CRICKET
Presented by: Indunil Wanasinghe
Origins and Development
A brief history
Cricket's likeliest birthplace is the Weald, an area of arable land in
south-east England that lies across Kent and Sussex. The game was
probably devised by shepherds and farm workers sometime before
1300 and perhaps as early as the 11th century.
Playing on sheep-grazed land, the pioneers would have used a
matted lump of sheep’s wool as the ball, a crook or other farm tool
as the bat and a gate (i.e., a wicket gate) as the wicket. There seems
little doubt that the game had a rustic upbringing and it is significant
that the Wealden counties and neighbouring Surrey were the earliest
centres of excellence. Eventually, it spread north to London and
west to Hampshire, the two places that cemented its popularity in
the 18th century.
1
Derivation of the name of "cricket"
A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term
cricket, which could refer to the bat or the wicket.In Flemish, krick(e)
means a stick, and, in Old English, cricc or cryce means a crutch or
staff (though the hard /k/ sound suggests the North or Northeast
midlands, rather than the Southeast, where cricket seems to have
begun).
Alternatively, the French criquet apparently comes from the Flemish
word krickstoel, which is a long low stool on which one kneels in
church which may appear similar to the long low wicket with two
stumps used in early cricket, or the early stool in stoolball. The word
stool is old Sussex dialect for a tree stump, and stool ball is a sport
similar to cricket played by the Dutch.
2
A brief history
According to some other theories, cricket originated outside
England and was brought there by the Normans after 1066. As
early as the 8th century, bat and ball games were played in the
Punjab region of southern Asia — the ancestors of games such as
gilli-danda and perhaps polo. Like the other great recreational
import of the time, chess, these sports are believed to have
migrated via Persia and through Constantinople into Europe. There
are 8th and 9th century accounts of bat and ball games being
played in the Mediterranean region, sometimes as churchsponsored events to promote community spirit. If the games
reached France in this manner, it is reasonable to assume they
would cross the Channel and be introduced in England. But all of
this is speculation and there is general agreement among cricket
historians that the sport did originate in south-east England.
Origins and Development
Dates in cricket history
1550 (approx) Evidence of cricket being played in Guildford, Surrey.
1598 Cricket mentioned in Florio’s Italian–English dictionary.
1624 Jasper Vinall becomes first man known to be killed playing cricket:
hit by a bat while trying to catch the ball – at Horsted Green, Sussex.
1676 First reference to cricket being played abroad, by British residents
in Aleppo, Syria.
1697 First reference to “a great match” with 11 players a side in Sussex.
3
Origins and Development
Dates in cricket history
1709 First recorded inter-county match: Kent v Surrey.
1744 Kent beat All England by one wicket at the Artillery Ground.
First known version of the Laws of Cricket, issued by the London
Club, formalising the pitch as 22 yards long.
1771 Width of bat limited to 4 1/4 inches, where it has remained
ever since.
1788 First revision of the Laws of Cricket by MCC.
1794 First recorded inter-schools match: Charterhouse v
Westminster.
Origins and Development
Dates in cricket history
1877 First Test match: Australia beat England by 45 runs in
Melbourne.
1880 First Test in England: a five-wicket win against Australia at The
Oval.
1889 South Africa’s first Test match.
Declarations first authorised, but only on the third day, or in a one-day
match.
1900 Six-ball over becomes the norm, instead of five.
4
Origins and Development
Dates in cricket history
1807 First mention of “straight-armed” (i.e. round-arm)
bowling: by John Willes of Kent.
1836 (approx) Batting pads invented
1844 First official international match: Canada v United States.
1850 Wicket-keeping gloves first used.
1873 WG Grace becomes the first player to record 1,000 runs
and 100 wickets in a season.
Origins and Development
Dates in cricket history
1909 Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC – now the International
Cricket Council) set up, with England, Australia and South
Africa the original members.
1948 First five-day Tests in England.
1957 Declarations authorised at any time.
1960 First tied Test, Australia v West Indies at Brisbane
1971 First one-day international: Australia v England at
Melbourne.
5
Origins and Development
1975 First World Cup: West Indies beat Australia in final at
Lord’s.
1976 First women’s match at Lord’s, England v Australia.
1977 Centenary Test at Melbourne, with identical result to the
first match: Australia beat England by 45 runs.
1982 Sri Lanka’s first Test match.
1994 Brian Lara of Warwickshire becomes the only player to
pass 500 in a firstclass innings: 501 not out v Durham
2004 Lara becomes the first man to score 400 in a Test
innings, against England.
6
What is Test cricket?
Test match cricket is the longest competitively played form of
cricket. Each Test match takes up to five days, and usually
forms part of a Test series of between two and six matches.
The first Test match of all took place at Melbourne in 1877
between Australia and England, and since then South Africa
(1889), New Zealand (1930), West Indies (1930), India (1932),
Pakistan (1954), Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992), and
Bangladesh (2000) have become Test-playing sides.
In Test matches each side has two innings. To win a Test, a side
has to not only dismiss the opposition team twice but also score
more runs than them. Sometimes five days is not enough time
for a definite result, and the game ends in draw.
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Test Ranking Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Team
Australia
England
South Africa
India
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
West Indies
Zimbabwe
Bangaladesh
Rating
1232
1160
1126
1083
1059
1054
1036
956
849
785
Sri Lanka’s Test Match History
ƒ Sri Lanka's first ever test match ( Vs England Feburary 1982)
ƒPresident of the BCCSL Gamini Dissanayake
ƒBandula Warnapura, Sri Lanka's first test captain
ƒ18-year-old Arjuna Ranatunga (54)
ƒEngland beat Sri Lanka by seven wickets
ƒSri Lanka's rebel tour of South Africa (September 1982)
ƒSri Lanka beat India to record their first ever test victory
(September 1985)
ƒThe first ever overseas test and series victory in New
Zealand (March 1995)
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Sri Lanka proudly enters into the world record books
(August 1997)
highest ever test innings making 952 runs for six wickets.
Sanath Jayasuriya
340
Roshan Mahanama
225
Aravinda De Silva
126
Arjuna Ranatunga
86
One-Day Cricket
One-day cricket is a form of cricket which can be played in a single
day. It is also called "limited overs" cricket.
Organisation of a One-Day Match
A one-day match is a game of one innings per side, played on a
single day. Each innings is restricted to a maximum number of
overs - 50 is standard, but 40 or 60 are sometimes used. When the
fielding side has bowled the allotted number of overs, the batting
side's innings is complete, no matter how many wickets remain. If
the batting side loses 10 wickets before its allotted overs are
bowled, the innings also ends. Note that because each innings is
completed, the match cannot end in a draw. It can, however, end in
a tie if both sides score the same number of runs.
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A typical one-day match is scheduled as follows:
The first 50-over innings - scheduled for 3.5 hours of play.
•A 45-minute meal break.
•The second 50-over innings - another 3.5 hours.
Field Restrictions
A major difference between two-innings matches and a oneday match is that there are playing conditions that restrict
where fielders may stand at various times duirng an innings.
A field restriction circle is drawn on the field, made of two
semi-circles of radius 27.34m (30 yards) centred on the
wickets, joined by parallel lines running parallel to the pitch.
•During the first 15 overs of a 50-over innings:
•Only two fielders may be outside the circle when the bowler
delivers the ball.
•Two fielders must be in stationary positions close to the
batsman, primarily as catchers rather than run-savers.
•During the remainder of a 50-over innings:
•Only five fielders may be outside the circle when the bowler
delivers the ball.
These restrictions are designed to prevent the fielding side simply
stationing multiple fielders on the boundary to prevent the scoring
of boundaries and keep the score down.
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ODI Ranking Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Team
Rating
Australia
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
Pakistan
South Africa
England
India
West Indies
Zimbabwe
Bangaladesh
136
123
116
116
11
109
97
90
44
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THE GAME
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Captain
If at any time the captain is not available, a deputy shall act
for
him.
(a) If a captain is not available during the period in which the
toss is to take place, then the deputy must be responsible for
the nomination of the players
(b) At any time after the toss, the deputy must be one of the
nominated players.
Responsibility of Captains
The captains are responsible at all times for ensuring that
play is conducted within the spirit and traditions of the game
as well as within the Laws.
Number of Players
A match is played between two sides, each of eleven
players,
one
of
whom
shall
be
captain.
By agreement a match may be played between sides of
more or less than eleven players, but not more than
eleven players may field at any time.
Nomination of Players
Each captain shall nominate his players in writing to one
of the umpires before the toss. No player may be
changed after the nomination without the consent of the
opposing captain.
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The umpires
Appointment and attendance
Before the match, two umpires shall be appointed, one
for each end, to control the game as required by the
Laws, with absolute impartiality. The umpires shall be
present on the ground and report to the Executive of the
ground at least 45 minutes before the scheduled start of
each day s play.
Change of Umpires
An umpire shall not be changed during the match, other
than in exceptional circumstances, unless he is injured
or ill. If there has to be a change of umpire, the
replacement shall act only as the striker s end umpire
unless the captains agree that he should take full
responsibility as an umpire.
Field and Equipments
There are certain rules regarding the measurement of the ball, bat,
pitch, wicket and the creases. There is a boundary for the playing
area. The boundary is marked either by a white line, a rope laid
on the ground or a fence. Sometimes flags and posts are used
instead of a boundary line.
The Ball
The ball will be leather skinned and its
weight must not be less than 155.9gms and
not more than 163gms. The circumference of
the ball must be in between 22.4cm and
22.9cm.
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The Bat
Usually a wooden bat of weight 2 lb
40z is used. It should be 10.8cm in
width and 96.5cm in length including
the handle.
The Wickets
Each wicket is 22.80cm in width and
consist of three wooden stumps with
two wooden bails on the top. The
wickets should be pitched opposite
and parallel to each other at a
distance of 20.12m between the
center of the two middle stump. The
stumps stand 70cm tall and each bail
is 11.1cm in length.
Bowling and Popping Creases
The bowling crease is marked in line with the stumps at each end and is
2.64m in length. The popping crease which is the back edge of the
crease marking, is in front of and parallel with the bowling crease. The
back edge of the crease is 1.22m from the center of the stumps and
extended to a minimum of 1.83m on either side of the line of the wicket.
The return crease is marked at each end of the bowling crease at right
angles to it and extend forward to join the popping crease and a
minimum of 1.22m behind the wicket.
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Fielding positions
Catching positions
Some fielding positions are used offensively. That is, players are
put there with the main aim being to catch out. Being out caught is
the most common method of dismissal. (Slip,Gully,Leg Slip, Leg
Gully)
Other positions
Other positions worth noting include: Wicket-keeper wicketkeeper in cricket is the fielding player who stands behind the
batsman
on
strike
at
the
wicket.
His major function is to stop balls that pass the batsman (to prevent
a run or runs) but also to attempt to dismiss the batsman in various
ways.
Sweeper, an alternative name for deep cover, deep extra cover or
deep midwicket (that is, near the boundary on the off side or the on
side), usually defensive and intended to prevent a four being
scored..
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Umpiring Signals
Signalling dead ball
Signalling out
Signalling no ball
Signalling five
penalty runs to the
batting side
Signalling four
Revoking the
last signal
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Signalling leg bye
Signalling new
ball
Signalling wide
Signalling a short
run
Signalling the
commencement
of the last hour
Signalling six
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INTERNATIONAL
CRICKET GROUNDS
W.A.C.A. Ground
East Perth, Perth, Western Australia
Ground profile
Also or formerly known as Western Australia Cricket
Association Ground
Established 1890
Capacity 22000
Playing area 149.0 long, 139.0 wide
Floodlights Yes
First Test
Australia v England - Dec 11-16, 1970
First ODI
India v New Zealand - Dec 9, 1980
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Sydney Cricket Ground
Moore Park, Sydney, New South Wales
Ground profile
Moore Park Road Paddington, NSW,
Also or formerly known as Sydney
Cricket Ground No. 1; Garrison Ground
(1848-1877), Association Ground
Established 1848
Capacity 43649
Playing area 156.0m long, 154.0m wide
Floodlights Yes
First Test Australia v England - Feb 1721, 1882
First ODI Australia v England - Jan 13,
1979
Melbourne Cricket Ground
Jolimont, Melbourne, Victoria
Ground profile
Established 1854
Capacity 96308
Playing area 172.9m long, 147.8m wide
Floodlights Since March 1985
First Test
Australia v England - Mar 15-19, 1877
First ODI
Australia v England - Jan 5, 1971
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Adelaide Oval
North Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
Ground profile
Established 1873
Capacity 32,000
Playing area 190.2m long, 126.2m wide
Floodlights Yes
First Test
Australia v England - Dec 12-16, 1884
First ODI
Australia v West Indies - Dec 20, 1975
Lord's
St John's Wood Road, London, England
Ground profile
Also or formerly known as Lord's Cricket
Ground
Established 1814
Named after Thomas Lord
Capacity 30000
Floodlights No
First Test England v Australia - Jul 21-23,
1884
First ODI England v Australia - Aug 26, 1972
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Old Trafford
Stretford, Manchester, England
Ground profile
Established 1857
Capacity 19000
Floodlights No
First Test
England v Australia - Jul 10-12, 1884
First ODI
England v Australia - Aug 24, 1972
Eden Gardens
Kolkata, India
Ground profile
Established 1864
Capacity 90,000
Floodlights Yes
First Test
India v England - Jan 5-8, 1934
First ODI
India v Pakistan - Feb 18, 1987
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R.Premadasa Stadium
Khettarama, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Ground profile
Also or formerly known as Khettarama
Stadium
First Test
Sri Lanka v Australia - Aug 28-Sep 2, 1992
First ODI
Sri Lanka v Pakistan - Mar 9, 1986
New Wanderers Stadium
Johannesburg, South Africa
Also or formerly known as Kent Park
First Test
South Africa v England - Dec 24-29, 1956
First ODI
South Africa v India - Dec 13, 1992
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The World Cup – A brief history
The first attempt at any kind of world championship was in
1912, when a three-way series was arranged between the then
current Test playing nations, Australia, England and South
Africa. Dogged by poor weather, the experiment was dropped
and not repeated until 1975, when, following the success of
domestic one-day competitions, the six Test-playing nations
(England, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, India and
Pakistan) were joined by Sri Lanka and East Africa in the first
World Cup in England. A resounding success, the tournament
was repeated in 1979 and 1983 in England, before moving
abroad, maintaining a four-year cycle. The next tournament
takes
place
in
the
Caribbean
in
2007.
World Cup 1975
Venue : Lords, England
Teams : England, Australia, New Zealand, West
Indies, India, Pakistan, Srilanka and East Africa
Finals : Between West Indies led by Clive Lloyd and
Australia led by Ian Chappell on June 21, 1975.
Winner : West Indies beat Australia for 17 runs
Score : 291 for 8 off 60 Overs
Man of the match : Clive Lloyd scoring 102 runs off
just 85 balls
Sponsors : Prudential Insurance Company, hence
called the Prudential World Cup
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World Cup 1979
Venue : Lords, England
Teams : Australia, Canada, England, India,
New Zealand, Pakistan, Srilanka and West
Indies
Finals : Between West Indies led by Clive
Lloyd and England led by Mike Brearley on
June 23, 1979.
Winner : West Indies beat England by 92
runs
Score : 286 runs for 9 wickets
Man of the match : Vivian Richards scoring
an unbeaten 138 runs
Sponsors : Prudential Insurance Company,
hence called the Prudential World Cup
World Cup 1983
Venue : Lords, England
Teams : Australia, England, India, New
Zealand, Pakistan, Srilanka, West Indies
and Zimbabwe
Finals : Between West Indies led by
Clive Lloyd and India led by Kapil Dev
on June 25, 1983.
Winner : India beat West Indies by 43
runs
Score : 183 runs all out off 54.4 Overs
Man of the match : Indian Vice Captain
Mohinder Amarnath for picking 3
wickets for 12 balls. Also took 26 runs
Sponsors : Prudential Insurance
Company, hence called the Prudential
World Cup
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World Cup 1987
Venue : Eden Gardens, Kolkata, India
Teams : Australia, England, India, New Zealand,
Pakistan, Srilanka, West Indies and Zimbabwe
Finals : Between Australia led by Allan Border
and England led by Mike Gatting on November 8,
1987.
Winner : Australia beat England by 7 runs
Score : 253 runs for 7 wickets off 50 Overs
Man of the match : David Boon scoring 75 runs
Sponsors : Reliance company, hence called the
Reliance World Cup. Jointly hosted by India and
Pakistan.
World Cup 1992
Venue : Australia
Teams : Australia, England, India, New Zealand,
Pakistan, Srilanka, West Indies, Zimbabwe and
South Africa
Finals : Between Pakistan led by Imran Khan and
England led by Graham Gooch on March 25, 1992.
Winner : Pakistan beat England by 22 runs
Score : 249 runs for 6 wickets off 50 overs
Man of the match : Wasim Akram, who picked up
three important wickets late in the England innings
Player of the tournament : New Zealand captain
Martin Crowe for scoring 456 runs
Sponsors : Jointly hosted by Australia and New
Zealand called the Benson and Hedges World Cup.
25
World Cup 1996
Venue : Lahore, Pakistan
Teams : Australia, England, India, Kenya, New Zealand,
Netherlands, Pakistan, South Africa, Srilanka, United Arab
Emirates, West Indies and Zimbabwe
Finals : Between Srilanka led by Arjuna Ranatunga and
Australia led by Mark Taylor on March 17, 1996.
Winner : Srilanka beat Australia by 7 wickets. For the first
time in the history of the tournament, the team chasing won.
Score : 241 runs with 22 deliveries to spare off 50 overs
Man of the match : Aravinda da Silva for his unbeaten 107
runs
Player of the Tournament : Sanath Jayasurya for
aggressive batman ship with runs at the amazing rate of
1.32 per ball faced.
Sponsors : Jointly hosted by India, Pakistan and Srilanka
called the Wills World cup
World Cup 1999
Venue : Lords, England
Teams : Australia, Bangladesh, England, India, Kenya, New
Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Scotland, Srilanka, West Indies
and Zimbabwe
Finals : Between Australia led by Steve Waugh and Pakistan
led by Wasim Akram on June 20, 1999.
Winner : Australia beat Pakistan by 8 wickets.
Score : 133 runs in 29.5 overs to spare
Man of the match : Shane Warne for picking 4 wickets for 33
balls
Player of the tournament : South Africa's All rounder, Lance
Klusener for scoring 281 runs at an average of 140.50, with his
strike rate an amazing 1.22 runs per ball faced. He also captured
17 wickets, just three off the tournament’s leading wicket-taker,
at an average of just over 20.
Sponsors : ICC World Cup hosted by England
26
World Cup 2003
Commencing : 8th February
Venue : Johannesburg, South Africa
Teams : Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, England,
India, Kenya, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Pakistan, South Africa, Scotland, Srilanka, West
Indies and Zimbabwe
Finals : March 23
Winner : Australia beat India by 125 runs.
Sponsors : ICC World Cup jointly hosted by South
Africa, Zimambwe and Kenya
Australian cricket team poses
for
photographers
with
Cricket World Cup trophy
after defeating India in the
finals at the Wanderers
Stadium in Johannesburg on
March 23, 2003. Reuters
Sachin Tendulkar, Man of
the Tournament, receives
the trophy from Sir Garfield
Sobers after the final in
Johannesburg, South Africa,
on March 23, 2003. Reuters
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Great Players
Steve Waugh
Australia
Full name Stephen Rodger Waugh
Born June 2, 1965, Canterbury,
Sydney, New South Wales
Current age 40 years 67 days
Major teams Australia, Ireland,
Kent, New South Wales, Somerset
Playing role Lower middle order
batsman
Batting style Right-hand bat
Bowling style Right-arm medium
Relations Brother - DP Waugh,
Twin brother - ME Waugh
Test 168 10927
51.06
ODI 325 7569
32.90
28
Arjuna Ranatunga
Sri Lanka
Full name Arjuna Ranatunga
Born December 1, 1963, Colombo
Current age 41 years 250 days
Major teams Sri Lanka, Sinhalese Sports
Club
Batting style Left-hand bat
Bowling style Right-arm medium
Relations Brother - D Ranatunga, Brother N Ranatunga, Brother - S Ranatunga
Test 93 5105
35.69
ODI 269 7456
35.84
Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1999
Arjuna
Ranatunga
receives the
World Cup, Sri
Lanka v
Australia, Lahore,
March 17, 1996
29
Muttiah Muralitharan
Sri Lanka
Full name Muttiah Muralitharan
Born April 17, 1972, Kandy
Current age 33 years 113 days
Major teams Sri Lanka, ACC
Asian XI, Kent, Lancashire, Tamil
Union Cricket and Athletic Club
Batting style Right-hand bat
Bowling style Right-arm offbreak
Test 93
549 wkts
ODI 24
375 wkts
Brian Lara
West Indies
Full name Brian Charles Lara
Born May 2, 1969, Cantaro, Santa
Cruz, Trinidad
Current age 36 years 98 days
Major teams ICC World XI, West
Indies, Northern Transvaal, Trinidad &
Tobago, Warwickshire
Batting style Left-hand bat
Bowling style Legbreak
Test 117 10818
54.09
ODI 256
41.94
9354
Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1995
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Sir Garry Sobers
West Indies
Full name Garfield St Auburn Sobers
Born July 28, 1936, Chelsea Road, Bay
Land, St Michael, Barbados
Current age 69 years 11 days
Major teams West Indies, Barbados,
Nottinghamshire, South Australia
Also known as Garry Sobers
Batting style Left-hand bat
Bowling style Left-arm fast-medium, Slow
left-arm orthodox, Slow left-arm chinaman
Test 93
8032
57.58
235wkts
• the finest allround player in modern cricket
• Born with an extra finger on each hand (removed at
birth),
• 365 not out against Pakistan at Kingston. It was his first
hundred in a Test, made at the age of 21, and it was to
stand as the highest Test score for 36 years, until Brian
Lara surpassed it in April 1994
• six consecutive sixes hit off an over from Malcolm Nash,
a superb innings of 254 for the Rest of the World against
Australia in 1971
Knighted for services to cricket 1975
Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1964
Selected as one of five Wisden cricketers of the century,
2000
31
WHAT IS SWING?
The cricket ball often moves in the air towards or away from a
batsman when a pace bowler is bowling.
It is this deviation most fast bowlers strive for because of the
problems it causes batsmen.
Swing is all about aerodynamics
Batsmen are used to facing orthodox swing - which happens
when the ball is still relatively hard and new in the first 10 to 15
overs.
However, over the past 20 years fast bowlers have developed a
new method of making the ball move in the air with the older
ball called 'reverse swing'.
But to obtain any sort of movement, there are a number of
factors to consider.
THE BALL
You will often see fielders constantly
shining one side of a ball by rubbing it
on their trousers.
The rubbing helps to maintain a
smooth, shiny side while the opposite
is left to deteriorate through normal
wear and tear.
In simple terms, the aerodynamics of
bowling means the shiny side travels
faster through the air, while the rough
side acts as a brake, pushing the ball in
that direction.
But other factors also play a part too.
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SEAM POSITION
The stitching around the centre of
the ball is called the seam, which
acts as a rudder for faster bowlers.
All fast bowlers grip the seam
vertically, with the middle and
index fingers on either side, with
the ball resting in the third finger
and thumb.
The straighter the seam when the
ball is delivered, the greater the
chance of swing, especially when
the ball is older with one shiny and
one rough side.
WHAT IS REVERSE SWING?
Once the ball becomes older and more worn, it will begin to
move in the opposite direction to where it would usually swing
with no great change in the bowling grip.
For example, an outswinger's grip will move towards the
batsman in the air while an inswinger will move away from the
bat.
All this tends to happen very late on in the delivery, making it
difficult for the batsman to pick up the changes in the air.
Not every single bowler can obtain reverse swing - the ball
needs to be propelled above 80mph or thereabouts to make it
move in the air.
Former Pakistan international Sarfraz Nawaz was the founder of
reverse swing during the late 1970s, and he passed his
knowledge on to former team-mate Imran Khan.
33
Bernoulli Equation
A non-turbulent, perfect, compressible, and
barotropic fluid undergoing steady motion is
governed by the Bernoulli Equation:
where g is the gravity acceleration constant (9.81
m/s2; 32.2 ft/s2), V is the velocity of the fluid, and z
is the height above an arbitrary datum. C remains
constant along any streamline in the flow, but varies
from streamline to streamline. If the flow is
irrotational, then C has the same value for all
streamlines.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
"As the ball gets older, the air
changes its preference for the side of
the ball it will go faster around.
"The rough side is too worn while the
once-shiny side has reached a point
where it is rough enough for the air to
flow quicker around.
"So, without changing the position of
the seam, the ball begins to swing in
the opposite direction."
For the ball to reverse, the seam
needs to be angled approximately 15
degrees away from the direction the
bowler wants the ball to move.
So for the ball to reverse into the
batsman, the bowler will grip the ball
with an outswinger's grip.
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35