Skeletal System
Specialist Diploma in Sports & Exercise Sciences
Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 02
Tutorial slides
Lesson Developer: Karen Koh
Lesson Reviewer: Koh Han Chow, Lee Mei Kay
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Learning Outcomes
1.List the tissues in a bone.
2.Distinguish the difference be between the
axial and appendicular skeletons, and
name the major parts of the skeletal
system.
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3. Locate and identify the bones and the
major features of the bones that compose
the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage,
pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle,
and lower limb.
4. Classify joints according to the type of
tissue binding the bones together,
describe their characteristics, and name
an example of each.
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5. List six types of synovial joints, and
describe the actions of each.
6. Explain how skeletal muscles produce
movements at joints, and identify several
types of joint movement.
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TISSUES IN THE BONE
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Skeletal Tissue
• 2 types
– Cartilage
– Bone
• Cartilage
– firm, smooth, avascular
– consists
• chondrocytes in
lacunae
• chondrotin matrix
• collagen fibres
• elastic fibres
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Cartilage
• 3 types
• Hyaline cartilage
– solid matrix
– chondrocyte aggregates
– collagen fibres
– found in:
• articular surfaces
• airways
• sternal ends of ribs
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Bone
• Composed of
– matrix
– cells
– collagen
fibres
– salts
• 2 forms
– spongy/cance
llous
• filled with
holes
– hard/compact
• dense
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FEATURES OF THE BONE
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Classification of Bones
• 5 types
• Long bone
– longer than wide
– e.g. humerus
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Classification of Bones
• Short bone
– short, cubed
– e.g. navicular
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Classification of Bones
• Flat bone
– broad, smooth
surface
– e.g. scapula
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Classification of Bones
• Sesamoid bone
– located within
tendon
– e.g. patella
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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Synovial Joints
• Identify and list the different types of
synovial joints in the body
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Types of Synovial Joints
• 6 types
• Gliding
– one bony surface
slides over
another
– minimal
movement
– e.g. facet joint
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Gliding Copyright
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Hinge
– one convex surface
slides over another
concave surface
– hinge movement in
one plane about one
axis
– allows flexion/
extension
– e.g. elbow
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Hinge Joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Ball and Socket
– movement in 3
planes about 3 axes
– types
• flexion/extension
• internal/external
rotation
• abduction/adducti
on
• circumduction
– e.g. shoulder, hip
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Ball-and-socket Joint
Types of Synovial Joints
• Condyloid/Ellipsoidal
– movement in 2 planes
– types
• flexion/extension
• abduction/adduction
– e.g. wrist
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Pivot
– rotation in one
plane about one
axis
– e.g. atlas/axis
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Pivot Joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Saddle
– principal movement
in one plane about
one axis
– limited amount of
rotation/sliding
– e.g. thumb (MCP
joint)
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Saddle
– principal
movement in one
plane about one
axis
– limited amount of
rotation/sliding
– e.g. thumb (MCP
joint)
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JOINT MOVEMENT
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Functional anatomy
• Practical session of the different types of
movement of the body
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Types of Movement
• Rotation
– around a long axis
– external rotation
– internal rotation
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• Circumduction
– circumscribing a
conical area with a
combination of:
•
•
•
•
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
Types of Movement
•
•
•
•
Supination
Pronation
Eversion
Inversion
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•
•
•
•
Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion
Elevation
Depression
Abduction
Adduction
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Flexion
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Extension
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http://www.cannock.ac.uk/sports/anatomy/movementterminology.htm
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Eversion
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Inversion
References
• Sherwood, L. (2007). Human Physiology. From
Cells to System (7th ed.). Canada: Brooks/Cole
Cengage Learning.
• Shier, D., Butler, J. & Lewis, R. (2009). Hole’s
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
(10th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
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