Knowledge and Foreknowledge Extrapolation in First–Second Century China: Remnants of the Spring & Autumn Weft Profundity and Remoteness Grégoire Espesset Centre de recherche sur les civilisations de l’Asie orientale (CRCAO), Paris [email protected] • Research project “Pattern Precognition in Three ‘Spring and Autumn’ Weft Texts” Internationales Kolleg für Geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung November 2012–October 2013 • Originally 3 texts: ! Text 1 about . . . 210 fragments Text 2 230 Text 3 400 Total: 840 Our roadmap Presentation of the “weft” corpus Title and meaning Date and authorship Textual history Sources of the reconstructed text . . . (1) Secondary sources (2) Primary sources Sequence of the reconstructed text Item morphology Item nomenclature Thematic analysis . . . (1) Phenomenal observations (2) Extrapolations (3) Correlations Concluding remarks ! How to define “Weft” (translation of the Chinese word wei 緯 ) writings, “Confucian Apocrypha” or simply “Apocrypha”? • Anna SEIDEL (1938–1991), “Kokuh!. Note à propos du terme ‘trésor national’ en Chine et au Japon,” Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient, Volume 69, 1981: “Collections of ancient legends and utterances of soothsayers, written down and elaborated upon to legitimate the Han [dynasty (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.)], and of all unorthodox or occult knowledge which could profit the ruler (divination, astrology, geography, physiognomy, sciences of numbers and the calendar, and so on).” • Anne CHENG, Histoire de la pensée chinoise, Paris, Seuil, 1997: “A big grab-bag . . . [containing] revelations, prophecies, codified political imagery, but also etymologies, glosses, pseudo-scientific data in astrology, numerology, geomancy, physiognomy, and so on.” ! Weft/Apocryphal Corpus 56 C.E. Official edition sponsored by the Emperor 175 Standard edition of the “Classics” (Chinese: jing) carved upon stone Early 3rd–14th century Latent dangerousness as political tool for political propaganda • Repeated proscription upon imperial order Song dynasty (960–1279) Most weft writings already lost? Mid-14th century Dynastic History of the Song, Bibliographic Treatise: • A single group = Weft of the Book of Changes ! The extant corpus YASUI K!zan (1921–1989) and NAKAMURA Sh!hachi (born 1926) Collection of Weft Writings, Tokyo, 1959–1964, 6 volumes/8 tomes • Handwritten edition • Errors (characters, punctuation) Re-Edited Collection of Weft Writings, Tokyo, 1971–1992 • Typeset edition • Expanded and corrected Collection of Weft Writings, Hebei Province (China), 1994, 3 volumes • Corrected typos • Revised punctuation ! The Japanese critical edition 11 groups of weft texts: Weft texts related to . . . River Chart 43 titles Spring & Autumn 29 titles Book of Changes 24 titles Accurate Observations 21 titles Luo Writ 15 titles Classic of Filial Piety 15 titles Analects (of Confucius) 9 titles Book of Documents 8 titles Book of Rites 4 titles Book of Poetry 4 titles Book of Music 4 titles Total: ! 176 titles (including variants) Title of the text ( Ch!n qi! ) Qián tán b" 春 秋 潛 潭 巴 Title of weft texts > 2 parts • 1st part 2 characters (example: Ch!n qi! 春 秋 “Spring & Autumn”) OR 1 character (example: Yi 易 “[Book of] Changes”) • 2nd part ! 2, 3, or 4 characters — usually 3 qián 潛 (Verb) To be immersed, hidden, or latent – (Adjective) Deep tán 潭 (Substantive) A deep pool – (Adjective) Deep b" (Substantive) A mythical snake – (State) – (Adjective) Crooked 巴 Meaning of title? • Jack L. DULL, “A Historical Introduction to the Apocryphal (Ch’an-wei) Texts of the Han Dynasty,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, 1966: “The Handle for [Grasping] the Hidden and Profound” • Licia DI GIACINTO, “By Chance of History: The Apocrypha under the Han,” Ph.D. dissertation, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, 2007: “The Hope: The Hidden Pool” ! • SUN Jue, Book of the Ancient Arcana, late Ming dynasty (1368–1644): “ ‘Immersed in a deep pool’ evokes the depth of waterways and ‘crooked,’ their twists and turns. In Shu, rivers imitate the character for ‘crooked’ as they flow; [the latter] probably evokes their farness. To compose such a title is bizarre to the extreme.” • ZHAO Zaihan, Seven [Categories of] Weft [Writings], late Ming dynasty: “Its mechanisms being difficult to fathom and its principles difficult to understand, obscure hence deep, twisted like [the character for] ‘crooked’ (or: like a snake?), next again comes the Qiantan ba.” “The portents of Yin and Yang are unfathomable and known to none; and the suspension of disturbance in the heart of heaven is tortuous to maintain. ! Earliest citations • Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger [Hall] (Baihu tongyi or Baihu tong) Derived from proceedings of 79 C.E. conference Ascribed to Ban Gu (32–92) Received edition: mid-3rd century? • Response to the Throne, dated 133 By Zhang Heng (78–139) • 2 responses to the Throne, dated 177 and 178 By Cai Yong (132–192) ! Authorship • Unknown • Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings Past and Present (imperial encyclopedia), 1725: “Jing Fang’s* ‘Profundity and Remoteness’ say . . .” OR “[Both] Jing Fang* [and] ‘Profundity and Remoteness’ say . . .”? 京房潛潭巴曰... *JING Fang (77–37 B.C.E.): specialist of Book of Changes, 32 works, no “Qiantan ba” • Some fragments of commentaries ascribed to Song Jun* *SONG Jun (3rd-century), student of ZHENG Xuan (127–200, also author of commentaries on weft texts) ! Textual history 677 Dynastic History of the Later Han, Commentary, by Li Xian (651–684) et alii • Earliest bibliographical mention 11th century [Encyclopedia of the] Taiping [Xingguo Era] Read by the Emperor • 98th item in a list of 1,663 works cited 17th century General Bibliography of the Classics (Jingyi kao), Zhu Yizun (1629–1709) • “Lost” 18th century Postscript to the Spring & Autumn Zuo Tradition, Qi Zhaonan (1703–1768) • “Not transmitted for a long time” 19th century Compilation of Lost Books, Ma Guohan (1794–1857) • “Spring & Autumn Weft Profundity and Remoteness, in 1 chapter” ! Reconstructed version • Japanese critical edition, volume 4, “Spring & Autumn,” tome 2, pages 73–98 = Chinese re-edition, volume 2, pages 829–853 • 232 “fragments”: Citations from third-party sources = “items” (for “textual items”) • Item morphology: ! 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" · ߪ Ù @ 6 ª տ / Ų Ƨ u ù . 9 Ү ٻ ѿ ĥ Ƌ ù s ಫ # # ࡛ ˂ R Ĭ 8 7 ë 8 7 w 8 7 Ñ 8 7 Ð X 3 ʔ Sources of reconstructed version Lower margin (in the Japanese critical edition page layout) • Lower margin, bottom half Comparatively late collections (mostly 19th–early 20th century collections) = “secondary sources” > see Handout, Table I • Lower margin, top half Earlier texts (7th–8th century and later) used to collate citations from collections above = “primary sources” > see Handout, Table II ! Sequence of reconstructed text • 232 items Items marked “嗟” 218 Regular items Items marked “※” 12 Duplication cases (not including many undetected cases) Items marked “!” 2 Follow-up cases • Page layout = two textual layers: 1. Main (or body) text 2. Commentary or commentaries (52 of the 232 items = 22.5%) ! Page/Item(s): 73/1–74/4 The ruler’s virtue (7). Undetected duplicates: 73/2 = 90/2. Commentaries: 73/2–3. 74/5 Definition of the words “calamity” and “anomaly.” 74/6 The ruler’s behavior. 74/7 Fire out of a well. Commentary. 74/8–9 Fierce wind (2). 74/10–75/3 Precipitation and mist (4). Undetected duplicates: 75/3 = 92/9. Commentary: 74/10. 75/4–5 Thunderbolts (2). Undetected duplicates: 75/4 = 75/5. Commentary: 75/4. 75/6–8 Rainbows (3). Undetected duplicates: 75/6–7 = 92/6, 75/7 = 92/4. Commentary: 75/8. 75/9–76/2 Meteors (4). Commentary: 75/9. 76/3–9 Water phenomena (7). Marked duplicates: 76/6, 76/8. Commentary: 76/3. 76/10–11 Palace noises (2). Marked duplicate: 76/11. Undetected duplicates: 76/10 = 85/3. Commentary: 76/10. 77/1 Earthquakes. Undetected duplicate: 77/1 = 86/4. 77/2 Appearance of a white fox. Undetected duplicates: 77/2 = 97/9. ! 77/3–4 Palace noises (2). Marked duplicate: 77/4. Undetected duplicates: 77/4 = 93/9. Commentary: 77/4. 77/5–6 Insects (2). Commentary: 77/6. 77/7 An auspicious plant. Commentary. 77/8 Imperial architecture. 77/9–11 Palace tiles (3). Undetected duplicates: 77/10 = 93/8. 77/12 Snowfalls. Commentary. 78/1–83/1 Solar eclipses on each day of the sexagesimal cycle (62). Marked duplicate: 83/1. Commentaries: 78/1, 78/9–10, 79/4, 79/9, 79/12, 80/1, 80/7, 80/10, 81/2, 81/10, 81/13, 82/6, 82/9, 82/12 (15). 83/2 Solar eclipses on 36 days of the sexagesimal cycle. 84/1–2 Astronomical phenomena (2). Commentary: 84/2. 84/3–4 Solar eclipses (2). Commentary: 84/3. 84/5 The ruling house provoking cosmic disorder. 84/6 Nomenclature of phoenix calls. 84/7–85/1 Gender change (2). Marked duplicate: 85/1. Commentary: 84/7. ! 85/2 An auspicious plant (already mentioned in 77/7). Commentary. 85/3 Palace noises. Undetected duplicates: 85/3 = 76/10. Commentary. 85/4 Gender change. 85/5–86/1 Soil God altars (3). Marked duplicate: 86/1. Undetected duplicates: 85/5 = 85/6. Commentaries: 85/6–86/1 (2). 86/2–3 Cities and markets (2). 86/4–13 Telluric phenomena (10). Marked duplicate: 86/8. Undetected duplicates: 86/4 = 77/1, 86/11 = 96/7. Commentary: 86/12. 87/1–89/4 Solar phenomena correlated with months and the Lodges (xiu) (12). Commentary: 89/3. 90/1 Two suns rising. 90/2 Political virtue. Undetected duplicates: 90/2 = 73/2. Commentary. 90/3–4 Solar eclipses (2). Commentary: 90/4. Undetected duplicates: 90/4, commentary = 90/5, commentary. 90/5–91/1 Lunar phenomena (2). Commentary: 90/5. 91/2 Meteoric showers. ! 91/3–11 Stellar phenomena (9). 91/12–13 Meteors (2). 91/14–92/2 Comets (3). 92/3–6 Rainbows (4). Undetected duplicates: 92/4 = 75/7, 92/6 = 75/6–7. 92/7–8 Telluric phenomena (2). Follow-up case. 92/9 Mist. Undetected duplicates: 92/9 = 75/3. 92/10–13 People entering the Palace (4). Marked duplicate: 92/11. 93/1 Relationship between the five flavors and the five viscera. 93/2 Birth of a five-headed human being. 93/3 Imperial bells. 93/4–5 Weapons (2). Follow-up case. 93/6 Tigers. Commentaries. Undetected duplicates: 93/6, commentaries. 93/7 Rodents. 93/8 Palace tiles. Undetected duplicates: 93/8 = 77/10. 93/9 Palace noises. Undetected duplicates: 93/9 = 77/4. Commentaries. 94/1 Imperial horses. ! 94/2–3 Horse in Palace (2). Marked duplicate: 94/3. Commentary: 94/2. 94/4 Dragons. Commentary. 94/5 Solar and lunar eclipses. 94/6 Large snakes. Commentary. 94/7–95/2 Insects (3). Marked duplicate: 95/2. 95/3–7 Stellar phenomena (5). 95/8 Solar eclipses. 95/9 Unspecified eclipses. Definition of the word “eclipse.” 95/10 Frost. Definition of the word “frost.” 95/11 Definition of the word “hail.” 95/12–96/2 Telluric phenomena (3). 96/3–6 Stellar phenomena (4). 96/7–97/1 Telluric phenomena (2). Undetected duplicates: 96/7 = 86/11. Commentary: 96/7. 97/2 Absence of fish in water. 97/3–5 Telluric phenomena (3). Commentary: 97/3. 97/6–7 Stellar phenomena (2). Commentary: 97/7. ! 97/8 The rising of Emperor Cang. Commentary. 97/9 Appearance of a white fox. Undetected duplicates: 97/9 = 77/2. Commentary. 98/1 Rain. 98/2–3 Mountains (2). 98/4–5 Wells (2). Commentary: 98/4. Commentary: 98/5. 98/6–7 Human physical features (2). Partly duplicates. Commentary: 98/7. 98/8–9 Winds (2). ! Item morphology Basic morphology: Statement = 2 elements = Premise (X) + Conclusion (Y) Model: • Propositional logic: If X, then Y. “Rule of Detachment” called “Modus Ponens” or “Modus Ponende Ponens” (“the way that affirms by affirming”) • Grammar: “Conditional Sentence” of the “implicative” type • Assyriology:* Protasis (X) + Apodosis (Y) • Ancient Greek grammar: In a conditional sentence, Protasis = Dependent Clause or Condition (X) + Apodosis = Main Clause or Consequence (Y) (*Joachim GENTZ, “Divination and Canon Exegesis in Early China and the Near East,” Internationales Kolleg für Geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung, Erlangen, 17 April 2013) ! Examples ( If X, then Y. ) (77/1) (X) Earthquake: (Y) Inferiors conspire against [their] superior (or the emperor). (86/4) (X) The earth moves and shakes: (Y) Ministers and inferiors conspire against the emperor. If X, then Y; if X’, then Y’ and Y”. (94/3) (X) A horse has walked into the Palace: (Y) A grand minister is not loyal and does not behave compliantly. (X’) The horse has emitted a cry and left: (Y’) The minister is renowned in the realm, (Y”) and the orders of the ruler are not carried out. ! Temporality—prognostication? If X, then Y; if X’, then Y’. (77/12) (X) Major snowing, very thick: (Y) Afterwards, there must be a woman ruling. (X’) The sky snows for consecutive months: (Y’) Yin is manifesting its power. If X, then Y, Y’, and Y”. (81/4) (X) Solar eclipse on a guimao (#40/60) [day]: (Y) The feudatories, disapproving the Son of Heaven, do not obey him, (Y’) and the Excellency over the Masses brings about the fall of the state. (Y”) Afterwards, there will be a major insect plague. ( If X, then Y. ) (78/13) ! (X) Solar eclipse on a bingzi (#13/60) [day]: (Y) Major frosting on the fifth month. Example of a more complex item (88/1) The Eastern Well [Constellation] rules over the sixth month. [If, at that time,] the color of the sun is scarlet red and like reddening for more than a decade or a fortnight, on the first day of the twelfth month there will be a solar eclipse; the four quadrants (= the entire realm) will aim at the ruler, and a military high officer will subdue the army; afterwards, the empire will be in great disorder for ninety days. On the forthcoming sixth month, heaven will emit a sound and earth will split open; the Three Excellencies and the Nine Chamberlains (= high dignitaries) will all rebel, each one [of them] will establish himself as lord, and the victor will claim kingship— this will not be the mandate of heaven. ! Item nomenclature (a) Extrapolative 188 items (b) Speculative (93/1) The five flavors generate the five viscera: Saltiness generates the liver; sourness, the heart; bitterness, the spleen; sweetness, the lungs; and pungency, the kidneys. (c) Admonitory (86/13) The Son of Heaven should not dig the earth deeply. [Digging] deeply would entail suffering for the people, the overturning and sinking down of cities. (d) Prescriptive (76/4) Water flowing counter-stream is contrary to nature. It is appropriate to cultivate Virtue as a response to this. (e) Narrative (97/8) When Emperor Cang began to rise, the [Northern] Dipper pointed to Yin* and the quintessential numinous looked up in awe. *East-Northeast (= first/normative month of the year). ! (a) Extrapolative + (b) Speculative combination: (93/9) (a) There is an ox moaning in the Palace: Political and moral authority are declining, the feudatories are getting together. (b) Oxen symbolize troops. (Commentary:) When two oxen tangle horns, one ox must be harmed. Feudatories getting together are like oxen tangling horns. (a) Extrapolative + (c) Admonitory combination: (74/6) (c) When the Son of Heaven spreads embroideries over the earth, the earth must move, and (a) [the said Son of Heaven will] die without heir. (b) Speculative + (d) Prescriptive combination: (95/9) (b) “Eclipse” means to blame. (d) Generally, in case of solar or lunar eclipse, the lord of men (= the emperor) must reproach his own person so as to alarm himself. ! (a) Extrapolative + (b) Speculative + (c) Admonitory combination: (84/5) (c) If those who constitute the ruling house deregulate the Five Agents* and denature the Five Constants**, the Quelling star*** will be set into motion and the earth will shake. (a) When the earth shakes, the Yin category responds to it, human hearts are frightened, which makes invaders arrive, ministers be despotic and women, arrogant. (b) Such calamities are major losses, which worry the God of the Soil and the God of Grains. *Wood, fire, soil, metal, water. **Humaneness, righteousness, propriety, knowledge, trustworthiness. ***Saturn (= Agent soil). ! Thematic analysis • 188 items (out of 232) containing extrapolative elements only 1. Phenomenal observations (X) 188 phenomena > see Handout, Table III 2. Extrapolations (Y) 457 extrapolations = about 2.4 extrapolations per phenomenon > see Handout, Table IV, (1)–(8) 3. Correlations (X/Y) 311 extrapolations (68%) based on astronomical observation Astronomy/the Ruler (37), Astronomy/Officials (34) Astronomy/Astronomy (30) Astronomy/Meteorology (23), Astronomy/People (20) Astronomy/Women (15), Astronomy/Warfare (15) > see Handout, Table V ! Concluding remarks • Diachronic process triggered by human agency (75/2) “Calamity” means an injury—a punishment dealt following facts. “Anomaly” means strangeness—a foreboding. • Empiric vs. systematic method? (77/2) (X) A white fox arrives: (Y) In the state, people are reaping profit. (non-X) [A white fox] does not arrive: (Z) Inferiors are being arrogant and unrestrained. • Sources and influence? !
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