Anatomy and Physiology
Fall Final Exam Study Guide 2016
Important concept list
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy vs. physiology
Levels of organization
Homeostasis
Body systems
Anatomical regional terms
Directional terms
Cell organelle function
Enzymes
Human chromosome numbers (diploid
vs. haploid)
Cancer
Histology
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Location, structure, and function of:
o Epithelial tissue
o Connective tissue
o Muscle tissue
o Nervous tissue
Cell shapes
Cell layers
Goblet cells
Cilia vs. microvilli
Chondrocytes
Matrix
Intercalated discs
Nervous System
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CNS vs. PNS
Divisions of the PNS
Neuroglia
Neuron structure (labeling and
functions)
Brain regions (labeling and functions)
Protection of the brain
Integumentary System
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Epidermis
Dermis
Skin appendages
Subcutaneous layer
Functions of the skin
Skin color
Skin disorders
Skin cancer
Burns
Blood and Lymphatic System
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Functions of blood
Characteristics of plasma
Erythrocytes and hemoglobin
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Blood types
Blood clotting
Organs of the lymphatic system
Viral vs. bacterial infections
Summary of First Semester Learning Targets by Unit
Unit 1 Introduction to Anatomy
I.
Understanding the concepts of Anatomy and Physiology
a. Define anatomy and physiology
b. Describe how A&P are related
II
Levels of structural organization
a. Name the levels of organization, and how they build upon each other
b. Name the 11 body systems, the function of the systems, and major organs of each system
c. Name accessory organs in each system
III
Maintaining Life
a. List the functions that humans must perform to maintain life
b. List the need of humans in order to survive.
IV
The language of Anatomy
a. Describe anatomical position
b. Use correct anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces and body planes
c. Locate major body cavities, and major organs in these cavities
V. Cell structure and function/Cancer
a. Identify and describe cell types
b. Identify and describe cell organelles and function
c. Define cancer and describe cancer types
d. Describe common treatments for cancer
Unit 2 Integumentary
I.
Epithelial Tissues
a. Be able to describe the structure of epithelial cells
b. Describe the location of epithelial tissue
c. Describe the function of epithelial tissue
d. Correlation of how form relates to function
II.
Connective Tissues
a. Describe the structure of connective tissues
b. Identify where connective tissues are found in the body
c. Describe the functions of connective tissues
d. Correlate how form relates to function
e. Describe the process of tissue repair
III.
Muscle and nerve tissue
a. Describe structure of muscle and nerve tissue
b. Identify where ever and muscle tissues are found in the body
c. Describe the function of muscle and nerve tissues
d. Correlate how form relates to function
Unit 3 Nervous system
1. Explain the functions, as well as the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system.
2. List the types of neuroglia and explain the roles each play in nervous system function.
3. Describe the general structure of a neuron and locate its important anatomical regions.
4. Explain how neurons are classified according to their structure and function and the roles of sensory
receptors in the body.
5. Explain the series of events that lead to the generation of a nerve impulse and its conduction from one
neuron to another.
6. Identify and describe the functions of the major areas of the brain, including cerebellum,
diencephalon, and brain stem.
7. Explain the roles of the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier in protection of the
brain.
8. Describe the structure of the spinal cord and describe the functions of the cranial nerves and spinal
nerve plexuses.
9. Explain how the following disorders affect the brain and/or spinal cord: multiple sclerosis (MS),
meningitis, Alzheimer’s disease, concussions, contusions, cerebral edema, cerebrovascular accidents
(strokes), paralysis
Unit 4 Integumentary
I.
Skin function and structure
a. Describe the functions of skin
b. Describe the layers of the skin
c. Describe the function of each layer
d. Relate form to function
II
Accessory structures of the skin
a. Describe the distribution and function of the epidermal derivatives- sebaceous glands, sweat
glands, and hair
b. Identify the factors that affect body temperature
c. Describe the factors that affect skin color
III
Skin disorders
a. Differentiate between first, second and third degree burns
b. Explain the importance of the rule of nines
c. Describe the following skin disorders, athletes foot, boils, carbuncles, dermatitis, ,cold sores,
impetigo, and psoriasis
d. Describe skin cancers
e. Describe how the skin ages
Unit 5 Blood and Immune
1. Describe the functions and characteristics of blood, including the location of blood cell formation.
2. Explain the function of and components of blood plasma.
3. Explain the differences between the 3 main types of cells in the blood  erythrocytes, thrombocytes,
and leukocytes.
4. List the 5 types of leukocytes and describe their roles in immunity.
5. Explain the role of genetics in determining blood type and describe the steps involved in blood clotting.
6. Explain the general structure of the kidneys and their role in relationship to the blood.
7. Describe the location and function of the major organs of the lymphatic system.
8. Describe the differences between viral and bacterial infections and the corresponding immune
responses.