APPLICATION FOR THE BACHELOR OF CITY PLANNING (HONOURS) DEGREE - 2018
Thank you for your enquiry regarding the Bachelor of City Planning Honours degree.
Entry to the Bachelor of City Planning Honours programme is restricted to applicants with a Bachelor's
Degree or BTech, whose academic record is such that they would qualify for acceptance into an
Honours level programme, which is generally taken as the achievement of aggregate marks for finalyear major subjects of at least 65%and above.
You are required to submit the following items with your application:
1. Curriculum Vitae: this should include personal details, certified copies of your university
transcript and degree certificate, interests, travel or work experience and the names, telephone/fax
numbers, e-mail addresses of two academic staff members in the University Department(s) which
offered your final-year major subject(s).
2. Term Papers: submit marked copies of two recent term papers (essays or project documents –
not exam scripts) which in your view adequately reflect your academic capabilities.
3. Response to attached paper on ‘spatial planning’ (no more than 1000 words): firstly, outline in
your own words the main lines of the argument advanced in the paper, and secondly, state your
personal view of what you believe the significance of this argument to be for planning and
planning education in the contemporary period.
4. Motivation (no more than 750 words): submit a statement in your own words of why you are
attracted to the planning field, and what you hope to do with your qualification.
Staff evaluation of applicants: this process will take place during November. The programme staff
are keen to meet as many applicants as possible and to discuss their applications prior to reaching
final decisions. If you would like to have such a discussion, either during November or earlier, you
should book a time with the Administrator in the School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics (021650-2359). Please note that your application will not be prejudiced should you be unable to make
such an arrangement.
The number of applicants who can be admitted in any one year is constrained by the work space and
staff available. All successful applicants will be notified during the month of December.
Enquiries:
General application enquiries: you may phone the Administrative Assistant (Mrs Heather Martin) on
(021) 650-2374 or e-mail – [email protected]
Please send your full application to:
By Courier:
Mrs HeatherMartin
Room 5.35, Level 5, Centlivres Building
School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics
University Avenue
Upper Campus
RONDEBOSCH, 7701
CAPE TOWN 8001
By post:
Mrs Heather Martin
School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics
University of Cape Town
Private Bag X3
Rondebosch
7701
The UCT application form must be completed online, via the UCT website: www.uct.ac.za all
applications close on the 30 September 2017. Please get your application in as soon as possible to
avoid complications.
Fees: For more information regarding the fees for 2018 please contact the Fees Office
on: 021-650-2203.
Bursary enquiries: (021) 650-3926
Other sources of funding:
City of Cape Town website: www.capetown.gov.za (check in mid-August for applications)
Masakh’ iSizwe Bursaries: www.capegateway.gov.za (available during September of each year)
Student housing enquiries: (021) 650-3926
Should you have access to the internet you will find it very informative to visit the School website. The
address is: http://www.apg.uct.ac.za For further information about the University you can access the
University of Cape Town website at: http://www.uct.ac.za
Please do not hesitate to contact me should you require further information.
Yours sincerely
Heather Martin
Admin Assistant
Postgraduate Planning Programmes
2008(53)
ssB/TRP/MDM
Rethinkingspotiolplonning
AlisonTodes
INTRODUCTION
I.
I n p o s t - o p o r t h e i dS o u t hA r r i c o s p o t i o l
Ia k o m e w o r k sr e l v i n qo n o n c b s t r o c l
I d e s i g no p p r o o c h , o n d c e n l r e d o n
l h e u s e o f n o d e s o n d c o r r i d o r sb e c o m e
Abslrocl
o s t o n d o r d f o r m o f p l o n n i n g .T h i s
o p p r o o c h , i n c o n j u n c l l o nw i t h o r g u In SouthAfrico,brood spoliolfromeworkshove become c stondordform of plonning,but
menlsfor urbon compoction, tended
hove been critiqued on voriousgrounds.Thispoper focuseson three linesolong which
spotiol plonning moy be reconsidered.Firsi,it orgues thci it is imporionl for plonnersto i o b e b r o o d l y b o s e c l ,o n d f o c u s e d o n
e ngoge with the complexilyof ihe socio-spotiol
dynomicsof the city.Secorrdly,it suggests i n c l , c o t i v eg u i d o n c e f o r s p o t i o rd e v e o p i h o t p l o n n e r sn e e d o d e e p e r u n d e r s l o n d i n go f u r b o n e c o n o m i c s p o c e o n d o m o r e m e n t . I n m o n y r e s p e c t s ,i t c o u l d b e
consciousconsidcroiionof lhe woy in which plcnning reloieslo morkets.Thirdly,spoticrl r o a a r e l c e l n q n r o o e f n n l O e O f e f t O f m S
plonningcould be errhoncedby o strongerlinklo infroslruciurcplonning.
o f p l o n n i n g .b o l h i n l e r n o i i o n o l l yo n d
i n S o u t hA f r i c o : t h e p r e d o m i n o n c e o f
p r c s c r ' p lv e l o n d u s e r e g u l o i i o no n d
H E R D I NRKU I M T E L B
I KEEP L A N N I N G
c o m p r e h e n s l v ep l o n n i n g ,w h i c h m o n y
geword, o g r e e d w o s s l o t i c o n d c o u l d n o t c o p e
Brce ruimfeiikercomwerke het'n stondoordvorm von beplonningin Suicl-Afr.iko
mcrorhierdieisop vcrskciegrondc gekriliseer.
Hierclie
oriikeifokusop drlc lynewoorvolgens w i t h c h o n g e .
word georgumentcerdct dit belongrik
ruimtelikebeplcnningoorweeg mog word. Ferslens.
Yet the prociice of spoiiol fromework
is vir bcplonnersom die kompleksiteiivon die sosioruimtelikeciinonriek'zon die stod fe
p l o n n i n gi n S o u l h A f r i c o h o s f o i l e d o s
hontcer. Tweedens,word voorgestel dot beplonners 'n sterker bcgrip von sledelike
'n
critiqueshove shown (Florrison
severol
ekonomieseruimteen meer bewuslelikeoorwegingvon die monierwoorop beplonning
word, bcnodig. Derdcns.kon ruinrtelikcbcplcrrrning
vcrslcrkword et csl.,2008:Tocjes,2006;Wcison, 2002).
met nrcrrklegeossosieer
Spotiol fromevzorkshove been foo
d e u r ' n s t c r k e br o n d m e t i n f r o s t r u k i u u r b e p l c n ni icnhg0 .
Peer reviewed ond revised
T
l-rrnnel cnel lnn rrlnn rrn
Ond hOve
been
c o n h o d i c t e d b y b o f h n o t i o n o lp o l i c y
MORALOWA TIKOLOHO
WA TEKOLOBOTJHA
o n d l r e n d si n t h e p r o p e r t y o n d h o u s i n g
nrorkets.They ore neglected in siie
Meroloe pborolletsengyo likolohoAfrikaBorwoe bile mokgwo o omohelehongwc ho rolo.
l e v e l d e c i s i o n - m o k i n go, n d d o n o t l i n k
ho
ile
empo hono
ho sehollwomobokeng o mmolwcr. Pompirieno e ilshetlehilehodimo
s
u f f i c i e n t l tyo l o n d u s e m o n o g e m e n t ,
melo e nleroro eo moroio wo tikolohoo lokelongho shejwoko yono. Nflltengyo pele, e
e l o n n i n g .S o m e
lekc ho bontshobohlokwo bo dirodi ho lshworohono le ho rorohono bo phorolleisengho o r 1 o i n f r o s t r u c t u r p
sre moving beyond these
iikolohoyo boohi ycrmotsemoholo.Nllhoyc bobedi, e sisinyohore dirodidi hlokokuilwisiso m u n i c i p o l i t i e o
c botsi yo :ebof.c so Tnoruowo toropong le ho elo hloko ko rnoo ho rola ho omonong le c r i f i c i s m iso w o r d s ' h o r d e r ' p l o n s ,m o r e
mebcrcrkcko tcng. Ntlhc ya borcro,morolowo tikolohoo ko mollofolswoke kgokohono c l o s e i yl i n k e dt o b o t h i n f r o s l r u c t u r e
ond
c mctlcr ho borodi bo infrostrcrlihcr.
lond usemonogemenf. ln mony coses,
h o w e v e r ,s p o t i o lp l o n s r e m o i n c o n c e p l
d r i v e n ,o n d t h e o l c l e rc r i t i c i s m rse m o i n .
T h e r eo r e s e v e r o l w o y si n w h i c h s p o i i o l
n l n r r n i n ne o r r l d h c c r l - C n C e d .T h e
i m p o r l c n t e n v i r o n m e n t o ld i m e n s i o n sf,o r
e x o m p r e ,h o v e b e e n n o t e c l ( T o d e se l
c:|.,2005,Todesel al., 2007).Thisorticle
f o c u s e so n t h r e e l i n e so o n g w h i c h
s p o t i o lp i o n n i n g m o y b e r e c o n s i d e r e d .
First,it orgues thot i1is imporiont for
p l o n n e r st o e n g o g e w i l h t h e c o m p l e x i t y
o f t h e s o c i o - s p o t i odl y n o m i c s o f t h e
c i l y . S e c o r t d l y i. t s u g g e s t st h o f p ' o n n e r s
n e e d o d e e p e r u n d e r s t o n d : n go f u r o o n
vrv'
"
' i' iY
F.nnnm.
snnep
nnri n mOIe COnSC|OUS
considerotion of the woy in which
p l o n n i n gr e l o l e sl o m o r k e t s .T h i r d l y ,
s p o l i o lp l o n n i n g c o u l d o e e n h o n c e d b y
o s t r o n g e rl i n kt o i r f r o s l r u c t u r ep o n n : n g
- o n e l e m e n t w h i c h i sb e i n g e x p l o r e d i n
s e v e r o lc l t l e s .T h e s el h r e e o s p e c t sw i J l
Professor
AlisonTodes,Schoolof Archilectureond Plonning,Universlty
of lhe Wilwotersrond be explored in lurn, ond lhe implicotions
J o h o n n c s b u r gS,o u t hA f r l c o .P h o n e 0
: l 1-7)/7702
o r 0 8 3 / 0 8 9 1 3 4E,m o i l<: A l i s o n . I o d c s @ w i i sf o r s p o t i o lp l o n n i n g w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d .
oc.zo>
1n
T o d e s. R e t h i n k i n gs p o l i o l p l o n n i n g
2.
THEMULTIPLEX
CITYAND
SOCIATDYNAMICS
plonning
Anolysis
forspotiolfromework
in South Africo hos not poid much
nllonlinn
ln
fho
cna
a-(nntinl
rlrrnnm
ceonnmir
deo
of O
compoct city hos pointed to voriotions
i n l h e n e e d s o f l o w - i n c o m eh o u s e h o l d so n d t h e i r l i v e l i h o o ds t r o l e g i e s
( S c h o o n r o o d ,2 O O 0B; i e r m o n n .2 0 0 3 ;
T o d e s ,2 0 0 3 ;B e n i i& M o r o n g e , 2 0 0 5 ) .
nnrl
rn <orl
a
r a c t i n n c , - n-n- n C e f n r r l QO
. , n : f o r mo p p r o o c h 1 o u r o q n s p o r i o l
o r g o n i s o t i o nW
. h l l e B e n i t& M o r o n g e
(2005)show frow poor ocolion offecls
'he nnnnrh
rnitiec nf eln'neSliC WOfk6'fS lO
o c c e s s e m p l o y m e n t .o s w e l l o s t h e c o n d i l i o n su n d e r w h i c h l h e y w o r k . r e i n f o r c 'ng
t r o d ; t ; o n ocl r i i i q u e so l l h e o p o r l h e i d
c i l y , o t h e r so r g u e l h o t l h e d e c l i n i n g
formolemploymenl ond on increosing
re ionce by the poor on diverse survivcl
s t r o i e g i e sh o v e m o d e c e n t r o l l o c a l i o n
e s si m p o d o n t ( S c h o o n r o o d ,2 O O O :
B i e r m o n n2 0 0 3 ;C r o s se l o l . , l 9 9 6 1. F o r
i n s i o n c e ,S c h o o n r o o d ' s( 2 0 0 0 )w o r k o n
Prolnrin
r r\ n, :nj aucJl rcJ
r<w
lr hr aul t
^-^^"
irh' ^' v tl u
rgYr
r^^
)Llg)
l h o t o r e o v o i r o b ' eo n t h e p e r i p h e r yg v e
h o u s e h o l d si h e f l e x i b i l i ttyo o c c o m m o dofe chonges n ife cycle, to mo nloin
sociol neiworks,ond to diversifyincome
s o . r r c e sb y m e o n s o f s u b - l e l t i n go n d
trrl-rnn aarin
rlt,rra
S t o n d o r d s p o t i o lp l o n n i n gc o n c e p t s
m o k e i m p l i c i to s s u m p t i o n so b o u t l h e
n o t u r e o f e m p l o y m e n i , l i v e l i h o o do n d
m o v e m e n t p o t l e r n sf h o t m o y n o t b e
b o r n e o u t b y o c l o s e ro n o l y s i sB. e r m o n n
(2003)questionsnotions of 'urbon
vc vdvave, '
nnd
l-lnilrr 'rrinn
rncf
c nra
lower thon in more centrolly locoted
o r e o s ,o n d h o u s e h o l d sm o n o g e b y
sending one person to work in town,
limitingthe impoct of tronsport cosls.
B i e r m o n n ' s( 2 0 0 3 )w o r k h o s m o d e t h e
importont point thot whot constilules
'good
locotion'needs io be ossessed
ond connot be ossumed a priori.Fa(
n s t o n c e ,s h e s h o w e d h o w r e s i d e n t so f
fhe fne rrcon p9dg5
Ond COf-
ridorsorientedlo formqlemployment.
Goclehort's(200/)workon KwoMoshu
s h o w st h o t t h e p r e d o m i n o net m p h o s i s
o n l n r n o rs r n l c n n d o s n n d c o r r , d o r s
missesthe woy informol octivities
o r g o n i s es p o t i o l l yo t o m o r e l o c o l l e v e l ,
ond how they might be supported.
In Coto Monor, loxi routes bypossed
t h e p l q n p s 6 c o r r ' d o r s u, n d e r m i n i n g
their viobi lty. There is scont literoiure
o n h o w l - i g h e r - i n c o m cg r o u p sl o c o f e ,
m o v e o n d u s e s p o c e i n c ' l ' e s .l n m o n y
ra<nae
lhe
ne t,vijri nrrn55 6il95.
rc
o f c l i e s .I n d e e d . l h e f o c u s o n s p o t i o l
c o n c e p l s s u c f .o s n o d e s o n d c o r r i d o r s ,
d e n s i f l c o t i o no n d i n f i l lh, o v e o r g u o b l y
diverted ottention from fhe need to
undersiond how different groups of
P e o p l s o c o l e o n d m o v e w i t h i r -l n e
c i t y , w h o i u n d e r p i n si h e s e c h o i c e s ,o n d
l f ' e ' m p l i c o lo n s o f l l - e s ep o l l e r n sl o r
lheir survivolond livelihoods.Yet cifies
o n d r e g i o n so r e : r c r e o s i n g l yc o m p l e x
spoiioily:ihey cre multi centred, wiih
m u i i i p t s' o c o l . o n so f e c o n o . n i c o c t i v .
i t y o n d c o m p l e x m o v e m e n t s- w h o t
: lB) iermsihe muliiplex
Heoley(20005
r e n i n n l l c e r ' l i r n f n r r n d e r s l o n dm O v e
m e n l o n c l s e l i l e m e n i p o i t e r n si n t h i s
r - o n l c y l n n e lw h n t ' n n n d l O C O t i O nO n d
o c c e s s i b i l i l ym e o n r o Tv o r i o u sg r o . - r p os f
people.
The ilarol. rlc dahnlinn
q s e e m i n g l yp e r i p h e r o l o c o f i o n h o c l
for better occessto employmentthon
often ossumed, due to o lorge exteni
lo the increosinglydiverselocolion of
l< n
ennranf.rlr,rzon
nnnrannh
t n c n n l i n l n l n n n i n n n f n 6 g 5o n o b s t f o c t
s t r .r el r r r i n nd c v e e s d ; v e r t so t t e n f i o n
owoy from the need to undersiond how
peop e usespoce, now movemenl porl e r n so c c u r , o n d ' o q u e s l o n h o w s p o t o l
p l o n n i n g m i g h t r e s p o n do p p r o p r i o t e l y .
3.
S t r o l e g i cs p o i o l p o n s o r e r e c e s s o r iy
hraanl',
v,vvv,I
hacan
vvJvv
nc
l, h
d,,
r,v)
vJ
rnust
|
OddteSS
l o n g - l e r md e v e l o p m e ndl i r e c i i o n s .
However,thereore mony coseswhere
e one enls
nf norles
ne r-l COffidOrS qte
u s e d w i t h o u t c o n s i d e r i n ge c o n o m i c
d y n o m i c s o n d p o l e n t i o l s ,o r w h o f l h e
r e o l p r o s p e c l sf o r d e v e , o p m e n l m i g h l
b e o v e r t h e l o n g t e r m . l i i sn o l u n u s u c t l
l o l i n d p ' o n s w i t h c o r r i d o r sp ' o m i s ; n g
d e v e l o p m e n t i n p l o c e s w h i c h h o v e l i t le
ee nnnmie
iI r snv n
n e t i v l vI n I n r e s c n l , O n d l F l
"'V''
n
nnarnnt
vvvv,vl
nracnan{5'Of
eCOnOm,C
d e v e l o p r n c n t .T l r c . eo r e o l s o p r o b l e m s
in moving from this brood, obstroct
l e v e lt o m o r e i m m e d i o t e d e v e o p m e n i
(Horrisoe
n t o / . ,2 0 0 8 ) .
P L A N N I NA
GN DT H EE C O N O M Y T h e C o t o
Although plonners hove often ffroved
'r'1o
'ocol
t h c r e o l mo [
cconomic
clevelopr"nent,very itt e otfenlion hcJS
'reol
been poid to the workingsof lhe
, 9 9 0 :l O ) , r
economy' of the city (Honis1
o n d i l s s p o t i o lo r g o n i s o t i o ni n t h e S o u t h
Africonconlext.Theneed for porliculor
k i n d so f s p o c e ( w h o t k i n d o f e c o n o m l c
octivity, where ond how much), ond oss o c o l e c i r e q u i r e m e n l sl o r i n k o s l r u c t l r e ,
o n d t h e l i n k st o s p o l i o lp l o n n i n go l o
s l r o t e g ' co n d m o r e o c o i l e v e l o r e r o r e l y
mode. Ihe useo[ o 'dcs'gn'opprooch,
, r s i n na h s t r n et e n n e e n t 5 O f n g d e s O n d
coridors to structurespoliol fromeworks,
h o s m e o n t t h o t t h e s e k i n d so f o n o l y s e s
n r e n n t r - n n s . l o r o r ^m
l norfoni ond ore
thus rorely underfaken.
Tl.e basic noint of r^lencrrlure
of the
rv vJJe, ys, i n nI n n n r n n e
h rrse.l is lhOl lhe CteO
lion of on oppropriote spotiol strucfure
( m o n r o l l e s , n o d o l p o i n l s )w i l tl e o d
businessto locote os desired by the
p o n , ' o ' o w i r - g l i n e so f o c c e s s i b i l i l yT. h i s
maro
l h e l o n d r e q u i r e m e n t sf o r p o r t i c u l o r
l o n d u s e s .l t si m p l i c i tc o n c e p f u o l b o s i si s
smoli-scolecompelitive morkets, ond ii
provides o good description of how informo irode orgonisesspotiolly (Dewor
& W o t s o n ,1 9 8 1 ,l 9 9 O ;D i e r w e c h i e r ,
2 0 0 2 .1l l i s o r s ou s e l u li n d e s i g n i n gs p o c e
to enob e these clclivitles.However, il
d o e s n o f c o n s i d e rh o w m u c h e c o n o m i c
s p o c e o f d i i f e r e n ll y p e s s I k e l y t o b e
u s e d ,o n d i t d o e s n o t p o y s p e c i f l c o t l e n t i o n l o l o r g e ro n d m o r e m o n o p o i s e d
economic octivity. Nor does it provide
sufflcientdirection f or infrostructure
plonners,crsihe following section
orgues.
llawitrrro nnnrnanh
v,v
vvv,
vvvr
I
di'ferS
from
the
focusof troditionolstructureplonning
o n d m o s t e rp l o n n i n gi ,. e .p r e d i c t i n g
Monor DevelopmentProjecf
i n D u r b o r ^p r o v i d c so g o o c j e x o m p l c o i
. h i l et h e p r o j e c t
s o m e o f t h e s e i s s u e sW
wos developecj with consiclcrcrblc
t h o u g h t o n d o i t e n t i o n ,t h e u s e o f t h e
b r o o d n o d e s / c o n i d o r sc o n c e p l m e o n t
t h o l t h e p l o n n e r sd i d n o t e n g o g e
sufficientlywith how much economic
d e v e i o p m e n l w o s l i k e i yo r p o s s i b i e .
An eorlyplon deplclecl nodes ond
c o r r i d o r so v e r o l o r g e o r e o . w h , c h
^'^"^n
v , v v e v
ra Aa,^,arl h,^'/^1d who'cou
d
b e s u p p o r t e d .E v e n o s m o l s h o p p i n g
centre on the moin corridor proved lo
be much greoler thon could be supporied. Therewere severol contribu'ory
foctors to this disjunciure:the projecl
wos noi oble to includemiddle-income
groups, ond incomes were much lower
l h o n e x p e c l e d ; l h e c ' o s e p r o x i m ' t yo f
the oreo to the city centre ond lo o
lorne shnnn
nn.trntra
.Jnd lOXi fO.JleS
which bypossed onticipoted retoil oreos
( D e w o r & K o p o n , 2 0 0 4 ). N o t o l l o f t h l s
n
I aUvvas
La
U,U ' A
V h
lU^ s. asar n
nrar{ia+nA
l,rrsurur9u,
'yr a
Yi
ti ll - ' n ' r c n
I uJg
nf thccc hrnnri ennecntsmeOnt thOt
p l o n n e r sd ' d n o t e n g o g e s u ff l c i e r l l y
w t h t l " e l , k e l yp o r o m e fe r s ' o r d e v e o p
ment (Horrison,el o/., 2O0B).
I T h i ss e c t i o nd r c w s f r o m H o r r i s o ne t o / . .2 C O 8
il
008(53)
s s B / T R P / M D2M
The dcc nn nnnroneh
flnd
the USe O'
obstroci nodes/corrldorsto enob e
d e v e o p m e n l o l s od o n o t e n g o g e
with lhe woy n which the lorge scole
p r o p e r t y n d J s l r yi s s h o p i n g s p o c e .
S n .r t h A f r i en ' s n r n n a r t v o n d r e t o i l
: n e irrs t r ui c t n n n r n c p y t e n t ' o c ; s e d o n
e nr rrqinn mirldla
nrnmntac
inrnmg
COnSJmers. lt
tha r]arrolnnmoni
nf chnnnina
c e n t r e so n d d e c e n t r o l i s e do f i c e s o l o n g
freewoys, for from oreos of poverfy.
Thoca
naftarn<
nra n
- f t a -r , ' c o n i r o r y 1 o
ihe intention of spotiol fromeworks
o n d t o n o r m o t i v e p r i n c i p l e sy, e t f e w
p l o n s h o v e p o i c i e sw h i c h r e s p o n d i o
lh6ca
^^llarn<
f)f
nn
rrca
^a\/arnnarc
n r u s to p p l y f o r p l o n n i n g p e r m i s s i o nf o r
t h e s e o c t i v i t i e s b, u t i n p r o c l i c e l o n d u s e
o e c r s r o nm o k n g l ^ o sb e e n r e ' o l v e l y
/oissezloire, ond driven by dcveloper
n e e d s T h r si s n n r j . t r l a r l v l h e c o s e f o r
m e g o - p r o j e c t sw h i c h i n f o c l d o m i n c l e
d e c i s i o nm o k i n g .
T h e o o s e n e s so ' s p o t i o l ' r o m e w o r k s ,
t h e e m p h o s i so n p l o n n i n g o s f o c i l i t o i i o n
o n d t h e r e o c t i o n t o o l d s t y l ep l o n n i n g
os controlhos enobled thesetrends.
R .r l l h a . n i sn s n n n i m n r i 6 idl o m i n o n c c
o ' g r o w l h o n d c o m p e l : l i v e n e soss o
d s c o u r s c .I n f o c l , p l o n n e r sl r o v c n o t y e t
token on lhe debote on how plonning
s h o u l dr e i o t e t o m o r k e t s .T h e r e: so n e e d
lo return io the bosic principlesof the
-Jsl
o n d s u s t on o b l e c , l y w h c h m o n y o f
f h e n o r m o t i v e p r i n c i p l e sg u i d i n g p l o n ning hope to ochieve,ond to begin lo
d e b o l e h o w p l o n n i n g r e l o l e st o m o r k e i s
i n t h i sc o n l e x l .
' J
v J v
! , ' ,
" r ' t , ' '
4.
L I N K I N GS P A T I A LP T A N N I N G
AND INFRASTRUCTURE
PTANNING
I n t e r n o t i o n o l l yt r, o d i t i o n o lo p p r o o c h e s
to spol:op
l l o n n i n go l l e m p l e d l o o l i g n
lond use plcrnningwith infrostructure
p l o n n i n gb y m e o n s o f o c o m p r e h e n s i v em o s i e r p l o n n i n g o p p r o o c h o n d
stntc-drivcn
nrnvicinn nf in[rOSlfUClUfe.
T r o d i t i o n opl o n n ; n g d e v e l o p e d t o r g e l s
' o r ' o n d J s e so n d d e n s i l ' e si n p o r l i c u l o r
oreos, ond infroslructureplonnlng wos
i n t e n d e d t o f o l l o w s p o t i o lp l o n n i n g
( B i e r m o n n ,l 9 9 B ;G r o h o m & M o r v i n ,
2 0 0 1) . H o w e v e r ,i n m o n y d e v e l o p i n g
c o u n l r . e s i,n f r o s t r u c t u r odie v e o p m e n l
ae e t rrarl
fhra,
rah
nnane
la< nnaralinn
t h r o rr n h s ' l n sl c c c c n \ i v : r n q ( p i 5 h ggn
G r e e n , I 9 8 6 ) ,w h c h t e n d e d t o b y p o s s
s p o l i o l p l o n s .C o m p r e h e n s i v ep l o n n i n g
meont thot it took yeqrs for plons io
hn nrnrlr re or{
nnrl
, v|]v
t| h| |oU' Ir y 7 g 1 g S O O n O J I
o f d o l e , u n d e r m i n i n gt h e i r l e g i t i m o c y
ond usefulness.Thusinfroskuciure
12
p o n n ; n g w i t h i t so w n s p o t o l l e g ; 6 u 7 s 5
m o r e p o w e r f u l i n s h o p i n gi h e s p o t i o l
str.JctJre
o f c i t e s t h o n s p o t i o 'p l o n n i n g .
T h i sw o s o l s o t h e c o s e i n S o u f hA f r i c o ,
whcrc snnlnt n nnninn lor cit eswos
f r o g m e n t e d ( M o b i n , 1 9 9 4 ) .o n d s p o l l o l
developmenl wos more the outcome of
powerful infrostructurep onning such os
ironsport or woier (see Todes,2002 on
D u r b o n )o n d o f t h e r o c : o l ' e g i s l o i i o n .
inr.lanacia
Intaarnlar{
l- frOSlrUC tUre
DeveropmenlPonning ottempled
lo link infrostructuredevelopmenl to
s p o t i o lp r o n n n g . T h ' sf o r m o f p l o n n i n g
orosefrom oct;on p onn ng, ond wos
r e n n r e l e dn c n n i n n n v n l i v e o l e r n o t v e
l o m o s t e r p l q n n i n g .l n p r o c t i c e , i t w o s
r e r o t i v e l yJ n s u c c e s s f u lm
, o i n r yd u e t o
t h e l o c k o f p o l ; i i c o lb u y - : p .o r - d p o o r
copocily oi municipollevel (Motiingly
& Winorso,2000). Neverthe ess,such
F r o mt h e l 9 B 0 s ,i n m o n y c o u n t r i e s ,
f o r m so f p l o n n i n g o r e b e i n g p r o r r o t e d
'
r
nr^.a(qa(
n[
rnhr rnr]iinn'
infrn<tr rntr rrc
in troining courses by the influentiol
development by meons of prlvotisotion,
D e v e l o p m e n t P l o n n i n gU n i t ,U n i v e r s i t y
c o r p o r o t i s of i o r - ,o n d d e v e r o p e r - d r i v e n
C o l e g c L o n d o n ( H a o t t ; n g ' y2,0 0 1 ) ,o n d
d e v e l o p m e n t h o v e u n d e r p i n n e dt h e
by the UN-Hobitot in its flexiblestructure
creotion of sprowling,frogmented
plons for posl disosleroreos, omong
o n d d v i d e d c i t i e s( G r o f ' o m & M o r v i n ,
o t h e r s ( U N - H o b i i o t2. 0 0 6 ) .
'
m
a
^
^
?OOl I Thc amnhnci<
^n
nr^ a.l('
' r Y l
u
v
d i s j o i n t e d+ r o ms p o t i o lp l o n n i n g ,o n d
nflan
darralnnod
nn
n
nnrnnralicar.l
nr
p r i v o l i s e do o s ; s i.so s o c o n t r i o u l i n gt o
(rr
c a_
a_ _
_
./ y n g e o o u we /
c t \ . , 2 0 0o2n E u r o p eo, n d S h q t k i n2,0 0 /
tho<a
lronelq
nn ac n\
/an
^^6^^
^r^i6-tS :nClUde bOlh
p u b l i c o n d p r i v o l e i n i t i o i i v e so n d r o n g e
from residenliol,office ond mixed use
r nmnlova<
ta
clnd
nv
rr .l va r r o! lvn' vnv vav r l
arnr
,nr'l
e v e n t t o u r i s r l ro,i r p o r f so n d t h e l i k e .
S e v e r o ld e v e l o p m e n t si n S o u t hA f r i c o ,
: ^ - r , , ^ i h ^ .) ^v ,',n, v^ ^ f l r 1 ^, ) c l 0 s t o d o o n d
v
l lons,
o l r p o r t sd,o n o t f o l l o ws p o l i o p
o n d i n d e e do r e d r v i n gd e v e l o p m e nitn
There ore severoi internotionol initioiives
to link spotiol plonning to infrosiructure
p onning,most noiobly ihe well-docum e n l e d c o s e o f C u r i i i b ow h i c h l i n k e d
s p o t ; o lp l o n n i n g l o l r c n : p o r l d e v e o p
ments, ihe smort growih movement
ond the promotion of tronsit-oriented
d e v e l o p m e n t . I h e 1 9 9 8W o r l d C u p
stodium in Porisprovicieso re lolively
u n u s u o li n s i o n c e i n w h i c h o m e g o n r n o r - l w . , q r r r i d e . lh v q p l r e n f o r c e d
t h e i n t e n t i o n so f o n e x i s t i n gs p o t i o lp l o n
(Lecroorf, 200/).
In Austrolio,there ore severol exomples
o f p o n n : n g p r o c e s s e sw h c l ' i n k s p o l o l
provision
individuolised
of infrostructure
p l o n n i n g l o i n f r o s t r u c l u r ep l o n n i n g .
jq
r ^ r l c on e e . r r r i n n i n e n n l e x f s w h e r e
These
hove emerged in reoclion to the
Inr-tr-c.nlA qirqlamq nF inffOSlfUCtUfe Ofe
frogmentoiion resullingfrom morkei
inoperob'e or on y serve o 5rnqllport o'
h,rsa.l and na.f nrmnne e-orien led
ciiies,such os in some Africon cities.
p l q n n i n g .T h e f o c u s i n t h i sl n s t o n c ei s o n
There is,however, o growing critique of
l o n g - t e r mp i o n s c e n l r e d o n o n d - u s e
l h e s eo p p r o o c h e so n d o J f c o m e s , o n d
l r o n s p o r tl : n k o g e sw
. 1 l "l h e o s s J m p lo n
o n i n c r e o s i n gi n t e r e s it n s t r o t e g i cs p o t i o l thot olher forms of infrostructurecon
p l o n n i n gl o d : r e c ld e v e l o p m e n l .M u c h
f o l l o w .A l t h o u g h i h i sk i n c Jo f p i o n n i n g
of the ocodemic literoiure focuses on
is relotively new, onoiysts (SGS,2006)
stroiegic spotiol plonning os o discursive o r g u e l f ' o 1l l ' e s u c c e s so f l h e s e p l o n s ' s
p r o c e s s( e . 9 .s e e H e o l e y 2 O O Z )c.e n l r e d
c o n t i n g e n lo n g o o d o n o r y s ios r d e .
o n g o i n i n go g r e e m e n t o n p o r i i c u l o r
m o g r o p h i c , h o u s i n go n d e m p l o y m e n t
s p o t i o ld e v e l o p m e n l p o t h s .T h e r ei s
l r e n d s o n d p r o i e c t ; o n s ':u n d i n g o n d
a l c a n n i n e r a n c i n n| , v va m
o
p r i c i n gw h i c h r e i n f o r c e si h e p o n . i n o d
, |n,hPa,<, lu< J ' J i |n | vn rr av nul Ii e
UU
o r r e v i d e n c e - b o s e ds p o l , o lp l o n n , n g ,
d i t i o n t o s i r o n gc h o m p i o n s o n d o g e n porticulorlyin the United Kingdom, wiih
c i e s f o r c o o r d i n o , i o n .l f o l s o r e q J : r e s
'^, rlacnraarl
ar
raatanra
nl
nnrl
n. ,'zinn
g r e o t e r o t t e n t i o nt o h o r d e r o n o l y s i so n d
vvvvv'vr
vu
v
I,, ,v
well-bosed orgumenis for porticulor
i n t o t h e p l o n , o n d i i s c o n s i s t e n tu s e i n
p l o n n i n g s o l u i i o n s( R T PeI t o 1 . , 2 0 0 6 :
d e c i s i o n - m o k i n g( S G S 2, 0 0 6 ) .
D C D , 2 0 0 6 ) .L i n k e dt o f h e s e l r e n d s i s t h e
In the South Africon contexl, broodly
increosingexplorolion ond innovotive
bosed strotegic spotiol fromeworks
experimenlotion inlernotionollyqnd
of ihe post-oportheid ero offered
l o c o l l yr e g o r d i n gh o w s p o t i o lp l o n n i n g
insufflcieniguidonce for infroslruclure
ond infrostructuredevelopment might
plqnners. For inslonce, in 2000,o study
ha
|-'rnr rnhi
lnaalhar
i n e T h e k w i n (i T o d e s , 2 0 0 2f)o u n d t h o i
l n d e v e o p i n g c o J n t r i e s s. p o f i o l
spotiol fromeworks were loo brood to
^ ^ h - : h ^ a c a n , , r 1 ar ^ i r f r o s l r u c l u r e
give guidonce lo infrostructure
deporf
p l o n n i n gi sl e o d i n gs o m eo f i h e c u r menls, which continued with their own
p l o n n i n g .N o r w e r e n o t i o n ss u c h o s
rent thinkingon new,oppropriote
f o r m so f s t r a l e g i sc p o t i opl l o n n i n gI.n
nodes ond corridorsmeoningful for
nnrtir-' rlar direr-iions Privotised or even
J
/
J
'
v
'
'
'
J
v
'
'
"
v J
v
v v r v v
, v , l
T o c l e s. R e t h i n k i n gs p o t i o lp l o n n i n g
d e p o r i m e n t ss u c h q s w o t e r o n d w o s t e .
lronicolly,the more trociilionolestimotes
nf r^lenc,,tv
nnr^llcnrl rrqFwefe more
t
h
e s e d e p o r fm e n l s . H o w e v e r ,
t
o
Jsef.r,
ihere hos sincebeen on explorotion
of the useof mode s io understond
c o p o c i l y o n d c o s t s ,c o m b i n i n g
i n ' r o s f r ; c 1 u r ep l o n n i r - go n d s p o l . o l
i n i e n t i o n sT. h e v o l u e o f o w e l l - g r o u n d e d
spotiol plon is emerging in this contexi
(Breetzke,2008).
l r C o p e T o w n .r e c e n i o t l e m p t s t o
onhnneo thc <n.itinl rnmewofk
found thot fhere wos little relotionship
belween oreos where infrostructurol
e c l n n r - i l ve y s t e . l f o r i n t c n s ; f i c o l ' o n
ond
l l ' e o r e o so f d e n s ' l c o l i o n s u g g c s l e db y
t h e s p o l , o lf r o m e w o r k .A r e o s o ' c o p o c i fy h o v e n o w b e e n m o p p e d . o n d l h e
spotiol fromework now linksoreos for
f ' r l .r . e r l o v o ' n n m e n t n n d i n t e n s i l l c ool r r
' u '
L , v P '
v '
'
j
"
to infrostructuroi
development.This
o p p r o o c hc o n l r o s tw
s i t hl h e p r e d o m i
nnnl
nrarlira
nf
allarrrlna
darralnnorc
vYvrJ
l' nv
ocote wf'ere they w shon the grounds
t h o t t h e i rd e v e l o p e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s
meon lhot they ore in effect poying for
d e v e l o p m e r l . l t s u g g e s l so n e w o p
nranr
n rarl_rora
cnnlin
n
_.ofiFrlrQr5glvlng
d : r e c fo r r l o w h e r e o n c l h o w d e v g l o p e r s
t o r d e e p e r , m o r e q u o n l i l o l i v eo n o l y s e s .
nnA
'ar aranin,
^n^^^ament
between
s p o i i ool n d i n f r o s t r u c i upr el o n n e r so,s
well os o strongemphosison the kind
n f d ' c e r r c i r r aa n n r o n e
L . r n aa , , I 1 n A 7 \
h < rr n n a c l a d
araa+i^^
O wide
hrr
level Oi
occeptqnce of the p'on by both polilie i n n s . l e v c t n n e r sn n . l o l h e r s t o k e h o l d e r s ,o n d t h e p u b l i c i n g e n e r o l .
5.
CONCLUSTON
T h i s n r f i r - l e l ' ' r r sc r r n rr e r l l l - 1 q ft h e r e i s
o neerl lo trrkn n qicn forword in our
clrnlonie snnl nl n'nns Tl.g bfOOd
design-bosed spotiol fromeworks hove
been inodcquole rr severorwoys. Tf's
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I h i so r l i c l ew o s o r i g i n o l l yp r c s c n l e do l t h e
S o u l hA f r i c o nP l o n n i n gI n s t i l u l eP l o n n i n g
Africo Conference, Sondlon, April 2OOB.
J o m e sD u m i n yi st h o n k e d f o r r e s e o r c h
ossistonce.
o r i i c l e h o s h i g h l i g h t e d t h e i r l i m i t si n
REFERENCES
understonding the spotiol orgonisotion
oi cilies ond tl'eir complexity, porl,cu
A H M t D , P .C i l y o f , o h o n n e s b u r g P
, ersonol
communicolion.
lorly ,r lerms of ll-e soc;o-dernogroph;c
trends ond potterns of nnovemenf ond
settlement, ond in terms of lhe spotiol
o r g o n i s o t i o n o f e c o n o m i c o c t i v i t i e s .l t
hflc nlc^ nn nled tn tf-cir imits ffOm the
perspective of infrostructurep onning.
Plonning,however, is ot on inleresii n g m o m e n l w h e n i t sv o l u e i s b e i n g
rediscovered internoiionolly.The new in
terest in plonning is linked tnterolia lo cs
Inrnlc nnd dpvolnn
in OCCOfdOnCe
reoction to lhe frogmentotion resulfing
w i t h t h e p l o n { W o l k e r2 0 O B } .
f r o m o p u r e l ym o r k e l . d r v c n o p p r o o c h
i n m o n y c o n f e x f s .O n e k e y e e m e n l
I n J o h o n n e s b u r g i, n f r o s t r u c t u r lei m i i s ,
o f t h e n e w f o c u s o n s t r o t e g i cs p o t i o l
porllculorlywilh regorcl to power ond
p l o n n i n g i s i n l i n k i n gs p o t i o lp o n n i r . r gt o
o t h e r s e r vc e s , l . o v e r e s u l l e d n l h e
i n f r o s t r u c t u r pe l o n n i n g .T h i so p p r o o c h
d e v e l o p r r r e n io f o g r o w l h r n o n o g e m e n l
f e q u i r e so d e e p e r u n d e f s t o n c J i nogf l h e
strctegy, which is corefully Inonoging
s o c i o lo n d e c o n o m i c d y n o m i c so f t h e
pernrissions
developmenl
in ternrsof
c i t y o n d t h e i rs p o t i o li m p l i c o t i o n st h o n
s p o t i o ip l o n s ( A h m e d , 2 0 0 8 ) .T h e s p o t i o
hos generoly been the cose in South
f r o m e w o r kh o s o l s o b e e n c o s c o d e d
' n l o r e g o n o ' o n d o c o l p i o r s ,i n c r e o s i n g A , r i c o ,o r - d o n o b : l i r yl o p r o j e c t . o r w o r d
d e v e l o p m e n t r e q u i r e n r e n to
sver lhe
t h e e v e l o f s p e c i f i c i t yo f t h e p o n .
longer lernr in order to inform infroT h e r e c e n t C o u n c i l f o r S c i e n t i f r co n d
s t r u c l l r e d e v e l o p m e n t .T h i ss u g g e s l s
l n d u s t r i oR
l e s e o r c h / H u m q nS c i e n c e s
t h e n e e d f o r o s t r o n g e ro n o l y t i c o lo n d
Pocan.nh
r'-n. rn-i
^'^
6-1 !Or ,l-e
t e c h n i c o l b o s i sf o r p i o n n i n g l h o n h o s
D e p o r l m e n i so f S c i e n c e o f T e c h n o l o g y , g e n e r o l l yb e e n t h e c o s e i n t h e p c s t .
Housingond Tronsportprovides o further
There ore obvious lmitsin the exlent io
exomple of South Africon initiotivesto
w h i c h p l o n n i n g c o n f r o n s f o r mc i t i e s .
e x p l o r et h e r e l o t i o n s h l pb e t w e e n s p o t i o l
As Bertoud (2008)hos orgued, urbon
p l o n n i n go n d i n f r o s t r u c l u r e
p l o n n i n g ,i n
s p o l i o 'c f ' o n g e i s s l o w o n d r e l o l i v e l y
r l ' s c o s C o y u s : n g. . r r b o ng r o w l h m o d e
p o t h d e p e n d e n t . I n f o c t , p l o n n e r sn e e d
(
C
S
l
R
,
iing
2008).
fo work lo o lorge extent oround exisl
Soulh Africon iniliolivesore relolive y
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