Fire Spinning Safety Documents
MIT Spinning Arts Club
Updated: August 14, 2014
The purpose of the MIT Spinning Arts Club is to provide students with a venue in
which to learn and practice the art of prop spinning and performance. We currently have
a strong member base across MIT that spins a variety of different props, including (but
not limited to) poi, staff, rope dart, fans, and flow wand.
One important aspect of prop spinning, widely embraced in the larger spinning arts
community, is the use of props lit with fire. Although we do not currently practice this
on campus, many of us have personally had the opportunity to experience this in settings
outside of MIT and we would like to be able to involve and educate interested peers in
the safe practice of the rewarding art of fire performance.
Safety Documents and Waivers from
Other Universities
Jumbo Jugglers Fire Safety Guide
Revised 4/04/14
Section 1: Basic Terminology
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Duvetyn – A cotton blanket, chemically treated to be fire retardant. Used to put out fires.
Fire Safety – An individual whose responsibility it is to keep watch over the fire spinner and to
aware them of any potential dangers, as well as to put out any fire props when requested.
Fire Prop/Lit prop – Most often these are kevlar wicks on chains or on the ends of staffs which
are dipped in fuel before being lit and spun.
Fire Spinner – One who manipulates and practices with lit fire props.
Double Bucket System – The system through which fuel is kept for fire spinning. Designed to
easily suffocate and contain an ignited fuel source.
Spinning Off – The process by which excess fuel is collected from props before lighting them.
White Gas – A naptha based fuel used for fueling props. Produces very little smoke, burns
cleanly.
Section 2: Training Requirements
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Before any individual, Tufts affiliated or otherwise, is allowed to take part in fire spinning
activities or helping to safety for these activities, they must pass the following requirements:
o Any individuals interested in using or safetying for fire juggling props must be at least 18
years of age.
o Individuals must attend a safety briefing explaining the principles of safe fire spinning
and fire safetying.
o Individuals must demonstrate that they are capable of spinning an unlit prop confidently
and safely.
o Individuals must provide photo identification (Drivers license, Tufts ID, etc…) and sign a
safety waiver that voids Tufts University and the Jumbo Jugglers of liability for any injury
or harm they may sustain while spinning fire.
o There are no exceptions. All participants must adhere to these guidelines regardless of
any prior experience they may have with fire spinning.
 Any individuals violating any policies outlined in this guide will be asked to stop
spinning fire and will be given a warning and safety re-fresher.
 If an individual shows themselves to be a danger to themselves and/or others,
they will be banned from continuing to participate in our fire spinning events.
o Individuals interested in managing the fire field must be at least 21 years of age and
must acquire additional training.
 Fire practice managers must have a working understanding of the safety and
logistical issues outlined in this manual, and must be able to demonstrate this
knowledge on the fly and act appropriately in response.
 Fire practice managers must be approved by the Tufts University Fire Marshall
o
 Fire practice can only take place when a fire practice manager is present.
In order for the Tufts Jumbo Jugglers to be approved for use of Tufts University space
for fire prop practice, they must take part in an annual approval process with the Tufts
Fire Marshall. This process will involve the following:
 The guidelines in this document will be reviewed and any necessary changes to
this document will be addressed and implemented.
 This process will be mediated between the current Jumbo Jugglers fire practice
managers and the Tufts University Fire Marshall.
Section 3: Set Up
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Venue: The space in which fire spinning will occur.
o Fire spinning should only be done outdoors.
o The fire spinning area should be
 At least 10 feet from any structures or combustible materials
 On level ground clear of dry vegetation, and with no overhanging structures,
power lines, or tree branches
 Any observers or audiences should be separated from the fire spinning area by
at least 10 feet
o Spaces thus far approved for fire spinning by TUPD are the Residential Quad, and
Fletcher Field.
o Fire practice and performance must occur on the Medford side of campus (nearer the
residential quad, ‘uphill’)
 Operations involving live fire in Somerville will require a paid fire detail
Fueling Station: The fueling station is where fire spinners will soak their unlit fire prop before
fire spinning. The following are set up guidelines and necessary precautions.
o Fuel is to be stored in a ‘double bucket system’.
 Fuel will be poured into a lidded metal bucket, which will then be placed into an
all purpose 5 gallon bucket.
 If the fuel source is ever ignited, suffocate the flames by capping the 5 gallon
bucket.
 If any fuel is left over in the metal bucket, cap the metal bucket and store it in
the capped 5 gallon bucket. Do not attempt to pour the fuel back into a fuel
container.
o At the fueling station, there must also be a ‘spin-off’ bucket in which excess fuel from props can be collected.
 ‘Spinning off’ should be performed some distance away from the fueling station to prevent hitting others.
o The fueling station should be separated from the fire spinning area and any observers or
audiences by at least 10 feet, and will monitored by a fire safety assistant
o A physical barricade or a safety assistant should separate the fire spinning area from the
fueling station
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o A clear walkway should be kept between the fueling station and the stage
o Smoking is not be permitted within 15 feet of the fueling station
o In no instance, should fuel containers be brought to the fire spinning area.
Fire Spinning Area
o A caution tape barrier is to be set up around the perimeter of the fire spinning area
before fire spinning.
o Space estimates: A single spinner needs approximately a 15-20 foot radius to spin
comfortably (~700-1200 sq ft)
 Eg. Residential quad is around 35000 sq ft total
 Half the field should be reserved for observers, fueling station etc…
 17500 sq ft of the space is useable as fire spinning space.
 The Residential quad is estimated to comfortably host between 14-25
fire spinners.
o During typical fire spinning practices, due to a minimum amount of fire safeties on hand,
typically 3 fire spinners will be allowed to practice at a time. This limit can be extended
according to the space for larger fire spinning events.
Section 4: The Fuel
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The fuel used is Naptha/White Gas/Coleman Camp Fuel (see MSDS1)
o Class I Fuel, Non-carcinogenic, Low Flash point ( < 0 degrees F)
o Burn temperature ranges from 250-1000 degrees F as measured by NAFAA2
No more than 1.5 gallons of fuel can be open at a time
o Open fuel is stored in a metal can inside a lidded metal bucket
o Reserve fuel will be stored in its original container or a UL-approved container until
needed
If a can is emptied, stomp it and throw away the lid. NEVER re-cap an empty containerthe
vapors creates an explosion hazard.
Section 5: Equipment
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All wicks should be attached with load-rated hardware
Check all equipment and hardware closely for wear before lighting them
Section 6: The Fire Spinner
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Never fire spin or safety while under the influence of any reaction or judgement impairing
substance.
o Only play with moves you are comfortable with
o If you are trying a move on fire for the first time, try it at the end of the burn
Costume
o Synthetic fabrics will melt to your skin, only wear natural fibers (cotton, leather, wool,
etc) while spinning fire (90% or more recommended)
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o If you’re not sure, do a lighter test and see if it melts
o Avoid dangling or frayed bits, or loose weave fabrics that can easily catch fire
Tie back long hair, think about wearing a bandana, and/or spritz down with water
o Be careful with hair gels/sprays, or if you have just applied sunscreen/bug spray
Always spin off excess fuel from your props before fire spinning
Section 7: The Safety
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Safeties should be clear headed, sober, and dressed with the same care as a fire spinner.
Stand holding your duvetyn blanket in front of you AT ALL TIMES with both hands. Be ready to
grab a flaming object. Know where your fire extinguisher is
Know your fire spinner’s name
The first and last 30 seconds are the most dangerous time of a burn.
o The beginning is when wet fuel from the toys can transfer to the fire spinner’s body. o The end is the most likely time for moves going wrong and tangling the chains.
If the fire spinner catches fire, loudly yell the body part that is on fire. Use their name to get
their attention if needed (fire and music are both loud): “John! Left ankle!” is good. Remember to use their left and right, not yours.
o If they can’t brush off the fire, yell STOP and use the blanket to suffocate the flame. Do
NOT fan or pat at it. If fire is on the face, wipe down (don’t suffocate it into their face), for hair, wipe back and away from the face.
o If poi are tangled around them, grab the poi heads and pull them UP and away from the
fire spinner. This should untangle the chains, or at least give them a chance to let go of
the handles
To extinguish a fire prop, lay down the blanket with the fire wicks in the middle and anything
else out the side away from you. Wrap the sides in, then roll away from you and hold for a few
seconds. Be careful as flames may shoot out the open end.
If the fuel dump catches fire, put the outer lid on the bucket to suffocate the flames.
A note on fire extinguishers: NEVER ever use a fire extinguisher on a person!
The only time you should need this is if some large part of the stage catches fire, or a flaming
fuel dump is knocked over. Know proper use of a standard ABC fire extinguisher, and make sure
it is fully charged!
When needed, respond to the audience needs, the venue's needs, then the fire spinner's needs,
in that order.
In the case of larger events, a safety coordinator will be designated.
o The responsibility of the safety coordinator is to be a resource for other safeties and
manage the fueling station.
o The safety coordinator must have TUPD dispatch on speed dial (617) 636-6911,
 TUPD dispatch is to be called in the case of any emergency, instead of 911
o The safety coordinator has the authority to end any operations or ask any individual to
stop participating in activites.
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A fire extinguisher, provided by the Tufts fire department, should be present at all fire practices
and performances. Safeties are to be trained to operate said extinguisher.
Section 8: First Aid
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If a burn is serious, GO TO THE HOSPTIAL
First degree: red and tender (first layer of skin partially burnt), like a bad sunburn.
o Minor unless covering a large area of hands, groin, or face. Run under cool water 10
minutes to cool and reduce swelling
Second degree: blistered, splotchy, painful (second layer of skin partially burned).
o Often from hot metal chains. Minor if less than 3 inches in area and not on hands, groin,
or face. Run under cool water 10 minutes; apply antiseptic and loosely wrap with a
sterile gauze bandage. Take over-the-counter pain relievers as needed.
Third degree: Charred or dry and white, painless (all layers of skin, other tissue)
o Very serious, and can cause permanent damage. ANY amount of third degree burn is
considered major, and requires emergency medical help. Until an emergency unit
arrives, follow these steps:
 Don't remove burned clothing; Don't immerse large severe burns in cold water
 Elevate the burned body part or parts;Cover with a cool, moist, sterile bandage
In case of injury, a small first aid kit must be available at all fire practices and performances.
Section 9: Checklist
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Stage is clear of debris and overhanging structures
Stage is separated from fuel dump and audience
Your and your safety’s costumes are non-flammable
Equipment shows no signs of wear; quick-links are tight
Fuel up
a. Gather handles up in the same hand holding the poi
b. Dip the heads just until bubbling stops
c. Holding the poi and handles, grab the spinoff bucket handle and spin vigorously
d. Pour spun off fuel back into the supply and cover the fuel dump
GET A NOD FROM YOUR SAFETY
Light up! Have fun spinning
a. If your safety says STOP or a body part, STOP SPINNING and ‘assume the position.’ Drop your poi if needed.
b. If you want to stop before your poi have burned out, ask your safety to put them
out
Thank your safety!
Make sure to drink plenty of water and get fresh air. If you have any minor burns, run
them under cool (not cold) water; apply antiseptic and dressings if needed. (If you got a
serious burn, you should have stopped already and called 911)
Section 10: References
1. Coleman Camp Fuel MSDS: http://www.coleman.com/coleman/msds/lantern.pdf
2. North American Fire Arts Association, flame heat trials: http://www.nafaa.org/trials.html
3. North American Fire Arts Association, Performance Safety Guidelines:
http://www.nafaa.org/NAFAASafety.pdf
4. National Fire Prevention Association, Protocol #160 for Standard Flame Effects Before an
Audience: http://www.nafaa.org/nfpa160.htm
Barefoot Monkeys Fire Safety Guidelines
Updated October 22, 2013
General
Even though we are a very organic and happy-go-lucky club, the truth is
that when it comes to fire spinning, your safety is your first priority. As a club,
we spin fire to have fun, express ourselves, and share our passion with others. To
ensure that we can keep doing all of that at Vassar, we have to be constantly
conscious of everyone’s safety, and the safety of the campus as a whole.
We have had very few serious accidents, and this is completely a result of
our safety procedures and our overall mindfulness of safety. When you are out on
the field, you are responsible for your safety as well as everyone else’s out there.
If you see something that you think might be unsafe, it is your responsibility to
speak up about it, either to the person involved or to someone in charge.
Keepers of the Flame
- The Keepers of the Flame are those members of the Barefoot Monkeys
who are allowed to run and supervise fire spinning on Vassar Campus. It
us up to the discretion of the Grand Monkey who is a Keeper.
- All Keepers of the Flame must go through a separate training to supervise
fire.
- The Keepers of the Flame have final say during fire practice. They are
meant to be acknowledged and respected during fire practices.
- Fuel can only be removed from the fuel box with express permission of a
Keeper of the Flame.
Scheduling and Running Fire Rehearsals
- A list of all fire practice and performance dates will be sent at the beginning
of the semester to Terry Quinn, Don Marsala, and Bob Hanaburgh. If extra
dates need to be added, it’s the Grand Monkey’s responsibility to talk to all
three people and clear the date well in advance.
- A constantly updating list of all club members who are cleared to spin fire
will be made available to the three people noted above, and all required
signed waivers will be filed in the Office of Campus Activities.
- Before any fire practice or performance, the Keeper of the Flame must
notify the CRC and Bob Hanaburgh.
- The Keeper of the Flame must make sure that the fire extinguisher as well
as all other safety equipment (safety blankets, bucket lids) are present at
the practice/performance, and that all safety procedures are being upheld.
Spinning on Vassar Campus
- All spinners must be at least 25 feet from all trees.
- All spinners must be at least 40 feet from all buildings
- Fire jams will take place on the residential quad, unless it is unavailable.
- During fire practices on the quad, ground spin-offs will not be allowed on
fire unless there is no possibility of the grass being harmed (i.e. heavy
snow). (The exception will be during fire shows, where spin-offs are an
integral part of our choreography. To make sure performers have practice,
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spin-offs will be practiced in a controlled setting during practice on
Ballentine in the week leading up to the show.)
Rehearsal for fire shows will take place on Ballentine Field, the week
leading up to the show.
For normal Friday practices on the residential quad, no more than four
spinners can be lit at once, unless by permission from the Keeper of the
Flame (i.e. if two people are partner spinning, and only taking up the space
of one person, and the situation seems safe). If practice is happening in a
location other than the residential quad, the Keeper decides and announces
the safe number of spinners at any one time for that location.
Fewer than four spinners will be allowed on the field in situations of high
wind, very large toys, or other scenarios the Keeper of the Flame deems
unsafe.
Before You Spin
- Make sure you are wearing all natural fiber clothing. Natural fibers will
burn if caught on fire, while synthetics will melt, potentially melting to your
skin. Generally look for at least 80% natural materials.
- Remove cell phones, lighters, and all other electronics from your
pockets. Otherwise you might end up with explosions, which nobody
wants.
- NEVER, ever spin if you are anything other than completely, 100%
sober. If you are overly tired, don’t spin. If you aren’t in a good frame of
mind, don’t spin. There’s no shame in sitting out until next week, it’s more
important to keep an eye on yourself. Caffeine, stress, exhaustion, and
medications can make you just as unsafe as alcohol--the Keeper can ask
someone not to spin that evening for any reason.
Process of a Spin
1. Get OKed for fire: New spinners, or spinners new to a specific toy, must
show their skills to the designated Keeper of the Flame that evening, or
other person approved to OK a certain toy, before they are allowed to do
those moves on fire. You must prove that you have sufficient control to do
it on fire without harming yourself or others.
2. Find a Safety:
o Always ask a safety if they will towel you BEFORE you fuel.
o New spinners must have their own safety, focused solely on that
person.
o Make sure you and your safety know each others’ names.
3. Check your toys:
o Make sure your toy is not too hot before you fuel it.
o If you are using a toy with quicklinks, ALWAYS check your
quicklinks.
4. Fueling:
o Make sure there is room on the field for you, and will be by the time
you’re finished fueling. This may involve asking someone in charge
of the spin.
o Make sure your safety knows you are fueling. If you are a new
spinner, your safety should help you fuel/spin off your toys.
o NEVER leave toys unattended in the fueling bucket.
o See Fueling Station Policies for more safety information surrounding
fueling.
5. Spinning Off: Spin off the extra fuel from your toys in the designated spinoff zone, away from the fueling area.
6. Lighting and Spinning:
o Find your safety and make sure they’re ready before you light.
o NEVER light behind the “Respect the Bucket” bucket/towel/item.
This should be around twenty feet away from the fueling zone and
announced by the Keeper of the Flame that evening.
o While you are spinning, your safety has complete final say. Always
listen for them and do exactly what they say. (Safeties can often see
things you cannot, such as how close you are to trees or other
spinners.)
7. Going Out: Your toy will either run out of fuel and go out naturally, or you
can ask your safety to towel it out.
Fueling Station Policies
- NEVER have any open flame within twenty feet of the fueling zone.
- The emergency fire extinguisher will always be near the fueling station.
- We will always use a double-bucket system for fueling. There should
always be a lid for each larger bucket next to it. If the fuel inside the bucket
should catch fire, the nearest person should take the lid and press it onto
the bucket. This will put out the fire by depriving it of oxygen.
- Empty cans of fuel should immediately be crushed. Never put a cap back
onto an empty fuel can.
Being a Safety
- Only agree to safety a spinner if you feel comfortable doing so. Don’t
be afraid to decline safetying if you are uncomfortable or inexperienced with
the toy or the style of the spinner. Never safety more spinners than you feel
comfortable with.
- Always keep in mind the safety of both the spinners and yourself.
Even if there is an amazing spinner on the field, accidents can still happen.
Don’t be distracted by other spinners that aren’t your responsibility,
even for a moment.
- Keep your towel in your hands and ready to use throughout the entire spin.
Stay standing or crouched, not sitting, ready to move into action.
- There is a maximum of three spinners per safety, but for Friday practices
you should never have to safety more than one to two people.
- If you see fire on your spinner’s body, yell “Name! Body part!” In most
cases the spinner will take care if it themselves.
- Be loud!
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If you see fire on a spinner that appears to be out of control, yell “Down!” if
you feel it’s appropriate. Everyone on the field should immediately stop
spinning.
For body parts on fire, press the towel over it and wipe down. For faces
especially, wipe the towel down, do NOT simply press.
For tangled toys, isolate the burning wicks and hot chains from the
body/hands as much as possible.
Be prepared to towel out your spinner’s toy if they would like to stop
spinning.
How to extinguish a toy:
o We use duvatine towels to safety and put out toys. With
conventional toys, you should wrap the duvatine around the head of
the toy at least 3 times. The wraps can be demonstrated by any
experienced safety.
o To put out specialty toys (fans, contact ball, jump rope, hoop) you
should be trained by an experienced user of that toy and by a
Keeper of the Flame.
Barefoot Monkeys Fire Safety Guidelines for New Spinners
Updated Sept 7, 2012
General
Even though we are a very organic and happy-go-lucky club, the truth is that when it
comes to fire spinning, your safety is your first priority. As a club, we spin fire to have fun,
express ourselves, and share our passion with others. To ensure that we can keep doing all
of that at Vassar, we have to be constantly conscious of everyone’s safety, and the safety of
the campus as a whole.
We have had very few serious accidents, and this is completely a result of our safety
procedures and our overall mindfulness of safety. When you are out on the field, you are
responsible for your safety as well as everyone else’s out there. If you see something that
you think might be unsafe, it is your responsibility to speak up about it, either to the person
involved or to someone in charge.
Keepers of the Flame
- The Keepers of the Flame are those members of the Barefoot Monkeys who are
allowed to run and supervise fire spinning on Vassar Campus. It us up to the
discretion of the Grand Monkey who is a Keeper.
- The Keepers of the Flame have final say during fire practice. They are meant to be
acknowledged and respected during fire practices.
Spinning on Vassar Campus
- All spinners must be at least 25 feet from all trees.
- All spinners must be at least 40 feet from all buildings
- Fire jams will take place on the residential quad, unless it is unavailable.
- Rehearsal for fire shows will take place on Ballentine Field, the week leading up to
the show.
- For normal Friday practices, no more than four spinners can be lit at once.
Before You Spin
- Make sure you are wearing all natural fiber clothing. Natural fibers will burn if
caught on fire, while synthetics will melt, potentially melting to your skin. Generally
look for at least 80% natural materials.
- Remove cell phones, lighters, and all other electronics from your pockets.
Otherwise you might end up with explosions, which nobody wants.
- NEVER, ever spin if you are anything other than completely, 100% sober. If you
are overly tired, don’t spin. If you aren’t in a good frame of mind, don’t spin. There’s
no shame in sitting out until next week, it’s more important to keep an eye on
yourself.
Process of a Spin
1. Get OKed for fire: New spinners, or spinners new to a specific toy, must show their
skills to the Grand Monkey, Second Banana, or other person approved to OK a
certain toy, before they are allowed to do those moves on fire. You must prove that
you have sufficient control to do it on fire without harming yourself or others.
2. Find a Safety:
o Always ask a safety if they will towel you BEFORE you fuel.
o New spinners must have their own safety, focused solely on that person.
o Make sure you and your safety know each others’ names.
3. Check your toys:
o Make sure your toy is not too hot before you fuel it.
o If you are using a toy with quicklinks, ALWAYS check your quicklinks.
4. Fueling:
o Make sure there is room on the field for you, and will be by the time you’re
finished fueling. This may involve asking someone in charge of the spin.
o Make sure your safety knows you are fueling. If you are a new spinner, your
safety should help you fuel/spin off your toys.
o NEVER leave toys unattended in the fueling bucket.
5. Spinning Off: Spin off the extra fuel from your toys in the designated spin-off zone,
away from the fueling area.
6. Lighting and Spinning:
o Find your safety and make sure they’re ready before you light.
o NEVER light behind the “Respect the Bucket” bucket/towel/item. This should
be around twenty feet away from the fueling zone.
o While you are spinning, your safety has complete final say. Always listen for
them and do exactly what they say. (Safeties can often see things you cannot,
such as how close you are to trees or other spinners.)
7. Going Out: Your toy will either run out of fuel and go out naturally, or you can ask
your safety to towel it out.
Fueling Station Policies
- NEVER have any open flame within twenty feet of the fueling zone.
- We will always use a double-bucket system for fueling. There should always be a lid
for each larger bucket next to it. If the fuel inside the bucket should catch fire, the
nearest person should take the lid and press it onto the bucket.
- Empty cans of fuel should immediately be crushed. Never put a cap back onto an
empty fuel can, because it’ll make a bomb.
Being a Safety
- Only agree to safety a spinner if you feel comfortable doing so. Don’t be afraid
to decline safetying if you are uncomfortable or inexperienced with the toy or the style
of the spinner. Never safety more spinners than you feel comfortable with.
- Always keep in mind the safety of both the spinners and yourself. Even if there
is an amazing spinner on the field, accidents can still happen. Don’t be distracted
by other spinners that aren’t your responsibility, even for a moment.
- Keep your towel in your hands and ready to use throughout the entire spin. Stay
standing or crouched, not sitting, ready to move into action.
- There is a maximum of three spinners per safety, but for Friday practices you should
never have to safety more than one to two people.
- If you see fire on your spinner’s body, yell “Name! Body part!” In most cases the
spinner will take care if it themselves.
- Be loud!
- If you see fire on a spinner that appears to be out of control, yell “Down!” if you feel
it’s appropriate. Everyone on the field should immediately stop spinning.
- For body parts on fire, press the towel over it and wipe down. For faces especially,
wipe the towel down, do NOT simply press.
- For tangled toys, isolate the burning wicks and hot chains from the body/hands as
much as possible.
- Be prepared to towel out your spinner’s toy if they would like to stop spinning.
RELEASE AND HOLD HARMLESS AGREEMENT
1. In consideration for receiving permission to participate in the Tufts Juggling Club, the Jumbo
Jugglers (the “Activity”), I hereby RELEASE, WAIVE, DISCHARGE, AND COVENANT NOT TO SUE, AND
AGREE TO HOLD HARMLESS for any and all purposes Tufts University and its trustees, directors, officers,
employees, students, participants, agents or volunteers (herein collectively referred to as “Releasees”) from any and
all liabilities, claims, demands, injury, or death, including injuries sustained as a result of the negligence of
Releasees, that may be sustained by me while participating in such Activity. I hereby agree to and do INDEMNIFY
Releasees from and against any and all liabilities, expenses (including attorneys’ fees) and damages arising out of claims, injury or death resulting from my participation in the Activity. I acknowledge there may be physically
strenuous activities. I know of no medical reason why I should not participate.
2. I have read the Jumbo Jugglers fire safety protocol, agree to participate in weekly safety briefings and
adhere to all protocols and guidelines.
3. I understand that the Activity may consist of juggling lit torches, clubs, sticks, balls or other lit
equipment or acting as a safety for those who are juggling such lit items. I also understand that participation in the
Activity carries with it certain inherent risks that cannot be eliminated regardless of the care taken to avoid injuries.
I understand that with any activity involving an open flame, there is the possibility, however small, of significant
physical injury. I fully acknowledge the dangers and risks to which I may be exposed by participating in the
Activity and hereby VOLUNTARILY ASSUME FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY RISKS OF LOSS,
PROPERTY DAMAGE, PERSONAL INJURY, OR DEATH, INCLUDING INJURIES SUSTAINED AS A
RESULT OF THE NEGLIGENCE OF RELEASEES, that may be sustained by me as a result of voluntarily
participating in said Activity.
4. I understand any circumstance arising from my participation in this Activity or any event related to that
participation may not be covered by insurance maintained by Releasees. I have medical insurance and will pay my
own medical and emergency expenses in the event of accident, illness or other incapacity. I recognize that it is my
responsibility to advise Tufts University of any special accommodations, needs or medical considerations (e.g.
allergies) that may affect my participation.
5. During my participation in the Activity, I hereby grant Tufts University, its employees and agents full
authority to take whatever actions they may consider to be necessary or warranted under the circumstances
regarding the protection of my health and safety.
6. I represent that I am at least 18 years old.
7. It is my express intent that this Release and Hold Harmless Agreement shall bind the members of my
family and spouse, if I am alive, and my heirs, assigns and personal representatives, if I am deceased, and shall be
governed by the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
8. I acknowledge and represent that I have read the foregoing Release and Hold Harmless Agreement,
understand it and sign it voluntarily as my own free act and deed; no oral representations, statements, or
inducements have been made. I execute this document for full, adequate and complete consideration fully intending
to be bound by the same, now and in the future.
SIGNED this
day of
Participant Signature:
Printed Name:
Witness Signature:
Witness Printed Name:
Emergency Contact Name/Phone
Number:
RELEASE AND HOLD HARMLESS AGREEMENT
, 2014.
Vassar College Student Association
124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, New York 12604-0750
Barefoot Monkeys Circus Arts Waiver
Name: ____________________________________
Phone: (
) ____ - ________
D.O.B: ___ / ___ / ________
Email: ____________________________
Emergency Contact: _________________________
Phone: (
) ____ - _________
□ Guest
□ Vassar Alumna/us
□ Current Vassar Student
Year: ________
House and Room #: ____________________
Medical Consent
Participation in any physical activity requires an acceptance of risk of injury.
I acknowledge that my participation in fire spinning and circus arts as a part of the VSA
organization the Barefoot Monkeys is elective and optional and I am aware of the dangers and
hazards. I am aware that fire spinning at Vassar College can consist of, but is not limited to,
spinning staff, poi, devil sticks, fans, contact juggling, juggling, torch juggling, fuzzy poi, hoops,
pseudo weapons, and jump rope. I understand that with any activity involving an open flame,
there is the possibility, however small, of significant physical injury. Therefore, in consideration
of being permitted to participate in said activities I do hereby agree to assume all the risks and
responsibilities surrounding my participation in said program including any activities undertaken
as an adjunct thereto; and further, I do for myself, my heirs, and personal representative(s)
hereby defend, hold harmless, indemnify, release, and forever discharge Vassar College, its
trustees, and all its officers, agents and employees from and against any and all claims, demands,
and actions, or causes of action, on account of damage to personal property, or personal injury,
or death which may result from my participation and which result from causes beyond the
control of, and without fault or negligence of Vassar College, its trustees, officers, agents or
employees, during the period of my participation.
I hereby grant permission to the Vassar College Emergency Medicine Staff to any treatment or
medical care that they deem reasonably necessary for my health and well-being. Also, when my
hospitalization is deemed to be medically necessary, I grant permission for hospitalization at an
accredited hospital.
I have read and understood both the Barefoot Monkeys Safety Guidelines and the NAFAA
Regulations and Guidelines. I agree to adhere to both sets of guidelines while engaging in firerelated arts at Vassar College.
Signature:__________________________________
Date:___________________
OLIN COLLEGE VOLUNTARY ASSUMPTION OF RISK AND WAIVER AGREEMENT
Today’s Date
I,
of
(Name of Participant)
(Address)
In consideration of my participation in the program sponsored by
Olin College Fire-Arts Club
, Title
(Name of Student Organization or Sponsoring Office)
at
Needham, MA
(Location of Event)
and end on
6/20/13
(Date)
Olin College Fire-Arts Club Activities
(Title of Program)
which will start on
9/08/09
(Date)
do hereby, along with my administrators, executors, and
assigns, release and forever discharge Olin College and its trustees, officers, agents and employees
(collectively, the “College”) and the
Olin College Fire-Arts Club
(Name of Student Organization or Sponsoring Office)
,
including its individual members, from any claims, demands, actions and causes of action of every name and nature I now
have or may ever have arising out of my participation in this program and travel to and from the program. I understand that
the College gives no assurances or warranties whatsoever as to the safety of participants in this program. I further
acknowledge that I am aware of the risks to me of injury, property damage or loss, or even death entailed in my
participation in this program. I do fully and completely assume all risks solely to myself, and accept full responsibility for
my individual physical fitness to participate in this program. I, along with my administrators executors, heirs and assigns,
further agree to indemnify and hold the Trustees of Olin College, its employees and the above named student
organization/or office including its individual members, harmless from all expenses, losses, claims causes of action or
damage arising out of my participation in this program, and related travel including any attorney’s fees and court costs arising from the same. I have read and understand this document and am signing it of my own free will in order to gain
permission to participate in the program. According to the best of my knowledge the aforementioned information is correct
and true and I realize that any incorrect or erroneous information provided is my responsibility.
(Participant’s Signature)
(Date)
(Parent/Legal Guardian Signature)
If participant is less than 18 years of age
(Date)
In case of an accident or serious illness or injury I hereby authorize Olin College and its representatives to contact the
person(s) listed below.
1) Name
Telephone
/
Telephone
/
Relationship ___________________________________
2) Name
Relationship ___________________________________
Material Safety Data Sheets for Fuel
Page 1 of 7
Material Safety Data Sheet
Product: Coleman® Camp Fuel
1. Chemical Product and Company Identification
Trade Name of this Product: Coleman® Camp Fuel
Manufacturer
Contact Name
HOC Industries, Inc.
Don Poschen
3511 N. Ohio
Phone Number
Wichita, KS 67219
(316) 838-4663
Emergency Phone
(800) 633-8253
NFPA
1
3
F
H
0
R
S
2. Composition and Information on Ingredients
Ingredient
Light Hydrotreated
Distillate
CAS Number
68410-97-9
Weight %
100
ACGIH
TWA
STEL
300 ppm
500 ppm
3. Hazard Identification
******EMERGENCY OVERVIEW******
* WARNING: Flammable Liquid and Vapor. The Flash Point is <0 degrees F.
* This product is a clear, green, light hydrocarbon liquid.
* It has a solvent petroleum odor. The product floats on water.
* When burned the product produces carbon monoxide and other asphyxiants during combustion.
* Harmful if inhaled and may cause delayed lung injury.
* Aspiration hazard if swallowed - can enter lungs and cause damage.
* Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame.
Page 2 of 7
* Avoid breathing vapor. Use ventilation to keep vapor below exposure limits.
* Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Material splashed into the eyes will irritate tissues. Gently flush material from
eyes with clean water.
* Unprotected exposure to this product will cause skin dryness.
* Remove product soaked clothing and wash with mild soap.
* As with any petroleum product, avoid mixing this product with strong oxidizers.
* This product is not listed on the NTP, IARC, OSHA, or ACGIH lists of suspected/confirmed carcinogens.
* This product may be toxic to fish but will be toxic to birds and wildlife through ingestion during pelage cleaning.
* This product is readily biodegradable in the presence of air and sunlight.
* Spilled material is slippery and may cause falls.
*****END OF EMERGENCY OVERVIEW *****
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
PRIMARY ROUTE(S) OF ENTRY: Skin.
EYES
Tests on similiar materials suggest acute irritation can be expected.
SKIN
Tests on similiar materials indicate acute irritation is expected to occur upon short-term exposure, chronic dermatitis on
prolonged contact.
INGESTION
ACUTE ASPIRATION HAZARD. Tests on similar materials indicate possibility of the following symptoms: headache,
nausea, drowsiness, fatigue, pneumonitis, pulmonary adema, central nervous system depression, convulsions, and loss of
consciousness.
INHALATION
Tests on similar material indicate the possibility of the following symptoms: headache, nasal and respiratory irritation,
nausea, drowsiness, breathlessness, fatigue, central nervous system depression, convulsions, and loss of consciousness.
CHRONIC
Prolonged and/or repeated contact with this material may produce skin irritation and inflammation.
CANCER INFORMATION
Carcinogen listed by:
National Toxicology Program: No
I.A.R.C.: No
OSHA: No
ACGIH: No
This product does not require a cancer hazard warning in accordance with the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard.
MEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED BY EXPOSURE
Personnel with pre-existing skin disorders should avoid contact with this product.
4. First Aid Information
EYES
Flush eyes immediately with water for at least 15 minutes or until irritation subsides, occasionally lifting lower and upper lids.
Get medical attention promptly.
SKIN
Wash thoroughly with soap and water. Immediately remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. If irritation or
rash develops, obtain medical assistance. Immediately remove soaked clothing.
Page 3 of 7
INGESTION
CALL PHYSICIAN IMMEDIATELY. Do not induce vomiting except at the instruction of a physician. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person.
INHALATION
Remove person to fresh air and consult a physician. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If not breathing give artificial
respiration.
5. Fire Fighting Measures
FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES
FLASH POINT: <0°F (<-18°C) Tag Closed Cup
AUTOIGNITION: not available
FLAMMABILITY CLASS: IB
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (%): not available
UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (%): not available
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS
Can form flammable mixtures with air and flash at room temperature or upon slight heat application. Vapors are heavier than
air and may travel considerable distance. Explosion hazard in confined spaces if exposed to ignition source. Mists or sprays
may be flammable below fuel’s normal flash point. Keep away from heat or open flame.
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Dry Chemical, carbon dioxide, and foam. NOTE: Water, fog and foam may cause frothing and spattering. Water stream may
spread fire.
FIRE FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONS
Use water to cool containers exposed to flames. Do not enter enclosed or a confined work space without proper protective
equipment. Fire fighting personnel should wear respiratory protection (positive pressure if available). If leak or spill has not
ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors.
Products of combustion include fumes, smoke and carbon monoxide.
6. Accidental Release Measures
Evacuate area and shut off ignition source. Contain spill and keep from entering waterways or sewers. Use personal
protective equipment. Advise EPA or state agency if required. Absorb with inert material. Shovel or sweep spill and place in
closed container for disposal.
7. Handling and Storage
HANDLING: Keep product away from high energy ignition sources, heat, sparks, pilot lights,
static electricity, and open flame. Avoid contact with skin. Avoid inhalation of vapors or mists. Use in well ventilated area
away from all ignition sources. See Section 8 for additional personal protection advice when handling this product.
STORAGE: Store in a cool area. Store as OSHA Class IB flammable liquid
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS: To prevent and minimize fire or explosion risk from static accumulation and discharge,
effectively bond and/or ground product transfer system. Electrical equipment and fittings must comply with local fire
prevention regulations for this class of product. Use the correct grounding procedures. Refer to national, state, or local
regulations covering safety at petroleum handling and storage areas for this product.
Page 4 of 7
EMPTY CONTAINER WARNING: Empty containers retain residue (liquid and/or vapor) and can be dangerous. DO NOT
PRESSURIZE, CUT, WELD, BRAZE, SOLDER, DRILL, GRIND OR EXPOSE SUCH CONTAINERS TO HEAT, FLAME,
SPARKS, STATIC ELECTRICITY, OR OTHER SOURCES OF IGNITION; THEY MAY EXPLODE AND CAUSE INJURY
OR DEATH. Do not attempt to refill or clean container since residue is difficult to remove. Empty drums should be completely
drained, properly bunged and promptly returned to a drum reconditioner. All containers should be disposed of in an
environmentally safe manner and in accordance with governmental regulations.
WORK/HYGIENIC PRACTICES
Wash hands with soap and water before eating, drinking, smoking or use of toilet facilities. Do not use harsh abrasive skin
cleaners for washing exposed skin areas. Take a shower after work if general contact occurs. Remove fuel-soaked clothing
and launder before reuse. Launder or discard contaminated shoes and leather gloves.
8. Exposure Controls and Personal Protection
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
Use adequate ventilation to keep fuel mists of this material below applicable standard(s). See Section on occupational
exposure limits.
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
Safety glasses, splash goggles, or face shield as appropriate. Have suitable eye wash water available.
SKIN PROTECTION
Avoid prolonged and/or repeated skin contact. If prolonged contact cannot be avoided, wear protective impervious gloves
and clothing. Acceptable materials for gloves are neoprene, nitrile, or viton.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Up to 1000 ppm, half mask organic vapor respirator. Up to 5000 ppm, full face organic vapor respirator or full face supplied
air respirator. Greater than 5000 ppm, fire fighting, or unknown concentration, self contained breathing apparatus with
positive pressure should be used.
OTHER/GENERAL PROTECTION
If there is a likelihood of splashing, an oil resistant clothing should be worn. Never wear oil soaked clothing. Launder or dry
clean before wearing. Discard fuel soaked shoes. Affix warning labels on containers in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1200
(Hazard Communication Standard).
Maintain local or dilution ventilation to keep air concentration below 100 ppm. Loading, unloading, tank gauging, etc., remain
upwind. Request assistance of safety and industrial hygiene personnel to determine air concentrations.
INGREDIENT NAME, CAS #, EXPOSURE LIMITS, PERCENT BY VOLUME
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrotreated Light Distillate, CAS # 68410-97-9, OSHA-500 ppm, 100.0
This product contains:
*Cyclohexane, CAS # 110-82-7, OSHA-300 ppm, ACGIH-300 ppm
*Nonane, CAS # 111-84-2, ACGIH-200 ppm
*Octane, CAS # 111-65-9, OSHA-400 ppm, ACGIH-300 ppm
*Heptane, CAS # 142-82-5, OSHA-500 ppm, ACGIH-400 ppm
*Pentane, CAS # 109-66-0, OSHA-1000 ppm, ACGIH-600 ppm
Page 5 of 7
9. Physical and Chemical Properties
APPEARANCE
Clear, green liquid.
ODOR
Petroleum Naphtha.
ODOR THRESHOLD
N.D.
BASIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL STATE: Liquid
BOILING POINT: IBP >100°F (>38°C)
MELTING POINT: N/A
VAPOR PRESSURE: (Reid) 5.3 psi @ 100°F
VAPOR DENSITY (AIR=1): 3
SPECIFIC GRAVITY @ 60°F (water=1): 0.7
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: not available
SOLUBILITY (H2O): negligible
PERCENT VOLATILES: 100%
VISCOSITY: not available
Physical data may vary slightly to meet specifications.
10. Stability and Reactivity
STABILITY: Stable.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID
Sources of ignition.
INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS
Strong oxidizers.
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS
Incomplete combustion may produce fumes, smoke, carbon monoxide and other asphyxiants.
HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: will not occur.
11. Toxicological Information
Skin effects
May cause irritation or dermatitis with prolonged and repeated contact.
Oral effects
Tests on similar materials indicate an order of acute oral toxicity.
Inhalation effects
Acute toxicity expected on inhalation.
Medical conditions aggravated by overexposure
Dermatitis and sensitive skin. This product is not listed as carcinogenic or a potential carcinogen by the national toxicology
program, by the I.A.R.C. monographs or by OSHA. Nevertheless, good industrial hygienic practices are recommended.
Page 6 of 7
12. Ecological Information
If applied to leaves, this product may kill grasses and small plants by interfering with transpiration and respiration. This
product is not toxic to fish but may coat gill structures resulting in suffocation if spilled in shallow, running water. Product may
be moderately toxic to amphibians by preventing dermal respiration. This product may cause gastrointestinal distress to
birds and mammals through ingestion during pelage grooming.
This product is rapidly biodegradable. Biodegradation is possible within 90 to 120 days in aerobic environments at
temperatures above 70˚F (21˚C).
13. Disposal Considerations
RCRA hazardous waste if discarded in its present form. EPA hazardous waste number D001. State and local requirements
for waste disposal may be more restrictive or otherwise different from federal regulations. Consult state and local
regulations regarding the proper disposal of this material.
14. Transportation Information
PROPER SHIPPING NAME: Petroleum Distillates, n.o.s., Class 3, UN 1268, PG II
HAZARD CLASS: Class 3 Flammable Liquid
DOT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: UN1268
DOT SHIPPING LABEL: DOT Hazardous material
15. Regulatory Information
U.S. FEDERAL REGULATORY INFORMATION
SARA 302 Threshold Planning Quantity: NOT APPLICABLE
SARA 304 Reportable Quantity: NOT APPLICABLE SARA TITLE III - Section 311/312 Hazard classes:
Immediate/Acute Health Effects: no
Delayed/Chronic Health Effects: yes
Fire Hazard: yes
Sudden Release of Pressure Hazard: no
Reactivity Hazard: no
EPA/TSCA Inventory: The components of this product are listed on the EPA/TSCA inventory of chemicals.
SARA TITLE III - Section 313 Supplier notification:
The following chemicals are subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act of 1986 and 40 CFR Part 372:
* Cyclohexane 110-82-7 up to 10%
Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA): The following chemicals in this
product are subject to the reporting requirements of CERCLA Section 101(14)(F): Cyclohexane
When this product is used in a mixture, or as an ingredient in another product, or in a manufacturing operation, the petroleum
exclusion may terminate and an accidental spill may require reporting to the National Response Center.
STATE LIST DATA - This product contains chemicals which are on the following state lists:
Florida Toxic Substance
Massachusetts Hazardous Substance
Pennsylvania Hazardous Substance
Minnesota Hazardous Substance
Page 7 of 7
STATE LIST DATA - This product contains chemicals which are on the following state lists (continued):
New Jersey RTK Hazardous Substance
New York List of Hazardous Substances
Washington Air Contaminant
16. Other Information
DATE MADE: 2/12/04
DATE REVISED: 6/19/07
The information contained herein is based upon data available to us and reflects our best professional judgment. However,
no warranty of merchantability, fitness for any use, or other warranty is expressed or implied regarding the accuracy of such
data, the results to be obtained from the use thereof, or that any such use does not infringe any patent. Since the information
contained herein may be applied under conditions of use beyond our control and with which we may be unfamiliar, we do not
assume any responsibility for the results of such application. This information is furnished upon the condition that the person
receiving it shall make his own determination of the suitability of the material for his particular purpose.
Lamplight Farms
4900 N. Lilly Road
Menomonee Falls, WI 53051
1-800-645-5267
(262) 781-9590
LAMPLIGHT ULTRA-PURE LAMP OIL
Filename:
MSDS Ultra Pure
Revision Date: 03/03
Printed on: 04/11/03
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
TRADE NAME:
SYNONYMS:
ULTRA PURE LAMP OIL
LINPAR 1416-V NORMAL PARAFFIN, Mixture of
Tetradecane, Pentadecane, and Hexadecane.
EINECS # 265-233-4
MANUFACTURER:
ADDRESS:
Lamplight Farms
4900 North Lilly Road, Menomonee Falls, WI 53051
(800) 645-5267 262-781-9590 (8:00 AM- 4:30 PM CST) M-F
EMERGENCY NUMBER: 1-800-308-7141 (Prosar)
For non-emergency and all other information call: 1-800-645-5267
2. COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
Components
CAS Number
C14-C16 Paraffins
90622-46-1
Weight %
100
See Section 8 for Exposure Guidelines and Section 15 for OSHA Classification
3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
Emergency Overview
Water white, oily liquid. Mild hydrocarbon odor.
HEALTH HAZARD: MAY CAUSE EYE OR SKIN IRRITAION. High vapor concentrations may cause
headache, stupor, dizziness, or irritation of throat and eyes
Potential Health Effects
EYES:
Irritation may occur with exposure to concentrated vapors or contact with product.
SKIN:
Repeated or prolonged contact can cause redness, irritation, and scaling of the skin
(dermatitis). Normal care and personal hygiene should prevent skin effects.
INHALATION: Exposure to high concentration of vapors may result in headache and stupor.
INGESTION:
Lung exposure to this product either by prolonged breathing of a mist or vomiting following
ingestion, can lead to serious lung injury and possibly death.
(See section 11 for Toxicological Information).
-1-
Lamplight Farms
4900 N. Lilly Road
Menomonee Falls, WI 53051
1-800-645-5267
(262) 781-9590
LAMPLIGHT ULTRA-PURE LAMP OIL
Filename:
MSDS Ultra Pure
Revision Date: 03/03
Printed on: 04/11/03
4. FIRST AID MEASURES
EYES:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation persists, seek
medical attention.
SKIN:
Immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Wash affected area with mild soap. Call a physician if irritation occurs.
INHALATION: Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration and seek medical attention
immediately. Oxygen should only be administered by trained personnel.
INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Seek medical advice immediately.
5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
Flammable Properties
FLASH POINT / METHOD:
250°F (121° C) / PM
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE:
420°F (216° C)
FLAMMABLE LIMITS IN AIR % BY VOLUME:
None Expected.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD:
None Expected.
FIRE FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONS:
Water spray, carbon dioxide,, dry chemical, or alcohol compatible foam is recommended.
6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN CASE OF A SPILL OR LEAK:
Evacuate the area and eliminate all sources of ignition. Contain the spill if possible. Material may be
picked up with a solid sorbent. Dispose of only in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations.
CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE:
Component
CERCLA RQ
Contains no chemicals on the CERCLA Hazardous Substance List.
-2-
Maximum Wt. %
Lamplight Farms
4900 N. Lilly Road
Menomonee Falls, WI 53051
1-800-645-5267
(262) 781-9590
LAMPLIGHT ULTRA-PURE LAMP OIL
Filename:
MSDS Ultra Pure
Revision Date: 03/03
Printed on: 04/11/03
7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
ELECTROSTATIC ACCUMULATION HAZARD:
Yes – ground all equipment.
USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS:
Tank cars, tank trucks.
STORAGE / TRANSPORT TEMPERATURE:
Ambient. (Product will freeze at 47° F (8° C))
STORAGE / TRANSPORT PRESSURE:
Ambient. (Product will freeze at 47° F (8° C))
LOAD / UNLOAD TEMPERATURE:
Ambient, above freezing point. (Product will freeze at 47° F (8° C))
STORAGE AND HANDLING MATERIALS:
Carbon steel is suitable.
8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
Engineering Controls
Air contaminant levels should be controlled below the PEL or TLV for this product (see Exposure
Guidelines of this section). Mechanical ventilation may be necessary if working with this product in
enclosed areas and at elevated temperatures.
Personal Protective Equipment
EYES:
When contact with liquid is possible, use a face shield and chemical goggles. Otherwise use safety
glasses or goggles.
SKIN:
Chemical gloves should be worn to prevent repeated contact. If potential for significant exposure to
liquid exists, use full protective clothing and chemical boots.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION:
NIOSH-approved organic vapor air-purifying respirator, self contained breathing apparatus, or airsupplied respirators dependent on concentration.
-3-
Lamplight Farms
4900 N. Lilly Road
Menomonee Falls, WI 53051
1-800-645-5267
(262) 781-9590
LAMPLIGHT ULTRA-PURE LAMP OIL
Filename:
MSDS Ultra Pure
Revision Date: 03/03
Printed on: 04/11/03
Exposure Guidelines:
No exposure limit has been set for exposure to vapors for this product. However, Lamplight and its suppliers
recommend the ACGIH/OSHA/NIOSH – recommended limit of 5 mg/m3 (8-hour TWA) fir exposure to mists
of this product.
OSHA PEL
Component
ACGIH TLV
None Established.
PEL = Permissible Exposure Limits
TLV = Threshold Limit Value
TWA = Time Weighted Average ( 8hr.)
STEL = Short Term Exposure Limit (15 min.)
Carcinogenicity
No carcinogenic ingredients.
9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
APPEARANCE:
Water white, oily liquid
VISCOCITY:
2.5 – 2.7 cSt @ 104° F (40° C).
ODOR:
PHYSICAL STATE:
Liquid.
Mild hydrocarbon odor.
VAPOR PRESSURE (mm Hg.).
0.05 @ 68° F (20° C).
BOILING POINT:
490 - 592° F (254 – 283° C).
VAPOR DENSITY (Air=1).
7-8
MELTING POINT:
48 - 50° F (8 - 10° C).
SOLUBILITY IN WATER:
Negligible
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H2O = 1):
0.773 @ 60°F/60°F (16°C/16°C).
10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
CONDITIONS TO AVOID:
High Temperatures.
INCOMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER MATERIALS:
Strong Oxidizers.
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS:
Combustion products include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and possibly other unidentified organic
compound.
HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION:
Stable.
-4-
Lamplight Farms
4900 N. Lilly Road
Menomonee Falls, WI 53051
1-800-645-5267
(262) 781-9590
LAMPLIGHT ULTRA-PURE LAMP OIL
Filename:
MSDS Ultra Pure
Revision Date: 03/03
Printed on: 04/11/03
11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
EYES:
Primary Eye Irritation Index (Rabbits): 5.7 for nonwashed eyes after 1 hour, 6 for washed eyes
after 1 hour. (Maximum score is 110).
SKIN:
Acute Dermal LD50 (Rabbits): >2 g/kg
Primary Skin Irritation Index (Rabbits): 4.4 (Maximum score is 8.0)
INHALATION:
LC50 (Rats): >5.8 mg/l (nominal) with four-hour exposure.
INGESTION:
Acute Oral LD50 (Rat): > 5 g/kg.
12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION:
Not Available.
CHEMICAL FATE INFORMATION:
Not Available.
13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:
Evacuate the area and eliminate all sources of ignition. Contain the spill is possible. Material may be
picked up with solid sorbent. Dispose of only in accordance with local state, and federal regulations.
WASTE CLASSIFICATION:
If discarded in its purchased form, this product is not a RCRA hazardous waste. Re-evaluation of the
product may be required by the user at the time of disposal, since the product uses, transforms, and
mixtures may change the classification.
EMPTY CONTAINERS:
Empty containers retain product residue (liquid and/or vapor) can be dangerous. DO NOT
PRESSURIZE, CUT WELD, BRAZE, SOLDER, DRILL, GRIND, OR EXPOSE SUCH
CONTAINERS TO HEAT, FLAME, SPARKS, STATIC ELECTRICITY, OR OTHER SOURCES
OF IGNITION; THEY MAY EXPLODE AND CAUSE INJURY OR DEATH. Empty drums should
be completely drained, properly bunged and promptly returned to a drum reconditioner, or properly
disposed of.
(See Section 6 for CERCLA Reporting Requirements).
-5-
Lamplight Farms
4900 N. Lilly Road
Menomonee Falls, WI 53051
1-800-645-5267
(262) 781-9590
LAMPLIGHT ULTRA-PURE LAMP OIL
Filename:
MSDS Ultra Pure
Revision Date: 03/03
Printed on: 04/11/03
14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
DOT DESCRIPTION:
This product is not a hazardous material according to DOT regulations for ground transportation.
ICAO / IATA DESCRIPTION:
This product is not a dangerous good as defined by IATA for air transportation.
IMO DESCRIPTION (IMDG CODE):
This product is not a dangerous good as defined by IMO in the IMDG Code for water transportation.
15. REGULATORY INFORMATION
U.S. Federal Regulations
OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD CLASSIFICATION:
Nonhazardous as defined by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard.
TSCA INVENTORY LISTING:
Component
CAS Number
Alkanes (C14-C16)
90622-46-1
SARA 302 STATUS
Component
CAS Number
Maximum Wt. %
Contains no chemicals subject to SARA 302 reporting.
SARA 311/312 CLASSIFICATION:
Nonhazardous according to SARA 311/312.
SARA 313 CHEMICALS:
CAS Number
Component
Contains no chemicals subject to SARA 313 reporting.
(See Section 6 for CERCLA Reporting Requirements.)
-6-
Maximum Wt. %
Lamplight Farms
4900 N. Lilly Road
Menomonee Falls, WI 53051
1-800-645-5267
(262) 781-9590
LAMPLIGHT ULTRA-PURE LAMP OIL
Filename:
MSDS Ultra Pure
Revision Date: 03/03
Printed on: 04/11/03
International Regulations
WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION SYSTEM (WHMIS) CLASSIFICATION:
This material is not a controlled product as defined by Canada's Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System (WHMIS).
CANADIAN DOMESTIC SUBSTANCE LIST (DSL) INVENTORY LISTING:
CAS Number
Chemical Name
C14 Tetradecane
C15 Pentadecane
C16 Hexadecane
629-59-4
629-62-9
544-76-3
EUROPEAN INVENTORY OF EXISTING COMMERCIAL SUBSTANCES (EINECS) LISTING:
EINECS Number
Chemical Name
C14 Tetradecane
C15 Pentadecane
C16 Hexadecane
2110960
2110981
2088789
JAPANESE MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY (MITI) INVENTORY LISTING:
Section Structure #
Chemical Name
Alkane (C10-29)
2-10
AUSTRALIAN INVENTORY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (AICS) LISTING:
CAS Number
Chemical Name
C14 Tetradecane
C15 Pentadecane
C16 Hexadecane
629-59-4
629-62-9
544-76-3
State Regulations
CALIFORNIA SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT (PROP 65) LISTING:
Component
CAS Number
**No ingredients listed in this section**
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD Title 17, Article 2, Section 94510 Consumer Products:
This product is VOC exempt by 94510 (d)(1) as it has a vapor pressure below 0.1 mm Hg at 20 C.
-7-
Lamplight Farms
4900 N. Lilly Road
Menomonee Falls, WI 53051
1-800-645-5267
(262) 781-9590
LAMPLIGHT ULTRA-PURE LAMP OIL
Filename:
MSDS Ultra Pure
Revision Date: 03/03
Printed on: 04/11/03
16. OTHER INFORMATION
Hazard Ratings
Health:
FLAMMABILITY:
REACTIVITY:
NFPA
HMIS
1
1
0
1
1
0
Revision Summary
Date
Description
Jan 10, 2002
June 28, 2002
Document created.
Added Emergency numbers (Prosar) and Non emergency contact number.
THE DATA AND INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN ARE BEING FURNISHED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. UPON
TH E EXPRESS CONDITION THAT EACH CUSTOMER SHALL MAKE ITS OWN ASSESMENT OF APPROPRIATE USE AND
APPROPRIATE SHIPPING, TRANSFER, AND STORAGE MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES FOR LAMPLIGHT FARMS PRODUCTS.
LAMPLIGHT DISCAIMS ANY LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE OR INJURY WHICH MAY RESULT FROM THE USE OF THE ABOVE DATA,
AND NOTHING CONTAINED THEREIN SHALL CONSTITUTE A GUARANTEE, WARRANTY, (INCLUDING WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY) OR REPRESENTATION (INCLUDING FREEDOM FROM PATENT LIABLITY) BY LAMPLIGHT WITH RESPECT
TO THE DATA, THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED, OR THEIR USE FOR ANY SPECIFIC PURPOSE, EVEN IF THAT PURPOSE IS
KNOWN TO LAMPLIGHT.
PREPARED BY:
PHONE NUMBER:
LAMPLIGHT FARMS Engineering Department.
(800) 645-5267 (262) 781-9590
-8-
Safety Codes (NAFAA Guidelines and
NFPA 160 Fire Code)
NAFAA Performer Safety Guidelines. (Revision 3.0)
The purpose of this document is to provide a minimum set of voluntary fire performer safety guidelines that attends to the concerns of public health
and safety as applied to open flame performance. This document is meant to supplement and clarify the NFPA 160 standards involving 'Group I'
devices before an audience. It is not intended to supplant local fire codes, all diligence should be used to discover the local codes for open flame
performance.
Definitions:
•
NFPA 160 - National Fire Prevention Agency section 160, Standard for Flame Effects Before an Audience
•
Group I- NFPA 160 category for "An attended, manually controlled flame effect."
•
Performer - Any personnel who will be handling open flame devices, except for the purposes of extinguishing, while lit. Equated to NFPA
160 "Flame Effects Assistants"
•
Troupe Leader - Person in charge of the overall performance, shall be equated to NFPA 160 "Flame Effect Operators"
I.
II.
III.
Performer - all artists should act in a professional manner. They should be capable, well rehearsed, and safe each time they light up.
A.
Capable
1.
Performers should not attempt performance under the influence of any judgment or reaction impairing substance.
2.
Performers should be in good physical health, with no temporary or permanent debilitating health issue that could
interfere with the planned routine.
B.
Practice
1.
Each performance should be practiced lit several times to verify duration and capability before a performance is
attempted.
2.
Troupe leader should verify performers are ready for an audience.
C.
Costume
1.
Regular performance costumes should be made of flame resistant or high heat material (ie can withstand 800 degrees or
more, for more than 3 seconds), if available.
2.
If not, each part of the costume should be checked for flammability, and flame retarded if needed.
3.
Before the performance, the performer should practice lit in the expected costume several times to insure safety.
Safety Personnel - Each performance and lit practice should have at least one spotter ready to meet fire emergency needs, with additional
spotters and guards as needed.
A.
Guards
1.
Guards provide audience containment duties, keeping audience away from performance area, fuel station, and spinout
zones.
2.
Fire safety training is beneficial with guards, but not required.
B.
Spotters
1.
Spotters are in charge of onstage and backstage fire safety including emergent and intentional wick extinguishing.
2.
Spotters should be well aware of the various aspects of fire performance and familiar with the routine to be performed.
3.
Spotters should be trained in flame extinguishing, response times, untangling equipment and audience control.
4.
When needed, the spotter responds to the audience needs, the venue's needs, then the performer's needs, in that order.
C.
First aid training
1.
Troupe Leader should have strong first aid or medical training.
2.
For particularly large performances, the venue should provide on-call ambulance or medical team for the event who
should be aware of the duration of the performance.
D.
Equipment
1.
Intentional extinguishing can be managed with a safety towel or damp cloth, flame treated cloth, or high heat material.
2.
Spotters should be dressed with the same care as a performer and should have a safety towel at all times.
3.
Ideally, all spotters and guards should have an extinguisher available to them. Extinguisher should at least have a "B"
rating, ABC is preferred. Current inspection tag as per local laws is also recommended.
Tools - NAFAA performers should use well-maintained tools. Not only should they be constructed to prevent uncontrolled wicks, they
should be regularly tested to insure capability.
A.
Wick Attachment
1.
Wicks should be attached to the fire tool via some hard limiting method. Wire, screws or bolts should be run through
the wick and device. Glues or friction should not be the primary method of wick attachment.
2.
Wicks should be made in such a way as to prevent loss of any part during use, typically by using fireproof materials in
construction.
B.
Handle Attachment
1.
Shafted tools (clubs, staff) should either be made of fireproof materials (metal, carbon fiber, etc) or have a protective
covering that extends at least 4 inches beyond typical flame contact zones (for a spinning staff, this is 4 inches in either
direction of a wick).
2.
Handles should be attached with much the same care as wicks. Balls or tethers should not depend on glue or friction to
remain on the shaft; some hard device should be employed to maintain attachment.
3.
Chain grips should be made of durable materials, or augmented with metal grommets when soft goods (e.g. leather,
nylon) are used, and should be thoroughly checked before each use. Any sign of wear should be considered cause for
replacement.
C.
IV.
V.
VI.
Connectors
1.
If the device has multiple connected parts or chains, the connectors attaching all parts together should be of a sealed
ring type rated above the maximum possible stress that can be applied to the device.
2.
Any connectors that could be exposed to heat should be made of tempered metal; not plastics, drop forged or spring
metal.
D.
Checking
1.
Before each use, the troupe leader should inspect each device to insure that all parts are in good condition and stable. A
quick test is to grasp each wick and tug it away from the normal point of contact.
2.
Grips and handles should be thoroughly checked for security and the wicks should be tested thoroughly. Any sign of
wear should be treated as a failure.
E.
Fueling - Tools should be soaked, splashed or basted so that excess fuel can be completely recovered and sealed or returned to
proper containers
1.
Always spin off excess fuel, in an area free from expected foot traffic and far from ignition sources, before performing.
2.
If available, make use of attachments to catch fuel before hitting the ground, avoiding the spin out zone entirely.
3.
Always mop up oily fuels before leaving. Remove oily residue from performance area between performers. Treat mops,
rags, or other cleaning devices as soaked wicks.
Fuels - The principles of fuel safety are to insure that an uncontrolled burn does not occur, and that the audience and passive safety devices
are not affected. Performers should have MSDS for all fuels used and be familiar with any special needs for them.
A.
Storage and transport
1.
A fuel's original retail container is usually the best choice for storage and transport. Fuels should be kept out of direct
sunlight and away from sparks or flame.
2.
If the original container is too bulky or unavailable, then a sealed metal container inside another container is the best
overall choice. Canadian performers should use governmentally issued containers of the appropriate type. Insure all
fuel containers are accurately and clearly labeled.
B.
Backstage fuel
1.
All primary fueling should take place in a backstage fueling area.
2.
Backstage fuel stations should be manned by the troupe leader, guard or spotter until completely secured.
3.
Always seal fuel containers and dip buckets when not in use.
4.
When at all possible, place the fuel area outside, behind a hard wall; and have a clear corridor from the fuel area to the
stage. Never move wet wicks through the audience without escort. Audience and smoking should be restricted within
30 feet of fuel station.
5.
If a hard wall between fuel and fire isn't available, place a spotter between and insure that fuel containers are sealed
before any ignition.
C.
Open Onstage Fuel
1.
If an onstage fuel reserve is needed, all effort should be made to restrict quantity and capability of accidental spills.
2.
Highly stable metal containers with self-closing lids are preferred
3.
Unneeded fuel (i.e. after use) should be removed immediately.
Performance - Care should be taken to insure that each element of the performance is carried out with safe conditions for the audience and
the venue. At no point should either the audience or the venue be at risk of sustaining damages from the performance.
A.
Separation
1.
Depending on the nature of the audience an adequate separation from the performer should be maintained to prevent
accidental contact.
2.
If the performer will be spinning tools, breathing fire, etc, the audience should be sufficiently separated to allow guards
or spotters to intercept audience members attempting to enter performance area. Usually 15 feet or a barricade is
adequate.
3.
If the performer will be using a tool that is predominantly within their field of vision, implicitly under their control (ex.
fire fingers), or the audience does not require excess management (i.e. seated or fenced), then the performer may
approach closer pending troupe leader approval.
B.
Performance area
1.
The performance area should be cleared of all flammable materials, or flammable materials should be treated with
approved fire retarding chemicals and tested for combustibility in a safe manner before performance.
2.
Props and other terrain features should be taken into account when designing a performance, performers should not be
in danger of contact with foreign objects.
3.
Careful note of sprinkler systems should be made to determine proximity to performance, possible triggers and other
specifics.
4.
During outdoor performance, avoid spinning under or near dry foliage.
C.
Flame toxicity
1.
Petrol fuels burnt on open wicks always produce toxic fumes, smoke, or other health hazards that are augmented in an
enclosed space.
2.
Petrol fuel burning should be very limited indoors, even in well-ventilated venues. When possible, use high-proof
alcohols in place of petrol fuels.
3.
For outdoor spinning, semi-enclosed areas with low wind can be as hazardous as indoor locations.
4.
Whenever petrol fuels are used, the most purified fuel is preferred.
Clean Up - Immediately after each performance, fuel buckets should be closed and sealed, fuel returned to approved transport containers,
fuel stations locked or removed from premises and any residual fuels mopped up and removed. Hot tools should be wrapped in safety cloth
until they cool down. Any exotic materials (i.e. flame retardant) should be removed, locked or guarded.
http://www.nafaa.org/nafaa_safety.html [Revision 3.0 ratified on 1 Jul '13]
Join and support:
www.NAFAA.org
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any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
NFPA 160
®
Standard for the
Use of Flame Effects
Before an Audience
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
2011 Edition
Customer ID
50656734
NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471
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{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
ISBN: 978-161665068-1 (Print)
ISBN: 978-161665087-2 (PDF)
12/09
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160–1
Copyright © 2010 National Fire Protection Association®. All Rights Reserved.
NFPA® 160
Standard for the
Use of Flame Effects Before an Audience
2011 Edition
This edition of NFPA 160, Standard for the Use of Flame Effects Before an Audience, was prepared
by the Technical Committee on Special Effects. It was issued by the Standards Council on June
1, 2010, with an effective date of June 21, 2010, and supersedes all previous editions.
This edition of NFPA 160 was approved as an American National Standard on June 21, 2010.
Origin and Development of NFPA 160
NFPA 160, Standard for Flame Effects Before an Audience, was developed by the Technical
Committee on Special Effects, which was established in 1994, in response to a recognized
need for a document to provide guidance to public safety officials, designers, and operators of
flame effects. The purpose of this standard is to provide requirements for reasonable protection for viewing audiences and performers of flame effects. The first edition of the standard
was 1998.
For the 2001 edition, the Committee completed a partial revision of the standard. Revisions included amendments to standardized definitions, harmonization with the pyrotechnics special effects document, and editorial changes according to the Manual of Style for NFPA
Technical Committee Documents.
The 2006 edition included a complete revision of the standard by the Committee. Key
changes found in the 2006 edition included revisions to Chapter 3, Definitions; clarification
of the document applicability by modifying the document title; definitions for temporary and
permanent installations to correlate with the effect classifications based upon those terms; a
new requirement for inspection intervals; and a new Annex C on inspection guidelines.
The 2006 edition of the standard also incorporated editorial changes according to the
Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents.
The 2011 edition of the standard incorporates amendments to the application section to
clarify that NFPA 140, Standard on Motion Picture and Television Production Studio Soundstages,
Approved Production Facilities, and Production Locations, applies to flame effect use when no
audience is present. The Committee has added definitions for the terms performer and support
personnel extracted from NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience, for consistency between the special effects documents. Requirements for development
and approval of the flame effects plan have been included. The Committee has revised the
separation distance requirements to eliminate the thermal flux provision and retain the skin
surface temperature requirements. The skin surface temperature is based on a test method
that can be more easily performed in the field.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169.
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–2
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
Technical Committee on Special Effects
G. Clark Parkhurst, Jr., Chair
Prospect, CT [SE]
Robert Bauer, The Doyle Street Group, CA [IM]
Glenn A. Birket, Birket Engineering, Inc., FL [M]
Randall W. A. Davidson, Risk International & Associates,
Inc., CO [SE]
Gregory V. Dumansky, XL Global Asset Protection
Services, CA [I]
June M. Fields, Henderson, NV [SE]
Jon G. Fuller, Universal Studios, FL [U]
Reuben Goldberg, Technic Services, CA [U]
Rep. The Alliance of Special Effects & Pyrotechnic
Operators, Inc.
Michael J. Hagan, RADCO, CA [RT]
Jeremiah Harris, Harris Production Services/PRG, NY [U]
Kenneth L. Kosanke, PyroLabs, Incorporated, CO [SE]
Joshua Lazarus, State of New Jersey, NJ [E]
Daryl Marmon, Wald-All American Fireworks, KS [M]
Rep. Pyrotechnics Guild International, Inc.
Amanda M. McLean, Pyroam, Inc./Luna Tech, Inc.,
AL [M]
Craig A. Meyers, Clark County Fire Department, NV [E]
Thaine Morris, MP Associates Incorporated, CA [M]
Andrew T. Nicholls, Orlando Special Effects, Inc., FL [M]
Rachel Robbins, Natural Resources Canada, Canada [E]
John T. Rodgers, John T. Rodgers, PE, CA [M]
Monona Rossol, Arts, Crafts & Theater Safety, Inc.,
NY [SE]
Larry Schoeneman, Interesting Products, IL [SE]
Rep. Entertainment Services & Technology Association
David S. Shatzer, U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms & Explosives, DC [E]
Martin E. Steinke, Busch Entertainment Corporation,
FL [U]
Charles P. Weeth, Weeth & Associates, LLC, WI [SE]
Tylor A. Wymer, WOW!Works, A Buckley/Wymer
Company, FL [U]
Marge Yarbrough, State of California, State Fire Marshal,
CA [E]
William J. Young, Superior Energy Systems, Ltd., OH [M]
Rep. National Propane Gas Association
Alternates
Damon H. Andrew, Busch Entertainment Corporation,
MO [U]
(Alt. to M. E. Steinke)
Tassilo Baur, San Fernando, CA [U]
(Alt. to R. Goldberg)
Daniel Birket, Birket Engineering Inc., FL [M]
(Alt. to G. A. Birket)
John Hamaric, Universal Orlando, FL [U]
(Alt. to J. G. Fuller)
Gregory Meeh, Jauchem & Meeh Inc., NY [U]
(Alt. to J. Harris)
Robert B. Nicholson, III, Eastern Propane Corporation,
NJ [M]
(Alt. to W. J. Young)
Brian M. Panther, Hi-Tech FX LLC, IA [M]
(Alt. to A. M. McLean)
David J. Pier, MP Associates, Inc., CA [M]
(Alt. to T. Morris)
Elia P. Popov, J.E.M. F/X Incorporated, CA [M]
(Voting Alt.)
Karl G. Ruling, Entertainment Services & Technology
Assn., NY [SE]
(Alt. to L. Schoeneman)
John R. Steinberg, Pyrotechnics Guild International, Inc.,
MD [M]
(Alt. to D. Marmon)
Marie Vachon, Natural Resources Canada, Canada [E]
(Alt. to R. Robbins)
Lawrence Weinman, Schneier-Weinman Consultants,
TX [SE]
(Alt. to K. L. Kosanke)
Michael L. Zieman, RADCO, CA [RT]
(Alt. to M. J. Hagan)
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
Nonvoting
Virginia G. Fitzner, U.S. Department of Labor, DC [E]
Mark Hagemann, U.S. Department of Labor, DC [E]
Guy R. Colonna, NFPA Staff Liaison
This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time,
changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.
NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or
any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.
Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the controlled use of
flame, pyrotechnics, or other means of special effects for entertainment, exhibition, demonstration, or
simulation before a proximate audience; and the design, fabrication, installation, testing, control, operation,
and maintenance of user equipment, fuel storage, and sources for special effects before a proximate audience. This Committee does not have responsibility for documents on hazards other than those involving a
proximate audience and the life safety considerations of the audience.
2011 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–3
CONTENTS
Contents
Chapter 1 Administration ...............................
1.1
Scope ...............................................
1.2
Purpose ............................................
1.3
Application .......................................
1.4
Retroactivity ......................................
1.5
Equivalency .......................................
160–
160–
160–
160–
160–
160–
4
4
4
4
4
4
Chapter 2 Referenced Publications ...................
2.1
General ............................................
2.2
NFPA Publications ...............................
2.3
Other Publications ..............................
2.4
References for Extracts in Mandatory
Sections ............................................
160–
160–
160–
160–
5
5
5
5
Chapter 3 Definitions ....................................
3.1
General ............................................
3.2
NFPA Official Definitions ......................
3.3
General Definitions .............................
160–
160–
160–
160–
160– 5
8
8
8
8
8
Chapter 8 Flame Effect Operator .....................
8.1
Operator Qualifications .......................
8.2
Operator Responsibilities .....................
8.3
Substance Abuse and Safety ...................
8.4
Minimum Age ....................................
160–
160–
160–
160–
160–
8
8
9
9
9
Chapter 9
9.1
Holding Areas for Flame Effect
Materials and Devices ...................... 160– 7
General ............................................ 160– 7
Holding Areas .................................... 160– 7
9.3
Chapter 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
160–
160–
160–
160–
160–
5
5
5
5
Chapter 4
4.1
4.2
Post-Show Operations ..........................
Maintenance .....................................
Emergency Operations .........................
Protective Clothing .............................
Security ............................................
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
Permit and Approval Requirements
and Terms of Installation ..................
Permit Requirements ...........................
Approval Requirements ........................
Content of Flame Effect Plans ................
Flame Effect Demonstration ..................
Interruption of Fire Protection and Life
Safety Systems During Flame Effect
Demonstrations and Operations .............
160–
160–
160–
160–
160–
7
7
7
7
7
9.2
System Components, Flame Effect
Control Systems, and Design .............
General Requirements for Flame Effect
Control System Design .........................
Specific Requirements for Flame Effect
Control System Design and
Operation, by Group ...........................
Implementation of the Required
Control Functions ...............................
Chapter 10 System Installation and Testing .........
10.1 General ............................................
10.2 Pressure Testing and Inspection of
Piping ..............................................
10.3 Temperatures of Components ...............
160– 9
160– 9
160– 9
160– 9
160–12
160–12
160–12
160–12
................ 160–12
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
............................................ 160–12
160– 8
Chapter 6 Documentation of Flame Effects ........ 160– 8
6.1
General ............................................ 160– 8
6.2
Operating Procedures .......................... 160– 8
Chapter 7 Use of Flame Effects .......................
7.1
Testing and Evaluation. ........................
7.2
Housekeeping ....................................
7.3
Site Inspection ...................................
7.4
Smoking ...........................................
7.5
Rehearsal and Pre-Show Operations ........
7.6
Show Operations ................................
160–
160–
160–
160–
160–
160–
160–
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Chapter 11 Fire Protection Provisions
11.1 General
11.2 Evaluation for Permanently Installed
Flame Effects ..................................... 160–12
11.3 Additional Fire Safety Provisions for
Temporary Installations ........................ 160–12
11.4 Standby Fire Safety Personnel
Requirements .................................... 160–13
Annex A
Explanatory Material ......................... 160–13
Annex B
Design of Flame Effects ..................... 160–19
Annex C
Inspection Guidelines ........................ 160–19
Annex D
Informational References ................... 160–21
Index ........................................................... 160–22
2011 Edition
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any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–4
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
NFPA 160
Standard for the
Use of Flame Effects Before an Audience
2011 Edition
IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for
use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices
and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document
and may be found under the heading “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning NFPA Documents.” They can also be obtained
on request from NFPA or viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers.
NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter
designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material
on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.
Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical
rule beside the paragraph, table, or figure in which the
change occurred. These rules are included as an aid to the
user in identifying changes from the previous edition. Where
one or more complete paragraphs have been deleted, the deletion is indicated by a bullet (•) between the paragraphs that
remain.
A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph
indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA
document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition
of the source documents for extracts in mandatory sections of
the document are given in Chapter 2 and those for extracts in
informational sections are given in Annex D. Extracted text
may be edited for consistency and style and may include the
revision of internal paragraph references and other references as appropriate. Requests for interpretations or revisions
of extracted text shall be sent to the technical committee responsible for the source document.
Information on referenced publications can be found in
Chapter 2 and Annex D.
(4) Rehearsal of any production incorporating flame effects
intended to be presented before an audience
(5) Storage and holding at a venue where flammable and
combustible materials are to be used to create flame
effects
1.3.3 This standard shall not apply to the following:
(1) Flame effects produced solely by pyrotechnic special effects devices
(2)*Use of pyrotechnic special effects
(3)*Storage of flammable solids, liquids, and gases not to be
used to create flame effects
(4) Manufacture, off-site storage, and transportation of materials and equipment used to produce flame effects
(5) Use of flame effects in fire training, except where there is
an audience that is not part of the training
(6)*Manufacture, transportation, storage, sale, or use of
model or high-power rocket motors
(7) Traditional nontheatrical public display of flames such as
the following:
(a) Use of lighted candles in restaurants or religious services
(b) Fireplaces in areas open to the public
(c) Restaurant cooking visible to the patrons
(d) Listed Group II flame effects
(8) Use of consumer fireworks by the public
(9) Use of motor vehicles in races or sanctioned competitive
sporting events
1.3.4* This standard shall not be used as a product standard.
1.3.5 When there is no audience present, NFPA 140, Standard
on Motion Picture and Television Production Studio Soundstages,
Approved Production Facilities, and Production Locations, shall be
used to regulate any flame effect use.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
Chapter 1
Administration
1.1* Scope. This standard shall provide requirements for the
protection of the audience, support personnel, performers,
the operator, assistants, and property where flame effects are
used.
1.2 Purpose. The purpose of this standard shall be to provide
minimum requirements for the design, manufacture, and operation of flame effects.
1.3 Application.
1.3.1* This standard shall apply to flame effects for entertainment, exhibition, demonstration, or simulation before an audience, including their design, fabrication, installation, testing, control, operation, and maintenance.
1.3.2 This standard shall apply to the following:
(1) Use of flame effects before an audience (see 3.3.11, Flame
Effect)
(2) Design, fabrication, installation, testing, control, operation, and maintenance of equipment, materials, procedures, and systems used to produce flame effects
(3) Rehearsal, videotaping, audiotaping, or filming of any
television, radio, or movie production if such production
is before an audience and includes the use of flame effects
2011 Edition
1.4 Retroactivity. The provisions of this standard reflect a consensus of what is necessary to provide an acceptable degree of
protection from the hazards addressed in this standard at the
time the standard was issued.
1.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the provisions of this standard shall not apply to facilities, equipment, structures, or installations that existed or were approved for construction or
installation prior to the effective date of the standard. Where
specified, the provisions of this standard shall be retroactive.
1.4.2 In those cases where the authority having jurisdiction
determines that the existing situation presents an unacceptable degree of risk, the authority having jurisdiction shall be
permitted to apply retroactively any portions of this standard
deemed appropriate.
1.4.3 The retroactive requirements of this standard shall be
permitted to be modified if their application clearly would be
impractical in the judgment of the authority having jurisdiction, and only where it is clearly evident that a reasonable
degree of safety is provided.
1.5 Equivalency. Nothing in this standard is intended to prevent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or
superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, durability, and safety over those prescribed by this standard.
1.5.1 Technical documentation shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction to demonstrate equivalency.
1.5.2 The system, method, or device shall be approved for the
intended purpose by the authority having jurisdiction.
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–5
DEFINITIONS
Chapter 2
Referenced Publications
2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof listed in this
chapter are referenced within this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document.
2.2 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association,
1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2010 edition.
NFPA 140, Standard on Motion Picture and Television Production
Studio Soundstages, Approved Production Facilities, and Production Locations, 2008 edition.
2.3 Other Publications.
2.3.1 ASME Publications. American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.
ASME Boiler Pressure Vessel Code, 2007.
2.3.2 Other Publications.
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, MerriamWebster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003.
2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.
NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience, 2011 edition.
Chapter 3
Definitions
3.1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall
apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not
defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall
be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within
the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily
accepted meaning.
3.2.5 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.
3.3 General Definitions.
3.3.1 Accumulator. A container or piping that holds a predetermined volume of fuel that is ready for use in a flame effect.
3.3.2 Area.
3.3.2.1 Hazard Area. The area made hazardous by the operation of the flame effect.
3.3.2.1.1 Accessible Hazard Area. That area made hazardous by the flame effect that is normally accessible to a person without the deliberate use of an additional means of
access that is not normally in place.
3.3.2.2 Holding Area. An area where flame effect material
or loaded flame effect devices are held prior to use.
3.3.2.3 Storage Area. An area where flame effect material
or flame effect devices are stored prior to use or movement
to a holding area.
3.3.3* Arm. That sequence of control system functions for
the establishing of a source of ignition that must be complete
and verified immediately before the firing of the flame effect.
3.3.4 Cast Members. Performers involved in a production involving the use of flame effects that may or may not be employees. (Many amusement employees are also referred to as “cast
members.”)
3.3.5 Direct Ignition. An automatic or manual ignition system
that ignites fuel without a pilot.
3.3.6 Emergency Stop [Emergency Shutdown (ESD) System]. A
circuit or other mechanism that, when actuated, results in the
complete shutdown and extinguishment of all flame effects
that are controlled by it.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
3.2 NFPA Official Definitions.
3.2.1* Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization,
office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment,
materials, an installation, or a procedure.
3.2.3 Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been
attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction
and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a
specified manner.
3.2.4* Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a
list published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of
products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of
production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services, and whose listing states that either the equipment, material, or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified
purpose.
3.3.7* Enable. The final set of control system functions that
must be verified to be in a specific control mode immediately
before the arming and firing of a flame effect may be implemented.
3.3.8 Enable Button. The control operator that is manually
actuated by the operator prior to and during the arming and
firing of the effect.
3.3.9 Fail-Safe. A state or an attribute of a system such that
every single point failure in the system results in all controlling
parts of the system with the ability to do harm to humans,
animals, or equipment being disconnected from all sources of
power and stored energy at the primary disconnect point.
3.3.10* Fire. The sequence of control system functions that
result in the deliberate release of fuel for ignition.
3.3.11 Flame Effect. The combustion of solids, liquids, or
gases to produce thermal, physical, visual, or audible phenomena before an audience.
3.3.11.1 Automatic Flame Effect. A flame effect that is supervised and fired by an automatic control system.
3.3.11.2 Manual Flame Effect. A flame effect that is operated
manually without the use of an automatic control system.
3.3.11.3 Portable Flame Effects. Flame effects that are designed and installed, either in a permanent or temporary
installation, and that are designed to move or be moved in
the course of operation or installation.
2011 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–6
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
3.3.12 Flame Effect Appliance. The complete assembly of components and devices that controls and generates a flame effect.
3.3.13 Flame Effect Assistant. A person who works under the
supervision of the flame effect operator.
3.3.14 Flame Effect Burner. A burner designed to produce
specific sizes and configurations of flames for flame effects.
3.3.15 Flame Effect Material. A flammable material that is
used as fuel to create a flame effect.
3.3.16 Flame Effect Operator. The single person with overall
responsibility for flame effect operations and safety.
3.3.17 Flame Effect Safety Controller. A control system that is
part of a flame effect appliance that is used to prove that the
source of ignition is present (“flame safeguard control”).
3.3.18* Flame Effect System. The complete assembly of interconnected components, devices, and/or appliances that provides all of the functions necessary to fuel, monitor, supervise,
generate, and control flame effects, including the emergency
shutdown of the flame effects and, where necessary, the monitoring of external conditions that affect operation.
3.3.19* Flame Effect Systems, Classifications.
3.3.19.1 Group I Flame Effect. An attended, manually controlled flame effect.
3.3.19.2 Group II Flame Effect. An individual or group
flame effect designed for unattended operation that is temporarily or permanently installed outside any structure.
3.3.19.3 Group III Flame Effect. An attended, temporarily
installed flame effect for a specific production with limited
operation and fixed time for removal.
3.3.19.4 Group IV Flame Effect. A large individual or group
flame effect that is permanently installed inside or outside
any structure designed for unattended operation without a
main show supervisory control system.
3.3.21* Performer. Any person active in a performance during which pyrotechnics are used and who is not part of the
audience or support personnel. [1126, 2011]
3.3.22 Permit. A document issued by the AHJ for the purpose
of authorizing performance of a specified activity. Unless otherwise specified, the word permit, when used in this document,
refers to a use permit.
3.3.22.1 Use Permit. A document issued by the AHJ for the
purpose of authorizing the use of specific flame effects in a
specific venue on a specified date and time or within a
specified period.
3.3.23 Plan.
3.3.23.1 Design Plan. The plan for a flame effect appliance or design that presents the design criteria and/or assumptions used in the design, along with complete design
information.
3.3.23.2 Flame Effect Plan. The document that is used to
convey to the AHJ the information needed to evaluate the
flame effect for the purpose of applying for a permit.
3.3.24* Primary Safety Control. A control with a sensor that is
directly responsive to the ignition device attributes necessary
for the safe operation of the effect.
3.3.25 Proven Pilot. A pilot flame supervised by a primary
safety control.
3.3.26 Rated. A description of performance derived from
testing or evaluation that guides appropriate selection, installation, and use of equipment that is not listed.
3.3.27* Safety Shutdown (Lockout). The safe shutdown of the
flame effect in the event of the actuation of any flame effect
primary safety control or limit switch.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
3.3.19.5 Group V Flame Effect. A large individual or group
flame effect that is temporarily or permanently installed
inside or outside any structure and is designed for intermittent or continuous operation under the supervision of a
main show control system but without full-time supervision
by a technician.
3.3.19.6 Group VI Flame Effect. A large individual or group
flame effect that is temporarily or permanently installed
inside or outside any structure and is designed for intermittent operation under the supervision of a main show control system and a technical director, with cast members in
close proximity to the effect at the time of operation.
3.3.19.7 Group VII Flame Effect. An individual flame effect
that can be temporarily or permanently installed inside or
outside any structure that, due to its unique operating requirements, does not fit into any other classification.
3.3.20 Installation, Term of.
3.3.20.1 Permanent Installation. An installation of flame effects for which the governing use permit has a duration
longer than 180 days.
3.3.20.2 Temporary Installation. An installation of flame effects for which the governing use permit has a duration of
180 days or less within a twelve-month period in a single
venue.
2011 Edition
3.3.28 Safety-Critical. The failure of a device, component,
system, or mechanism, which results in a situation that is immediately dangerous to life, health, or property.
3.3.29 Supervisory Cock. A manually actuated valve with two
double-pole, double-throw switches that prove the valve position.
3.3.30* Supervisory Control System. A manual or automatic
control system that supervises the operation of the flame effect.
3.3.31* Support Personnel. Any individual who is not a performer or member of the audience. [1126, 2011]
3.3.32 Valve.
3.3.32.1 Accumulator Charge Valve. A valve used to control
the flow of fuel into an accumulator.
3.3.32.2 Effect Valve. The last fuel shutoff valve before the
flame effect burner.
3.3.32.3 Proof-of-Closure Valve. A safety shutoff valve
equipped with an interlock switch that is actuated only
when the valve is fully closed.
3.3.32.4 Safety Shutoff Valve. A fast-closing valve that automatically and completely shuts off the fuel supply in response to a normal or safety shutdown.
3.3.32.5 Vent Valve. A normally open, power-closed valve,
normally located between the two safety shutoff valves.
3.3.33* Venue. The property, facility, building, or room
within a building where flame effects are used, intended to be
used, or are prohibited.
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
PERMIT AND APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS AND TERMS OF INSTALLATION
Chapter 4
Holding Areas for Flame Effect Materials
and Devices
4.1* General. All flame effect materials and devices not connected for use shall be stored in accordance with applicable
codes and standards and any state and local regulations.
160–7
flame effects shall be first approved by the authority having
jurisdiction.
5.2.2 Approval of Flame Effect Plan. A plan for the use of
flame effects shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction for approval.
4.2 Holding Areas. All flammable flame effect materials and
loaded devices that have been removed from storage areas in
anticipation of use shall be stored in a holding area acceptable
to the authority having jurisdiction.
5.2.2.1 After a flame effect plan has been approved, the plan
shall be maintained to be readily accessible at the venue and
shall be subject to inspection as specified by the authority having jurisdiction.
4.2.1 Quantity Limitations.
5.2.2.2* If any addition or modification of flame effects to that
described in the approved plan is made, that addition or
modification shall be approved by the authority having jurisdiction prior to use of the modified flame effects.
4.2.1.1 The maximum quantity of flammable flame effect materials and loaded devices stored in a holding area shall be that
quantity used in one day.
4.2.1.2 Quantities of flammable flame effect materials and
devices in excess of those used in one day shall be permitted to
be stored in holding areas with the approval of the authority
having jurisdiction.
4.2.2 Flammable flame effect materials and loaded devices in
holding areas shall be secured or supervised continuously by
an attendant trained in emergency response procedures.
Chapter 5
Permit and Approval Requirements and
Terms of Installation
5.1 Permit Requirements.
5.1.1* Permit Required. Except when otherwise required by
the jurisdiction, a use permit shall be required for the use of
flame effects before an audience.
5.3* Content of Flame Effect Plans.
5.3.1 Flame Effect Plan Requirements.
5.3.1.1 The plan for the use of flame effects shall be submitted in writing or other form acceptable to the authority having
jurisdiction.
5.3.1.2* The plan shall include the following:
(1) The name of the person, group, or organization responsible for the production
(2) The dates and times of the production
(3) The location of the production
(4) The flame effect classification
(5) A site plan showing the following:
(a) A narrative description of the flame effect
(b) The location of flame effect devices to be fired and
their controls and control sequence
(c) The area affected by the flame effect device
(d) The location of the audience
(e) The fuels used and their estimated consumption
(f) Air for combustion and ventilation for indoor effects
(g) Flammable materials piping
(h) Storage and holding areas and their capacities
(i) Supplemental fire protection features
(j) Emergency response procedures
(k) Means of egress
(6) A current material safety data sheet (MSDS) for the materials (fuels) consumed in the flame effect
(7) Documentation that the combustible materials used for
construction of the flame effects have been rendered
flame retardant
(8) The name of the effect operator
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
5.1.2* Terms of Installation.
5.1.2.1 Permanent Installation. An installation of flame effects for which the governing use permit has a duration longer
than 180 days shall be considered a permanent installation.
5.1.2.2 Temporary Installation. An installation of flame effects
for which the governing use permit has a duration of 180 days or
less within a 12-month period in a single venue shall be considered a temporary installation.
5.1.3 Use Permits.
5.1.3.1 A use permit shall authorize the use of only the number and types of flame effects in the venue as specified in the
flame effect plan, as described in Section 5.3.
5.1.3.2 Use permits shall have a specified expiration date.
5.1.3.2.1 Use permits for temporarily installed flame effects
shall specify the date(s) and time(s) of use and the expiration
date of the permit.
5.1.3.2.2 Use permits for permanently installed flame effects
shall specify the duration and expiration date of the permit.
5.1.3.3 Any activity authorized by the use permit shall be conducted by the permittee or the permittee’s agents or employees in compliance with all requirements of this standard applicable thereto and in accordance with the approved plans and
conditions.
5.2 Approval Requirements.
5.2.1 Prior Approval Required. Other than during the flame
effect demonstration, as described in Section 5.4, the use of all
5.3.2 The operator shall make operating instructions for
flame effects available to the authority having jurisdiction.
5.3.3 The plan shall be reviewed with the authority having
jurisdiction, flame effects operator, and building owner/
representative prior to the production, to ensure coordinated
response in the event of an emergency.
5.4 Flame Effect Demonstration.
5.4.1 When required, a walk-through and a representative demonstration of the flame effects shall be provided to the authority
having jurisdiction before flame effects are approved.
5.4.2 The demonstration shall be scheduled with sufficient
time to allow resetting of the flame effects prior to the arrival
of the audience.
2011 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–8
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
5.5 Interruption of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems
During Flame Effect Demonstrations and Operations. Fire
protection and life safety systems shall not be permitted to be
interrupted during the operation of flame effects.
7.3 Site Inspection. The flame effect operator shall inspect all
areas of the site where flame effect materials and devices are
ignited before start-up and after shutdown.
5.5.1 Portions of fire protection and life safety systems shall
be permitted to be interrupted during the operation of temporary indoor flame effects when the following conditions are
met:
7.4.1 Smoking shall be prohibited in the area where fuels
used in flame effects are present.
(1) Approval of the authority having jurisdiction is received.
(2) Approval of the owner or owner’s agent is received.
(3)*An approved fire watch capable of directing the operation of all fire protection and life safety systems installed
in the building is present.
5.5.2 Fire protection and life safety systems shall be permitted to be interrupted during the operation of permanently
installed indoor flame effects only for initial acceptance of the
system.
Chapter 6
Documentation of Flame Effects
6.1 General.
6.1.1 All flame effect devices and materials shall have drawings,
manuals, or written descriptions to describe the type of item and
performance specifications of the flame effect created.
6.1.2 This documentation shall be on site and available to the
authority having jurisdiction.
6.2 Operating Procedures.
6.2.1 All flame effects shall have written operating instructions, including start-up, show operations, normal shutdown
procedures, and emergency shutdown procedures.
7.4 Smoking.
7.4.2 Smoking by performers as part of the performance shall
be permitted where approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
7.5 Rehearsal and Pre-Show Operations.
7.5.1 The flame effect operator shall advise all performers
and support personnel that they are exposed to a potentially
hazardous situation when performing or otherwise carrying
out their responsibilities in the vicinity of a flame effect.
7.5.2 Performers and support personnel familiar and experienced with the flame effects being used shall be permitted to
be in the area of a flame effect, but only voluntarily and in the
performance of their duties.
7.6 Show Operations. Show operations shall be in accordance
with the plan approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
7.7 Post-Show Operations. Post-show operations shall be in
accordance with the plan approved by the authority having
jurisdiction.
7.7.1 Fire and life safety systems that have been interrupted
shall be restored immediately after completion of the flame
effect.
7.7.2 When restoration of fire and life safety systems is necessary, it shall be conducted by a person trained in the operation
of all aspects of the systems.
7.8 Maintenance. Flame effect systems shall be maintained to
design specifications.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
6.2.2 Operating instructions shall be available to the operator.
Chapter 7
•
Use of Flame Effects
7.1 Testing and Evaluation.
7.1.1 Flame effects shall be tested to verify that they operate
in accordance with their designs.
7.1.2* Flame effects shall be evaluated to verify that spectators,
performers, support personnel, and the operator are not exposed to a hazardous situation when the flame effects are activated as designed or anticipated.
7.1.3 On an interval acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, flame effects shall be inspected for normal and safe
operating condition and retested for operation as designed
and anticipated.
7.1.4 Documentation of the testing and evaluation shall be
permitted to be prepared by a third party acceptable to the
authority having jurisdiction.
7.1.5 The documentation shall be made available to the authority having jurisdiction as a part of the application for approval of the effect.
7.2 Housekeeping. The premises where flame effect devices
are installed or fired shall be maintained in a neat and orderly
condition.
2011 Edition
7.9 Emergency Operations. Emergency operations shall be in
accordance with the plan approved by the authority having
jurisdiction.
7.10 Protective Clothing.
7.10.1 The flame effect performers, operators, and assistants
shall be protected by clothing or other means suitable for
their exposure to flame effects.
7.10.2 Protective clothing requiring fire resistance shall be
tested and demonstrated to be flame retardant, and documentation shall be furnished to the authority having jurisdiction
upon request.
7.10.3 Bare skin (naked) shall be permitted when the illusion
of danger is implicit in the visual effect desired by the performer.
7.11 Security.
7.11.1 A means shall be provided to render installed flame
effect systems inoperative when not in use.
7.11.2 Portable flame effects shall be stored and secured
when not in use.
Chapter 8
Flame Effect Operator
8.1* Operator Qualifications.
8.1.1 The operator of any flame effect shall understand and
be familiar with the operating manual or instructions.
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
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160–9
SYSTEM COMPONENTS, FLAME EFFECT CONTROL SYSTEMS, AND DESIGN
8.1.2 The operator shall demonstrate competency by experience and training or by holding a license acceptable to the
authority having jurisdiction.
8.2 Operator Responsibilities. The flame effect operator shall
be responsible for storage, setup, operations, and teardown of
all flame effect materials, devices, equipment, systems, and supervision of assistants.
8.3 Substance Abuse and Safety. No person shall use or
handle flame effect materials or devices while under the influence of the following:
(1) Intoxicating beverages
(2) Narcotics or controlled substances
(3) Prescription drugs and/or nonprescription drugs that impair judgment
8.4* Minimum Age. All flame effect operators shall be at least
21 years of age.
Chapter 9
System Components, Flame Effect Control
Systems, and Design
9.1 General Requirements for Flame Effect Control System
Design.
9.1.1 All flame effect control systems shall be designed and
installed to prevent accidental firing and unintentional release of fuel.
9.1.2 All Group II through Group VII control systems shall be
designed to ensure against accidental firing by providing at least
a removable activator, keyswitch, or coded arming system in
which no control power can be applied to any control system
unless the operator intentionally does both of the following:
9.1.6 Control system components and protective devices, including sensors, valves, and switches, shall be located so that
they are protected against physical damage and tampering,
and so that they can be serviced and maintained.
9.2* Specific Requirements for Flame Effect Control System
Design and Operation, by Group. Control systems for each
flame effect group shall be in accordance with Table 9.2.
9.3 Implementation of the Required Control Functions.
9.3.1* Emergency Stop.
9.3.1.1 One of the following conditions shall be met prior to
the use of flame effects:
(1) Approval of a plan to extinguish the flame effect as required in 9.3.1.4
(2) Approval of a supervisory control system for the emergency stop and complete shutdown of the flame effect
and any interrelated safety-critical system as required in
9.3.1.5
9.3.1.2 Interrelated safety-critical system and flame effect
control system safety considerations shall extend to safetycritical effects, allied equipment, and other proximate equipment to avoid additional or contributory hazards.
9.3.1.3 Where the hazards described in 9.3.1.2 exist, the effects safety controller shall have a direct validated means of
confirming the status or other information from the other
systems before the safety-critical effect is enabled or triggered.
9.3.1.4 Manually controlled flame effects (Group I and
manually controlled Group VII) shall have a plan for the
emergency stop and complete shutdown of the operation of
the effects through one or more of the following:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Manual fuel shutoff valve(s)
Manual turn-off of control power
Fire containment devices
Other devices acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
(1) Deliberately applies control power
(2) Enables or arms the control system
9.1.3 Control System Attendance Requirements.
9.1.3.1 Any Group III, Group VI, or Group VII flame effects
control systems shall not be left unattended while connected
to a fuel source.
9.1.3.2 Control systems that are disconnected from their
power source or de-energized by means of a removable activator, keyswitch, or coded arming system shall be permitted to
be left unattended while connected to a fuel source.
9.1.4 Control System Operation.
9.1.4.1 All flame effect control systems shall be designed to
implement the following functions:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Emergency stop capability
Fuel management
Controlled enabling of flame effect
Controlled arming of flame effect
Controlled and repeatable firing of flame effect
9.1.4.2 The flame effect plan submitted for approval to the
authority having jurisdiction shall indicate the means of providing for these requirements.
9.3.1.5 Automatically controlled flame effects (Group II
through Group VI and automatically controlled Group VII)
shall have provisions for the emergency stop and complete
shutdown of the operation of the effects installed according to
the following criteria:
(1) The flame effect control system shall not be capable of
operation unless the emergency stop is reset.
(2) The actuation of the emergency stop shall bring the flame
effect control system to a safe state.
(3) The emergency stop shall require manual reset.
(4) The emergency stop shall actuate both manually and automatically upon the detection of an unsafe condition,
including power failure.
(5) The emergency stop shall be fail-safe.
(6)*The emergency stop shall be automatically actuated when a
monitored condition exceeds a preset limit of operation.
9.3.1.6 Manual Emergency Stop Control Stations.
9.3.1.6.1 Manually operated emergency stop control stations
shall be clearly identified and placed in accessible locations
and shall maintain the actuated state until manually reset.
9.3.1.6.2 Operation of a manual emergency stop station shall
actuate the emergency stop.
9.1.5 Flame effect control system components shall be listed.
9.3.2 Fuel Management.
9.1.5.1 Where listed devices are not available, approved devices shall be permitted.
9.3.2.1 The fuel supply for the operation of the flame effect
shall be available only during operation.
2011 Edition
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160–10
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
Table 9.2 Group Control Functions Required
Flame Effect Group
Control Type
I
II
Manual controls
Automatic controls
III
Automatic controls
Minimum Control Requirements
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
IV
Automatic controls
1.
2.
3.
4.
V
Automatic controls
1.
2.
VI
Automatic controls
1.
2.
VII
Manual or automatic
controls
1.
No automatic controls shall be required.
Ignition supervision shall be provided.
Automatic shutoff shall follow failure.
Manual operation of the effect valve shall be permitted.
If the operator cannot confirm the pilot or direct ignition source for
the flame special effect, a primary safety control shall be installed.
Two fuel shutoff valves, one of which will be a safety shutoff valve, shall
be provided and installed in series.
Primary limit device(s) shall be installed as required.
A fuel supervisory station shall be installed with fuel pressure limit
switches to control the supervisory station valves.
Each flame effect burner shall be equipped with a primary safety
control and an effect valve.
A flame effect safety control system that is capable of safely operating
the entire flame effect consistently for repeated cycles shall be used.
The requirements for Group IV shall apply.
A flame effect safety control system that is capable of safely operating
the entire flame effect consistently that is sequenced by the main
control system shall be used. The flame effect safety control system
shall maintain all of its internal safety features, with the interface
between the flame effect control system and the main show control
system limited to those commands and status indicators that cannot
alter or override the flame supervisory system control logic.
The requirements for Group V shall apply.
Where cast members are in close proximity to the flame effect, the
flame effect shall be under the active control of a main show control
system and a fail-safe positive manual enable (PME).
Controls shall be as recommended by the designer and acceptable to
the authority having jurisdiction.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
9.3.2.2 Fuels not provided through a central distribution system and that are supplied to the flame effect shall be limited
to that amount necessary for operation.
9.3.2.3 Minimum tank size for liquefied flammable gas flame
effects shall be determined by the surface area required to
prevent reduced fuel delivery to the burner during the effect.
9.3.2.4 Fuel Delivery.
9.3.2.4.1 Fuels delivered through a central distribution system shall be in accordance with the following:
(1) A manual fuel shutoff valve shall be installed as follows:
(a) It shall be installed in an accessible location at the
point of delivery and upstream of any other flame
effect control system components that, when closed,
will shut off all fuel supplied to the flame effect control system.
(b) Where the point of delivery is outside a building containing the flame effect control system, the valve shall
be located outside of the building.
(2) The following shall apply to fuel pressure:
(a) Where low fuel pressure could cause the flame effect
control system to malfunction, devices to provide lowfuel-pressure supervision shall be installed.
(b) Where high fuel pressure could cause the flame system to malfunction, devices to provide high-fuelpressure supervision shall be installed.
(3)*A supervisor station shall be installed and shall meet the
following criteria:
2011 Edition
(a) It shall be installed downstream of the manual fuel
shutoff valve.
(b) It shall shut off all fuel supplied to the flame effect
control system when closed.
(c) When opened during the enable process, it shall be
held open by a maintained signal from the flame effect control system.
9.3.2.4.2 The supervisor station shall be provided with a
means to test the seat-tightness of the shutoff valve at the operating pressure.
9.3.2.5 Effect Valve.
9.3.2.5.1 Each flame effect shall be provided with an automatic fuel shutoff valve (the effect valve), installed upstream
of the burner.
9.3.2.5.2 The effect valve shall shut off all fuel to the burner
when closed.
9.3.2.5.3 The effect valve shall be opened only at the time of
firing the flame effect and shall be held open by a maintained
signal from the flame effect control system.
9.3.2.5.4 The effect valve shall close on loss of the hold-open
signal.
9.3.2.6* Systems Using Fuel Accumulators. Fuel accumulators
used in flame effect control systems shall meet the following
requirements:
(1) Accumulator tanks shall be designed, manufactured, and
certified as unfired pressure vessels.
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
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SYSTEM COMPONENTS, FLAME EFFECT CONTROL SYSTEMS, AND DESIGN
(a)*Accumulators for use with flammable or liquefied gas
shall be designed, manufactured, and tested in accordance with the ASME Boiler Pressure Vessel Code or the
Department of Transportation for the pressure of the
gas in use.
(2)*The volume of fuel stored in an accumulator tank shall be
no more than what is required to produce the desired
flame effect.
(3) Each accumulator shall have a manual fuel shutoff valve at
the connection to the inlet of the tank, and when closed,
this valve shall shut off all fuel supplied to the accumulator tank.
(4) An accumulator charge valve that charges the accumulator when opened shall be installed at the connection to
the inlet of the tank.
(5) The accumulator shall be charged as close to the time of
the actual arming and firing of the effect as is practical.
(6) Each accumulator shall be designed and installed so that
the fuel can be safely removed, as follows:
(a) Accumulators fixed in location shall be provided with
a permanently installed means of conveying the fuel
to a safe point of discharge.
(b) Portable accumulators shall be allowed to be moved
to a safe location for discharge.
(7) The mixing of air or any other oxidizing media with fuel
that creates a flammable mixture within an accumulator
tank shall be prohibited.
9.3.3* Controlled Enabling of Flame Effect Control System.
All flame effect control systems shall be manually or automatically enabled according to a prescribed sequence of operations outlined in the plan, which prepares the flame effect for
subsequent arming and firing.
9.3.3.1 Flame Effect Safety Controller Function.
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9.3.3.4.2 Safety interlocks shall be fail-safe.
9.3.4 Controlled Arming of Effect.
9.3.4.1 All flame effects shall be manually or automatically
armed prior to any attempt to fire.
9.3.4.2 The arming of the effect shall be manually or automatically monitored and confirmed until the effect is fired.
9.3.4.3 Manual Confirmation of Arming (Group I and Manually Controlled Group VII).
9.3.4.3.1 The flame effect shall be confirmed as armed when
the means of ignition can be clearly and directly seen by the
operator or assistant(s) firing the flame effect for the entire
time that the effect is enabled.
9.3.4.3.2 When the means of ignition cannot be clearly and
directly seen by the operator or assistant(s) firing the flame
effect for the entire time that the effect is enabled, the confirmation of the arming of that effect shall be done automatically.
9.3.4.4* Automatic Confirmation of Arming (Group II
through Group VI and Automatically Controlled Group VII).
The flame effect shall be confirmed as armed when a sensor(s)
has detected the presence of the means of ignition necessary
for the correct operation of the effect through the monitoring
of a characteristic unique to the means of ignition.
9.3.4.5 Control sensors and devices used to automatically
confirm arming shall operate in the environment where installed.
9.3.4.6 Where cast members or moving set pieces are present
in the hazard area immediately before or after the arming and
firing of the flame effect, a positive manual enable (PME)
shall be required during arming and firing.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
9.3.3.1.1 A flame effect safety controller shall be used to automatically sequence the enable process, monitor areas of restricted access, and allow, trigger, and request safety-critical
action.
9.3.3.1.2 Flame effect control system safety considerations
shall extend to other safety-critical effects, allied equipment,
and other proximate equipment to avoid additional or contributory hazards.
9.3.3.1.3 In circumstances described in 9.3.3.1.2, the flame
effect safety controller shall have a direct validated means of
confirming the status or other information from the other
systems before the flame effect is enabled.
9.3.3.2* The enable process shall begin with the activation of
the control power to the flame effect control system.
9.3.3.3 Fuel Supply and Auxiliary Services.
9.3.3.3.1 Following the activation of the control power, the
fuel supply and auxiliary services necessary to the operation of
the flame effect control system (compressed air supply, oxidizers, additives, etc.) shall be permitted to be turned on.
9.3.3.3.2 Positive confirmation through the use of an interlock or other device of the fuel supply and each auxiliary service shall be made prior to the continuation of the enable
process.
9.3.4.7 Ignition Detection Device Function.
9.3.4.7.1 It shall not be possible for an ignition detection
device to report the presence of an ignition device or pilot,
due to false sensing of ignition devices, pilots, or flame effects
other than that ignition device or pilot intended to be sensed
by the ignition detection device.
9.3.4.7.2 It also shall not be possible for an ignition detection
device to report the presence of an ignition device or pilot due
to false sensing of other non-fire-related devices normally
present in the local environment including, but not limited to,
spark effects, ultraviolet light sources, or effects that generate
heat without flame.
9.3.5* Firing of Flame Effects.
9.3.5.1 Flame effects shall only be fired after they have been
confirmed as armed following the completion of the enable
and arming process and confirmation that the hazard area is
clear.
9.3.5.2 If the arming confirmation is lost during the firing
process or the hazard area becomes unsafe, the firing of the
effect shall be immediately terminated and the effect secured
until the problem has been corrected.
9.3.3.4* Interlocks.
9.3.5.3* Monitoring of the Hazard Area Surrounding the
Flame Effect.
9.3.3.4.1 Interlocks shall be provided in the control system to
monitor changes of condition and to automatically implement control system responses to the change of condition.
9.3.5.3.1 That area surrounding each flame effect that is
made hazardous by the operation of the effect shall be monitored and confirmed clear and ready for firing, or access to
2011 Edition
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160–12
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
the area shall be supervised by automatic means, or the area
shall be made inaccessible, prior to any attempt to fire the
effect.
9.3.5.3.2 Other parameters critical to the safety of the flame
effect shall also be monitored or supervised.
9.3.5.4* Supervision of the Hazard Area Surrounding the
Flame Effect.
9.3.5.4.1 The accessible hazard area shall be under the direct
observation of the operator or assistant(s) firing the flame effect for the entire time that the effect is enabled and fired.
9.3.5.4.2 Where the hazard area cannot be seen by the operator or assistant(s) firing the flame effect for the entire time
that the effect is enabled, an alternative means of monitoring
the area shall be permitted to be used, with the approval of the
authority having jurisdiction.
9.3.5.4.3 Use of Enable Buttons.
9.3.5.4.3.1 If all areas of safety concern cannot be seen by a
single human operator, as many enable buttons shall be used
as are necessary to ensure safety.
9.3.5.4.3.2 Such buttons shall be monitored separately and verified for proper operation by the flame effect control system.
9.3.5.5 Firing. The design of the flame effect control system
shall prevent the firing of any flame effect except on the deliberate positive action of an operator or on the verification by
the automatic control system of correct enabling and arming
of the effect.
10.2 Pressure Testing and Inspection of Piping. Where flame
effect systems use piping, such piping shall be pressure tested
in accordance with the requirements of the authority having
jurisdiction.
10.2.1 The complete piping system with all accessories in
place shall be pressure tested at no less than the system operating pressure.
10.2.2 Pressure Test Procedures.
10.2.2.1 System pressures shall be recorded together with the
temperature and the atmospheric pressure.
10.2.2.2 Pressure testing of reassembled flame effect piping
systems designed to be separated into subassemblies shall be
permitted to be tested at system operating pressure, with leak
detection using a noncorrosive leak-detecting solution, or
other means acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, at
the reconnected joints.
10.3 Temperatures of Components.
10.3.1 Temperatures of components that are used in the fabrication of a flame effect control system shall not exceed the
rated temperature limits of the component during sustained
operation of the flame effect.
10.3.2 Temperatures of components subject to the heat of
the flame effect shall be determined while the flame effect is
being operated at its maximum design cycle rate during the
acceptance test required by Section 10.1.
10.3.2.1 The temperatures shall be observed until a maximum or stable reading has been attained.
9.3.5.5.1 Manual Firing of Flame Effects. It shall be the responsibility of the operator to verify the correct enabling and
arming and the safety of the hazard area prior to the manual
firing of the effect.
10.3.2.2 The temperatures attained shall not exceed the
rated temperatures for the components.
9.3.5.5.2 Automatic Firing of Flame Effects.
10.3.3.1 Temperatures of combustible materials subject to
the heat of the flame effect shall not exceed 117°F (47.2°C)
above the ambient temperature after equilibrium temperatures are attained.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
9.3.5.5.2.1 The operating power for firing any flame effect
shall originate from the flame effect control system and only
be supplied under the supervision of all limits, interlocks, and
ignition-monitoring devices present for the safe and reliable
operation of the flame effect.
9.3.5.5.2.2 All effect valves shall be permitted to be opened
only by a maintained firing signal from the flame effect control system and shall automatically close on loss of signal.
9.3.6 Post-Operation Securing. Immediately following the firing of any flame effect, the enable and arming signals shall be
removed, all fuel and auxiliary services shall be secured without going through the sequence of operation specified in
9.3.5.5, and a visual inspection of all effect hazard areas shall
be completed prior to confirmation that the flame effect control system is secure.
Chapter 10
System Installation and Testing
10.3.3 Temperatures of Surroundings.
10.3.3.2 The temperatures shall be observed until a maximum or stable reading has been attained.
Chapter 11
Fire Protection Provisions
11.1 General. The wide range in size, arrangement, and location of flame effects covered by this standard shall preclude
the inclusion of detailed fire protection provisions that are
applicable to all flame effects.
11.2 Evaluation for Permanently Installed Flame Effects.
11.2.1* Where required by the authority having jurisdiction, a
fire hazards evaluation shall be conducted for permanently
installed flame effects to be used at a venue for a performance.
10.1 General.
11.2.2 The evaluation in 11.2.1 shall be coordinated with the
building owner, the flame effect operator, and the authority
having jurisdiction.
10.1.1 Flame effects shall be tested to verify that they operate
in accordance with the flame effect control system design.
11.3* Additional Fire Safety Provisions for Temporary Installations.
10.1.2 Documentation of the testing shall be provided by the
manufacturer or fabricator.
11.3.1 Where determined by the authority having jurisdiction
that a need for fixed or additional fire protection equipment
2011 Edition
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ANNEX A
or standby fire safety personnel exists, such equipment or personnel shall be provided.
11.3.2 Four or more fire extinguishers of the proper classification and size as approved by the authority having jurisdiction shall be readily accessible while the flame effects performance is being conducted.
11.3.2.1 In all cases, at least two pressurized water, Class 2-A
extinguishers and two Class 10-BC extinguishers shall be provided, in addition to those required by NFPA 10, Standard for
Portable Fire Extinguishers, for the building.
11.3.2.2 The extinguishers shall be placed so that at least one
each is located on opposing sides of the performance where
flame effects are used.
11.4 Standby Fire Safety Personnel Requirements.
11.4.1 Where required by the fire hazards evaluation or the
authority having jurisdiction, standby fire safety personnel
shall be present along with operational supplemental equipment.
11.4.2 Standby fire safety personnel shall have a working
knowledge of the supplemental fixed or portable fire-fighting
equipment used in the area of the flame effects.
11.4.3 Standby fire safety personnel shall have a means of
communication or of transmitting an alarm during the operation of flame effects.
Annex A
Explanatory Material
Annex A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
but is included for informational purposes only. This annex contains
explanatory material, numbered to correspond with the applicable text
paragraphs.
160–13
A.1.3.4 This standard contains user requirements for the performance, use, or installation of flame effects. User requirements are those that apply to users of the product and specify
when, where, and how a product is used.
Unlike this standard, a product standard contains performance, testing, and third-party certification requirements,
and can contain design requirements, for a specific product,
such as a flame effect appliance. Third-party certification includes the requirements for the testing, labeling, listing,
follow-up, and quality assurance programs by which a product
is certified as being compliant with a specific standard from a
certification organization. Product standards should be written, to the extent possible, such that the product is evaluated
and tested for compliance with minimal or no judgmental decisions and with specific pass/fail requirements and a designated test method to evaluate the performance. NFPA 160
does not meet these requirements, nor is it intended for use as
a product standard.
A.3.2.1 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association
does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of
installations, procedures, equipment, or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance
with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of
such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper
installation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an
organization that is concerned with product evaluations and is
thus in a position to determine compliance with appropriate
standards for the current production of listed items.
A.3.2.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The phrase “authority having jurisdiction,” or its acronym AHJ, is used in
NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and
approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a
federal, state, local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, or health department; building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory
authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many
circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated
agent assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at
government installations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the authority having jurisdiction.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
A.1.1 This document details how to control the use of flame
effects. The issue of permitting or prohibiting the use of open
flames before an audience is in the scope of a code such as
NFPA 101, Life Safety Code. The Life Safety Code has traditionally
prohibited open flames within assembly occupancies.
A.1.3.1 The circumstances of each show or attraction can be
unique and can require individual evaluation when determining the need for protective systems. Factors such as the experience and qualifications of the operations and maintenance
personnel, clearance distance between show elements and
nonparticipants, visual conditions, and magnitude of the potential hazards are to be weighed in the development and presentation of the production.
A.1.3.3(2) For information on the use of pyrotechnic special
effects before an audience, see NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use
of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience.
A.1.3.3(3) For information on the storage of flammable and
combustible liquids, see NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible
Liquids Code. For information on the storage of flammable
gases, see NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code,
and NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code.
A.1.3.3(6) For information on the manufacture, transportation, or storage of model or high power rocket motors, see
NFPA 1125, Code for the Manufacture of Model Rocket and High
Power Rocket Motors. For information on the sale or use of
model or high power rocket motors, see NFPA 1122, Code for
Model Rocketry, and NFPA 1127, Code for High Power Rocketry.
A.3.2.4 Listed. The means for identifying listed equipment
may vary for each organization concerned with product evaluation; some organizations do not recognize equipment as
listed unless it is also labeled. The authority having jurisdiction should utilize the system employed by the listing organization to identify a listed product.
A.3.3.3 Arm. In a manually operated system, the enabling,
arming, and firing functions are provided directly through the
actions of the flame effect operator or assistant. Arm means
supplying a source of ignition and verifying its presence, such
as with manual ignition of a pilot, flammable liquid, or flammable solid.
A.3.3.7 Enable. In a manually operated system, the enabling,
arming, and firing functions are provided directly through the
actions of the flame effects operator or assistant. Enable means
2011 Edition
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160–14
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
bringing to the site all the equipment, setting it up, and readying it for arming, such as bringing a campfire effect to the
stage, verifying that no hazards are present in the area, and
connecting all components.
A.3.3.10 Fire. In a manually operated system, the enabling,
arming, and firing functions are provided directly through the
actions of the flame effect operator or assistant. Fire means
supplying fuel to the source of ignition, such as by manually
opening a valve and verifying that the fuel ignites.
A.3.3.18 Flame Effect System. Manually controlled systems
might not have interconnected components, devices, and/or
appliances that provide all of the functions necessary to fuel,
monitor, supervise, generate, and control flame effects, including the emergency shutdown of the flame effects and,
where necessary, the monitoring of external conditions that
affect operation. The flame effects operator or assistant carries
out all the functions described in the definition.
A.3.3.19 Flame Effect Systems, Classifications. Examples of
flame effects are as follows:
(1) Group I. Hand-held burning torches, cigarette lighters,
candles, matches, and lighting paper in an ashtray, jugglers burning batons, fire rings that are jumped through,
and other fire effects that have the illusion of danger to a
performer.
(2) Group II. Unattended torches, burning urns, and small
fires.
(3) Group III. Effects used by traveling shows and concerts and
effects used for limited-duration special events, such as
the Olympics. This group also includes a traveling entertainment event that plays various venues, such as (but not
limited to) circuses, operas, musicals, stage plays, trade
shows, or corporate events. This group effect also includes
a non-traveling entertainment event that plays a single
venue.
(4) Group IV. A burning cabin or bonfire and large single or
multiple flaming brazier entrance features used to create
a “theme” atmosphere. A stand-alone-type flame effect
control system without any significant control supervision
by a main show control system is used.
(5) Group V. A simulated building or vehicle explosion that is
part of a larger theme-type attraction. The flame effect
control system is totally dedicated to the operation of the
flame effect elements. The flame effect control system
maintains all its internal safety features, with the interface
between the flame effect control system and the main
show control system limited to those commands and status indicators that cannot alter or override the flame supervisory system control logic.
(6) Group VI. A live-action stunt show that is part of a larger
theme-type attraction. The flame effect control system is
totally dedicated to the operation of the flame effect elements. The flame effect control system maintains all its
internal safety features, with the interface between the
flame effect control system and the main show control
system limited to those commands and status indicators
that cannot alter or override the flame supervisory system
control logic.
(7) Group VII. A fire created as part of an illusion used to make
an item or individual disappear.
See Table A.3.3.19 for a list of features included in each
flame effect group.
A.3.3.21 Performer. Performers can include, but are not limited to, actors, singers, musicians, and acrobats. [1126, 2011]
Table A.3.3.19 Features Included in Flame Effect Groups
Flame Effect Groups
Features
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Outside
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Inside
X
X
X
X
X
X
Temporary
installation
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Permanent
installation
Attended
X
Automatic
fuel
controls
X
X
X
X
Automatic
flame
supervision
Manual fuel
controls
X
X
Unattended
Visual flame
verification
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Main show
control
X
X
X
X
X
X
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
2011 Edition
Proximate
cast
X
X
X
Note: A blank space means that the feature cannot be in the group. An
X means that it is a feature of the group.
A.3.3.24 Primary Safety Control. In the event of ignition failure or loss of flame, the control causes a safety shutdown.
A.3.3.27 Safety Shutdown (Lockout). The flame effect can be
restarted only after a manual reset following correction of the
abnormal condition.
A.3.3.30 Supervisory Control System. In the case of a manual
system, this function might be performed by the flame effect
operator or assistant.
A.3.3.31 Support Personnel. Among others, support personnel include the road crew of any production, stage hands,
property masters, security guards, fire watch officers, janitors,
or any other employee. [1126, 2011]
A.3.3.33 Venue. The term venue is one that is widely used in
the entertainment industry. For the purposes of this standard,
the term is to be used to specify the exact area of the property,
building, or the room within a building where the use of flame
effects is to be allowed. For example, the use of flame effects
can be allowable in one specific meeting room of a hotel, but
not in another; or in the case of reconfigurable (flexible plan)
buildings or rooms, some configurations can be safe for the
use of flame effects, but not others.
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
ANNEX A
A.4.1 The following NFPA standards cover storage of flame
effect materials:
NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code
NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code
NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code
NFPA 59A, Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling
of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
NFPA 101, Life Safety Code
NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code
NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience
A.5.1.1 Because permit and approval requirements vary with
each jurisdiction, this standard is intended to provide requirements that can be used by the authority having jurisdiction in
making sound judgment regarding the safety of the proposed
use of flame effects and the qualifications of the flame effect
operator.
A.5.1.2 The use of flame effects is governed by a permit,
which specifies the date(s) and time(s) or the expiration date
of the permit, which, in turn, define the period during which
the effects can be used. The length of this period determines
the term of installation — that is, whether the flame effect
installation is to be considered permanent or temporary. The
term of installation is used in this standard as a criterion to
classify the flame effects into one of seven groups.
A.5.2.2.2 There is an inherent danger in the modification of
flame effects once the initial commissioning activities are complete. A protective control system could provide protection
against events and safety concerns that are not recognized or
fully understood by other than the original designers of the
system. For others to attempt modifications to a protective
system invites the inadvertent elimination of subtle but important safety features of a system.
160–15
fects are the primary safety and control element and should
have a full understanding of the system, including the possible
dangers and the required responses.
A.8.4 The flame effect operator is defined as the person who
has overall responsibility for the flame effect. Attendants and
assistants can be less than 21 years of age.
A.9.2 In Table 9.2, Group VI, positive manual enable (PME)
is sometimes known as “Man in the Loop.”
A.9.3.1 Enabling the safety-critical effect could require coordination of the emergency stop systems of independent subsystems developed by separate vendors or contractors. This
requirement applies only when an emergency stop button is
pressed. Generally, conditions internal or local to a single subsystem (other than pressing an emergency stop button) that
cause an automatic safety shutdown of one subsystem need
not cause a shutdown of other subsystems. After a safety shutdown resulting from a pressed emergency stop button, and
after the offending button has been reset, individual subsystems can be brought out of the shutdown condition, as long
as no emergency stop button remains pressed.
A.9.3.1.5(6) Examples of monitored conditions are as follows:
(1) Loss of purge airflow to electrical enclosures in classified
areas
(2) Loss or impairment of required ventilation systems
(3) Detection of flammable gas
(4) Loss of “proof of vacancy” in areas that present a serious
hazard to personnel
(5) Loss of proof of the safe state of any valve or other protective device that is required to maintain the protective
nature of the system
(6) Detection of a person in an unsafe area
(7) Detection of unsafe environmental conditions
(8) Detection of equipment in an unsafe state, condition, or
position
(9) Wind or other weather conditions that create unsafe
conditions
(10) System errors that should be addressed or acknowledged
prior to a restart of the system
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
A.5.3 Measures for control of inadvertent liquefied or gaseous
fuel releases, additive system releases, portable component releases, or fire should be coordinated with local emergencyhandling agencies, such as fire and police departments.
Information on those hazards not commonly covered in the
training programs of emergency-handling agencies should be
provided upon request to emergency responders.
The safety of emergency personnel should be considered in
the plan.
A.5.3.1.2 See Annex B for guidelines on design of flame effects.
•
A.5.5.1(3) A fire watch is a qualified person or persons in
attendance during all times when fixed fire protection systems
are intentionally taken out of operation and should be acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. The fire watch should
be familiar with the operation of all fire and life safety systems
in the building and be able to notify emergency responders.
A.7.1.2 As a guide, the incident radiation from the flame
effect should not cause the surface temperature of the exposed skin of a member of the audience to exceed 111°F
(44°C), as measured using an infrared surface thermometer
or other equivalent means. The operator should have, on site,
the instrumentation necessary to verify skin temperature, if
requested by the authority having jurisdiction.
A.8.1 There is no substitute for a diligent, capable, welltrained operations and maintenance staff; therefore, operators of equipment involved in safety-critical processes or ef-
A.9.3.2.4.1(3) As shown in Figure A.9.3.2.4.1(3), an example
of a supervisor station can include the following:
(1) Two safety valves in series, each with proof of closure, should
be provided in the gas line to the main burners. An automatic vent valve should be provided between the two valves.
(2) Where the automatic vent valve is prohibited by the authority having jurisdiction, two safety shutoff valves in series, each with an interlock switch, supervised by a listed
automatic valve proving system, should be provided in the
gas line to the burners. Valve proving should be performed either after every burner shutdown or prior to
every burner light-off.
(3) Where flame effect fuel piping systems are subdivided
into zones, each zone should be separated from other
zones by a zone station. A zone station should consist of a
manual fuel shutoff valve at the point of connection to the
fuel supply piping and upstream of any other station components, and an automatic zone valve. The zone station
shuts off all fuel to or from the flame effect zone when
closed. When opened during the enable process, this station should be held open by a maintained signal from the
flame effect control system.
2011 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–16
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
Pilot
Pilot safety
Pilot press. shutoff
shutoff reg. valve
valve
NC
Pilot
gas
inlet
Supervisor station— Fuel gas
specific gravity less than 1.0
Supply
gas
inlet
Safety
Main
shutoff
safety
shutoff Manual valve
valve shutoff (block)
valve
NC
NC
High
gas
press.
Manual switch
shutoff NC
valve
Leak
test
valve
Leak
test
valve
Supervisor station— Fuel gas specific
gravity more than 1.0 or if required by
the authority having jurisdiction
Low
gas
press.
Gas
Main press. switch
shutoff reg. NO
valve
Supply
gas
inlet
Effect
safety
Manual shutoff Manual
shutoff valve shutoff
valve
valve
NC
Accumulator
Safety
Manual shutoff Manual charge
valve
shutoff valve shutoff
valve
valve
NC
NC
NO
Leak
test
valve
Leak
test
valve
Leak
test
valve
Zone 2
High
Main
Safety
gas
safety
shutoff
press.
shutoff Manual valve Manual switch
valve shutoff (block) shutoff
NC
valve
valve
NC
NC
VPS
Pilot burner
Effect
burner
Accumulator
effect
Spark ignition
sensing element
Effect
Safety
safety
Manual shutoff Manual shutoff Manual
shutoff valve shutoff valve shutoff
valve
valve
valve
NC
NC
Leak
test
valve
Pilot flame
sensing
element
Leak
test
valve
Zone 1
Vent
valve
Low
gas
Gas press.
Main press. switch
shutoff reg. NO
valve
Pressure
relief
valve
Manual
shutoff
valve
Igniter
Effect
burner
Leak
test
valve
Effect
Pilot safety
Manual press. shutoff
shutoff
valve
reg.
valve
NC
Pilot
gas
inlet
Manual
shutoff
valve
Leak
test
valve
Effect
safety
Manual shutoff Manual
shutoff valve shutoff
valve
valve
NC
Pilot flame
sensing
element
Pilot burner
Effect
burner
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
Key: NC = normally closed; NO = normally open; VPS = valve proving system
Purge gas
safety
Manual shutoff Manual
shutoff valve shutoff
NC
valve
valve
Purge
gas
inlet
Leak
test
valve
Leak
test
valve
FIGURE A.9.3.2.4.1(3) Example of Various Flame Effect Control and Piping Components.
The zone valve should automatically close in the event of
the loss of the hold-open signal. The zone valve should only be
opened as close to the time of the actual arming and firing of
the flame effects as is practical. The zone valve should be provided with a means to test the seat-tightness of the valve at
operating pressure.
A.9.3.2.6 The operating characteristics of some flame effects
require that fuel be released at a rate greater than can be delivered by the fuel supply. To do so requires that quantities of fuel
be temporarily accumulated at the location of the effect.
A.9.3.2.6(1)(a) For applications outside of the United States,
equivalent national standards can be used.
A.9.3.2.6(2) The standard requires that the amount of fuel in
an accumulator tank never be more than what is required to
produce the effect. However, that amount deserves some consideration, as producing the desired effect can sometimes require
that more fuel be stored in the accumulator than is actually discharged during the effect. Three examples of situations where it
2011 Edition
is necessary to store more fuel in the accumulator than is actually
consumed are as follows:
(1) The creation of perfectly round fireballs — those without a
tail — often requires that the effect valve be shut while the
gas is still exiting the burner nozzle at relatively high velocity.
This means that significant residual pressure is left in the
accumulator after the effect is complete; in other words, to
produce round fireballs it is required to have an amount of
fuel in the accumulator in excess of that consumed.
(2) Bursts of multiple fireballs or jet flames are often required
to be produced rapidly, sometimes without sufficient interval between each discharge to allow the accumulator to
recharge. This situation occurs often in temporarily installed or portable flame effect appliances, particularly
when the fuel supply is not capable of supporting high
flow rates during the charge cycle. In this case, the accumulator must store more fuel than is consumed in a single
discharge, although it is expected that the bulk of the fuel
will be consumed over the course of a full burst.
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
ANNEX A
(3) It is considered good practice to maintain a fuel-rich atmosphere inside the accumulator at all times, one that is
well above the upper flammable limit. In order to do so it
is necessary to shut the effect valve before all of the pressure in the accumulator is exhausted, trapping some fuel
in the accumulator in excess of the amount consumed.
It is important to realize that even when an accumulator is
sized exactly to the amount of fuel to be consumed, there are
some situations where the accumulator will be left with an
excess of fuel. Take, for example, an accumulator that has
been charged, but for any number of reasons — performer off
the mark, detected failure of the igniter, and so forth — the
flame effect is not discharged. The result is a fully charged
accumulator that can or cannot be consumed during the subsequent course of the performance. This scenario points out
the necessity of providing each accumulator with a means of
venting the fuel to a safe point of discharge, as required in
9.3.2.6(6).
A.9.3.3 Some of the operating parameters that can be enabled or monitored during the enabling of the flame effect
control system include the following:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Control power
Main fuel supply
Safety interlocks
Ventilation airflow interlock (where used)
Support services (compressed air, hydraulic pressure,
etc.)
(6) Other parameters as required by the authority having
jurisdiction
A.9.3.3.2 Where required for operation and maintenance,
control systems can have separate sources of control power to
allow operation in distinct modes; for example, they can have
one source for automatic (normal) operation and a second
for limited operation of the flame effects for the purpose of
maintenance and testing. Where multiple sources of control
power are available, the design of the flame effect control system should meet the following minimum criteria:
160–17
Circumstances for consideration include the following:
(1) Particular position, mode, or state for the proper operation of a safety-critical system.
Example: A fire-breathing dragon that needs to be in a particular position before fire is initiated. Similarly, other set
pieces might have to be out of the area of the fire before
fire is initiated.
Example: A fire on a set that is on a lift and that is not to be
initiated until the lift is confirmed to be in the fully raised
position.
(2) Effects on vision or hearing that could prevent the safe
operation of systems or the related procedures or operations.
Example: A fog or other atmospheric effects system that
could obscure egress routes or interfere with monitoring
an effect fire or with taking corrective action in case of an
incident.
(3) Conditions that can be confused with conditions or events
of the safety-critical system.
Example: Other effect systems that create the appearance
of fire, smoke, or heat.
Personal computers, single-board controllers, and other
systems that have control capability but that are not routinely
used in protective applications should not be used as life safety
controllers. Only effect safety controllers should be used to
prevent any safety-critical action. Non-effect safety controllers
should not be used to allow, trigger, or request safety-critical
action unless the signals of these non-effect safety controllers
are intercepted and qualified by an effect safety controller that
has responsibility for allowing safety-critical actions. Personal
computers and single-board controllers can be used in related
applications such as the display, logging, and trending of process variables, environmental conditions, status, faults, and
other information.
Show controllers, including stage, lighting, pyrotechnics,
animation, automation, and audio controllers that are used to
control overall show timing relationships or that provide synchronization with audio, lighting, and unrelated effects,
should be permitted to provide timing information to a flame
effect safety controller but should not directly control safetycritical processes. The flame effect safety protective controller
then should use this information, and other safety-related information, to control safety-critical effects.
The flame effect control system that is responsible for control
of safety-critical effects should not provide control of general
show timing or of non-safety-critical effects, except as follows:
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
(1) One mode of operation should be “off,” which should
remove all control power from the flame effect control
system.
(2) System operation should be such that the selection of one
mode of operation disables all other modes of operation.
It should not be possible to change from one mode of
operation to another without turning all control power
off. The flame effect control system should operate safely
during the transition from one mode to any other mode
of operation.
(3) All control power, regardless of source and mode of operation, should be interrupted by actuation of the emergency stop system. Loss of control power should bring the
flame effect system to a safe state.
(4) When a main show control system is used, the status of the
control power (mode of operation) should be automatically sent to the show control system at all times. Where a
main show control system is used, and the mode of operation is in any mode other than that of normal automatic
operation, or “off,” the sending of any command from the
show control system to the flame effect control system
should automatically actuate the emergency stop system
and bring the flame effect system to a safe state.
(1) Timing internal to a single effect, such as to create phases
or sub-effects, should be permitted to be programmed
into the flame effect control system.
(2) The protective flame effect control system should be permitted to provide control of a limited number of small
non-safety-critical effects with limited and simple timing
needs. In such cases, there should be a division of the
safety-critical and non-safety-critical functions of the
system.
The purpose of the requirement in 9.3.3.2 is to prevent
equipment that is being used for protective control purposes
from being utilized for general show control purposes when
doing so would partially obscure the protective control purpose of the system, distracting the designers and operators
from devoting attention to the safety-critical aspects of the system, which are of primary concern.
2011 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–18
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
A.9.3.3.4 Examples of interlocks that can be included in the
flame effect control systems are as follows:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Wind speed and direction
Critical temperatures
Opacity instrumentation
Purge airflow and/or damper positions
Combustion airflow
Position indicator switches for animated figures and sets
Cast position confirmation switches
Audience position/ride vehicle position indicators
Others as required by the operation of the show
A.9.3.4.4 Some of the sensors that are currently in use for
monitoring these characteristics are as follows:
(1) Ultraviolet flame detector in combination with a listed
primary safety control
(2) Infrared flame detector in combination with a listed primary safety control
(3) Flame rod in combination with a listed primary safety control
(4) Thermocouple temperature sensor in combination with a
listed primary safety control or as part of a listed automatic valve assembly
(5) Other devices directly sensitive to the characteristics of
the means of ignition and acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction
A.9.3.5 The firing of the flame effect is normally achieved
through the release of the fuel into ambient air where the
mixture is ignited by an ignition device. Normally, this is
achieved by the opening of a manual or electrically actuated
fuel release valve. Other methods of fuel release are acceptable on the approval of the local authority. Examples of firing
methods for flame effects are as follows:
effect should have additional PME devices that have to be actuated before the flame effect can be fired.
These PME devices should have the following characteristics:
(1) The PME device should consist of a momentary contact
push button switch that will close a normally open isolated contact when depressed, thereby sending a confirming signal to show control.
(2) These enable operators should be located in positions
such that the technician or cast member can view the effects area and/or confirm that they are safely out of
harm’s way.
(3) Manual enable operators should be clearly identified as to
function. Indicator lights can be provided in the push button or adjacent to the push button to confirm to the operator that the enable signal has been sent to show control.
(4) In the event that any PME signal is not sent or is removed
during the arming and firing sequence of an effect, a nonrecycling shutdown of that effect or group of effects
should occur. The effects can be returned to service only
following the removal of the effect enable input and restarting the process. Other flame effects and show elements can continue to operate normally for the remainder of the show.
Repetitive protective operations by human operators are of
limited value due to the acclimatization of the operator. When
repetitive enabling of an effect is required, appropriate steps
should be taken to assure that the operator remains alert for
every action.
Although each situation is different and multiple remedies
could be required in some situations, steps that can be used to
address this concern include the following:
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
(1) Manual firing by cast member or technician
(2) Firing by a timer and/or programmable logic controller
(PLC)
(3) Firing by a PLC with PME
A.9.3.5.3 Certain venues can have areas, both visible to and
out of sight of the technical director, in which a person who is
present in the area during the firing of the effects might be
exposed to the possibility of injury. These areas should be supervised by an intrusion monitor and alarm system during all
times when the effects are enabled.
A.9.3.5.4 Certain venues can have areas, both visible to and
out of sight of the technical director, where during the enable
process one of the following can occur:
(1) Cast members can be present immediately before or after
the firing of the effect.
(2) Members of the audience might enter the area during the
firing of the effect.
(3) Moving set pieces can affect the safe operation of the
effect.
A PME of the flame effect control system should be maintained by a qualified operator with a clear view of the operating area of the effect during the entire process of the enabling, arming, and firing of the effect.
Where the technical director does not have a clear view of
the hazard area, additional PME devices should be installed
and operated by qualified operators who are in such a position
that they have a clear view of the area. Cast members who can
be present immediately before the arming and firing of the
2011 Edition
(1) Use two individually monitored buttons, each serving the
same enabling function, separated by a distance such that
the operator has to be facing the area of safety concern
when the buttons are pressed.
(2) Activate the buttons upon an indication in the vicinity of
the area of safety concern. For example, rather than illuminating the enable buttons, illuminate an indicator near
the flame so that the operator will be encouraged to look
in the direction of the flame to determine when to press
the enable button.
(3) Vary the timing of the effect to the extent possible within
the creative constraints of the show.
A.11.2.1 The following steps are recommended as part of the
fire hazards evaluation procedure:
(1) List and describe the following:
(a) Sources of ignition
(b) Spread of fire
(c) Potential duration of fire
(d) Smoke generation
(e) Potential collection or drift of flammable vapors and
gases
(f) Exposure of personnel to decomposition products
(g) The time required for emergency evacuation of the
audience
(h) Extinguishment potential of supplemental standby
fire equipment
(i) The additional fire load from the flame effect
(j) Existing building fire protection systems
(k) Other factors specific to the flame effect
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–19
ANNEX C
(2) Prepare a general description of the fire prevention and fire
protection systems that exist and that will be provided. Define the fire hazards that can exist and state the loss-limiting
criteria to be used in the design of the flame effect.
(3) Conduct an exposure analysis to determine safe distances
of the flame effect from adjacent facilities. Consider the
use and effect of noncombustible fire-retardant and heatresistant materials.
(4) Review and describe the control and operating room areas, if applicable, and the detection and extinguishing
systems that will be provided for these areas.
A.11.3 Supplemental fire protection equipment can consist
of charged handlines, hand portable extinguishers, wheeled
extinguishers, pre-engineered or engineered systems capable
of properly extinguishing the flame effect, and any combustible materials within the immediate area. The manufacturer
of the equipment should be consulted for assistance on fire
extinguishing equipment and agents.
Annex B
Design of Flame Effects
(3) Audience proximity/audience intrusion prevention
(4) Control type — automatic
(a) Show events cued by a control system (mechanical or
electrical)
(b) Different levels of automatic operation
(c) Requirements to be developed for flame effect control systems
(5) Manual control type — supervision of the performance of
the device by the operator or technician with the flame
effect in open view
(6) Control location
(a) Local control — a flame effect controlled by an operator who has a clear view of the flame effect area
(b) Remote control
(7) Fuel supply and fuel additives
(a) Portable
(b) Fixed
Annex C
Inspection Guidelines
This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
but is included for informational purposes only.
This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
but is included for informational purposes only.
B.1 Design Plan. The design plan for flame effects should be
based on the criteria outlined in B.1.1 through B.1.2.
C.1 General. The following guidelines are provided as a possible inspection routine that can be used as a model.
B.1.1 Location.
C.2 Inspection and Re-Verification of Flame Effects Function. Following issuance of the use permit by the local authority having jurisdiction (see 5.3.1) and completing the Approval
Requirements (see Section 5.2), the flame effect(s) show action
equipment should be subjected to a periodic functional verification and calibration of critical components according to the
requirements of a written test plan/procedure as created by
the designer of the effects or other responsible individual. A
written report and/or completed checklist in a format acceptable to the local jurisdiction should be made a permanent part
of the effects documentation.
B.1.1.1 The design plan for outdoor flame effects should include the following:
(1) Weather (e.g., wind), with safety provisions provided to
halt the effect where safe operation of a flame effect can
be influenced by hazardous weather conditions
(2) Intrusion (security)
(3) Egress
(4) Clearance to combustibles
(5) Fire protection
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
B.1.1.2 The design plan for indoor flame effects should include the following:
(1) Ventilation (where used to exhaust the products of combustion of a flame effect), with means provided to prevent
fuel flow in the event that the source of ventilation air is
interrupted
(2) Clearance to combustibles
(3) Egress
(4) Environment
(5) Fire protection
(6) Life safety provisions
(7) Intrusion (security)
B.1.2 Flame Effect Operator Participation.
B.1.2.1 The design plan for attended effects should include
the following:
(1) Control by the operator or performer during start-up, operation, and shutdown
(2) Operator in attendance during effect
(3) Training of operators
B.1.2.2 The design plan for unattended effects should include the following:
(1) Design for unattended operation
(2) Supervision by automatic systems
C.2.1 Temporary Flame Effects Installations. Temporary
flame effects installations should be evaluated on a periodic
basis by a qualified technician/operator according to the
guidelines outlined in C.2.1.1 and C.2.1.2.
C.2.1.1 Daily Inspection and Testing. Any critical deficiencies
and/or malfunctions are to be corrected and noted in the
show documentation prior to the operation of the effects in
the show. Inspection should include the following:
(1) Visual inspection of fuel storage area, which includes verifying that the fuel supply is properly secured, that general
housekeeping is according to proper standards, whether
there is accumulation of flammable materials, convenient
access to critical areas, and the absence of any items not
directly related to the storage or management of the fuel
supply.
(2) Visual inspection of performance area(s), which includes
general housekeeping, accumulation of incidental flammable materials, condition of sets and props, convenience of access, and any other condition relating to the
proper operation of the effects.
(3) Visual inspection of fire effects equipment to verify that
the components are functional. Significant degradation
or damage should be noted and repaired or replaced as
necessary.
2011 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
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160–20
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
(4) As part of the daily preset for the show, the effect(s)
should be operated according to the procedure established by the designer of the effect to verify the proper
operation of the enable and arming as designed. Any discrepancies in the normal operation of the effect should
be noted and corrected prior to the operation of the effect during the show.
(5) Verification that all provisions for the emergency shutdown of the effect, including fuel management and fire
suppression measures, are present and/or operating normally.
(6) Observation of the operation of the effect during the
show to verify that it is functioning according to the expected operating profile.
C.2.1.2 Weekly and Monthly Inspection and Testing. Weekly
and monthly inspection and testing should be conducted and
noted as dictated by the design and operation of the effects
and the duration of the temporary installation.
C.2.2 Permanent Flame Effects Installations. Permanent
flame effects installations should be evaluated on a periodic
basis by a qualified operator according to the guidelines outlined in C.2.2.1 through C.2.2.4.
C.2.2.1 Daily Inspection and Testing. Any critical deficiencies
and/or malfunctions are to be corrected and noted in the
show documentation prior to the operation of the effects during the show. Inspection should include the following:
(1) Visual inspection of fuel storage area, which includes verifying that the fuel supply is properly secured, that general
housekeeping is according to proper standards, whether
there is accumulation of flammable materials, convenient
access to critical areas, and the absence of any items not
directly related to the storage or management of the fuel
supply.
(2) Visual inspection of performance area(s), which includes
general housekeeping, accumulation of incidental flammable materials, condition of sets and props, convenience of access, and any other condition relating to the
proper operation of the effects.
(3) Visual inspection of fire effects equipment to verify that
the components are functional. Significant degradation
or damage should be noted and repaired or replaced as
necessary.
(4) Verification that all primary limits [lower explosive limit
(LEL) sensors, airflow switches, fuel pressure switches,
etc.] are conditioned in the proper control profile and
that they indicate a proper operating level of the parameter being monitored.
(5) As part of the daily preset for the show, the effect(s)
should be operated according to the procedure established by the designer of the effect to verify the proper
operation of the enable and arming as designed. Any discrepancies in the normal operation of the effect should
be noted and corrected prior to the operation of the effect during the show.
(6) Verification that all provisions for the emergency shutdown of the effect, including fuel management and fire
suppression measures, are present and/or operating normally.
(7) Observation of the operation of the effect during the
show to verify that it is functioning according to the expected operating profile.
C.2.2.2 Monthly Inspection and Testing. In addition to the
recommended tests as stated in C.2.2.1, the following tests and
inspections should be performed as required:
(1) Test and calibrate any limit or interlock control device
that could be subject to a change in the measured value as
a normal part of the operation of the device over a period
of time according to the recommendations of the manufacturer.
(2) Perform a leak test of any primary fuel supply shutoff
valves according to the recommendations of the manufacturer.
(3) Verify that any intrusion and/or position interlocks are
operating properly and the actuation of any such device
results in the desired control system response.
(4) Other test sequences as recommended by the effects designer or other cognizant individual.
C.2.2.3 Quarterly Inspection and Testing. In addition to the
recommended tests as stated in C.2.2.1 and C.2.2.2, the following tests and inspections should be performed as required:
(1) Calibrate all primary limit or interlock control devices,
which could be subject to a change in the measured value
as a normal part of the operation of the device over a
period of time.
(2) Actuate all primary limit or interlock control devices to
confirm proper function, control response, and confirmation of actuation.
(3) Actuate any central fire alarm system to verify that the
actuation will result in the emergency stop of the effects
control system.
(4) Actuate all show emergency stop operators to confirm
their proper function and confirmation of actuation. Furthermore, selected emergency stop operators should be
actuated during the operation of the effects to verify the
proper emergency shutdown of the effects.
(5) Operate the fuel supply enable control circuit to verify the
proper function of the fuel limits and valves.
(6) Enable and arm randomly selected effects to verify the
proper operation of the ignition management control circuit, including safe start check, trial for ignition, flame
failure response time, and non-recycling operation as
necessary. The number of effects to be tested should be a
minimum of 3 or 20 percent of the total number of flame
effects in the control system. Where the design of the controls includes multiple zones, at least one effect in each
zone should be tested.
(7) Test the PME operator during the operation of the effects
to verify that the effects will not enable, arm, and fire without the presence of the PME and that the removal of the
PME during the enabling, arming, and firing sequence of
the effects will shut down the effects operation as designed.
(8) Operate the effects in the normal show mode to verify
that they are enabling, arming, and firing in the expected
sequence according to the normal show profile.
(9) Other test sequences as recommended by the effects designer or other cognizant individual.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
2011 Edition
C.2.2.4 Annual Inspection. The annual inspection of the
flame effects will verify the proper function of all effects control components and serve as a certification of the condition
and operation of the effects control system for the renewal of
the operating permit as issued by the local jurisdiction. The
test sequence should include those sequences as stated in
C.2.2.1, C.2.2.2, and C.2.2.3, to such an extent that all control
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
ANNEX D
systems and components are tested, verified, and functioning
properly, and that any other tests as recommended by the effects designer or other cognizant individual are performed.
Annex D
Informational References
D.1 Referenced Publications. The documents or portions
thereof listed in this annex are referenced within the informational sections of this standard and are not part of the requirements of this document unless also listed in Chapter 2 for
other reasons.
D.1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2008 edition.
NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, 2009 edition.
NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, 2010
edition.
160–21
NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2011 edition.
NFPA 59A, Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling
of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 2009 edition.
NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, 2009 edition.
NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code, 2010 edition.
NFPA 1122, Code for Model Rocketry, 2008 edition.
NFPA 1125, Code for the Manufacture of Model Rocket and High
Power Rocket Motors, 2007 edition.
NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience, 2011 edition.
NFPA 1127, Code for High Power Rocketry, 2008 edition.
D.1.2 Other Publications. (Reserved)
D.2 Informational References. (Reserved)
D.3 References for Extracts in Informational Sections.
NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience, 2011 edition.
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
2011 Edition
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any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–22
USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
Index
Copyright © 2010 National Fire Protection Association. All Rights Reserved.
The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document that it indexes. The licensing provisions set forth for the
document are not applicable to this index. This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written
permission of NFPA.
-E-
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.11
Manual Flame Effect
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.11.2
Portable Flame Effects
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.11.3
Flame Effect Appliance
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.12
Flame Effect Assistant
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.13
Flame Effect Burner
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.14
Flame Effect Material
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.15
Flame Effect Operator
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.16
Flame Effect Operator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 8
Minimum Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4, A.8.4
Operator Qualifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1, A.8.1
Operator Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2
Substance Abuse and Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3
Flame Effect Safety Controller
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.17
Flame Effect System
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.18, A.3.3.18
Flame Effect Systems, Classifications
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.19, A.3.3.19
Group I Flame Effect
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.19.1
Group II Flame Effect
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.19.2
Group III Flame Effect
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.19.3
Group IV Flame Effect
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.19.4
Group V Flame Effect
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.19.5
Group VI Flame Effect
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.19.6
Group VII Flame Effect
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.19.7
Emergency Stop [Emergency Shutdown (ESD) System]
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.6
Enable
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.7, A.3.3.7
Enable Button
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.8
Explanatory Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex A
Holding Areas for Flame Effect Materials and Devices. . . . . . . . Chap. 4
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1, A.4.1
Holding Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2
Quantity Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1
-A-
Accumulator
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 1
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3
Equivalency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2
Retroactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4
Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1, A.1.1
Approved
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1, A.3.2.1
Area
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2
Hazard Area
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2.1
Holding Area
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2.2
Storage Area
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2.3
Arm
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3, A.3.3.3
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2, A.3.2.2
-CCast Members
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.4
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
-D-
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 3
Design of Flame Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex B
Direct Ignition
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.5
Documentation of Flame Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 6
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Operating Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
-H-
-F-
-I-
Fail-Safe
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.9
Fire
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.10, A.3.3.10
Fire Protection Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 11
Additional Fire Safety Provisions for Temporary
Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3, A.11.3
Evaluation for Permanently Installed Flame Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1
Standby Fire Safety Personnel Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4
Flame Effect
Automatic Flame Effect
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.11.1
Informational References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex D
Inspection Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex C
Installation, Term of
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.20
Permanent Installation
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.20.1
Temporary Installation
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.20.2
2011 Edition
-LLabeled
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in
any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
160–23
INDEX
Listed
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4, A.3.2.4
-PPerformer
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.21, A.3.3.21
Permit
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.22
Use Permit
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.22.1
Permit and Approval Requirements and Terms of
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 5
Approval Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2
Approval of Flame Effect Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2
Prior Approval Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1
Content of Flame Effect Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3, A.5.3
Flame Effect Plan Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1
Flame Effect Demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4
Interruption of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems During
Flame Effect Demonstrations and Operations . . . . . . . . 5.5
Permit Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
Permit Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.1, A.5.1.1
Terms of Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.2, A.5.1.2
Permanent Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.2.1
Temporary Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.2.2
Use Permits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.3
Plan
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.23
Design Plan
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.23.1
Flame Effect Plan
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.23.2
Primary Safety Control
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.24, A.3.3.24
Proven Pilot
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.25
Implementation of the Required Control Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3
Controlled Arming of Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.4
Automatic Confirmation of Arming (Group II through
Group VI and Automatically Controlled
Group VII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.4.4, A.9.3.4.4
Ignition Detection Device Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.4.7
Manual Confirmation of Arming (Group I and Manually
Controlled Group VII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.4.3
Controlled Enabling of Flame Effect Control
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.3, A.9.3.3
Flame Effect Safety Controller Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.3.1
Fuel Supply and Auxiliary Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.3.3
Interlocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.3.4, A.9.3.3.4
Emergency Stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1, A.9.3.1
Manual Emergency Stop Control Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1.6
Firing of Flame Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.5, A.9.3.5
Firing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.5.5
Automatic Firing of Flame Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.5.5.2
Manual Firing of Flame Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.5.5.1
Monitoring of the Hazard Area Surrounding the Flame
Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.5.3, A.9.3.5.3
Supervision of the Hazard Area Surrounding the Flame
Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.5.4, A.9.3.5.4
Use of Enable Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.5.4.3
Fuel Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.2
Effect Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.2.5
Fuel Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.2.4
Systems Using Fuel Accumulators . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.2.6, A.9.3.2.6
Post-Operation Securing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.6
Specific Requirements for Flame Effect Control System Design
and Operation, by Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2, A.9.2
System Installation and Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 10
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1
Pressure Testing and Inspection of Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2
Pressure Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.2
Temperatures of Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3
Temperatures of Surroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.3
{C8DE2424-548C-499E-9260-C4FBEC8FAAC1}
-U-
-R-
Rated
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.26
Referenced Publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 2
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
NFPA Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2
Other Publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3
References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4
-SSafety Shutdown (Lockout)
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.27, A.3.3.27
Safety-Critical
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.28
Shall
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.5
Supervisory Cock
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.29
Supervisory Control System
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.30, A.3.3.30
Support Personnel
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.31, A.3.3.31
System Components, Flame Effect Control Systems, and
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 9
General Requirements for Flame Effect Control System
Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1
Control System Attendance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1.3
Control System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1.4
Cou/D 1
2
3
4
5
6
13
12
11
10
Use of Flame Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap. 7
Emergency Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9
Housekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Post-Show Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7
Protective Clothing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.10
Rehearsal and Pre-Show Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11
Show Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6
Site Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3
Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4
Testing and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
-VValve
Accumulator Charge Valve
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.32.1
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.32
Effect Valve
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.32.2
Proof-of-Closure Valve
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.32.3
Safety Shutoff Valve
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.32.4
Vent Valve
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.32.5
Venue
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.33, A.3.3.33
2011 Edition
Copyright 2014 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on July 15, 2014 to MIT for designated user MIT Spinning Arts Club. No other reproduction or transmission in any
form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquires or to report unauthorized use, contact [email protected].
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