William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
1
William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
William Bradford
"Embarkation of the Pilgrims," by Robert Walter Weir. William Bradford is depicted at center, kneeling in the background, symbolically behind
[1]
Gov. John Carver (holding hat) whom Bradford would succeed.
2nd, 5th, 7th, 9th & 11th Governor of Plymouth Colony
In office
1621 – 1633
1635–1636
1637–1638
1639–1644
1645–1657
Preceded by
John Carver (1621)
Thomas Prence (1635)
Edward Winslow (1637)
Thomas Prence (1639)
Edward Winslow (1645)
Succeeded by
Edward Winslow (1633)
Edward Winslow (1636)
Thomas Prence (1638)
Edward Winslow (1644)
Thomas Prence (1645)
Personal details
Born
March 19, 1590
Austerfield, Yorkshire, England
Died
Plymouth, Plymouth Colony
Resting place
Burial Hill, Plymouth, Massachusetts
Nationality
English
Spouse(s)
Dorothy Bradford
Alice Carpenter
Profession
Weaver
Religion
Separatist
William Bradford (March 19, 1590 – May 9, 1657) was an English Separatist leader of settlers at Plymouth Colony
in Massachusetts. He served as governor for over 30 years after the previous governor, John Carver died. His journal
(1620–1647) was published as Of Plymouth Plantation. Bradford is credited as the first civil authority to designate
what popular American culture now views as Thanksgiving in the United States.[2]
William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
2
Early life
Childhood
William Bradford was born to William and Alice Bradford in
Austerfield, Yorkshire, England in 1590.[3] In a time when most were
farmers of modest means,[4] the Bradford family owned a large farm
and were considered wealthy and influential.[5]
The Manor House, Austerfield,
Yorkshire—birthplace of William Bradford
Bradford's childhood was marked by numerous deaths in the family.
He was just over a year old when his father died. When he was four
years old, his mother re-married and Bradford was sent to live with his
grandfather.[3] Two years later, his grandfather died and he returned to
live with his mother and stepfather. A year later, in 1597, his mother
died. Bradford thus became an orphan at age 7. He was sent to live
with two uncles.[3]
His uncles wanted young Bradford to help on the farm. Bradford later noted in his journal that he suffered at that
time from a "long sickness" and was unable to work. He instead turned to reading. He became familiar with the Bible
and classic works of literature. This, too, is seen by some as a key factor in his intellectual curiosity and his eventual
attraction to the Separatists.[6]
Separatist congregation
When Bradford was 12 years old, a young friend invited him to hear the Rev. Richard Clyfton preach 10 miles away
in Babworth. Clyfton was a Puritan minister who believed that the Church of England ought to institute strict
reforms to eliminate all vestiges of Catholic practices. Proponents believed this would result in a more "pure"
Christian church. Bradford was inspired by Clyfton’s preachings.[7] Even though he was forbidden by his uncles,
Bradford continued to attend Clyfton’s sermons.
During one meeting he befriended William Brewster, bailiff and postmaster for the Archbishop of York. Brewster,
24 years older than Bradford, became a father figure to the young man.[8] He resided at Scrooby Manor, four miles
from Austerfield. During frequent visits, Bradford borrowed books from Brewster, and Brewster regaled the young
man with stories of the efforts about church reform taking place across England.[8]
King James I took the English throne in 1603. He declared he would put an end to church reform movements, and
deal harshly with radical critics of the Church of England.[9] Thus, by 1607, secret meetings were being held at
Scrooby Manor. About 50 reform-minded individuals began to celebrate the Sabbath led by Richard Clyfton and
Rev. John Robinson. This group decided that reform of the Church of England was hopeless and they would sever all
ties. Thus they became known as Separatists.
The weekly meetings of the Separatists attracted the attention of the Archbishop of York, and many members of the
congregation were arrested in 1607.[4] Brewster was found guilty of being "disobedient in matters of religion." He
was fined. Some members were imprisoned and others were watched, according to Bradford, "night and day" by
those loyal to the archbishop.[4] Adding to their concerns, the Scrooby congregation learned that other Separatists in
London had been imprisoned and left to starve.[10]
When the Scrooby congregation decided in 1607 to leave England illegally for the Dutch Republic (where religious
freedom was permitted), William Bradford determined to go with them. The group encountered several major
setbacks in trying to leave England, most notably their betrayal by an English sea captain who had agreed to bring
the congregation to the Netherlands but instead turned them over to authorities.[11] Most of the congregation,
including Bradford, were imprisoned for a short time after this failed attempt.[12] By the summer of 1608, however,
the Scrooby congregation, including 18-year-old William Bradford, managed to escape England in small groups and
William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
3
relocated to Amsterdam.
In the Dutch Republic
William Bradford arrived in Amsterdam in August 1608. Having no
family with him, Bradford was taken in by the Brewster household.
The Separatists, being foreigners and having spent most of their money
in attempts to get to the Dutch Republic, had to work the lowest of jobs
and live in poor conditions. After nine months, the congregation chose
to relocate to the smaller city of Leiden.[13]
Bradford continued to reside with the Brewster family in a poor Leiden
neighborhood known as Stink Alley.[14] Conditions changed
dramatically for Bradford, however, when he turned 21 and was able to
claim his family inheritance in 1611. Bradford bought his own house,
set up a workshop as a fustian weaver, and earned a reputable
standing.[15]
A modern view of the city of Leiden featuring the
Hooglandse Kerk
In 1613, Bradford married Dorothy May, the daughter of a well-off English couple living in Amsterdam. The couple
was married in a civil service, as the Separatists could find no example of a religious service in the Scriptures.[16] In
1617, the Bradfords had their first child, John Bradford.[17]
By 1617, the Scrooby congregation began to plan the establishment of their own colony in the New World.[18]
Although the Separatists could practice religion as they pleased in the Dutch Republic, they were troubled by the fact
that, after nearly ten years in the Netherlands, their children were being influenced by Dutch customs and language.
Therefore, the Separatists commenced three years of difficult negotiations in England to seek permission to settle in
the northern parts of the Colony of Virginia (which then extended north to what would eventually be known as the
Hudson River).[19] The colonists also struggled to negotiate terms with a group of financial backers in London
known as the Merchant Adventurers. By July 1620, Robert Cushman and John Carver had made the necessary
arrangements and approximately fifty Separatists departed Delftshaven on board the Speedwell.[20]
It was an emotional departure. Many families were split as some Separatists stayed behind in the Netherlands,
planning to make the voyage to the New World after the colony had been established. William and Dorothy Bradford
left their three year old son John with Dorothy's parents in Amsterdam, possibly because he was too frail to make the
voyage.[20]
Founding of Plymouth Colony
Voyage to New England
According to the arrangements made by Carver and Cushman, the Speedwell was to meet with the Mayflower off the
coast of England and both were destined for the northern part of the Colony of Virginia. The Speedwell, however,
proved too leaky to make the voyage and the passengers were instead crowded aboard the Mayflower. Joining the
Scrooby congregation were about 50 colonists who had been recruited by the Merchant Adventurers for their
vocational skills which would prove useful in establishing a colony.[21] These passengers of the Mayflower, both
Separatist and non-Separatist, are commonly referred to today as "Pilgrims." The term is derived from a passage in
Bradford's journal, written years later, describing their departure from the Netherlands:
...With mutual embraces and many tears, they took their leaves of one another, which proved to be the
last leave to many of them...but they knew they were pilgrims and looked not much on those things, but
lifted their eyes to heaven, their dearest country and quited their spirits...[22]
William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620
with 102 passengers and about 30 crew members in a small 100 foot
ship. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by
the second month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic
winter gales causing the ship to be badly shaken with water leaks from
structural damage. There were two deaths, but this was just a precursor
of what happened after their Cape Cod arrival, when almost half the
company would die in the first winter.[23][24]
The Mayflower Compact, a painting by Jean Leon
Up to this time, Bradford, aged 30, had yet to assume any significant
Gerome Ferris which was widely reproduced
leadership role in the colony. When the Mayflower anchored in
through much of the 20th century
present-day Provincetown Harbor and the time came to search for a
place for settlement, Bradford volunteered to be a member of the
exploration parties.[25] In November and December, these parties made three separate ventures from the Mayflower
on foot and by boat, finally locating what is now Plymouth harbor in mid December and selecting that site for
settlement. During the first expedition on foot, Bradford was caught up in a deer trap made by Native Americans and
hauled nearly upside down.[26] During the third exploration, which departed from the Mayflower on December 6,
1620, a group of men including Bradford located present day Plymouth Bay. A winter storm nearly sank their boat as
they approached the bay, but the explorers, suffering from severe exposure to the cold and waves, managed to
successfully land on Clark's Island.[27]
During the ensuing days, they explored the bay and found a suitable place for settlement, now the site of downtown
Plymouth, Massachusetts. The location featured a prominent hill (now known as Burial Hill) ideal for a defensive
fort. There were numerous brooks providing fresh water. Also, the site had been the location of a Native American
village known as Patuxet; therefore, much of the area had already been cleared for planting corn. The Patuxet tribe,
between 1616 and 1619, had been wiped out by plagues resulting from contact with English fishermen—diseases to
which the Patuxet had no immunity.[28] Bradford later wrote that bones of the dead were clearly evident in many
places.[29]
Loss of first wife
The exploring party made their way back to the Mayflower to share the good news that a place for settlement had
been found. When Bradford arrived back on board, he learned of the death of his wife, Dorothy. The day after he had
embarked with the exploring party, Dorothy slipped over the side of the Mayflower and drowned.[30] Bradford did
not write about her death in his journal.[31]
Great sickness
The Mayflower arrived in Plymouth Bay on December 20, 1620. The settlers began building the colony's first house
on December 25. Their efforts were slowed, however, when a widespread sickness struck the settlers.[32]
On January 11, 1621, as Bradford was helping to build houses, he was suddenly struck with great pain in his hipbone
and he collapsed. Succumbing to the illness that had afflicted many others, Bradford was taken to the "common
house" (the only finished house built then) and it was feared he would not last the night.[33]
During the epidemic, there were only a small number of men who remained healthy and bore the responsibility of
caring for the sick. One of these was Captain Myles Standish, a soldier who had been hired by the settlers to
coordinate the defense of the colony. Standish cared for Bradford during his illness and this was the beginning of a
bond of friendship between the two men.[34] Bradford would soon be elected governor and, in that capacity, he
would work closely with Standish. Bradford had no military experience and therefore would come to rely on and
trust the Captain's advice on military matters.[35]
4
William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
Bradford recovered; many of the settlers were not so fortunate. During the months of February and March 1621
sometimes two or three people died a day. By the end of the winter, half of the 100 settlers had died.[36] In an
attempt to hide their weakness from Native Americans who might be watching them, the settlers buried their dead in
unmarked graves on Cole's Hill and made efforts to conceal the burials.[37]
Early service as governor
On March 16, the settlers had their first meeting with the Native Americans who lived in the region when Samoset, a
representative of Massasoit, the sachem of the Pokanoket, walked into the village of Plymouth. This soon led to a
visit by Massasoit himself on March 22 during which the leader of the Pokanoket signed a treaty with John Carver,
then Governor of Plymouth. The treaty declared an alliance between the Pokanoket and Plymouth and required the
two parties to aid each other militarily in times of need.[38] Bradford recorded the language of the brief treaty in his
journal. He would soon become governor and the clause of the treaty that would occupy much of his attention as
governor pertained to mutual aid. It read, "If any did unjustly war against [Massasoit], we would aid him; if any did
war against us, [Massasoit] should aid us."[39] This agreement, although it secured for the English a desperately
needed ally in New England, would result in tensions between the English and Massasoit's rivals, such as the
Narragansett and the Massachusett.[35] In April 1621, Governor Carver collapsed while working in the fields on a hot
day. He died a few days later. The settlers of Plymouth then chose Bradford as the new governor. Bradford would
remain in that position for most of his life.[40]
The elected leadership of Plymouth Colony at first consisted of a governor and an assistant governor. The assistant
governor for the first three years of the colony's history was Isaac Allerton. In 1624, the structure was changed to a
governor and five assistants who were referred to as the "court of assistants," "magistrates," or the "governor's
council." These men advised the governor and had the right to vote on important matters of governance, helping
Bradford in guiding the evolution of the colony and its improvised government.[41][42] Assistants during the early
years of the colony included Thomas Prence, Stephen Hopkins, John Alden, and John Howland.[43]
Bradford suffered from a long, undisclosed illness during much of the winter of 1656-1657, and died one day
following his prediction that he would soon expire.[44]
5
William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
6
Literary works
William Bradford's most well-known work by far is Of Plymouth
Plantation. It was a detailed history in manuscript form about the
founding of the Plymouth colony and the lives of the colonists from
1621 to 1646.[45] It is a common misconception that the manuscript
was actually Bradford's journal. Rather, it was a retrospective account
of his recollections and observations, written in the form of two books.
The first book was written in 1630; the second was never finished, but
"between 1646 and 1650, he brought the account of the colony's
struggles and achievements through the year 1646."[46] As Walter P.
Wenska states, "Bradford writes most of his history out of his
nostalgia, long after the decline of Pilgrim fervor and commitment had
become apparent. Both the early annals which express his confidence
in the Pilgrim mission and the later annals, some of which reveal his
dismay and disappointment, were written at about the same time."[45]
In Of Plymouth Plantation, Bradford drew deep parallels between
everyday life and the events of the Bible. As Philip Gould writes,
"Bradford hoped to demonstrate the workings of divine providence for
the edification of future generations."[46] Despite the fact that the
manuscript was not published until 1656, the year before his death, it
was well received by his near contemporaries.
The front page of the Bradford journal
In 1888 Charles F. Richardson referred to Bradford as a "forerunner of literature" and "a story-teller of considerable
power;" Moses Coit Tyler called him "the father of American history."[47] Many American authors have cited the
manuscript in their works; for example, Cotton Mather referenced it in Magnalia Christi Americana and Thomas
Prince referred to it in A Chronological History of New-England in the Form of Annals. Even today it is considered a
valuable piece of American literature, included in anthologies and studied in literature and history classes. It has
been called "'an American classic' and 'the pre-eminent work of art' in seventeenth-century New England."[47] The Of
Plymouth Plantation manuscript disappeared by 1780,[48] "presumably stolen by a British soldier during the British
occupation of Boston" and reappeared in Fulham, England.[46] As Philip Gould states, "In 1855, scholars intrigued
by references to Bradford in two books on the history of the Episcopal Church in America (both located in England)
located the manuscript in the bishop of London's library at Lambeth Palace."[46] A long debate ensued as to the
rightful home for the manuscript. Multiple attempts by United States Senator George Frisbie Hoar and others to have
it returned proved futile at first. According to Francis B. Dedmond, "after a stay of well over a century at Fulham and
years of effort to [e]ffect its release, the manuscript was returned to Massachusetts" on May 26, 1897.[49]
Bradford's journal, even though it did not become Of Plymouth Plantation, was also published. It was contributed to
another work entitled Mourt's Relation which was written in part by Edward Winslow, and published in England by
one of Bradford's contemporaries. Published in 1622, it was intended to inform Europeans about the conditions
surrounding the American colonists at the Plymouth Colony. As governor of the Plymouth Colony, his work was
considered a valuable contribution and was thus included in the book. Despite the fact that the book included a large
amount of Bradford's work it is not typically referenced as one of his significant works due to the fact that it was
published under someone else's name.
In addition to his more well-known work, Bradford also dabbled in poetry. According to Mark L. Sargent, "his
poems are often lamentations, sharp indictments of the infidelity and self-interest of the new generation. On
occasion, the poems recycle dark images from the history."[50] Although his poetry is still available today to the
interested reader it is not nearly as famous as Of Plymouth Plantation.
William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
Bradford's Dialogues are a collection of fictional conversations between the old and new generations. In the
Dialogues, conversations ensue between "younge men" and "Ancient men," the former being the young colonists of
Plymouth, the latter being "the protagonists from Of Plymouth Plantation" (Sargent 413).[51] As Mark L. Sargent
states: "By bringing the young from Plymouth Plantation and the ancients from Of Plymouth Plantation into
'dialogue,'...Bradford wisely dramatizes the act of historical recovery as a negotiation between the two generations,
between his young readers and his text."[51] Today, only a small portion of the Dialogues remain; however, a
modified copy made by Nathaniel Morton exists.
Family
William Bradford married:
• Dorothy May in Amsterdam, Holland on December
10, 1613. Their marriage record indicates she was
16 years old and was from Wisbech in
Cambridgeshire. The record also notes a Henry
May, who may been her father. William and
Dorothy had one son.
Her death and memorial: On December 17,
1620, Dorothy fell from the deck of the
Mayflower into the icy waters of Cape Cod
harbor, where the ship was anchored, and
drowned. This was while her husband was with
others on an expedition ashore. She was one of
4 Mayflower passengers who died between
Dec. 4/14, 6/16, 7/17, 8/18, 1620, including
Edward Thomson, Jasper More (age 7 years),
James Chilton and also William Butten, who
was the first to die on November 16. They are
all commemorated on two cenotaphs in
Provincetown - one at Winthrop Street
Cemetery and one at the Mayflower Passengers
Who Died At Sea Memorial. Their burial places
ashore are unknown and may have been
Provincetown, Massachusetts memorial to Pilgrims who died at sea or
on board the Mayflower in Cape Cod Harbor in Nov./Dec. 1620
unmarked in those very early days after the
Mayflower landing. The death of these five
persons was just a precursor of the deaths to come consuming about half the Mayflower company in that first
bitter winter of 1620-1621.[52]
• Alice (Carpenter) Southworth in Plymouth. She was the widow of Edward Southworth and brought two children
to the marriage - Constant Southworth (1612-1678) and Thomas Southworth (1617-1669). Alice and William
Bradford had three children. She died in Plymouth on March 26, 1670 and was buried on Burial Hill in Plymouth
near her husband‘s stone.[53][54][55]
Child of William and Dorothy Bradford:
• John was born in Leiden, Holland about 1617. He married Martha Bourne by 1650 but had no known children. He
died in Norwich, Connecticut before September 21, 1676.
Children of William and Alice Bradford:
7
William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
• William was born on June 17, 1624 in Plymouth and died there on February 20, 1703/4. He was buried on Burial
Hill in Plymouth.
William married:
1. Alice Richards after April 23, 1650 and had ten children. She died in Plymouth on December 12, 1671.
2. Sarah (____) Griswold about 1674 and had one son.
3. Mary (Wood) Holmes about 1676 and had four children.
• Mercy was born before May 22, 1627 and may have been dead before her father’s 1657 will as she was not
mentioned. She married Benjamin Vermayes on December 21, 1648 in Plymouth but had no known children.
• Joseph was born after 1630 and died in Plymouth on July 10, 1715. He married Jael Hobart on May 25, 1664 in
Hingham and had three children. He was buried on Burial Hill in Plymouth.[54][55]
Notes
[1] Abrams, 150.
[2] The fast and thanksgiving days of New England (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=u7c-AAAAYAAJ& ots=H3o5FFvV-K& dq=love fast
and thanksgiving days& pg=PA84#v=onepage& q=july thanksgiving& f=false) by William DeLoss Love, Houghton, Mifflin and Co.,
Cambridge, 1895.
[3] Schmidt, 6.
[4] Schmidt, 17.
[5] Schmidt, 4.
[6] Schmidt, 7.
[7] Schmidt, 8.
[8] Schmidt, 9.
[9] Schmidt, 12.
[10] Goodwin, 12.
[11] Schmidt, 21.
[12] Goodwin, 27.
[13] Schmidt, 33
[14] Schmidt, 35.
[15] Philbrick, 17.
[16] Schmidt, 37
[17] Goodwin, 38.
[18] Schmidt, 40.
[19] Philbrick, 19
[20] Philbrick, 23.
[21] Philbrick, 25.
[22] Bradford quoted in Schmidt, 51.
[23] mayflowerhistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ voyage_secondary. php)/
[24] Allison Lassieur Peter McDonnall The voyage of the Mayflower (Pub. Capstone Press, ©2006 Mankato, Minnesota)
[25] Schmidt, 80.
[26] Schmidt, 69.
[27] Philbrick, 70-73.
[28] Philbrick, 79.
[29] Philbrick, 80.
[30] Philbrick, 76.
[31] Doherty, 73.
[32] Goodwin, 114.
[33] Philbrick, 85.
[34] Haxtun, 17
[35] Philbrick, 114.
[36] Schmidt, 88.
[37] Philbrick, 90.
[38] Philbrick, 99.
[39] Goodwin, 125.
[40] Schmidt, 97.
8
William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
[41] Goodwin, 159.
[42] Stratton, 145.
[43] Stratton, 151, 156, 281, 311
[44] http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ WilliamBradford. php
[45] Wenska, 152
[46] Gould, 349
[47] Wenska, 151.
[48] Morison, Samuel Eliot (1952). Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647. Knopf. pp. xxx. ISBN 978-0394438955.
[49] Dedmond, Francis B (1985). "A Forgotten Attempt to Rescue the Bradford Manuscript". The New England Quarterly (Boston: Colonial
Society of Massachusetts and Northeastern University) 58.2: 242–252. ISSN 0028-4866.
[50] Sargent, 418.
[51] Sargent, 413.
[52] Memorial Dorothy Bradford (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=15882517)/
[53] Memorial for Alice (Carpenter) Southworth Bradford (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=40142433)/
[54] A genealogical profile of William Bradford (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ bradford_william. pdf)/
[55] Robert Charles Anderson. Pilgrim Village Families Sketch: William Bradford NEHGS (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/
pilgrim-families-william-bradford/ )/
References
• Abrams, Ann Uhry (1999). The Pilgrims and Pocahontas: Rival Myths of American Origin (http://books.
google.com/books?id=y4-ljMLfwp4C). Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3497-7.
• Doherty, Kieran (1999). William Bradford: Rock of Plymouth (http://books.google.com/
books?id=aWaNIPKpZnoC). Brookfield, Connecticut: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-585-21305-4.
• Goodwin, John A. (1920) [1879]. The Pilgrim Republic: An Historical Review of the Colony of New Plymouth
(http://books.google.com/books?id=1h86ThQYxgEC). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. OCLC 316126717.
• Gould, Philip (2009). "William Bradford 1590-1657". In Lauter, Paul. The Heath Anthology of American
Literature: Beginnings to 1800. A. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 348–350. ISBN 0-618-89799-2
• Haxtun, Annie A. (1899). Signers of the Mayflower Compact. Baltimore: The Mail and Express. OCLC 2812063.
• Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006). Mayflower: A Story of Community, Courage and War (http://books.google.com/
?id=qk9AXww_XysC). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311197-9.
• Sargent, Mark L. (1992). "William Bradford's 'Dialogue' with History". The New England Quarterly (Boston:
Colonial Society of Massachusetts and Northeastern University) 65.3: 389–421. ISSN 0028-4866.
• Schmidt, Gary D. (1999). William Bradford: Plymouth's Faithful Pilgrim (http://books.google.com/
books?id=BijffNh7pLAC). Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 082851517.
• Stratton, Eugene A. (1986). Plymouth Colony: Its History & People, 1620–1691 (http://books.google.com/
?id=17zCU76ZtH0C). Salt Lake City: Ancestry Incorporated. ISBN 0-916489-13-2.
• Wenska, Walter P. "Bradford's Two Histories: Pattern and Paradigm in 'Of Plymouth Plantation'". Early
American Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press) 13.2 (Fall 1978): 151–164.
ISSN 0012-8163.
External links
• Bradford's History (http://www.pilgrimhall.org/bradfordwilliam.htm) at the Pilgrim Hall Museum
• William Bradford (http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Passengers/WilliamBradford.php) on
MayflowerHistory.com
• Full Text Bradford's book: "Of Plymouth Plantation" (provided by Google Book Search) (http://books.google.
com/books?id=tYecOAN1cwwC&printsec=titlepage)
• Genealogy of William Bradford (http://genealogy.wikia.com/wiki/William_Bradford_(1590-1657))
• William Bradford (http://www.americanwriters.org/writers/bradford.asp) at C-SPAN's American Writers: A
Journey Through History
9
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Article Sources and Contributors
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
file:Brooklyn Museum - Embarkation of the Pilgrims - Robert Walter Weir - overall.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Embarkation_of_the_Pilgrims_-_Robert_Walter_Weir_-_overall.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
Alexcoldcasefan, Bukk, Mattes, Wolfmann, Zolo
File:WilliamBradfordBirthplace.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WilliamBradfordBirthplace.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anne Hollingsworth
Wharton
File:20070617hooglandsekerk.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:20070617hooglandsekerk.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ivory
File:The Mayflower Compact 1620 cph.3g07155.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Mayflower_Compact_1620_cph.3g07155.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Howcheng
Image:Of Plimoth Plantation First 1900.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Of_Plimoth_Plantation_First_1900.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Image:Provincetown memorial to Lost Pilgrims.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Provincetown_memorial_to_Lost_Pilgrims.JPG License: GNU Free
Documentation License Contributors: T.S. Custadio ToddC4176 01:26, 1 March 2007 (UTC); cropped and brightened only by Peter Whitlock Peter 03:05, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
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