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Chapter6TestReview
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ReadtheChapterSummer
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NAME ______________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________
Chapter Summary
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Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
How did the Church influence political
and cultural changes in medieval
Europe?
How did both innovations and
disruptive forces affect people during
the Middle Ages?
This chapter describes how strong leadership in the Catholic Church
helped it to become a dominant presence in European society during the
Middle Ages; how the Crusades affected Europe and southwest Asia; new
forms of church architecture as well as the development of universities
and vernacular literature; and how disastrous forces, including epidemic
disease and war, caused widespread changes in medieval Europe.
Medieval Christianity
• The controversy between king and pope
over lay investiture led to a reform of the
papacy.
• New religious orders—including those
involving women—emerged and made
a strong impact on the lives of medieval
Europeans.
• Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204,
thereby weakening the Byzantine Empire.
• One effect of the Crusades was the
eventual breakdown of feudalism.
Culture of the Middle Ages
• The Church created a court to deal with
those they believed went against its
teachings.
• The development of ribbed vaults and
pointed arches made Gothic cathedrals the
artistic triumph of the High Middle Ages.
• The Church of the High Middle Ages was
a crucial part of people’s lives from birth
to death.
• The university of today—with faculty,
students, and degrees—was a product of
the High Middle Ages.
The Crusades
• Medieval university students applied
scholasticism to the study of theology.
• The Crusades began when Byzantine
Emperor Alexius I, a Christian, asked the
Europeans for help against the Muslim
Seljuk Turks.
• Italian port cities grew rich and powerful
during the Crusades.
• Literature appeared in the vernacular, rather
than in Latin, when educated people took
interest in new sources of entertainment.
• Troubadour poetry and the heroic epic poem
were popular forms of vernacular literature
in the twelfth century.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.
• The political power of the Catholic Church
reached its height under Pope Innocent III.
• Muslim and Christian forces fought for
control of Jerusalem, but the Muslim ruler
Saladin eventually gained control of the
holy city.
NAME ______________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________
Chapter Summary
Cont.
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Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages
The Late Middle Ages
• The Black Death killed a large part of
Europe’s population, spreading through
crowded cities and villages.
• The decline in population from famine and
plague resulted in a decline in trade, a
shortage of workers, rising labor prices,
and falling food prices.
• Because many people did not know what
caused the Black Death, some reactions
were extreme and led to anti-Semitism.
• The Great Schism of the Catholic Church
caused great political conflict and left
Europe divided for decades.
• Conflict between England and France over
the duchy of Gascony resulted in the
Hundred Years’ War and a shift in the
nature of warfare.
• Although France, England, and Spain
emerged as new monarchies by the late
1400s, states in the Holy Roman Empire
and eastern Europe were still struggling
to establish themselves.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.
NAME ______________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________
Vocabulary Activity
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Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages
Content Vocabulary
Directions: Answer each of the following questions. Include in your answer the vocabulary
word(s) in parentheses. Be sure to make the definition of the vocabulary word(s) clear in
your answer.
1.
What was lay investiture, and what was Pope Gregory VII’s attitude toward it?
(lay investiture)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2.
What are sacraments, and how did an interdict affect them? Why was a pope’s use of
an interdict such an effective method of controlling rulers? (sacraments, interdict)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
How did European Christian views of infidels lead to the Crusades?
(infidels, Crusades)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4.
What was scholasticism? How did it influence theology during the Middle Ages?
(scholasticism, theology)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5.
Why did a taste for vernacular literature such as the chanson de geste develop in the
twelfth century? (vernacular, chanson de)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.
3.
NAME ______________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________
Vocabulary Activity
Cont.
netw rks
Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages
Directions: For each word in the left column, write the letter of the correct definition from
the right column. (heresy, relics, new monarchy, taille, anti-Semitism)
_____
6. heresy
a.
bones or other objects connected with saints
_____
7. relics
b.
annual property tax that provided income
for the French monarchy
_____
8. new monarchy
c.
denial of basic Church doctrines
_____
9. taille
d.
discrimination and hostility against Jews
e.
state reestablished under the centralized power
of a new king or queen
_____ 10. anti-Semitism
Academic Vocabulary
Directions: Answer each of the following questions. Include in your answer the vocabulary
word in parentheses.
11. The full definition of corporation involves the idea that a corporation is treated as a
knowing that the word corporation is derived from Latin word parts corpor (“body”)
and-ation (“something connected with a process or action”) help you to understand
the legal concept of a corporation? (corporation)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
12. The word libel comes from a Middle English word meaning “written declaration,” which
in turn comes from a Latin word meaning “little book.” In the Middle Ages, why would
written libel be potentially more harmful than spoken libel? (libel)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
13. The word consequence means “effect or outcome,” but it can also mean “importance”
or “significance.” Explain what consequence means in this sentence: The co-worker’s
actions were of no consequence to her. (consequence)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.
separate legal entity, with the rights and responsibilities of an individual. How does
NAME ______________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________
Vocabulary Activity
netw rks
Cont.
Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages
Directions: Write the letter of the best answer in each blank provided.
_____ 14.
Pope Gregory VII said that he had been chosen by God to reform the Church.
To pursue this aim, he declared that his authority extended throughout the
Christian world. (pursue)
In this sentence, pursue means
a. practice.
_____ 15.
b. examine.
c. follow.
d. explain.
If rulers did not accept Pope Gregory VII’s authority, the pope would remove
them. (remove)
In this sentence, remove means
a. transfer.
_____ 16.
b. demote.
c. disgrace.
d. eliminate.
After capturing Antioch in 1098, the soldiers of the First Crusade decided to
proceed down the coast to Jerusalem. (proceed)
In this sentence, proceed means
a. advance.
c. recede.
d. retreat.
The flying buttresses on Gothic cathedrals were a technical innovation of the
Middle Ages. (technical)
In this sentence, technical means
a. credible.
_____ 18.
b. ingenious.
c. mechanical.
d. difficult.
Toward the end of the thirteenth century, noticeable changes in weather
patterns occurred as Europe entered a period that has been called a “little ice
age.” (period)
In this sentence, period means
a. ending.
b. interval.
c. conflict.
d. category.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.
_____ 17.
b. ride.