Slide 1
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East Asia
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Unit 9
Chapters 27, 28 & 29
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Slide 2
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A Survey of the Region
 East Asia stretches from western China to the east coast of Japan
 Also includes Mongolia, Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea
 Landscape has high mountain, desert, cold climate, Pacific waters
 Rugged terrain created by tectonic plates colliding
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 Natural barriers limit human movement, increase isolation
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Slide 3
Mountain Ranges of the Region
 High mountains limited
China’s contact with rest
of Asia
 World’s highest mountains
located on western edge of
region
 Kunlun Mountains are
located in west China
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 Source of Huang He
(Yellow) and Chang Jiang
(Yangtze) rivers
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 Qinling Shadi Mountains
divide northern China
from the south
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Slide 4
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Plateaus and Plains
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 Gobi Desert stretches from
northwest China into
Mongolia
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 Covers 500,000 square miles
 Mongolia Plateau is in
northern China
 Northern China includes
Manchurian Plain, north
China Plain
Mongolia
Plateau
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Slide 5
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The Coast of China
 Eastern coast of China has several peninsulas
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 Shandong, Leizhou, and Macao Peninsulas
 Portugal owned Macao; returned it to Chinese control in 1999
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 China’s long coastline has several major port cities like Shanghai
 Korean Peninsula is on eastern border of China
 Contains independent nations of North Korea and South Korea
Leizhou
Peninsula
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Shandong
Peninsula
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Slide 6
The Islands of East Asia
 East of China is a continental shelf-the
submerged border of continent
 Isolation of shelf islands allows them to develop in
peace, security
 Chinese islands include Hainan & part of Hong
Kong
 Hong Kong was Britain's; returned to China’s control
in 1997
 Ruled by the British for 156 years
 Japan is a small island nation with large
economic power
 4 large islands with many small islands
 After WWII, the Kuril Islands are still disputed by
Japan & Russia
 Honshu is largest island, with biggest cities, and most
people
 Taiwan once belonged to mainland China, which
still claims it today
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Slide 7
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Rivers of China
 Huang He (Yellow River)-northern China river
 Starts in Kunlun Mountains in west, winds east for
3,000 miles
 Empties into Yellow Sea, named for yellow silt the
river carries
 Chang Jiang (Yangtze River)-longest river in
Asia
 Flows 3,900 miles from Xizang (Tibet) to East China
Sea
 Major trade route; floods often causing great damage
 Xi Jiang (West River) flows southeast through
south China
 Join Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) to flow into South China
Sea
 Xi Jiang, three other rivers form estuary between
Hong Kong, China border
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 Where the river meets the sea
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Slide 8
Other Rivers of the Region
 Yalu Jiang river flows 500 miles along North Korea, China
border
 Chinese troops cross it in 1950
 Attack UN forces, enter Korean War
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Slide 9
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Land and Forests
 Limited farmland in sparsely populated, mountainous, western
areas
 Most Chinese are in fertile southeastern river basins where rice is
grown
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 Southern China is called China’s “Rice Bowl”
 Abundant forests in China, Japan, Taiwan, North and South Korea
 Japan reserves forests by buying timber from other regions
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Slide 10
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Mineral and Energy Resources
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 Uneven Distribution
 China, Mongolia, North Korea have many mineral resources
 Japan, South Korea, Taiwan have limited natural resources
Korea Coal
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 China has large petroleum, coal, natural gas reserves
 Energy resources make China self-sufficient
 China’s mineral resources include iron ore, tungsten,
manganese
 Also molybdenum, magnesite, lead, zinc, copper
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China Iron Ore
 North and South Korea have coal, tungsten, gold,
silver reserves
 Japan has lead, silver, coal, but must trade for most
resources
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Korea Tungsten
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Slide 11
Water Resources
 China’s longest river systems are important to its economy
 Provide crop irrigation, hydroelectric power, transportation
 Three Gorges Dam on Chang Jiang will control floods, create power
 Huang He and Xi Jiang provide hydroelectric power, transportation
 Sea is important food source for East Asia
 Japan has one of world’s largest fishing industries
 South Korea is the world’s leading shipbuilder
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Slide 12
Climates of the Region
 Subarctic
 Small subarctic zones on Mongolia’s and China’s
Russian border
 Summers are cool or cold; winter are brutally
cold; climate is dry
 Vegetation is northern evergreen forest, mosses,
lichens
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 Highland
 Western China’s highland zone temps vary with
altitude, elevation
 Also North Korea, northern South Korea
 Forests are coniferous; temperate grasslands
provide grazing
 Agriculture has replaced many forests
 Humid Subtropical
 Southeastern China, southern South Korea,
south Japan, north Taiwan
 Deciduous forests in north, coniferous in
southern, sandy soil
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Slide 13
Regional Climates Continued
 Semiarid
 Includes parts of Mongolian Plateau
 Vegetation is mostly short grasses, food for grazing
animals
 Desert
 Most of region’s deserts are in west central mainland
 Taklimakan Desert-in west China, between Tian Shan,
Kunlun mountains
 Gobi Desert-in north China, southeast Mongolia
 Prime area for dinosaur fossils
 Tropical Wet
 Typhoon-tropical storm that occurs in western Pacific
 Tropical climate zone in East Asia is small
 Strip of land along China’s southeastern coast
 Island of Hainan, southern tip of Taiwan
 High temperatures, heavy rainfall, high humidity all
year
 Unlikely to ever suffer from long term drought
 Tropical rain forest has tall, dense forests of broadleaf
trees
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Slide 14
An Engineering Feat
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 In 1993, China began construction
of the Three Gorges Dam
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 Being built on China’s Chang Jiang
river
 Should reduce flooding, generate
power
 China’s largest construction
project will be world’s biggest dam
 Will be 600 feet high, spanning a
mile-wide valley
 Will create 400-mile-long reservoir,
covering 1,000 towns
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Slide 15
Positive & Negative Effects
 Positive
 Government believes dam will control Chang Jiang flooding
 River irrigates half of China’s crops, drains one-fifth of land
 Giant turbines should generate 2% of China’s electrical
power
 Will make it easier for ships to reach China’s interior
through the locks
 River carries more than half the goods moved on China’s
waterways
 Negative
 Negative environmental impact may outweigh any benefits
 One to two million people will have to move
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 Hundreds of historical sites, scenic spots will be submerged
 Dam could cost $75 billion rather than original $11 billion
estimate
 Cost scare away many potential investors
 In building dam, government has not protected the
environment
 New reservoir will flood land, reduce animal habitats
 Submerged factories could leave chemicals in the water
 Some species (alligator, river dolphin, others) may vanish
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Slide 16
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The two most populous nations
 China –1.35 billion
 Steps to control population- one child policy, financial incentives or taxes, limit age of
marriage, education of family planning, contraceptives, etc.
 India –1.3 billion
 Advertisements on TV or radio, government education programs, contraceptives, etc.
 Positive population factors
 Large workforce, large tax base, larger market economy, possible increase in innovation, less
need for migrant workers
 Negative population factors
 Large food demand, lack of space, deplete resources, pollution, possible spread of diseases,
competition for employment
 Cultural characteristics of India
 Most speak Hindi, Hindu main religion, many ethnicities, ethnic tensions, caste system,
millions of Muslims
 Cultural characteristics of China
 Most speak Mandarin Chinese, Buddhism main religion, folk religions common, history of
repressed minorities
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Slide 17
Crowded Living and Working Spaces
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 60% of 127 million people live on 3% of land
along coastal plains
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 80% live in largest cities; Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka,
Nagoya, Sapporo
 25 million in Tokyo, one of world’s largest cites
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 Cities poisoned with mercury
 Houses are small, sparsely furnished
 Many in cities live in apartments
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 Family of four in one-bedroom apartment in
common
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 Some move to suburbs, but must commute
several hours to work
 Coastal cities reclaim land with landfill
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 Landfill is solid waste buried in layers of dirt
 Tokyo puts factories, refineries on landfill
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Slide 18
Early Civilization & the Dynasties
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 Oldest continuous civilization; a settled
society for 4,000 years
 Stone Age cultures later ruled by
dynasties- series of family rulers
 First is Shang in 1700s B.C.;
overthrown in 1100s by Zhou Dynasty
 Qin (Chihn) Dynasty unties small
states in 221 B.C.
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 This is where China gets its name
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 Han Dynasty rulers push empire into
nomadic, tribal central Asia
 In 1644, Manchu begin Qing Dynasty;
ended by 1911 revolution
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Slide 19
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Europeans Arrive
 China is isolated until Europeans,
like Marco Polo, arrive in 1200s
 In 1800s, European powers seek
access to Chinese markets
 Treaties force weak China to give
European privileges
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 Spheres of influence- territory
awarded to European nations, Japan
 Chinese anger over outside control
leads to 1900 Boxer Rebellion
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 Chinese militants kill Europeans,
Chinese Christians
 Stopped by multinational force
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Slide 20
Revolution & Change
Sun Yat-sen
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Chiang Kai-shek
 In 1912 Sun Yat-sen helps found
Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)
 In 1925 General Chiang Kai-shek
fights warlords
 Chinese Communist Party fights,
defeats Nationalist, in 1949
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 Mao Zedong rules mainland People’s
Republic
 Chiang Kai-shek, Nationalists flee to
Taiwan
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 Moderate Deng Xiaoping rules China
from 1976 through 1980s
 In 2003, Hu Jintao became president
and Wen Jiabao became premier
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 There are 22 provinces and 5 regions
Mao Zedong
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Slide 21
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Slide 22
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The Rural Economy
 China is largely rural society,
agriculturally self-sufficient
 River valleys have rich soil; 60% of
workers on farms
 Can only farm 13% of land due to
mountains, deserts
 Grows enough to feed population
 Eastern river basins produce rice,
maize, wheat, sweet potatoes
 Long growing season in southern China
increases productivity
 Southern China is nicknamed the Rice
Bowl due to its production of rice
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Slide 23
The Industrial Economy
 Through 1970s, industrial growth
stunted under planned economy
 Open marketplace in 1980s creates fastgrowing economy
 Northeast industrial center; coal, iron
ore, oil, transportation
 Shanghai is manufacturing, industrial
center
 Other industrial cities include including
Beijing, Tianjin
 Southeast has Guangzhou, Suzhou, Wuhan,
Wuxi
 Heavy industries -steel, machinery;
consumer goods (textiles)
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Slide 24
Art & Inventions
 Early pottery, bronzes, jade disks,
wall paintings found in tombs
 Artists used clay, bronze, jade, ivory,
lacquer
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 Inventions include:
 Paper, printing, gunpowder,
compass, porcelain, silk cloth
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Slide 25
Religious & Ethical Traditions
 Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 B.C.)
inspires Confucianism
 Taught to be orderly, doing your duty, being
educated, society has respect for past, & ancestors
 Children obey parents; parents obey government,
emperor
 Taoism-from Tao-te Chingbook of Lao-tzu
teachings (500s B.C.)
 Preserve, restore harmony in individual, universe
 A belief of living a simple life and in harmony of
nature
 Indian Buddhism grows in China, influenced
by Confucianism, Taoism
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Slide 26
Population Patterns
 One-fifth of world’s people live in
China
 Population is about 1.32 billion
 Between 40-50 Chinese cities have
more than a million people
 Many of China’s 22 provinces are
bigger than entire countries
 Henan province has 98 million, more
than Great Britain
 The bulk of the population live in the east
 70% of people live in 14 eastern
provinces
 In west, 6% of nations people live on 55%
of its land
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Slide 27
Chinese Health Care
 Since 1950, China has provided
health care for huge populace
 China has dual strategy in developing
health-care systems
 People use traditional herbal remedies,
acupuncture
 Doctors use modern medicine, western
drugs, surgery
 Most cities have hospitals
 Village clinics have trained medical
workers (“barefoot doctors”)
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Slide 28
The Mongolian Empire
 Mongols are nomadic herders until
Genghis Khan conquers Central Asia
 Genghis Khan dies in 1227; successors
expand empire
 Empire breaks up in 1300s, China gains
control of Mongolia in 1600s
 Mongols adopt many aspects of Chinese culture
 July’s festival of Three Games of Men in
Naadam is 2,300 years old
 Wrestling, archery, horse racing rooted in
ancient way of life
 Mongolians achieve independence in 1911
 Mongolia becomes Communist in 1924
 Remains Communist until 1989 fall of USSR
 Mongolia now moving toward democracy
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Slide 29
Economy of Mongolia
 Many herd or manage livestock (sheep, goats,
camels, horses, cattle)
 Mongolia has more livestock than people
 Nomadic herding was economic base for centuries
 Nomads once guided animals from grassland to
grassland
 Nomads live in tents called yurts, made of
felt, leather
 Yurts are even found in capital of Ulaanbaatar
 Many still raise sheep, cattle, goats; some are
still nomadic
 Most live on farms and ranches with small villages
in center
 Cashmere industry uses soft wool of local goats
 Developing industries while making difficult
shift to market economy
 Soviets guided economy for 70 years, state owned
factories
 large deposits of coal, petroleum, copper,
gold, iron
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Slide 30
Taiwan’s Link to China
 Prehistoric people migrate to Taiwan
from China, southeast Asia
 Malays, Polynesians settle on island; Han
Chinese arrive in 500s
 Manchu Dynasty conquers Taiwan in
1683
 Japanese take Taiwan (Formosa) in 1895
after victory over China
 Chinese Nationalists lose to Communists,
flee to island in 1949
 Establish Republic of China; not recognized
by China
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Slide 31
Taiwanese Culture
 Population and culture is almost exclusively
Chinese
 Capital city of Taipei has Buddhist temple, Chinese are
museums
 Well-educated population: many universities, 30
daily newspapers
 Most spread official language of Northern Chinese
(Mandarin)
 People combine a number of religious, ethical
beliefs
 90% practice blend of Buddhism, Confucianism,
Taoism
 Baseball is popular in Taiwan, other parts of Asia
(especially Japan)
 Little League baseball becomes popular after WWII
 In 1974, US bans foreign teams from Little League
World Series
 Ban is due, in part, to Taiwan's dominance of Series in
early 1970s
 Taiwan restored to competition in 1976
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Slide 32
Taiwan’s Economic Success
 Successful economy: few resources but
trained, motivated workers
 Prosperity based on manufacturing
industries & trade
 Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea are
economic tigers –nations with cheap
labor, high technology, aggressive
exports
 Pacific Rim –economic, social region
surrounding Pacific Ocean
 East and Southeast Asia, Australia, New
Zealand, Chile, US coast
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Slide 33
Ancient Korea and Foreign Influences
 Manchurians, Chinese migrate
to are; Chosen state by 2000
B.C.
 China conquers northern
peninsula around 100 B.C.
 Korea is often invaded by China,
Japan
 Koreans regain land, form Three
Kingdoms in late 300s
 Koguryo (northeast), Paekche
(southwest), Silla (southeast)
 After 660s, Silla controls Korea
until Yi Songgye in 1392
 Japan conquers Korea in 1910,
rules until WWII defeat in 1945
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Slide 34
Two Koreas: North & South
 After WWII, northern Korea is controlled by
USSR, southern by US
 In 1950, North Korean troops invade South
Korea, begin Korean War
 1953 treaty ends war, divides peninsula
 North Korea is Communist state, South Korea is
democracy
 Two nations remain hostile
 North Korea nicknamed the “Hermit Kingdom”
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 Taken small steps toward reunification
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Slide 35
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The Chinese Influence
 Korea adopts many philosophical,
religious ideas from China
 Confucian, Buddhist influences
 Communism molds North Korean
culture
 South Korea is influenced by Western
culture
 North Korean government only allows
Communist or folk art
 South Korean artists have more freedom of
expression
 Kimchi is a Korean dish made with
Chinese cabbage
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Slide 36
An Armed Society
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 Korean Tension
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 Both North and South Korea build
huge armies after WWII
 Danger of war always looms-2
million troops on both sides of
border
 United under a Single Flag
 At 2000 summit, leaders declare
intent to reduce tensions, reunite
 Plan to clear mines, rebuild rail link
 Allow cross-border visits
 At 2000 Summer Olympics, two
Koreas march under single flag
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Slide 37
Population & Economic Patterns
 Population Patterns
 Most live on coastal plains, river
valleys
 South Korea has 45% of peninsula’s
land, 66% of population
 South’s largest city is Seoul
(population 10 million)
 North’s is Pyongyang (population 2.5
million)
 Economic Patterns
 A united Korea: North’s natural
resources; South’s industries
 South Korea is an economic tiger with
a successful, competitive economy
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Slide 38
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Ancient Japan
 First people came from South Pacific,
or from Siberia, or Korea
 1,500 years ago agriculture &
metalworking were widely practiced
 Until A.D. 300s, Japan has many clans,
but Yamato clan rules by 400s
 By 600, Yamato leaders call themselves
Emperors of Japan
 Capital moves to Heian (Kyoto) in 794;
Heian Period lasts until 1185
 Samurai- “one who guards”’ hired
soldiers serve landowners & chiefs
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Slide 39
The Shoguns
 In 1192, after a clan struggle,
emperor creates shogun position
 Shogun –general of emperor’s army
with military dictator powers
 Controls officials, judges, armies;
picks governors (daimyo)
 During 700-year shogun rule,
Japan fights off Mongol invasions
 Portuguese traders bring Christianity,
firearms in 1500s
 U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry
ends Japan’s isolation, 1853
 Last shogun resigns in 1868;
emperor becomes head of
government
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Slide 40
Emerging World Power
 By the early 20th century, Japan is a
major power
 Expanding empire puts Japan’s
interests in conflict with U.S.
 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, naval
base December 7, 1941
 Attack brings U.S. into WWII; Japan
defeated, surrenders in 1945
 U.S. occupies Japan; brings political,
economic reforms
 Japan becomes democracy
 Constitutional monarchy with emperor
and elected parliament
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Slide 41
Japan People & Products
 Post-war economic boom makes
Japan’s economy second in size to U.S.
 Of the 127 million people, 79% live in
cities; 60% live on 2.7% of land
 Most people, industries are along east
coast of Honshu (Main island)
 Japan imports resources to
manufacture products for export
 Exports autos, electronics, computers
 Strong ties between business and
government help economy
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Slide 42
Economic Slowdown
 After four decades of rapid
growth, economy slows in 1990s
 Reasons for slowdown
 Regional competition (Taiwan,
South Korea, Hong Kong)
 Japanese investments in Southeast
Asian economies lose value
 Japanese stock market has big losses
 Japanese save rather than spend
 Declining exports
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Slide 43
A Traditional People
 Chinese Influence early language,
religion, art, music, government
 Kyoto shows ideas of beauty in
gardens, palaces, Buddhist
temples
 Noh Plays (histories and
legends; masked actors) develop
in 1300s
 Kabuki plays in 6100s have
colorful scenery, costumes
 Painting has Chinese influence,
early paintings have Buddhist
themes
 Art includes picture scrolls, ink
painting, wood-blocked prints
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Slide 44
Western Influence
 Since Perry’s arrival, Japan has
been open to Western influences
 Popular sports are baseball, golf,
sumo wrestling, soccer, tennis
 Most clothes are Western;
traditional clothes for special
occasions
 Western music is popular,
including rock, classical, jazz
 Younger Japanese form rock bands
 Japan balances its own traditional
styles Western influences
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Slide 45
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Education
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 Highly structured
educational system
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 Students in school six days
a weeks; six weeks of
summer vacation
 Six years of elementary,
three of junior high, three
of high school
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 Japan has more than
1,000 universities and
technical schools
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Slide 46
Japan Shifting Plates
 Many Japanese cities are threating
by earthquakes
 Japan is on the Ring of Fire –chain of
volcanoes around Pacific Rim
 Subduction –oceanic plate slides
under continental plate
 In East Asia, Pacific oceanic plate
meets Eurasian continental plate
 Crumpled continental crust forms
mountains, volcanoes
 Stress builds where plates meet;
sudden slip creates earthquake
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Slide 47
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Japan Volcanoes
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 Subduction of Pacific plate
under Eurasian plate
created volcanoes
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 Volcanoes formed Japanese
islands
 Since first records, at least
60 Japanese volcanoes
have been active
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Mt. Fuji
 Best-known Japanese
landform, Mt. Fuji, is a
volcano
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Slide 48
Earthquakes & Tsunamis
 An average of 1,000 earthquake occur in
Japan each year
 Most are mild, but some cause many
deaths, great destruction
 1923 Great Kanto earthquake and its
fires killed 140,000 people
 Left Tokyo in ruins, damaged or destroyed
700,000 homes
 Underwater earthquakes move ocean
floor; can create tsunami
 huge waves of destructive power that can
reach over 100 feet
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Slide 49
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Japan Problems & Solutions
 Problems
 Older buildings won’t withstand earthquakes as well as
newer ones
 Some are built on less stable ground or landfill
 Underground gas lines are likely to rupture in an
earthquake
 Leaking gas can catch fire
 Crowded blocks and narrow streets hinder rescue
operations
 Solutions
 Japan has strict building codes
 Engineers study how different building withstand quakes
 Studies affect codes governing construction materials,
techniques
 This makes newer buildings safer than older ones
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 Schoolchildren have yearly disaster drills with firemen
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Slide 50
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Opening to the West
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 East Asian nations are isolated from world
until 1500s
 Europeans use various means, including force,
to end isolation
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 By 1800s, treaties give Europeans spheres of
influence in East
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 Exclusively areas where specific nations control
trade
 Commodore Matthew Perry sails to Japan in
1853 to open US trade
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 US warships intimidate Japan into opening up
to US, west
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Slide 51
Industrialization & Globalization
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 After WWII, nations industrialize, EastWest trade increases
 “Made in China,” “Made in Japan” labels are
common in West
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 Regional economies merge, global
economy develops
 Global economy-nations are interdependent for
goods & services
 Japan imports resources
 Exports manufactured goods worldwide
 East Asian nations use cheap labor to
become manufacturing powers
 People are demanding an end to pollution,
overcrowding
 Workers are asking for shorter workdays, more
vacation time
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kamikaze
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Slide 52
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Zone of Prosperity
 Many Asian economies do very
well in 1980s, early ‘90s
 Economically powerful nations
in Pacific Rim zone of prosperity
 Called the Jakota Triangle –
Japan, Korea (South), Taiwan
 But by mid-1990s these
economies are having problems
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Slide 53
Economic Problems Arise
 Asian economies run on efficiency,
innovation, and cheap labor
 1995 report from UNICEF (the
United Nations Children’s Fund)
 Over 500,000 East Asian children
work in factories, beg on streets
 Bank, nosiness bankruptcies in
mid-1990s panic foreign investors
 They sell Asian stocks; riots occur;
governments topple
 Japan enters recession-an extended
decline in business activity
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Slide 54
A Global Ripple Effect
 Many of the world’s economies
are interconnected
 Asian economic crisis spreads
through the world
 Creates concern on New York
Stock Exchange, other exchanges
 Steps are taken to prevent global
economic downturn
 World Bank, International
Monetary Fund step in
 They lend money to East Asian
countries that promise reform
 The economic downslide begins
to reverse
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Slide 55
The Promise of Reform
 Crisis shows East Asia that serious
reform is needed
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 Increased wages for adult workers
 Ban on child-labor, forced-labor practices
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 Reform also requires and end to using
sweatshops
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 Places where people work long hours in
poor conditions for pennies
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Slide 56
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Situation at Mid-Century
 In mid-1900s, East Asian nations
are among world’s least developed
 Poor health, literacy, economic
statistics
 Widespread poverty, short life
expectancy
 High fertility rates, but also high
infant and maternal death rates
 In 1950, region’s women marry
young, average six children
 Economies remain rural through
mid-century
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Slide 57
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Environmental Stress
 Policy makers know population
control is key to solving problems
 Unrestricted population growth
strains quality of life,
environment
 Food production is barely adequate
 Lack of sanitation fouls water
supplies
 Water tables are drained to low
levels
 East Asian governments move to
prevent catastrophe
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Slide 58
Problems and Policies
 Aggressive family planning
programs level, then lower birth
rates
 By 2000, region’s women marry
later, average 2.5 children
 In China, 1950-55 birth rate was
6.2 children per women
 Drops down to 1.82 children per
women in 2000
 Impressive Results
 Drop in birth rate, industrialization
lead to fast economic growth
 Life expectancy, literacy rates are now
among world’s highest
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Slide 59
Some Ongoing Problems
 Region's huge populations still put
pressure on environment
 A 1% growth rate in China equals 13
million people each year
 Population growth is concentrated in
cities
 More people require more housing,
sanitation, transportation
 Citizens don’t‘ always like family
planning programs
 Feel China’s one-children-per-family
policy compromises rights
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