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Geography
CHAPTER - 5
EUROPE
Introduction
Latitude : 34051'N to 81047'N
Longitude : 24033'W to 69003'E
Population : 60 crores
Area: 1,04,98,000 sq. km.
Size : Second smallest continent in the world in area, after America.
Situation : Europe is situated between Ural Mountains in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west,
in the west of Asia, and north of Africa. To the north of Europe lies Arctic Ocean, to the south lies the
Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Caucasus Mountains and to the East Ural Mountains and
the Caspian Sea.
Europe and Asia as one common landmass, is known as ‘Eurasia’.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES
Albania, Andorra, Armenia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Georgia,
Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Liechtenstein,
Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta,
Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, San Marino,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine,
United Kingdom, Vatican City
State, Yogoslavia.
Countries of Scandinavia
Iceland, Denmark, Norway,
Sweden, Finland are collectively
known as Scandinavia.
Greatest extent, North-South : 4300 km
Greatest extent, East-West : 5600 km
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Geography
EUROPE : PHYSICAL
Important Gulfs and Bays
NAME
SEPARATES
PART OF SEA OR OCEAN
Gulf of Riga
Estonia and Latvia
Baltic Sea.
Gulf of Finland
Finland and Estonia
Baltic Sea.
Gulf of Bothnia
Sweden and Finland
Baltic Sea.
English Channel
Britain and Spain
Atlantic Ocean.
Bay Biscay
France and Spain
Atlanic Ocean.
Gulf of Lions
Lies to the south of France
Mediterranean Sea.
Important Seas
NAME
LOCATION, (PART OF OCEAN)
RIVERS DRAINING INTO
THEM
Mediterranean Sea
Separates Europe from Africa, Strait of
Gibralter connects it to the Atlantic
Tiber (Italy)
Rhone (France)
Ocean.
Ebro (Spain)
North of Russia, Arctic Ocean
Mezen, N. Divina, and
White Sea
Onega.
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Geography
NAME
LOCATION, (PART OF OCEAN)
RIVERS DRAINING INTO
THEM
Baltic Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Vistula and Oder.
North Sea
East of the United Kingdom, Atlantic
Ocean
Elbe and Weser (Germany)
and Rhine (Netherland)
•
Wide continental shelves
of North Sea, called as
Dogger Bank is one of the
most productive regions
for fishing in the world.
•
North sea is connected
to the Baltic Sea through
Kiel Canal.
Irish Sea
Lies between Great Britain and
Ireland, Atlantic Ocean.
Adriatic Sea
North east of Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Po (Italy.)
Ionian Sea
Lies between Greece and Italy,
Mediterranean Sea.
Balck Sea
Separates Europe from Asia
Dnepr, Dnster, Danube.
Sea of Azov
South east of Ukraine, North of
Black Sea
Don.
South westof Black Sea.
Connects Black Sea and
Sea of Marmara
Aegean Sea
Aegean Sea
Lies between Greece and Anatolia
Peninsula (Turkey), Mediterranean
Sea.
Important Straits
NAME
SEPARATES
CONNECTS
Strait of Gibralter
Europe and Africa
Mediterranean Sea with Atlantic Ocean.
Strait of Bonifacio
Sardina islands. (Italy) and
Corsica (France)
Tyrhenian Sea with Mediterranean Sea.
Strait of Messina
Sicily and Peninsular Italy
Tyrhenian Sea with Mediterranean Sea.
Strait of Otranto
Italy and Balkan Peninsula
Adriatic Sea with Ionian Sea.
Bosporus Strait
Istanbul and Anatolia
Peninsula (Turkey)
Black Sea with Sea of Marmara.
Strait of Kerch
Kerch (Ukraine) and Russia
Sea of Azov with Black Sea.
Dardanelles Strait
Balkan Peninsula and Antolia
Peninsula
Sea of Marmara with Aegean Sea.
(Known as ‘Key to the
Mediterranean’).
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Geography
Important Rivers of Europe
Rivers of Italy
Outflow
Po
Adriatic Sea
•
The principal lowland of Italy is the fertile northern plain formed
by the country’s longest river the Po (.652 km) and its tributaries.
•
City
Located
Venice
(Italy)
South West flowing river of Italy
Tiber
Mediterranean Rome
Delta : Cuspate.
Sea
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Geography
Rivers of Italy
Outflow
City
Located
Garrone
Bay of Biscay
Bordeaux
Loire
Bay of Biscay
Nantes.
Seine
English channel
Paris, Rouen,
and Le Havre.
Other River of Europe
Outflow
City/
Located
Rhone
(Gulf of Lions)
Lyon (France)
Ebro (Spain) Cantabarian Mountain
Mediterranean
Sea
Zaragoza
(Spain)
Guadalquivir (Spain)
Atlantic Ocean.
Seville
(Spain)
Tagus (Spain and Portugal)
Atlantic Ocean
Lisbon
(Portugal)
Douro
Atlantic Ocean
Oporto
(Portugal)
North Sea
Bremen
(Germany)
North Sea
Dresden and
Magdeburg
Baltic Sea
Warsaw, the
capital city.
•
It flows through Lake Geneva of Switzerland
•
Its tributary Saone meet near Lyon of France
•
Douro basin is known for wine (Port wine) in west Portugal.
Weser
•
Flows in Germany.
•
Bremerhaven (Germany) lies on its mouth.
Elbe
•
River flows in Germany
•
Hamburg (Germany) is located on its mouth.
Oder
•
Follows almost the border of Germany of Polant/Baltic
Sea/Stettin
Wista (Vistula)
•
Flows in Poland
NORTH FLOWING RIVERS FROM WEST TO EAST
INFOMATION
Onega, N. Dvina, and Mezen
Flows through European Plain into the White Sea.
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Geography
SOUTH EAST FLOWING RIVER
SOURCE
OUTFLOW
CITY LOCATED
Volga (Europe’s longest river, 3,690km)
Valdas Plateau
Caspian Sea
Saratov, Volgograd
Don
Tula
(Black Sea
Sea of Azov
Rostov.
Dnepr
Valdai Hill
Black Sea
Kiev, Dnepropetrovsk
Dnester
-
Black Sea
-
Danube
Black Forest
(Germany)
Black Sea
Linz, Viena,
Budapest, Belgrade
• If flows in Middle Europe through
Austria, Slovakia Hungary and the
northern part of Yogoslavia and
Romania.
• It is the only river in the world
which touches or corsses right
countries.
RHINE
Source : Alps (Switzerland), south
of Lake Constance
Outflow: North Sea
•
It flows in the rift valley
through
Switzerland,
Liechtenstein,
Austria,
Gernmany, and Netherlands,
where the delta is located.
•
From the city of Brussels it
turns north and serves as the
boundary between France and
Germany.
•
Cities located : Mannheim,
Ludwig, Shafen, Heidelberg,
Wieshaden,
Mainz,
Dusseldorf, Cologne. Four are
on
important
Rhine
tributaries-Essen on the
Ruhr, Wuppertal on the
Wupper. Frankfurt on the
Main, and Stuttgart on the
Neckar, Bonn (Germany) and
Rotterdam (Netherland).
•
The busiest inland water way
of Europe.
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Geography
IMPORTANT MOUNTAINS
Kjolen Mountain
•
Running in northsouth direction
along the border of
Norway
and
Sweden.
Pennine
•
The
Central
upland region of
Great Britain.
Cantabarian
•
Mountain chain
lying in northern
Spain.
•
Extends in eastwest direction.
Sierra
Morena,
Sierra Nevada
•
The Guadalquivir
river
drains
between these two
mountain chains
of Spain.
•
Sierra Nevada
contains country’s
highest
peak
M u l h a c e a n
(3,478m).
MOUNTAIN VESUVIUS
ALPS
•
•
Lies in the south-eastern part of France and
separates it from Italy.
•
Mount Blanc (4,807 m) is the highest peak of
Alps, lies in France.
•
The Alps acts as giant watershed in
Switzerland.
A volcanic mountain lying in Neples (Italy.)
APPENNINES
•
Mountain chain extending from the western
Alps to the southern tip of mainland in Italy.
•
An example of limestone hillls, which is well
known for wine (Asti) in piedmont district of
Italy.
MOUNT ETNA
VOSGES
•
A volcanic mountain of Sicily (Italy.)
•
Lies in France and separate it from Italy.
•
Example of parasitic volcanic cone.
•
An example of Block mountain.
DINARIC ALPS
•
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Lies along the north-east coast of Adriatic Sea.
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Geography
CARPATHIAN
CAUCASUS
•
•
Lies to the north of Georgia, Azerbaijan.
•
Separates Asia from Europe.
•
Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus is the
highest mountain peak of Europe.
Runnin in northwest-southeast
direction in the countries of Poland,
Ukraine and Romania.
BALKAN
•
Runs in east-west direction in Bulgaria.
BLACK FOREST
PINDUS
•
•
•
Block mountain of Germany.
The barren limestone chain, runnine
north west-southeast and rising to 2,500
m.
MOUNT STROMBOLI
•
An example of composite volcanic cone.
Constitutes the principal mountian
chain of Greece.
•
Known as the ‘Light house of the
Mediterranean’.
URAL
•
Average height between 500 and 800 m.
•
Forms the natural boundary between
Asia and
Important Peninsulas
NAME
INFORMATION
Iberian Peninsula or Spanish Plateau
•
Surrounded by Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea and
Atlantic Ocean.
Balkan Peninsula
•
Surrounded by Black Sea, Aegean Sea, and Adriatic Sea.
•
Consist of Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania and Greece.
•
Surrounded by White Sea and Arctic Ocean in Russia.
Kola Peninsula
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