trespass are minimized.
Employ full cutoff luminaries and low-reflectance ground covers beneath outdoor
lighting. A cutoff luminaire is one that provides shielding of emitted light to reduce light
pollution effects. Employ building spotlights that shine no higher than 45 degrees above
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vertical and located no further away than the structure height. Light exterior signs
internally with light letters on a dark background or light them from the top.
SS-Credit 8, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
Exterior lighting strategies are affected by the transportation program as well as the total
area of developed space on the project site. In addition to energy efficiency, the exterior
lighting system requires commissioning and measurement & verification. ASHRAE
90.1-1999 includes provisions for exterior lighting that address automatic lighting
controls, control devices, minimum lamp efficacy, and lighting power limits. The
standard requires separate calculations for interior and exterior lighting loads and thus,
trade-offs between interior and exterior loads are not permitted. See the standard for
more information.
Lower levels of outdoor lighting can create the perception of a less secure environment.
Occupants may also be averse to a darker outdoor environment and accessibility could be
impaired. Care should be taken when designing exterior lighting to provide enough
illumination for safety, accessibility, and public perception while at the same time
avoiding unnecessary light pollution.
SS-Credit 8, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
The following calculation methodology is used to support the credit submittals as listed
on the first page of this credit. This credit requires a lighting simulation output as part of
the documentation.
The simulation creates a footcandle contour map that can verify that the maximum
brightness levels are not exceeded. The calculation steps are as follows:
1. Input the building exterior, including all windows.
2. Set the material properties of all exterior surfaces.
3. Locate and orient the exterior lighting fixtures.
4. Conduct the simulation for a nighttime situation.
5. Plot the footcandle contours for all elevations at the major surface planes.
SS-Credit 8, Section 10: Other Resources
Websites
The International Dark-Sky Association
www.darksky.org/ida/ida_2/index.html
A nonprofit agency dedicated to educating and providing solutions to light pollution.
The New England Light Pollution Advisory Group
http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag.html
A volunteer group to educate the public on the virtues of efficient, glare-free outdoor
night lighting as well as the benefits of no lighting for many outdoor applications.
Sky & Telescope
http://skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/default.asp
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Includes facts on light pollution and its impact on astronomy.
Print Media
Concepts in Practice Lighting: Lighting Design in Architecture by Torquil Barker,
B.T. Batsford Ltd., 1997.
The Design of Lighting by Peter Tregenza and David Loe, E & F N Spon, 1998.
SS-Credit 8, Section 11: Definitions
Light Pollution is defined as waste light from building sites that produces glare,
compromises astronomical research, and adversely affects the environment. Waste light
does not increase nighttime safety, utility, or security and needlessly consumes energy
and natural resources.
Curfew Hours are locally determined times when greater lighting restrictions are
imposed.
A Footcandle (fc) is a unit of light intensity and is equal to the quantity of light falling on
a one-square foot area from a one candela light source at a distance of one foot.
SS- Credit 8, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when
these become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 9: Green Site and Building Exterior Management (Points:
2)
Sustainable Sites Credit 9.1: Overall Management Plan (1 Point)
SS-Credit 9.1: Intent
Encourage grounds/site/building exterior management practices that have the lowest
environmental impact possible and preserve ecological integrity, enhance diversity and
protect wildlife while supporting building performance and integration into surrounding
landscapes.
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 1: Requirements
‰ Establish/maintain site and building exterior to reduce impacts on local environments.
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Site and Building Exterior Management to Reduce Impact on Local Environments
• Provide management plan for establishing/maintaining site and building
exterior to reduce/manage impact of existing building on local
environments,
AND
• Provide quarterly records documenting that this management plan is being
implemented on an ongoing basis.
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 2b: Submittals for Subsequent, Ongoing Re-Certification
under LEED EB
• If there has been no change to this information since previous LEED
EB filing provide statement that there has been no change.
• If there has been a change to this information since previous LEED EB
filing provide updated information.
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited: None cited
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 4: Green building Concerns
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 5: Environmental Issues
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 6: Economic Issues
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 7: Strategies and Technologies
Provide plants that are wildlife food. Provide water sources for wildlife drinking/bathing.
Use low impact chemical/fertilizer/pest management program in summer and low-impact
snow removal in the winter.
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SS-Credit 9.1, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 10: Other Resources
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.1, Section 11: Definitions
None developed at this time.
SS- Credit 9.1, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when
these become available.
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Sustainable Sites Credit 9.2: Management Plan for Chemicals (1 Point)
SS-Credit 9.2, Intent
Encourage grounds/site/building exterior management practices that have the lowest
environmental impact possible and preserve ecological integrity, enhance diversity and
protect wildlife while supporting building performance and integration into surrounding
landscapes.
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 1: Requirement
‰ Establish/maintain low impact site and building exterior chemical/fertilizer/pest
management program in summer and low-impact snow removal chemicals and
dumping snow at an approved site in the winter.
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 2a: Submittals for Initial Certification under LEED EB
‰ Low Impact Site and Building Exterior Chemical/Fertilizer/Pest Management
Program
• Provide management plan for establishing/maintaining a low impact site
and building exterior chemical/fertilizer/pest management/snow removal
program, AND
• Provide quarterly records documenting that this management plan is being
implemented on an ongoing basis.
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 3: Summary of Referenced Standard
Standards Cited: None cited
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 4: Green building Concerns
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 5: Environmental Issues
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 6: Economic Issues
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 7: Strategies
Provide plants that are wildlife food. Provide water sources for wildlife drinking/bathing.
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 8: Synergies and Trade Offs
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 9: Calculations, Template Documents and Other Materials
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 10: Resources
None developed at this time.
SS-Credit 9.2, Section 11: Definitions
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None developed at this time.
SS- Credit 9.2, Section 12: Case Study
Note: A LEED EB Case Study will be added from the LEED EB Pilot Applications when
these become available.
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