Syllabus
MS384 The Global Governance of migration: reflections on emerging responses to irregular
migration
Summer 2016
Course Instructor:
NAME Angeliki Dimitriadi
Class Meetings:
HOURS 09:00-12:00
Course Description
International migration is a large, growing and particularly challenging phenomenon. Over 200 million
people now live outside their country of origin. Limited legal avenues of entry, global crises (environmental,
religious, and political) and rising inequality, combined with multiple methods of travel and communication
have significantly shaped migratory flows within and across regions. We are seeing new ‘types’ of migration,
mixed migratory flows comprised of asylum seekers, refugees and economic migrants following similar
routes, methods of entry and facing similar difficulties and challenges en route. From source to destination,
journeys are less linear, entailing transitory movement and transit countries. Yet, the response from
governments and policy makers is to focus more on short-term measures, attempting to ‘manage’ irregular
movement-a fundamentally fluid phenomenon that is currently rapidly unfolding during a time of crises
around the globe.
The objective of the course is to provide students with an overview of the ‘global’ governance of irregular
migration, focusing on the management efforts and policies currently implemented at three regional liberal
security actors; the EU, the USA, and Australia.
The course will look at the emerging responses to irregular migration and particularly maritime irregular
migration to the EU from a critical and comparative perspective. The course will look at the challenge
irregular migration poses for liberal democracies and specifically look at the border management systems in
place, border security, and the enforcement measures (and their implications) in the EU first and foremost
but also comparatively to the US and Australia. The students will have an opportunity to ‘see’ the border,
through a visit on the island of Lesvos-currently a main disembarkation point for irregular migrants transiting
from Turkey, and understand how irregular migration management is designed and why at the external
borders of the Union, through a visit to the center of decision-making, namely Brussels. The course will
effectively ask the question, of whether there is indeed a global governance of irregular migration, the
similarities and differences in place and the impact it has in shaping human mobility today
Though the course is grounded on the EU experience, we will look often to the US, for the policies,
strategies and lessons it provides, particularly in relation to the securitization of migration.
Course Resources and Activities
To investigate these questions, we will read; analyze and interpret texts, evidence, and experience; work
and think with others; and write. Below we describe our explicit goals for your engagement with each of
these modes of learning
Reading: We will read a wide variety of texts, to cover the theoretical background but also the practice and
reality of migration and refugee flows today
Working and thinking with others: Building the culture of the class so that genuine inquiry is possible will
take all of our efforts. Because we rely on everyone’s contributions,
Writing: This course involves one compulsory diary students will be asked to maintain during field visits.
Students are expected to write impressions, experiences and incorporate linkages between theory and
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Syllabus
practice. ‘Observation’ guidelines will be handed out at the beginning of the course.
Field visits: Two field visits have been integrated in the course to enhance students’ understanding of the
phenomenon. One field visit is designed to familiarize students with the workings of EU institutions and
irregular migration policies and will take place in Brussels. The second field visit will take place on an island
near the Greek-Turkish sea border, in order to enable students to understand the significance of the border,
geography and how the islands are impacted and respond to irregular migration flows. In both cases
students will be expected to participate in discussions and ask questions, while expected to voice logical
arguments and with respect to different opinions as well as situation on the ground for on-site visits.
Learning Objectives
By the end of the course, students should be able to:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Understand the context and framework from which the management of irregular migration emerges
Learn the EU policies in relation to irregular migration and asylum
Draw comparisons between the EU, the USA and Australia but also highlight differences
Understand the foundation upon which the current migration management approach draws from
Learn to incorporate an anthropocentric dimension in their analysis regarding human mobility and
migration
6) Advocate for particular policy choices using the knowledge and skills gained in this course
Course Requirements
1. Class Participation (25% of final grade)
2. ‘Diary’ of field visits (40% of final grade).
3. Final exam (35% of final grade)
4. 120-150 pages of reading per week though this depends on the class schedule. For classes where
field visits will take place, reading may not be required and compensated in the class before and/or
after.
Grading and Evaluation
Your grade for this course will be based on the following distribution:
Exams
35%
Field visits diary
40%
Participation/etc. 25%
‘
Grades are intended to give you a sense of the quality of a particular piece of work: roughly speaking, a B
means that you have done a good job with the writing, the ideas, and the organization of the work; a C
conveys that the work lacks some important qualities and has some problems, while an A means that the
work is exemplary in some key ways: the writing is particularly clear, the ideas thoroughly treated, the
organization of the presentation well considered and effective.
Field visits diary
To receive credit, you must turn it in the final class. No late assignments will be accepted.
The purpose of the field visits diary is to enable students to link theory with practice. Both in the visit to
Brussels as well as the Greek island, they will have the opportunity to see how the theories and approaches
discussed prior to the visits are in fact implemented in practice. The ‘diary’ is an opportunity to see how well
each one has understood the material but also divergence in practices. Resembling an ethnographic
observation, students will be expected to write down personal impressions of discussions, questions
generated during the meetings, observations from on-site visits etc. There is no right formula for the diary,
however in order to ensure fair grading, aside from personal observations (for example how they have
experienced and perceived a reception facility on the island), all additional comments, questions and notes
should link back to the literature discussed and read during class. Thus, the diary should be approached as a
collection of very short essays.
Students at a minimum should have 4 entries in the diary- 2 entries per field trip (one prior and one during
and after). The ‘diary’ will be submitted typewritten at the last day of class, and printed.
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Syllabus
Below you can find an example of context expected and themes (students should keep in mind the format is
not compulsory and it is up to them to find a style comfortable for them, the following is to assist them
understand the context expected)
Thematic/Field visit: border controls/ Brussels Visit
Knowledge acquired from literature: what are the main issues you think are important from the literature,
what do you think should be highlighted during the meeting(s), what questions should be asked?
Meeting: how would you assess the meeting? Were the representatives present helpful? Did you discuss the
issues you felt were most important? What was your role in the meeting? What are the main points worth
highlighting? Would you consider the information given in line with the theory/literature discussed? Can you
point to any differentiations between theory and practice based on the information you now have?
For the island visit, it is highly recommended you include a section on personal impressions, how you
perceived yourself vis a vis the site. You will also be asked to take observation notes, the format and exact
structure provided at the beginning of the course and the process explained by the instructor.
For the diary the grading will take place as follows
Rating
A
Satisfactory /
Unsatisfactory
Exemplary
B
Satisfactory
C
Unsatisfactory
Interpretation of Rating
The writing is clear, there is a
structure to the presentation and
logical build up of the argument,
utilization literature, significant
understanding of the subject at
hand, strong participation during
meetings with questions and
discussion
An effort was made to outline the
main points generated during the
meetings, utilize some of the
literature in the syllabus and
express thoughts and ideas. This
will likely be the standard grade for
the final paper
In this case a variety of problems
may have been identified from
limited reading, too short or overly
long answers, lack of structure,
failure to demonstrate reading and
understanding of the issue, vague
arguments not linked with the
relevant literature, failure to come
prepared to meetings and
participate, limited to no
observation note-taking.
Credit Towards Your
Grade
40%
30%
10-15%
Class participation
Each class, with the exception of the introduction, contain thinking questions. These are useful to assist the
students during their reading but also prepare them for their class participation. Each class with the
exception of the first and the last one, will begin with a half hour discussion amongst students on the
material taught and read during the previous class. This will enable students to pose additional questions,
clarify potential issues and discuss with each other the theories and cases in their reading material. Students
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Syllabus
will be expected to be prepared for debates, discussions and to answer questions. Grading will take into
account quality of discussion, participation, evidence used to support one’s view and especially knowledge of
the readings assigned. Class participation is meant to move the discussion further along, introduce facts and
views, and encourage students to engage in a respectful debate with one another. The frequency of
participation, quality and also interaction with others will all be taken into account. You will be assessed also
in relation to your participation during the visits-from asking questions, generating discussion etc.
Participation during the field-visits will count towards your grade in ‘Class participation’.
Exams
Final Exam
The final exam will consist of multiple choice questions, but also short essay questions examining students
grasp of the material and critical thinking. It will draw from the literature used throughout the course as well
as the field visits and discussions. Students will be graded on the basis of their answer, correctness of
response but also analysis and critical discussion of the relevant questions/topics.
Attendance Students are expected to report for classes promptly. CYA regards attendance in class and onsite as essential. Absences are recorded and have consequences. Illness or other such compelling reasons
which result in absences should be reported immediately in the Student Affairs Office.
Policy on Original Work Unless otherwise specified, all submitted work must be your own, original work.
Any excerpts from the work of others must be clearly identified as a quotation, and a proper citation
provided. (Check Student handbook, pg 9)
Accommodations for Students with Disabilities If you are a registered (with your home institution)
student with a disability and you are entitled to learning accommodation, please inform the Director of
Academic Affairs and make sure that your school forwards the necessary documentation.
Books, Course Materials, Moodle
Some of the reading material can be accessed freely via academia.edu provided their authors have uploaded
them. Other are available online, and where that is the case their links are included.
Class Schedule
Class
Day
Day/Date
1
28/6
Topic / Readings / Assignments Due
The irregular journey and the border
The session will look at how migration is approached from the migrant perspective and how the
journey unfolds as a result, in the form of transit migration. The border crossing will also be discussed
since it is through the violation of the border that illegality begins.
Required Reading
Coutin, S. B. (2005). “Being en route." American Anthropologist 107(2): 195-206.
Dimitriadi, A. (2015) “Transit Migration: A contested concept”, in Triandafyllidou, A (ed) Routledge
Handbook of immigration and Refugee Studies. Routledge International Handbooks.
Khosravi,S (2007). The ‘illegal’ traveler: an auto-ethnography of borders. Social
Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale, 15(3): 321-334.
Watch! The invisibles- 6 short documentaries by Amnesty International documenting the journey to
the USA from Mexico (available on youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8WT_ZCUmaY
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Syllabus
Optional Reading
Monsutti, A. (2007): Migration as a Rite of Passage: Young Afghans Building Masculinity and
Adulthood in Iran , Iranian Studies, 40:2, 167-185
(Dec 11, 1996) Passport to Nowhere: illegal immigration from Bangladesh.The National Magazine CBC Television: /. Toronto: Southam Inc. (transcript available)
Horn-Udeze, B. (2009). "Here in Europe it's like a secret cult"-a Nigerian Migrant's narration of
initiation in the system of Migration. Transcultural Modernities: narrating Africa in Europe. E.
Bekers, S. Helff and D. Merolla. Amsterdam & New York NY, Editions Rodopi.
Kimball, A. (2007). The transit state: a comparative analysis of Mexican and Moroccan Immigration
Policies. Working Paper 150. Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies and Center for
Comparative Immigration: University of California.
Questions to be addressed/thinking guide
2
29/6
1.
Does the ‘illegal’ manner of the journey matter for the migrants?
2.
Are there cultural differences in relation to how illegality is approached and experienced?
Utilize examples from Asia and Mexico
3.
Can you identify the two critical aspects (or actors) of a successful journey?
Securitizing migration post 9/11
A brief overview on the rhetoric that emerged out of September 11th, and how migration was linked
with the violation of the border and migration to produce a migration-security nexus. The focus is on
the USA here, where the securitization of migration became immediately evident post 9/11 and
continues to this day.
A wealth of material on migration to the US is available on the web, including the Department of
Homeland Security. Recommended material can be found also on the Council of Foreign Relations,
http://www.cfr.org/immigration/us-immigration-debate/p11149 on up-to-date information and a
broader scope of current policy.
Required reading
Faist, T. (2002) "Extension du domaine de la lutte": International Migration and Security before and
after September 11, 2001. International Migration Review, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 7-14.
Joppke, C. (1998). Why Liberal States Accept Unwanted Immigration. World Politics, 50, 266-293.
Holland J. and Lee J. (2014) “Night Fell on a Different World”:Experiencing, Constructing and
Remembering 9/111, draft version to be published in Critical Studies on Terrorism.
Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the securitization of migration. Journal of Common
Market Studies 38, 751-777.
Optional Reading
Adamson, F. B. (2006). Crossing borders: International migration and national security, International
Security, Vol. 31, No. 1,pp. 165–199.
Secure enough (June 22, 2013) The Economist, available at http://www.economist.com/news/unitedstates/21579828-spending-billions-more-fences-and-drones-will-do-more-harm-good-secure-enough
Tirman, J. (2004). The migration-security nexus, GSC Quarterly 13. Program On Global Security And
Cooperation, Social Science Research Council, http://www.ssrc.org
Bigo, D. & Tsoukala, A. (eds) (2008). Terror, Insecurity and Liberty: Illiberal practices of liberal
regimes after 9/11. Routledge studies in liberty and security, New York: Routledge. Chapter 1Understanding (in)security & Chapter 4 ‘Hidden in plain sight’: intelligence, exception and suspicion
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Syllabus
after 11 September 2001.
Questions to be addressed/thinking guide
1.
2.
3
30/6
Who is the intended recipient of the securitization of migration?
What are the side-effects of securitizing migration?
The EU framework : CEAS, Frontex
The EU framework is structured around the attempt to balance the internal and the external dimension
of the Union, resulting in a management of irregular migration and asylum. The aim is to understand
the three levels of control where ‘management’ is exercised, the different ‘vulnerabilities’ of the EU in
relation to migratory and asylum seeking flows. The Common European Asylum System (CEAS) &,
Frontex a will be discussed.
The CEAS components and description is available at http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/policies/asylum/index_en.htm & http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/elibrary/multimedia/infographics/index_en.htm#0801262489daa027/c_ (infographics of CEAS).
Frontex’s website is a valuable source of information regarding Operations and recent data. The
website publishes the Annual Risk Reports and the Quarterly Reports regarding the European Borders,
it is highly recommended that you go through the various types of reports available to familiarize
yourself with the language, style and focus. You are required to read the FRAN Q1 2015-Frontex Risk
Analysis Network Quarterly Report with a focus on the Mediterranean.
Required Reading
FIERI (2014). IMPLEMENTING SELECTIVE PROTECTION: A Comparative Review of the
Implementation of Asylum Policies at National Level Focusing on the Treatment of Mixed Migration
Flows at EU’s Southern Maritime Borders available
Léonard S. (2010): EU border security and migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and
securitisation through practices, European Security, 19:2, 231-254
Perkowski, N. (2012). A normative assessment of the aims and practices of the European border
management agency Frontex. Working Paper Series No 81. Oxford, Refugee Studies Center,
University of Oxford.
Jesuit Refugee Service Europe (June 2013). Protection Interrupted. The Dublin Regulation’s Impact
on Asylum Seekers’ Protection, https://www.jrs.net/assets/Publications/File/protectionInterrupted_JRS-Europe.pdf.
Optional Reading
Pugliese, J. (2013) Technologies of extraterriorialisation, statist visuality and irregular migrants and
refugees, Griffith Law Review 22, pp.571-597.
Hayes, B. & Vermeulen, M. (2012). Borderline- The EU's New Border Surveillance Initiatives:
Assessing the Costs and Fundamental Rights Implications of EUROSUR and the "Smart Borders"
Proposals. Heinrich Böll Foundation.
Neal, A. W. (2009). "Securitization and risk at the EU Border: the origins of FRONTEX." Journal of
Common Market Studies 47(2): 333-356.
ECtHR (GC), MSS v Belgium and Greece, Appl No 30696/09, 21 Jan. 2011
ECtHR (GC), Hirsi et al vs Italy, Appl No 27765/09, 23 February 2012
UNHCR, Asylum Levels And Trends In Industrialized Countries 2014 available at
http://www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/search?page=&comid=4146b6fc4&cid=49aea93aba&keywords=Trends
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Syllabus
Questions to be addressed/thinking guide:
1. What does the EU border control entails? How do the various actors and systems are
meant to interact?
2. Describe Frontex’s role and capabilities. Can you point to the limitations of the
Agency?
3. How does CEAS fit in the balance between deterrence and protection?
4. What is the impact of the Dublin Regulation on asylum seekers?
4
1/7
Smuggling/trafficking: the new security elements in irregular migration
Beyond the border crossing, and the sovereign right to control one’s borders, irregular migration in
increasingly linked at a global level with transnational organised crime. The discourse is important
because it allows for an added layer of ‘criminalisation’ of the process thus transforming the journey to
an entirely illegal activity. The session, before the fieldtrip to Brussels, will discuss transnational
organised crime, smuggling, differences and commonalities and how they link (if at all) with irregular
migration.
Required reading
Shelley, L.(2010). Human trafficking: a global perspective. Cambridge University Press, pp 37-141
(Ch.1-4).
Koser, K. (2008). "Why migrant smuggling pays." International Migration 46(2): 3-26.
Optional Reading
Iselin, B. and Adama, M. (2003). “Distinguishing between human trafficking and people smuggling”,
United National Office on Drugs and Crime Regional Center for East Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.
Ilse van Liempt (2007). Navigating Borders: Inside Perspectives on the Process of Human Smuggling
into the Netherlands,Amsterdam University Press, Amsteardam. Pp.37-53, 123-143.
Questions to be addressed/thinking guide
1. What are the main differences between human smuggling and trafficking?
2. Can smuggling transform to trafficking and vice- versa? Under which
circumstances?
3. “Human smuggling is a transnational organised crime to be combatted” Argue
against that statement.
5
4/7
Brussels trip
Visit to the European Commission
Meeting with representatives of DG Home responsible for the EU Migration/Asylum Policy
Students will be expected to be prepared to engage in discussion, pose questions and also document
their impressions from the discussions.
Reading material required for the fieldtrip
Maurer, A. and Parkes R (2005) “Democracy and European Justice and Home Affairs Policies under
the shadow of September 11”. Working Paper FG1, SWP Berlin.
Triandafyllidou, A. and Dimitriadi, A. (May 2014). Governing Irregular Migration and Asylum at the
Borders of Europe: Between Efficiency and Protection, Imagining Europe Series, Instituto Affari
Internazionali, No6.
6
5/7
Brussels trip
Visit to European Parliament (potentially meeting with MPs)
Meeting with one of the main think/tanks or NGO’s lobbying the Commission on migrants
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Syllabus
policies (eg. PICUM)
7
6/7
The EU framework II: externalization of migration management.
The session will look to the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and beyond at the Global Approach
to Migration and Mobility (GAMM), incorporating the security perspective. The ENP seeks a more
efficient management of borders and migration flows, and – where appropriate – supporting mobility
of people through the conclusion of Mobility Partnerships, visa facilitation agreements and by
conducting visa liberalisation dialogues. In the security area, the focus is on security sector reform as
well as the fight against terrorism, corruption and organised crime. We will specifically look at the
impact of readmission agreements and border management required from the Neighborhood. Turkey
will also be discussed, as a critical neighboring country in the accession process.
Required Reading
Cassarino, J-P. (ed.) (2010), Unbalanced Reciprocities: Cooperation on Readmission in the EuroMediterranean Area, Washington: The Middle East Institute. Available at
https://www.academia.edu/828779/JeanPierre_Cassarino_ed._Unbalanced_Reciprocities_Cooperation_on_Readmission_in_the_EuroMediterranean_Area_Washington_The_Middle_East_Institute_2010
Human Rights Watch (2006) European Union Managing Migration Means Potential EU Complicity in
Neighboring States’ Abuse of Migrants and Refugees, No2, available via HRW online.
Optional Reading
Sergio Carrera, Leonhard den Hertog and Joanna Parkin, “EU Migration Policy in the
wake of the Arab Spring. What prospects for EU-Southern Mediterranean Relations?”, in
MEDPRO Technical Papers, No. 15 (August 2012), http://www.ceps.eu/node/7215
Cassarino, J-P.and Lavenex S. (2012). EU-Migration Governance in the Mediterranean Region: the
Promise of (a Balanced) Partnership?. Panorama, MED.2012.
DÜVELL, F. 2013. Turkey, the Syrian Refugee crisis and the changing dynamics of transit migration.
Strategic Sectors: Culture and Society,pp. 278-281.
Cassarino, J.-P. 2010. Readmission Policy in the European Union. Directorate General for Internal
Policies, Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Civil Liberties, Justice and
Home Affairs. Brussels: European Parliament.
Questions to be addressed/thinking guide
8
7/7
1.
Explain and discuss the Readmission policy of the EU, its foundation and links with the
internal space of freedom of movement
2.
What are the effects for migrants and refugees of the ENP policy?
Managing the maritime border: the Externalisation of migration management & the case of
Australia
The first country to externalise its migration management was Australia, through its Pacific Solution I
& II and offshore process. The session will look exclusively at Australian policies in relation to
‘externalisation’ of migration management, excision of territory and offshore processing.
Required reading
Billings, Peter, Irregular Maritime Migration and the Pacific Solution Mark Ii: Back to the Future for
Refugee Law and Policy in Australia? (2013). International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 20
2: 279-305. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2622831
Vogl, A (2015).. "Over the Borderline: A Critical Inquiry into the Geography of Territorial Excision
and the Securitisation of the Australian Border" University of New South Wales Law Journal 114,
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Syllabus
38(1).
Webber, L. (2013) Visible and Virtual Borders: Saving lives by ‘seeing’ sovereignty, Griffith Law
Review, 22(3), pp.666-682.
Optional Reading
Ostrand, N.(2014). Immigration control beyond Australia’s border, available at
http://cmsny.org/immigration-control-beyond-australias-border/
Moodley, R. (March 2013)The Revival of the Pacific Solution: An Analysis of the Legal Parameters of
Offshore Processing in Australia. UNSWLJ Student Series No. 13-03. Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2236529
Questions to be addressed/ thinking guide
1.
What are the main parameters and characteristics of Australian migration management?
2.
9
8/7
Explain the differences and linkages of off-shore processing, excision of territory and
externalisation.
At the margins of Europe: external borders of the Union (for the three countries additional material
can be found online via the European Council on Refugees and Exiles, the Human Rights Watch, the
Amnesty International, and the UNHCR ranging from press releases to reports. Additional material can
be found in the Guardian website, under the MIGRATION section, the BBC, the CNN, Aljazeera and
Spiegel International).
The case of Spain
The first MS to experience irregular flows and implement the EU policy framework (from GAMM to
border security). How has Spain handled irregular arrivals, which policies were successful and at what
cost?
Required Reading
Carling, J. (2007). Unauthorized migration from Africa to Spain, International Migration Vol. 45 (4),
pp. 3-37.
Carling, J. (2007a) ‘Migration control and migrant fatalities at the Spanish–African borders’,
International Migration Review, 41:2, 316–343.
Goldschmidt, E. (Summer, 2006). Storming the Fences: Morocco and Europe's Anti-Migration Policy.
Middle East Report, No. 239, Dispatches from the War Zones: Iraq and Afghanistan, 48, pp. 36-41.
Popp M. (2014). Europe's Deadly Borders: An Inside Look at EU's Shameful Immigration Policy,
Spiegel online International, available at http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/europe-tightensborders-and-fails-to-protect-people-a-989502-2.html
Optional Reading
BBC (August 2014) Spain sees surge of migrants by sea from Morocco, available at
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28770346
Carling, J., & Hernandez-Carretero, M. (2011). Protecting Europe and protecting migrants?
Strategies for managing unauthorized migration from Africa. British Journal of Politics
and International Relations, 13(1), pp. 42-58.
Gonzalez Enriquez, C. (2009). Spain, the cheap model: irregularity and regularization as
immigration management policies. European Journal of Migration and Law, 11(1), pp.
139-157.
Questions to be addressed/thinking guide
1.
Describe the policies of the Spanish government in combatting irregular migration. Can you
find similarities with Australia’s policy?
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Syllabus
2.
3.
10
11/7
How did Spain externalize and securitize its border?
Were the Spanish measures effective? Explain the projected goals of the policies and critically
analyze if they were met.
At the margins of Europe: the case of Italy
The Italian-Libyan agreement is the most critical bilateral relationship developed by an EU MS with a
third country with the expressed purpose of combating irregular migration. We will look at the border
management of Italy, the impact of the Italian-Libyan agreement in the refugee and migrant flows, and
then turn to recent events in the Mediterranean, from 2013 onwards.
Torresi, T. (2013) An emerging regulatory framework for migration: the Libya-Italy agreement and the
right of exit. Griffith Law Review, 22, 648-665.
Sabrina Tucci (2013) From Securitization to Externalization: A Journey Through the Italian/Libyan
Partnership on Migration, in Diversity and Turbulences in Contemporary Global Migration, edited by
Walthrust Jones and Vemuri, Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, 2013
Parliamentary Assembly (29th March 2012). Lives Lost in the Mediterranean Sea: who is responsible?
Provisional version-as adopted in committee on 29.3.2012., available at http://assembly.coe.int.
Mare Nostrum operation concludes, available at
https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/04/20/italy-ran-an-operation-that-savethousands-of-migrants-from-drowning-in-the-mediterranean-why-did-it-stop/
Optional Reading
Hamood, S.(2006). African transit migration through Libya to Europe: the human cost [Online]. The
American University of Cairo. Available at
http://www.aucegypt.edu/ResearchatAUC/rc/cmrs/reports/Documents/African_Transit_Migration_thro
ugh_Libya_-_Jan_2006_000.pdf .
Bredeloup, S. & Pliez, O. (2011). The Libyan Migration Corridor. EU-US Immigration Systems.
Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies: San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University
Institute
Triandafyllidou A. and Ambrosini M. (2011). Irregular Immigration Control in Italy and Greece:
Strong Fencing and Weak Gate-keeping serving the Labour Market European Journal of Migration and
Law 13, pp.251–273.
Spiegel (2011) “‘Biblical Exodus”: Thousands of Tunisians Arrive in Italy’, 14 February,
www.spiegel.de/international/europe/biblical-exodus-thousands-of-tunisians-arrive-in-italy-a745421.html, 11/2/2013
Telegraph (2011) ‘Tunisian Migrants and a Game of Cross-Border Ping Pong’, 24 April,
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/8470211/Tunisian-migrants-and-a-game-ofcrossborderping-pong.html.
11
12/7
Questions to be addressed/thinking guide
1. What were the issues of concern around the Italian-Libyan agreement? Was it successful in
achieving its aims?
2. What were the key factors in the transformation of Italy to a main disembarkation point in the
Mediterranean and how did the Berlusconi government attempt to address them?#
3. Mare Nostrum is estimated to have saved more than 170,000. Critically discuss whether in
your opinion it was the right response and why
4. The Italian-Libyan Agreement is reminiscent of Australia’s agreement with PNG for Nauru.
Would you agree?
At the margins of Europe: the case of Greece (2001-2010)
Greece is one of the most complex cases in the management of irregular migration. A late starter, the
first almost decade of arrivals is a period of temporary measures and limited results. The nature of
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Syllabus
flows is also drastically different. The first session will look at the arrivals, policies and responses of
the period 2001-2010.
For a general overview of migration to Greece and the legal framework, integration and employment
of migrants, please see the annual SOPEMI reports available at ELIAMEP’s website.
Required Reading
Cavounidis, J. (2002). Migration in Southern European and the case of Greece. International
Migration, 40, 44-70.
Kasimis, C. & Kassimi, C. (2004). Greece: a history of migration (Country profiles) [Online]. MPI.
Available: http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=228.
HRW (2008). Stuck in a Revolving Door: Iraqis and other Asylum Seekers and Migrants at the
Greece/Turkey Entrance to the European Union. Human Rights Watch.
Optional Reading
Antonopoulos, G. A. & Winterdyk, J. (2006). The smuggling of migrants in Greece: an examination of
its social organisation. European Journal of Criminology, 3, 439–461.
Carrera, S. & Guild, E. (2010). 'Joint Operation RABIT 2010'-FRONTEX Assistance to Greece's
Border with Turkey: revealing the deficiancies of Europe's Dublin Asylum System. Paper in Liberty
and Security in Europe. Brussels: CEPS.
Gropas, R., and Triandafyllidou, A., (2005) – Migration in Greece at a glance, Country Report,
prepared for the project POLITIS: Building Europe with New Citizens? An Inquiry into the Civic
Participation of Naturalised Citizens and Foreign Residents in 25 Countries funded by the European
Commission, Research DG, Key Action Improving the Socio Economic Knowledge Base.
Questions to be addressed/thinking guide:
1. What are the main periods and characteristics of migrations to Greece until 2010?
2. How did the country handle the increasing number of arrivals?
3. Is Greece a transit country for migrants and refugees due to its geography or its policies?
12
13/7
The case of Greece: migration management (2010-2015)
From 2010 till today the Greek policy towards irregular migration and asylum seekers drastically
changed, and to this day remains more securitized, and more in line with EU standards. The
progression was a result of multiple factors that will be discussed along with the policies and their
expressed goals. The changing landscape of the Syriza government will also be mentioned as regards
the management of irregular arrivals.
There is a wealth of online articles from newspapers and journals, like Aljazeera, the Guardian etc
regarding Greece and particularly the period 2013-today with the arrival of the Syrians. You are
encouraged to look for and read various news organisations to see how the issue is presented.
Required Reading
PROASYL (2012). Arbitrary readmissions from the Italian sea ports to Greece. ProAsyl and Greek
Refugee Council.
HRW (2013). Unwelcome guests: Greek police abuses of migrant in Athens. Human Rights Watch.
UNHCR Greece (August 2015). Current Issues of Refugee Protection in Greece, Athens: UNHCR.
(this will likely be updated during the time of the course)
UNHCR Greece, (2013) Greek fence up at Turkish border as immigrants come by sea, available at
http://www.unhcr.gr/1againstracism/en/greek-fence-up-at-turkish-border-as-immigrants-come-by-sea/
The Border Criminologies themed week on Greece (2015) available at
http://bordercriminologies.law.ox.ac.uk/times-of-crises-at-the-margins-of-europe/
Bridge to nowhere: Syrian refugees in Greece available at
Page 11 of 19
Syllabus
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/07/20137109458209535.html
Optional Reading
FRA (2013). Fundamental Rights at Europe’s southern sea borders. Vienna: European Union Agency
for Fundamental Rights.
UN General Assembly Human Rights Council (23 Session, 2013) Report of the Special Rapporteur on
the human rights of migrants, François Crépeau, Mission to Greece (2012). A/HRC/23/46/Add.4.
Amnesty International (2013). Europe: Human Rights abuses on Greece's border with Turkey. London:
Amnesty International
Dimitriadi, A (2015) ‘Greece is a door, you go through it to get to Europe’: Understanding Afghan
migration to Greece. Final Report IRMA, Athens: ELIAMEP
Questions to be addressed/thinking guide
1. Critically discuss the Europeanisation of the Greek asylum and migration system.
2. Analyze the policies and measures undertaken in the period 2010-2014 and argue whether
they succeed in achieving their stated goals?
3. Who were the winners and who were the losers of the Greek border controls?
4. How has the arrival of Syrians impacted the system and why?
13
14/7
Greek Island visit
The 3- day visit on the island will involve meetings with NGO’s, local civil society representatives and
where possible (depending on access) a reception and/or detention center. Students will be asked to
document their impressions, experiences and also ideas on how the island functions in the broader
management of irregular migration, drawing from the on-site visit and literature read and discussed
thus far.
14
15/7
Greek island visit
15
16/7
Greek island visit
16
18/7
Maritime migration and Boat arrivals!
The focus will be on maritime migration, why it has drawn so much focus amongst politicians, media
and public, the issues around maritime irregular crossings, and the maritime routes and trends in recent
years. Sea passage is intrinsically linked with smuggling, which is increasingly approached as an (in)
security issue. In the context of maritime migration, the islands will be discussed as the sites were
policy responses emerge but often implemented.
Required Reading
McAuliffe M. & Mence V. (2014) “Global Irregular Maritime Migration: Current and Future
challenges”. Irregular Migration Research Programme Occasional Paper Series, Australian
Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection.
Mountz, A. (2011(. The enforcement archipelago: detention, haunting and asylum on islands. Political
Geography, 30, 118-128.
Triandafyllidou A (2014). Multi-levelling and externalizing migration and asylum: lessons from the
southern European islands, Island Studies Journal, 9(1), pp 7-22.
The New York Times (2015) The outlaw Ocean series. Available at
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/24/world/the-outlawocean.html?action=click&contentCollection=Opinion&module=RelatedCoverage&region=Marginalia
&pgtype=article
Optional Reading
http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg531/AMIO/amio.asp
Lyman. E. J. (March 8, 2015) “Tiny Italian Island Becomes Symbol of Europe’s Migrant Crisis.”
Page 12 of 19
Syllabus
Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/8/lampedusa-italy-becomessymbol-of-europes-migrant-/?page=all
Mountz, A and Briskman L. (2012). “Introducing Island Detentions: The placement of asylum seekers
and migrants on islands”. Shima: the international journal of research into island cultures, 6(2), ISSN:
1834-6057 (online version)
Questions to be addressed/Thinking guide
1.
2.
3.
17
19/7
What are the critical issues around maritime migration?
What is the dual role islands can play in relation to irregular migration?
Critically discuss how the Aegean and Italian islands should be approached in the context of
maritime migration management for policy makers.
Detention: the new management of migratory flows
The flagship policy of detention and return is part of a global approach to managing irregular migration
ce. the session will look at how the particular policy is currently implemented in Greece (and the EU
framework) the US and Australia
Required Reading
Fili, A. (2013) The Maze of Immigration Detention in Greece: A Case Study of the Athens Airport
Detention Facility. Prison Service Journal, No 205. Special Issue on Migration, Nationality and
Detention. available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2515323
Coddington K., R. Tina Catania, Loyd J., Mitchell-Eaton E. and Mountz A. (2012).”Embodied
Possibilities, Sovereign Geographies and Island Detention: Negotiating the 'right to have rights' on
Guam, Lampedusa and Christmas Island”, Shima: the international journal of research into island
cultures, 6(2), ISSN: 1834-6057 (online version)
Flynn, M (2014).There and back again: on the diffusion of immigration detention. Journal on
Migration and Human Security, 2(3): 165-197, Center for Migration Studies of New York.
Optional Reading
Global Detention Project (August 2010), "Immigration Detention and the Law: U.S. Policy and Legal
Framework," Global Detention Project Working Paper No. 3.
Bosworth, M. (2012). Subjectivity and identity in detention: Punishment and society in a global age.
Theoretical Criminology, 16, 123-140.
Dimitriadi, A. (2014) Involuntary Mobility: Between a Rock and a Hard Place. Available
at: http://bordercriminologies.law.ox.ac.uk/involuntary-mobility/
Global Detention Project. (April 2015). "The Detention of Asylum Seekers in the Mediterranean
Region: A Global Detention Project Backgrounder." Global Detention Project Special Reports.
‘We were never treated as people’ available at
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/07/corinth-greece-migrant-detention-centre201471072910906809.html
See also Refworld’s special page on detention: www.unhcr.org/refworld/detention.html
Questions to be addressed/thinking guide
1. “The moral and legal restrictions as well as the heavy drain on government resources
such as detention capacity and personnel severely limit the State’s possibilities (Walters,
2002)”-Discuss.
2. Is detention becoming globally entrenched and why? Can you outline similarities and
differences between the EU, USA and Australia?
18
20/7
The US-Mexico border: virtual and physical security
From security measures, to projects catering to tourists experiencing the life of a ‘migrant’, the USMexico border has paved the way for many of the practices and realities we are seeing in Europe and
Page 13 of 19
Syllabus
Asia. The surveillance of the border, virtual and physical, has also paved the way for the systems we
are seeing now applied to Europe and Australia.
Required reading
Rosas, G. (2007) The Fragile Ends Of War : Forging The United States – Mexico Border and
Borderlands Consciousness. Social Text 91, 25(2).
Chávez S.(2011): Navigating the US-Mexico border: the crossing strategies of undocumented workers
in Tijuana, Mexico, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34:8, 1320-1337
Engelhardt, T. and Miller, T. (22 April 2014). “The creation of a border security state”, Open
Democracy.
Watch! Which way home? 2009 Documentary available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kviJ2figeCA
Optional Reading
Lee, E., Wilson C., et al (2013) The State of the Border Report, available at
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-state-the-border-report (emphasis on the Introduction and
Ch3).
Muñoz S. S. (2015) Global Migrants Brave Panama’s Vipers, Bats, Bandits to Reach U.S.:Africans,
Asians, Cubans cross the treacherous jungle of the Darien Gap, The Wall Street Journal,
http://www.wsj.com/articles/why-u-s-bound-migrants-brave-panamas-brutal-jungle-1432914231
Questions to be considered/Thinking guide
1. Outline three main security measures/policies deployed at the US-Mexico border that can be
found also at the external borders of the Union.
2. What are the adaptive strategies deployed by undocumented migrants at the US-Mexico
crossing?
19
21/7
The global refugee crisis
The last session of the course will focus on the global refugee crisis, from Syria to the Rohingyas. The
session will outline the major crises and hotspots right now, and discuss how the EU, the USA and
Australia appear to meet or fall short of the challenge today. Due to the nature of the topic, and the
continuous change in events, suggested material may change and the updated class information will be
given to students on the first day of the course.
Required reading
Boehler P And Peçanha S. (August 26, 2015) The Global Refugee Crisis, Region by Region, available
at http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/09/world/migrants-global-refugee-crisismediterranean-ukraine-syria-rohingya-malaysia-iraq.html?_r=0
Dimitriadi, A. (2015). Europe’s dubious response to the refugee crisis, ELIAMEP Thesis: Athens.
Optional Reading
Park, J. (September 16, 2015) Europe’s Migration Crisis. Council on Foreign Relations
http://www.cfr.org/migration/europes-migration-crisis/p32874
20
22//7
Final Exam
*Assignments must be submitted at the beginning of class on due date, unless noted otherwise on syllabus
Page 14 of 19
Syllabus
Course Readings: Full Bibliography
Adamson, F. B. (2006). Crossing borders: International migration and national security, International Security, Vol. 31,
No. 1,pp. 165–199.
Amnesty International (2013). Europe: Human Rights abuses on Greece's border with Turkey. London: Amnesty
International
Antonopoulos, G. A. & Winterdyk, J. (2006). The smuggling of migrants in Greece: an examination of its social
organisation. European Journal of Criminology, 3, 439–461.
Billings, P.(2013), Irregular Maritime Migration and the Pacific Solution Mark Ii: Back to the Future for Refugee Law
and Policy in Australia? International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 20 2: 279-305. Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2622831
Bigo, D. & Tsoukala, A. (eds) (2008). Terror, Insecurity and Liberty: Illiberal practices of liberal regimes after 9/11.
Routledge studies in liberty and security, New York: Routledge. Chapter 1-Understanding (in)security & Chapter 4
‘Hidden in plain sight’: intelligence, exception and suspicion after 11 September 2001.
Bosworth, M. (2012). Subjectivity and identity in detention: Punishment and society in a global age. Theoretical
Criminology, 16, 123-140.
Bredeloup, S. & Pliez, O. (2011). The Libyan Migration Corridor. EU-US Immigration Systems. Robert Schuman
Centre for Advanced Studies: San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute.
Carling, J. (2007a) ‘Migration control and migrant fatalities at the Spanish–African borders’, International Migration
Review, 41:2, 316–343.
Carling, J. (2007). Unauthorized migration from Africa to Spain, International Migration Vol. 45 (4), pp. 3-37.
Carling, J., & Hernandez-Carretero, M. (2011). Protecting Europe and protecting migrants?
Strategies for managing unauthorized migration from Africa. British Journal of Politics
and International Relations, 13(1), pp. 42-58.
Carrera, S. & Guild, E. (2010). 'Joint Operation RABIT 2010'-FRONTEX Assistance to Greece's Border with Turkey:
revealing the deficiencies of Europe's Dublin Asylum System. Paper in Liberty and Security in Europe. Brussels:
CEPS.
Carrera, S. den Hertog L. and Parkin, J (2012) “EU Migration Policy in the
wake of the Arab Spring. What prospects for EU-Southern Mediterranean Relations?”, in MEDPRO Technical Papers,
No. 15, http://www.ceps.eu/node/7215
Cassarino, J-P. (ed.) (2010), Unbalanced Reciprocities: Cooperation on Readmission in the Euro-Mediterranean Area,
Washington: The Middle East Institute. Available at https://www.academia.edu/828779/JeanPierre_Cassarino_ed._Unbalanced_Reciprocities_Cooperation_on_Readmission_in_the_EuroMediterranean_Area_Washington_The_Middle_East_Institute_2010
Cassarino, J.-P. (2010). Readmission Policy in the European Union. Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy
Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. Brussels:
European Parliament.
Cassarino, J-P.and Lavenex S. (2012). EU-Migration Governance in the Mediterranean Region: the Promise of (a
Balanced) Partnership?. Panorama, MED.2012
Cavounidis, J. (2002). Migration in Southern European and the case of Greece. International Migration, 40, 44-70.
Chávez S.(2011): Navigating the US-Mexico border: the crossing strategies of undocumented workers in Tijuana,
Mexico, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34:8, 1320-1337
Coutin, S. B. (2005). “Being en route." American Anthropologist 107(2): 195-206.
Coddington K., R. Tina Catania, Loyd J., Mitchell-Eaton E. and Mountz A. (2012).”Embodied Possibilities, Sovereign
Geographies and Island Detention: Negotiating the 'right to have rights' on Guam, Lampedusa and Christmas Island”,
Shima: the international journal of research into island cultures, 6(2), ISSN: 1834-6057 (online version)
Page 15 of 19
Syllabus
Dimitriadi, A. (2015). Europe’s dubious response to the refugee crisis, ELIAMEP Thesis: Athens.
Dimitriadi, A. (2015) “Transit Migration: A contested concept”, in Triandafyllidou, A (ed) Routledge Handbook of
immigration and Refugee Studies. Routledge International Handbooks.
Dimitriadi, A (2015) ‘Greece is a door, you go through it to get to Europe’: Understanding Afghan migration to
Greece. Final Report IRMA, Athens: ELIAMEP
Dimitriadi, A. (2014) Involuntary Mobility: Between a Rock and a Hard Place. Available
at: http://bordercriminologies.law.ox.ac.uk/involuntary-mobility/
Düvell, F. 2013. Turkey, the Syrian Refugee crisis and the changing dynamics of transit migration. Strategic Sectors:
Culture and Society,pp. 278-281.
ECtHR (GC), MSS v Belgium and Greece, Appl No 30696/09, 21 Jan. 2011
ECtHR (GC), Hirsi et al vs Italy, Appl No 27765/09, 23 February 2012
Engelhardt, T. and Miller, T. (22 April 2014). “The creation of a border security state”, Open Democracy.
Faist, T. (2002) "Extension du domaine de la lutte": International Migration and Security before and after September
11, 2001. International Migration Review, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 7-14.
FIERI (2014). IMPLEMENTING SELECTIVE PROTECTION: A Comparative Review of the Implementation of
Asylum Policies at National Level Focusing on the Treatment of Mixed Migration Flows at EU’s Southern Maritime
Borders available
Fili, A. (2013) The Maze of Immigration Detention in Greece: A Case Study of the Athens Airport Detention Facility.
Prison Service Journal, No 205. Special Issue on Migration, Nationality and Detention. available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2515323
Flynn, M (2014).There and back again: on the diffusion of immigration detention. Journal on Migration and Human
Security, 2(3): 165-197, Center for Migration Studies of New York.
FRA (2013). Fundamental Rights at Europe’s southern sea borders. Vienna: European Union Agency for Fundamental
Rights.
Global Detention Project. (April 2015). "The Detention of Asylum Seekers in the Mediterranean Region: A Global
Detention Project Backgrounder." Global Detention Project Special Reports.
Global Detention Project (August 2010), "Immigration Detention and the Law: U.S. Policy and Legal Framework,"
Global Detention Project Working Paper No. 3.
Goldschmidt, E. (Summer, 2006). Storming the Fences: Morocco and Europe's Anti-Migration Policy. Middle East
Report, No. 239, Dispatches from the War Zones: Iraq and Afghanistan, 48, pp. 36-41.
Gonzalez Enriquez, C. (2009). Spain, the cheap model: irregularity and regularization as
immigration management policies. European Journal of Migration and Law, 11(1), pp.
139-157.
Gropas, R., and Triandafyllidou, A., (2005) – Migration in Greece at a glance, Country Report, prepared for the project
POLITIS: Building Europe with New Citizens? An Inquiry into the Civic Participation of Naturalised Citizens and
Foreign Residents in 25 Countries funded by the European Commission, Research DG, Key Action Improving the
Socio Economic Knowledge Base.
Hamood, S. 2006. African transit migration through Libya to Europe: the human cost [Online]. The American
University of Cairo. Available at
http://www.aucegypt.edu/ResearchatAUC/rc/cmrs/reports/Documents/African_Transit_Migration_through_Libya__Jan_2006_000.pdf
Holland J. and Lee J. (2014) “Night Fell on a Different World”: Experiencing, Constructing and Remembering 9/111,
draft version to be published in Critical Studies on Terrorism.
Page 16 of 19
Syllabus
Hayes, B. & Vermeulen, M. (2012). Borderline- The EU's New Border Surveillance Initiatives: Assessing the Costs and
Fundamental Rights Implications of EUROSUR and the "Smart Borders" Proposals. Heinrich Böll Foundation.
Horn-Udeze, B. (2009). "Here in Europe it's like a secret cult"-a Nigerian Migrant's narration of initiation in the system
of Migration. Transcultural Modernities: narrating Africa in Europe. E. Bekers, S. Helff and D. Merolla. Amsterdam &
New York NY, Editions Rodopi.
Human Rights Watch (2008). Stuck in a Revolving Door: Iraqis and other Asylum Seekers and Migrants at the
Greece/Turkey Entrance to the European Union. Human Rights Watch.
Human Rights Watch (2006) European Union Managing Migration Means Potential EU Complicity in Neighboring
States’ Abuse of Migrants and Refugees, No2, available via HRW online.
Huysmans, J.(2000).The European Union and the securitization of migration. Journal of Common Market Studies, 38,
751-777.
Iselin, B. and Adama, M. (2003). Distinguishing between human trafficking and people smuggling, United National
Office on Drugs and Crime Regional Center for East Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.
KASIMIS, C. & KASSIMI, C. 2004. Greece: a history of migration (Country profiles) [Online]. MPI. Available:
http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=228.
HRW 2013. Unwelcome guests: Greek police abuses of migrant in Athens. Human Rights Watch.
Kimball, A. 2007. The transit state: a comparative analysis of Mexican and Moroccan Immigration Policies. Working
Paper 150. Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies and Center for Comparative Immigration: University of
California.
Khosravi,S (2007). The ‘illegal’ traveler: an auto-ethnography of borders. Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale,
15(3): 321-334.
Koser, K. (2008). "Why migrant smuggling pays." International Migration 46(2): 3-26.
Jesuit Refugee Service Europe (June 2013). Protection Interrupted. The Dublin Regulation’s Impact on Asylum
Seekers’ Protection, https://www.jrs.net/assets/Publications/File/protection-Interrupted_JRS-Europe.pdf.
Pugliese, J. (2013) Technologies of extraterriorialisation, statist visuality and irregular migrants and refugees, Griffith
Law Review 22, pp.571-597.
Joppke, C. (1998). Why Liberal States Accept Unwanted Immigration. World Politics, 50, 266-293.
Lee, E., Wilson C., et al (2013) The State of the Border Report, available at
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-state-the-border-report (emphasis on the Introduction and Ch3).
Léonard S. (2010): EU border security and migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and securitisation through
practices, European Security, 19:2, 231-254
van Liempt, I.(2007). Navigating Borders: Inside Perspectives on the Process of Human Smuggling into the
Netherlands, Amsterdam University Press,pp.37-53, 123-143.
McAuliffe M. & Mence V. (2014) “Global Irregular Maritime Migration: Current and Future challenges”. Irregular
Migration Research Programme Occasional Paper Series, Australian Government Department of Immigration and
Border Protection.
Moodley, R (2013). The Revival of the Pacific Solution: An Analysis of the Legal Parameters of Offshore Processing in
Australia (March 2013). UNSWLJ Student Series No. 13-03. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2236529.
Monsutti, A. (2007): Migration as a Rite of Passage: Young Afghans Building Masculinity and Adulthood in Iran ,
Iranian Studies, 40:2, 167-185
Mountz, A and Briskman L. (2012). “Introducing Island Detentions: The placement of asylum seekers and migrants on
islands”. Shima: the international journal of research into island cultures, 6(2), ISSN: 1834-6057 (online version)
Page 17 of 19
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Mountz, A. 2011. The enforcement archipelago: detention, haunting and asylum on islands. Political Geography, 30,
118-128.
Muñoz S. (2015) Global Migrants Brave Panama’s Vipers, Bats, Bandits to Reach U.S.:Africans, Asians, Cubans cross
the treacherous jungle of the Darien Gap, The Wall Street Journal, http://www.wsj.com/articles/why-u-s-boundmigrants-brave-panamas-brutal-jungle-1432914231
Neal, A. W. (2009). "Securitization and risk at the EU Border: the origins of FRONTEX." Journal of Common Market
Studies 47(2): 333-356.
Ostrand, N.(2014). Immigration control beyond Australia’s border, available at http://cmsny.org/immigration-controlbeyond-australias-border/
Park, J. (September 16, 2015) Europe’s Migration Crisis. Council on Foreign Relations
http://www.cfr.org/migration/europes-migration-crisis/p32874
Parliamentary Assembly (29th March 2012). Lives Lost in the Mediterranean Sea: who is responsible? Provisional
version-as adopted in committee on 29.3.2012., available at http://assembly.coe.int.
Perkowski, N. (2012). A normative assessment of the aims and practices of the European border management agency
Frontex. Working Paper Series No 81. Oxford, Refugee Studies Center, University of Oxford.
Popp M. (2014). Europe's Deadly Borders: An Inside Look at EU's Shameful Immigration Policy, Spiegel online
International, available at http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/europe-tightens-borders-and-fails-to-protectpeople-a-989502-2.html
PROASYL (2012). Arbitrary readmissions from the Italian sea ports to Greece. ProAsyl and Greek Refugee Council.
Rosas, G. (2007) The Fragile Ends Of War : Forging The United States – Mexico Border and Borderlands
Consciousness. Social Text 91, 25(2).
Shelley, L.(2010). Human trafficking: a global perspective. Cambridge University Press, pp 37-141 (Ch.1-4).
Tirman, J. (2004). The migration-security nexus, GSC Quarterly 13. Program On Global Security And Cooperation,
Social Science Research Council, http://www.ssrc.org
Torresi, T. (2013) An emerging regulatory framework for migration: the Libya-Italy agreement and the right of exit.
Griffith Law Review, 22, 648-665.
Triandafyllidou A (2014). Multi-levelling and externalizing migration and asylum: lessons from the southern European
islands, Island Studies Journal, 9(1), pp 7-22.
Triandafyllidou A. and Ambrosini M. (2011). Irregular Immigration Control in Italy and Greece: Strong Fencing and
Weak Gate-keeping serving the Labour Market. European Journal of Migration and Law 13, pp.251–273.
Tucci, S. (2013) From Securitization to Externalization: A Journey Through the Italian/Libyan Partnership on
Migration, in Diversity and Turbulences in Contemporary Global Migration, edited by Walthrust Jones and Vemuri,
Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press.
UN General Assembly Human Rights Council (23 Session, 2013) Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights
of migrants, François Crépeau, Mission to Greece (2012). A/HRC/23/46/Add.4.
Vogl, A (2015).. "Over the Borderline: A Critical Inquiry into the Geography of Territorial Excision and the
Securitisation of the Australian Border" University of New South Wales Law Journal 114, 38(1).
Webber, L. (2013) Visible and Virtual Borders: Saving lives by ‘seeing’ sovereignty, Griffith Law Review, 22(3),
pp.666-682.
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Electronic sources/news articles
Aljazeera (2015). ‘We were never treated as people’ available at
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/07/corinth-greece-migrant-detention-centre201471072910906809.html
---Bridge to nowhere: Syrian refugees in Greece available at
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/07/20137109458209535.html
BBC (August 2014) Spain sees surge of migrants by sea from Morocco, available at http://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope-28770346
Boehler P And Peçanha S. (August 26, 2015) The Global Refugee Crisis, Region by Region, available at
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/09/world/migrants-global-refugee-crisis-mediterranean-ukraine-syriarohingya-malaysia-iraq.html?_r=0
The Border Criminologies themed week on Greece available at http://bordercriminologies.law.ox.ac.uk/times-of-crisesat-the-margins-of-europe/
Eric J. Lyman. “Tiny Italian Island Becomes Symbol of Europe’s Migrant Crisis.” Washington Times. (March 8,
2015). http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/8/lampedusa-italy-becomes-symbol-of-europes-migrant/?page=all
The Economist (June 22, 2013). Secure enough , available at http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21579828spending-billions-more-fences-and-drones-will-do-more-harm-good-secure-enough
The New York Times (2015) The outlaw Ocean series. Available at
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/24/world/the-outlawocean.html?action=click&contentCollection=Opinion&module=RelatedCoverage&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article
Spiegel (2011) “‘Biblical Exodus”: Thousands of Tunisians Arrive in Italy’,
www.spiegel.de/international/europe/biblical-exodus-thousands-of-tunisians-arrive-in-italy-a745421.html
Telegraph (2011) ‘Tunisian Migrants and a Game of Cross-Border Ping Pong’, 24 April,
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/8470211/Tunisian-migrants-and-a-game-of-crossborderping-pong.html.
Washington Post (2015). Mare Nostrum operation concludes, available at
https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/04/20/italy-ran-an-operation-that-save-thousands-ofmigrants-from-drowning-in-the-mediterranean-why-did-it-stop/
UNHCR Greece (August 2015). Current Issues of Refugee Protection in Greece, Athens: UNHCR. (this will likely be
updated during the time of the course)
UNHCR Greece, (2013) Greek fence up at Turkish border as immigrants come by sea, available at
http://www.unhcr.gr/1againstracism/en/greek-fence-up-at-turkish-border-as-immigrants-come-by-sea/
UNHCR, Asylum Levels And Trends In Industrialized Countries 2014 available at http://www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/search?page=&comid=4146b6fc4&cid=49aea93aba&keywords=Trends
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