World Applied Sciences Journal 23 (4): 480-485, 2013
ISSN 1818-4952
© IDOSI Publications, 2013
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.04.23078
The Assessment of the City Air Pollution by Automobile
Transportation and Industrial Enterprises Basing on Calculation Methods
Ilnar Fargatovich Suleimanov, Gennady Vitalyevich Mavrin and Almaz Halitovich Nazmutdinov
Naberezhnochelninsky Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University,
Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia
Submitted: May 19, 2013;
Accepted: Jun 16, 2013;
Published: Jun 28, 2013
Abstract: In the present research the author has gathered together and analyzed the data about the current
stationary sources of pollution of the atmosphere, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, factual
emissions and has conducted the on-site investigations of structure and intensity of movable traffic flow on
the main highways of Naberezhnye Chelny. On the basis of the received data and for the first time for
Naberezhnye Chelny the summary calculation of 143 polluting substances, including those that compose 28
summation groups was made; for each substance the special maps of air polluting level distribution throughout
the city were developed and analyzed. Basing on the character of such distribution it became possible to detach
two distinctly different groups of polluting substances: mainly contained in the emissions of industrial
enterprises and mainly thrown into the atmosphere by automobile transportation. According to the summary
calculations of the city air pollution the estimated complex index of atmosphere pollution was determined.
Key words: Air % Polluting substances % Calculation of spreading % Maps of spreading % Stationary sources
% Mobile sources % Residential area % Industrial zone % Groups of polluting substances
INTRODUCTION
laboratories it is possible to determine the level of the air
pollution in the city. The information received during
experimental monitoring is insufficient to describe the air
pollution of the city in terms of all harmful substances
coming into it, as well as it does not give a complete
picture of polluting substances spreading and does not
allow to solve the problem of identification and control of
areas of chronic air pollution on large areas which are
comparable in a scale with the cities, regions, federal
districts and other large-scale territorial units [2-5].
According to the Provision of the Federal Law “On
Protection of Atmospheric Air”, for the effective solution
of the problem of the air basin purity providing we need
a comprehensive approach which makes the allowance for
conduction of summary calculations of the air basin
pollution in cities (regions) by emissions of industrial
enterprises and automobile transportation.
Naberezhnye Chelny, the population of which is
more than half a million people, is the thirtieth largest in
outman city in Russia and is the second most populated
and important city of the Republic of Tatarstan. The city
is characterized by the high level of development of
The environmental
problems
of
cities
(and foremost of large cities and metropolises) are
associated mainly with the excessive concentration of
population, transport and industrial enterprises on
relatively small areas, as well as with the formation of
anthropogenic landscapes which are far from the state of
ecological balance. The growth of industrial enterprises
and the constant increase of automobile transportation
intensity are accompanied by a number of negative
phenomena and, above all, the excessive accumulation of
various gases and dustlike pollutions in the atmosphere
which lead to irreversible destructions of the landscape
and biosphere in large industrial cities [1, 2].
The condition of atmosphere pollution in the cities
of the Russian Federation is determined basing on
instrumental monitoring which includes the surveillance
over the air pollution with the help of stationary sites
and (additionally) with the help of mobile laboratories.
According to the received measurements of polluting
substances concentration by stationary sites and mobile
Corresponding Author: Suleimanov, Naberezhnochelninsky Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University,
prospect Mira, 68/19 (1/18), 423810 Naberezhnye Chelny, the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia.
480
World Appl. Sci. J., 23 (4): 480-485, 2013
The analysis of the results of the on-site
investigations of the structure and intensity of movable
traffic flow in Naberezhnye Chelny has shown that the
city freeways have different loading, i.e. the highest
intensity of traffic on different freeways is observed at
different times of the day.
For example, the largest traffic flow for industrial area
is observed from 6:30 am till 8:00 am and from 04:30 pm till
06:00 pm, respectively, before the start of business day
and after the end of business day of enterprises; during
the rest time of the day the loading on freeways is
inconspicuous. For roads that lead to the industrial area
(Vahitovskij Prospect, Autazavadski Prospect, Druzhba
Narodov Boulevard, Koroleva Street) the maximum traffic
flow is also observed at the same time.
On the main freeways of the city (Prospect Mira,
Moscow Prospect, Naberezhnochelninsky Prospect, etc.)
the highest traffic load is observed at daytime and
from 05:00 pm till 06:30 pm. For Kazansky Prospect,
Mashinostroitelnaya St. and Menzelinsky Tract (the
Federal Highway M7 which is passing through the city
and its industrial area) the daily traffic load is typical, as
at this time the main flow of transit automobile
transportation is passing through the city.
The results of calculation of maximum single and
gross emissions of polluting substances from N
aberezhnye Chelny freeways are given below in Table 1.
The emissions from 240 parking areas, 193 gasoline
stations, service centers and car washing plants were
taken into account during the formation of data for making
the summary calculations of the air pollution by emissions
of the city industrial enterprises and automobile
transportation.
Basing on the received data, the summary calculation
of 143 polluting substances spreading, including the 28
summation groups, was prepared. During the calculations
making the influence of weather conditions and land
topography on distribution of impurities was taken
into account [9, 10, 11, 12]. The conducted calculations
helped to receive the complete picture of distribution
of the levels of air pollution throughout the city of
Naberezhnye Chelny (Figure 2 - Map of carbon oxide
spreading).
As a result of calculations of polluting substances
spreading the excess of concentration of carbon oxide,
nitrogen dioxide and groups summation formed by these
substances is projected in a residential area of the city.
For carbon oxide the zones with values of maximum
ground level concentrations of more than 1 MPC are
observed along the major highways and road junctions.
The exceeding MPC of nitrogen dioxide is expected on
Fig. 1: Shares of enterprises in air pollution of Naberezhnye Chelny by industries
industry and transport networks. In this context, the
conduction of summary calculations of the air basin
pollution in the city will help us to develop the effective
mechanisms of public administration concerning the state
of urban environment.
According to the technical guide [6] the data on
operating sources of atmosphere pollution by the
enterprises of the city, their physical parameters,
qualitative and quantitative structure of polluting
substances and the actual volumes of emissions were
collected, processed and systematized.
The distribution of stationary sources of the air
pollution by branches received from the results of
systematization of collected information is given below in
Fig. 1.
The survey of characteristics of movable traffic flow
on 43 highways was conducted; 154 protocols of survey
of structure and intensity of movable traffic flow on
freeways for each separate section of the highway were
drawn up [6-8].
The analysis of the mentioned above protocols of
survey of structure and intensity of movable traffic flow
on the main highways of Naberezhnye Chelny has shows
that among the city freeways which are located in the
settlement zone of the city the main contribution to the
summary intensity of traffic is made by the passenger
transport (85-95%), while the contribution of freight
transport does not exceed 3-4 %.
For industrial area, roads and highways of federal
and republic importance the contribution of freight
transport to the summary intensity of traffic can be about
10-20% which is associated with the intended use of these
objects. Thus, the contribution of the passenger transport
to the summary intensity of traffic is about 60-80%.
481
World Appl. Sci. J., 23 (4): 480-485, 2013
Table 1: Maximum single and gross emissions of polluting substances
No.
Name of substance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Nitrogen dioxide (nitrogen (IV) oxide)
Ammonia
Nitrogen (II) oxide (Nitrogen oxides)
Carbon (Black pigment)
Sulfur dioxide (sulphur dioxide)
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Petroleum (oil, low-sulfur) (expressed as carbon)
Kerosene
Totally:
Total emission, g/s
Gross emission, t/year
70.647271
3.623109
11.480075
1.554500
7.125267
838.556317
6.381151
123.707889
14.717141
2,409.6783
114.5650
388.0557
59.5043
273.3792
26,639.8162
197.1270
3,909.3006
282.4876
1,077.79272
34,273.9138
Fig. 3: Concentration of polluting substances in MAC
percentage with distance from the industrial area.
transport enterprises were conducted. It was found out
that the calculated emissions of carbon oxide and nitrogen
dioxide from the stationary sources in comparison with
mobile sources are not so much significant and cause not
more than 0.1 MAC. On the one hand this is explained by
the remoteness of major stationary sources of air pollution
from the residential areas and by lower aggregate
emissions of such polluting substances in comparison
with automobile transport.
The graph on Fig. 3 shows the distribution of
concentrations in MPC fractions of 19 of priority polluting
substances in their contents on 4 points of control
located on the territory of residential estates. For 17 of
priority polluting substances the decrease of their content
is observed with the distance from the industrial area. For
nitrogen dioxide and carbon oxide the increase of
calculated concentration in 2 points located in the central
part of the city is noted. To assess the changes the
special graph (Fig. 4) of changes in concentrations at 300
m distance from the industrial area was developed for the
following substances: manganese and its compounds
(143), solvent naphtha (2750), carbon oxide (337) and
nitrogen dioxide (301). Manganese and solvent are
characterized by decreasing of concentration with
increasing distance from the industrial area. The
concentration of carbon oxide and nitrogen dioxide in
Fig. 2: Map of carbon oxide spreading
more than 70% of territory o f Naberezhnye Chelny.
For polluting substances contained in emissions of the
city's enterprises, the excess of MPC at the boundary with
the residential area is not assumed. The highest
concentrations in fractions of MPC are projected for the
following substances and summation groups: manganese
and its compounds - 0.66 MPC; sodium hydroxide - 0.6
MPC; carbon - 0.31; dimethylbenzene (xylene) - 0.7 MPC;
butane-1-ol - 0.35 MPC; phenol - 0.26 MPC; butyl acetate 0.6 MPC; acetone - 0.2 MPC; triethanolamine - 0.22 MPC;
mineral petroleum oil - 0.8 MPC; solvent naphtha - 0.6
MPC; abrasive dust - 0.2 MPC; summation group of
summation (acetone, furfural, f ormaldehyde and phenol)
- 0.55 MPC; summation group of 6017 (aerosols of
vanadium pentoxide and manganese oxides) - 0.65 MPC;
summation group of 6038 (sulfur dioxide and phenol)
- 0.35 MPC; summation group of 6052 (acetic acid, phenol
and ethyl acetate) - 0.3 MAC.
To estimate the proportion of contributions from the
city enterprises to the pollution of residential areas the
calculations excluding the automobile transport and motor
482
World Appl. Sci. J., 23 (4): 480-485, 2013
Fig. 4: The exposure of concentration of polluting substances in MAC percentage with distance from the industrial area
Fig. 5: Map of spatial distribution of calculated complex index of air pollution
atmosphere is increasing with drawing to the center of
the city due to the high traffic intensity. In this regard the
polluting substances which are getting into the territory
of the city can be divided into 2 groups. The first group
includes the substances that are contained mainly in the
emissions of industrial enterprises. The second group
includes the polluting substances coming into the air
mainly with emissions from automobile transport.
1 - 301 nitrogen dioxide; 2 - 337 carbon oxide; 3 - 2735
mineral petroleum oil; 4 - 143 manganese and its
compounding; 5 - 616 xylol; 6 - 2750 solvent naphtha;
7 - 0101 dialuminum trioxide; 8 - 150 caustic natrum;
9 - 1042 butane-1-ol; 10 - 328 black pigments; 11 - 1071
phenol; 12 - 2908 non-organic dust; 13 - 123 iron oxide; 14
- 316 chlorohydric acid; 15 - 2930 abrasive dust; 16 - 1401
acetone; 17 - 1864 trietanolamine; 18 - 303 ammonia;
19 - 3004 direct azoic color.
Basing on the results of analysis the 5 of priority
polluting substances are determined: manganese and its
compounds, carbon oxide, nitrogen dioxide, xylene and
mineral petroleum oil. Then, according to the
methodological aid [14] the estimated complex index of air
pollution by the represented substances was calculated.
The spatial estimated complex index of air pollution is
shown below on Fig. 5.
In accordance with the existing methods of air
pollution assessment it was identified that the values of
estimated complex index of air pollution on 75% of
territory of residential area of the city is about 4, which in
its turn describes the low level of air pollution. The
maximum values of estimated complex index of air
pollution are detected in residential estates located in
close proximity to industrial areas and on the area near the
M-17 Federal Highway.
483
World Appl. Sci. J., 23 (4): 480-485, 2013
CONCLUSION
was defined.
The description of air pollution based on data of
experimental monitoring is not enough and doesn't give a
complete picture of polluting substances spreading. The
more vivid picture of air basin pollution in the city can be
received with the assistance of calculation methods that
require a detailed study of entire set of stationary and
mobile sources of emissions.
The present research has gathered together and
analyzed the data about the current stationary sources of
pollution of the atmosphere, their qualitative and
quantitative characteristics, factual emissions and has
conducted the on-site investigations of structure and
intensity of movable traffic flow on the main highways of
Naberezhnye Chelny.
On the basis of the data obtained and for the first
time for Naberezhnye Chelny the summary calculation of
143 polluting substances, including those that compose
28 summation groups, was made; for each substance the
special maps of air polluting level distribution throughout
the city were developed and analyzed.
Basing on the results of calculation of polluting
substances spreading it became possible to make some
forecasts of concentrations of polluting substances in the
residential area of the city and to detach the substances
and summation groups for which the exceeding of MPC is
possible: carbon oxide, nitrogen dioxide and summation
group formed of these substances. For carbon oxide the
zones with expected values of maximum ground level
concentrations of more than 1 MPC are observed along
the major highways and road junctions.
To estimate the relative contribution of emissions
from stationary and mobile sources the calculations
excluding the automobile transport
and motor
transport enterprises were made. It was found out that the
calculated emissions of carbon oxide and nitrogen dioxide
from the stationary sources in comparison with mobile
sources are not so much significant and cause not more
than 0.1 MAC.
By the nature of spatial distribution it became
possible to detach the 2 main groups of polluting
substances: the substances contained mainly in the
emissions of industrial enterprises and the substances
coming into the air mainly with emissions from automobile
transport.
According to the calculation of polluting substances
spreading the complex index of air pollution in the city
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
484
Suleimanov, I.F. H.V. Mavrin and D.A. Harlyamov,
2011. The use of estimated monitoring for
assessment of pollution of urban environment.
Scientific-Technical Journal of the Volga region. # 2.
2011. - Kazan: Scientific-Technical Journal of the
Volga region - p.107-111.
Suleimanov, I.F., H.V. Mavrin and D.A. Harlyamov,
2011. The calculation of city air pollution by
industry
enterprises
and
automobile
transportation. The ecology of industrial production.
Interbranch
scientific-practical magazine/FSUE
"VIMI". 3: 14-18.
Milyaev, V.B., N.M. Golovin and A.N. Selyakov, 2010
The analysis of polluting substances emissions from
stationary and mobile sources in the city of St.
Petersburg and the Leningrad Region/Scientific
works of SRI "Atmosphere" - Problems of air
protection, St. Petersburg.
Europe's polluters will pay their way. New Sci., 1989.
122. N 1678. pp: 20.
Review of National Strategies and policies for the
abatement of air pollution. Economic commission
for
Europe.
Eighth session, Geneva (20-23
November 1990).
Milyaev,
V.B.,
2000.
Guidance
manual
concerning the implementation of summary
calculations of air pollution by emissions from
industrial enterprises and automobile transportation
in the city (region) and their usage in regulation of
emissions/approved by the order of the Russian
State Committee No. 66 dated February 16, 1999/St.
Petersburg.
Recommendations on ensure of safety of traffic on
roads: the road industry guidance document:
approved by the Order of the Russian Ministry of
Transport No OS-557-r dated June 24, 2002.
Calculation instructions (methods) concerning the
inventory of polluting substances emission P24 by
automobile transportation and road-building
machines into the air, 2008/ NIIAT JSC. - Moscow:
Avtopolis-plus pp: 84, Table.
Amann, M., F. Gyarfas, W. Schopp and J.C. Boudri,
2000. Prévision d'air- un système de modélisation de
la contamination atmosphérique, Emep., 87: 170.
World Appl. Sci. J., 23 (4): 480-485, 2013
10. Gourbay, C., C. Miege and M.Y. Tusseau-Vuillemin,
2002. Numerical simulation of gazphase atmospheric
model // Atmos. Environ. 36: 873-879.
11. Gram, F. and K.E. Gronskey, 1980. Program "TFKJEMI" Modell-beregninger av fotolgemiske
oksydanter I Grenland. Lielestrom. - (NILU TN 15/79).
170: 47- 53.
12. Kajino, M., 2003. Modelling Liquid Water Content of
Atmospheric Aerosols. IIASA IR pp: 03-046.
13. Klaassen, G., M. Amann and C. Berglund, 2004.
The Extension of the RAINS Model to Greenhouse
Gases. NASA IR , pp: 04-015.
14. Mavrin, H.V., S.V. Dvoryak and R.M. Pademirova,
2007. Information methods in environmental
monitoring: Study guide to practical trainings for
students of 28020165 speciality "Environmental
protection and rational use of natural resources" Naberezhnye Chelny: INEC, pp: 120.
485