P A MP HL E T S
’
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3 33
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J
E D O U B L E A LL I A N C E
J
TRI P L E E N T E N T E
EHE
J
A M ES M
F
OR
M
.
K
ER A S SI ST A N T A T T O R N E ! GE N ERA L
U N I T E D ST A T E S O F A M ER I C A
-
P r i c e T hr eep
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O!
F
O RD
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O F
T HE
enc e n et
w
U NI V E RSI T !
H U M P H R E!
M I LF
P RE SS
O RD
O N E D I N B U R GH GLA S GO W
O R K T O R O N T O M E LB O U R N E B O M B A !
LO N D
NEW !
E
C
B
O OR
P
O RA
! F
D :
H
RI N T ER
TO
T HE
C
E
H A RT
U NI V
ERS I T !
IN
MR
TR O D U C T I O N
BE C K
JA M E S
.
A meri c an
d isti n g ui she d
a
,
lawyer was l ately i n vi ted b y the N w ! ork T i mes to
revi ewthe B i ti sh and German Whi te B o o k s
M an y
su c h revi e w
s ha e b een w
ri tten here an d i n the U ni te d
S tates
B u t Mr B ck c o n c ei v d the h ap p y i d a o f
tr ati ng the se o ffi ci al d o c um ents p ci se l y as the y w
o u ld
b e tre ated i n a c o urt o f law I t w
as a n atural c o ur se to
ye r s
p u t a rev i ewo f su c h a ki n d b ased u p o n th e l aw
c ano ns o f ev i d en ce i n the fo rm o f a l g al j u d gment
Mr B e c k hand les hi s i n t i c at su b j c t so li ghtl y and s o
c learl y that ev en those who are wll acqu ainted wi th
h i s s u b j e c t matter m ay fin d i t p ro fi tab le to stu d y hi s
presentment o f the two c o nfli cti ng c ases and th
I am i nd e b t d to th
gro und s o f hi s fi nal d e c i si o n
p u bli shers o f the N ew! ork T i mes and to Mr B c k fo r
thei r c o urt sy in p ermi ttin g rep u b li c ati o n
e
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THETRIP
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IN
T H E S U P RE M E
@b
C O URT
OF
C I VI L I ! A T I O N
eGl ass of
T H E D O U B L E A L L IA N C E
J
VS
.
T H E T R I P L E E N T EN T E
A rgu ed b y
M B E C K F ormer A ssi stant A ttorney
Gen em l of the U ni ted S tates
AME S
.
,
.
LET
u s su
ppo se
teen Hu ndr e d
an d
us
e
pray w
i ll o n
ti o n ,
befo re
that in thi s
d ay
F
o ur te en ,
ex
c
W hi h th e
i st,
a
year
of
d is
there had
-
Grac e N ine
,
ex
i sted ,
as
let
Su preme C o urt o f C i v i li z a
c o uld li ti g ate
i ni qui to u s an d
so v erei gn n ati o n s
wi tho u t reso rt to the
l ess efi ec ti v appeal to the arbi trament o f arms
u pp o se that e ac h o f the c o ntendi n
L et u s fur the
g
u ffi c i ent l e av en o f C hri sti ani ty to hav
n ati o n s had a
i ts gri e v an c es ad j u d g d no t by the ethi c s o f the c ann o n
o r the rifl
b ut by th ete n al c ri te i o n o f j u sti c e
Whatwo uld b e the j ud g ment o f that au gust tri bun al
A ny di s cu ssi o n o f the ethi c al meri ts o f thi s great
i th the as su m pti o n that there
c o n tro v e s y mu st start w
i s su c h a thin g as in tern ati nal mo rali ty
T hi s fun d amental ax io m u p o n w
hi c h the entire b asi s
o f c i v ili z ati n n e c ssa i l y rests i s c h all en g ed by a s mall
c l ass o f i ntell ctual p rv erts
S o me o f th se h o l d that mo ral c o nsid e ati o n s must
b e sub o rdin ated ei the to mi li ta y ne c essi ty o r so c alle d
m ani fe t d stin y T hi s i s th Bernhardi d o c tri ne
their di ff e ren c es
e
.
r s
e
s
e
e,
e
r
r
.
r
o
.
,
o
e
e
r
e
,
.
r
e
r
r
s
e
.
e
-
.
A I iL I AN C E
D O U B LE
T HE
c
w
'
-
l and
that all n ati o n s eng ag e d i n i t are th erefo re e quall y j u sti
O thers te ac h th at
fie d
O n thi s theo ry ,
.
ar
is
all o f
b
a
en efi c ent
the n o
fata i ty
wc ont ndi ng nati
e
o ns
c ti ms o f an i rresi sti b le current o f e v ents and
the hi ghe st d u ty o f the State i s to prep are i tself fo r the
s ystemati c e x termin ati o n w
hen ne c essary o f i ts nei g h
b ors
i thstan di ng th e c lev er pl ati tu d e s un d er W hi c h
N o tw
b o th these d o c trines are v eile d all mo rall y s ane mi nd s
are agreed that thi s w
ar i s a gre at c ri me ag ai nst ci v i li
z ati o n and the o n l y o p en qu e sti o n i s w
hi c h o f the tw
o
co ntendi ng g ro u ps o f p o wers i s mo rall y res p onsi b le for
b
are
ut v i
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
th at c ri me
Was A u stri a j ustifi ed i n d ecl arin g w
ar ag ain st Serv i a 2
ar ag ainst
Was Germ an y j u sti fied i n d e claring w
‘
Ru ssi a
:
W as
an d
En g
.
Germany
A s the
'
po sed
F
of,
!
c
ran e 9
l and j usti fi ed
d ec
in
laring war
?
l ast o f
qu esti o ns
these
i t may b
i s the m o st
'
J
ly
d is
.
l and s
’
ust
ifi c ati on.
l and s j u stifi catio n rests u p on
hereb y Pru ssi a F ranc e
1 8 39 w
Eng
e asi
c o nsi d ered first
e
E ng
of
ag ain st
’
,
,
,
l
mn
the
so e
Eng
l and
,
treaty
A u stri a ,
me the guarantors o f the p erp etu al
n eu tral i ty o f B elgi u m as re affir m ed b y C o un t Bi sm arc k
then C han c ello r o f the German E mpire o n Jul y 22 1 8 7 0
and as ev en more re c entl y re affir me d in the stri kin g f ac t
and
Russi a
b
c
'
e a
,
,
,
di s c
'
l o sed
i n the
I n the S
Belgi an
prin g o f
191 3,
Gre y
a
d eb
Bu d get C o mmi ttee o f
th Mi li tary Bu d get
the Re
Ge rmany Se cretary
S tate
e
.
of
I n the
B
,
,
o ok
was i n p o g
f
i c hs tag w
i th
ate
r
ress
i n the
c
to
bate
the
re eren e
c o urse
s ai d
of
the d e
VS
T HE TR I P LE ENT ENT E
.
li ty o f Belgi um i s d etermined
T he
neu tra
.
l co n v enti o ns
n ati o n a
r esp ec
To
-
t these
l
in the
s am e
Be lgi um
of
ti o n
the
mn
so e
d o es
d eb
b y i n ter
res o lv ed
is
to
’
.
c
assur an e ,
the
Mi ni ster o f War
ate
no t
pl ay
German s cheme
j
Germany
and
,
c on venti ons
c o n fir m thi s
ad d ed
7
part in
an y
of
mili tary
p
the
j usti fi c a
re o rg ani
z ati o n
.
T he s c h eme i s u sti fi e d by the o si ti o n o f matters in
the E ast
Germany
i ll n ot lose s i ght of the fac t that
B elgi an n eu trali ty
i s guaran teed b y
i nternati ona l
’
treati es
w
.
.
.
A
year later
,
on
Jul y
Belo w the
the B elg i an
a d e c l ara
ti o n
31 , 1 9 14 , Herr
v on
,
German Mini ster at Brusse ls assured
De partmen t o f State that he kn ew o f
whi c h the German C han cello r had mad e in 1 9 1 1 to the
eff e c t that Germ any h ad n o i n tenti o n o f v i o l atin g o u r
,
,
li ty
neutra
wa c
s
ertai n
th at the
senti
men ts
pressi o n was gi v en at that ti me had not
c hanged
( See Bel gi an Gray Bo o k N o s 1 1 and
an to n di s
I t seem s unn e c e ssary to di s c u ss the w
g ard
hen the
o f these so l emn o bl i g ati o n s an d pro t stati o n s w
present C han cello r o f the German Empire in hi s spee c h
o rl d o n A u gu st 4 1 9 1 4
to the R ei c hstag and to the w
frank l y ad mi tted that the ac ti on o f the Germ an mili tar y
as a w
ro ng
H e sai d
mac hi ne i n in v adi ng B elg iu m w
to
whi ch
that he
and
ex
’
.
.
re
e
,
,
,
,
!
.
We
w
win a tat
law O u t o p
are no
s
c
y
e o f ne essi t
,
c
y
an d n e e ssi t
r ro
s h av e o cc u i ed Lu x embur g
kn o s n o
Gentlemen ,
e g i an so il
an d
erh a s are a re ad y o n
It
that i s c on trary to the d i c tates of i nternati ona l la
i s tru e th at the F ren c h Go v ernment has d e c are d at
il in g to res e ct the neutra i ty
russe s that F r an c e i s
We
o n en t resp ec ts i t
of
e g i u m , so o ng as her o
k ne , ho e v er , th at F ran c e sto o d re ad y f o r i nv asi o n
ai t
A F r en c h
F ran c e c o uld
ai t, b u t
e c o uld n o t
mo vement u o n o ur flank u o n the o er Rhi ne mi ght
p
.
p
l
p
Bl
w
.
.
B
Bl
l
l
w w
w
p
wl
pp
w
p
l
p
l
.
w
l w
.
.
T HE
8
D
O U B LE
A LLI A N C E
m
ww
S o e ere c o p elle d to o ver
hav e b een di s astro u s
ri d e the j u st p ro test o f the Lu x e mburg and B el gi an
Go v ernments T he ro ng I sp eak op enly that e
i ng e i ll e n d e av or to m ak e g o o d as so o n
are c ommi tt
as o u r mili tar y g o al h as b e en rea c he d
A n ybo d y ho
e are thre aten ed , an d i s fi htin
i s thre atene d as w
g
g for
hi s hi ghest p o sse ssi o n s , c an o n l y h av e o ne tho u ght
’
ho he i s to hac k hi s ay thr o u gh
.
.
w
ww
—
w
—
w
.
w
w
T hi s d efense i s no t
a v o i d anc e
wo ld
r
It is
.
I t has
.
a
o ne
.
e v en
plea
of
a
ple a
Guilty
of
at
c o nfessi on
the b
m eri t that i t d o e s
ar o f
n o t ad d
,
an d
the
to
cri me the aggrav atio n o f h yp o cri sy I t v irtually
e rman y u p o n the g o s p el o f T rei tsc hk e
rests the c ase o f G
and B ernhard i that e ac h n ati o n i s j u sti fi e d i n e x ertin g
i ts p hysi c al p ow
er to th e u tm o st i n d efense o f i ts s el fi sh
T here i s no no v e lty i n thi s g o sp el
intere sts
I ts o nl y
en ti eth c entury
su rpri si ng f e atu re i s i ts re vi v a l i n the tw
as tau ght far mo re e ff e c ti v el y b
It w
y Mac hi a v elli i n hi s
h erein h e g l o ri fi e d the p o li cy
T he Pri n c e w
treati se
e ak er S tate s o f Ital y
o f C esare B org i a i n tramp l in g the w
ru thl e ss terro ri sm
un bri d le d fer o ci ty
un d er fo o t b y
Ind eed the w
anto n d estru o
and the b asest d e c e p ti o n
ti o n o f B el gi u m i s si mpl y B o rg i ai sm am pli fi e d ten
tho u san df o ld b y the me c h ani c al re so ur c e s o f mo d ern w
ar
U n l ess o ur b o asted ci v i l i z ati o n i s the thi nne st v en eer
o rl d i s i n fac t
i ng o f b ar bari sm un l ess the lawo f the w
o nl y the ethi c s o f the rifle and the c o ns ci en c e o f the
c ann on unl ess manki nd after un c o un ted c enturi es has
mad e no re al ad v an c e in p o li ti c al mo rali ty b e yo nd that
er o f Ge rman y c ann o t
of t
he c av e d eller th en thi s answ
d ec ent res p e c t to the o pin i o n s o f man k in d
s ati sf y the
an y s c o n
e aty o f p ea c e i s
a sc r ap
tenti o n th at a tr
Germ
hen re quire d b y
to b e di sreg ard e d at w
i ll w
of p ap er
the selfis h i nterests o f o ne c o ntrac ting p arty i s the
the
.
,
.
.
.
'
,
'
,
.
,
,
,
.
w
,
’
'
'
,
neg ati o n
!
o f all
l z ati o n
that c i vi i
stand s
fo r
.
VS
B el g i u m
has
I ts in no c en c e
T H E T R I P LE
been cru ci fi ed
i n the fac e
o ffen se ,
o f an y
EN T E N T E
un ti
fo r
argu
me nt
l
l
it
wa
9
atta
s
wo rld
the
of
c k ed
,
.
is
l atio n to
preserv e i ts so lemn guaran tee o f neu trali ty w
i ll pl ad
lik e ang ls tru mpet to n gu d ag ainst the d ee p d am
n ati o n o f i ts tak i n g o ff
O n th at i ssue the S u pr me
to o
c lear
.
I ts
.
v o un tar
y
i mmo
e
—
e
e
,
,
e
C o urt
I ts
c o uld
gro u nd fo r d o u bt o r hesi tati o n
o uld b e s eed y an d i n e x o ra b e
ha v e
no
j u d gmen t w
p
l
.
.
Dip l omats
T he remaini n g tw
o i ssu e s ab o v e referred to
are n o t
Primaril y an d perhaps e x c lu si v el y the
so
si mpl e
ethi c al que sti o n turn s u p o n the i ssu e s rai se d by the
c o mmun i c ati o ns whi ch p assed b etween the v ari o u s
eek o f Ju l y fo r i t
C hanc e llo ri e s o f Eu ro pe i n the l ast w
W ar
A
of
.
,
,
.
i s th e
a
,
mazi ng fe ature
of
w
ars that
thi s greatest o f all
o m ats and , assu mi ng that all
was pr ci pi tated by di pl
the di pl o m ats sin cerel y d esi r
it
e
,
ed
a
peac eful
l
so u ti o n
of
questi o ns rai sed by the A u stri an ulti matu m (whi c h
as the resu l t o f i neff e c ti v e
i s by n o m e an s c l ear ) i t w
d i plo macy and c lu ms y di pl o ma cy at that
een the i mme
I qui te appre c i ate the di stin c ti o n b etw
ar and the anteri o r an d m o re fund a
di ate c au se s o f a w
i th the w
mental c au se s ne v erthe l ess w
o rl d i n a state
1 9 1 4 an i ssu e gra v e l y
o f S u mmer p e ac e o n Jul y 23
affe c tin g the i ntegri ty o f n ati o n s and the b al an c e o f
po wer i n Euro p e i s su d d enl y pre ci pi tated by the
A u stri an ulti matu m and thereafter and fo r the s p ac e
e ek a seri es o f di pl o mati c c o mmuni c ati o n s
o f ab o u t a w
passed between the C hanc ello ri es o f Euro pe d esi gned
ar an d y et so in eff e c ti v e th at
o n their f ac e to pre v ent a w
ar i s p re ci p i tate d and th e f earful Ru bi c o n c ro sse d
the w
before the wo rld kn ew e x c ept i mperfe ctl y the n atur e
o f the di fferen c e s b etw
een the Go v ernmen ts i n v o l v ed
the
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
A 2
T HE
10
c al
p ec ts
A LLI AN C E
O U B LE
D
l
l
thi s gre at c o nfli c t mu s t arge y
d ep end u o n th e re c ord that h as b een mad e u p b y the
hi c h c an , therefo re , b e tre ate d
o ffi c i a c o mmun i c ati o n s ,
e thi
T he
p
l
as
as
of
w
d o cu mentary
evi d enc e
in
a
li ti g ated
c ase
.
l p art o f that re c o rd i s alre ad y b efore the
c o urt o f pu b li c o pini o n i n the Bri ti sh and German
Whi te Pap ers and the Ru ssi an O range P aper and
the pu rp o se o f thi s arti c le i s to di s cu s s w
hat j ud gment
an i mp arti al an d di s p assi o nate c o u rt w
o uld rend er u p o n
su b stanti a
A
the i ssu es thu s
T he Sup p
rai se d and
ressi o n
e vi d enc e
Germany
by
I mp
the
ortant
and
thu s
su b
mi tted
.
A ustri aof V ita y
ll
D oc uments
.
Pri mari l y su ch a c o urt wo uld b e d eepl y i mpresse d
hat the re c o rd as thu s m
ad e up di sc lo ses
no t o nl y b y w
,
b
u t als o
to b
e
in
b y the si gnific ant omi ssi o ns
ex i stenc e
f
o
d oc uments kno
wn
.
ci al d efen se of Eng land and Ru ssi a d o es no t
app arentl y s ho w an y f ai lure o n the p art o f ei ther to
su b mi t all o f the d o c u ments in thei r p o ssessi o n b u t t
he
T he
o ffi
,
i ts fac e di sc loses the s up p ress i o n
al i mp ort
anc e,
hi le A us tri a has as
of d oc uments of vi t
y et fai led to su b mi t any of the d o c umentary evi d enc e i n
G man Whi te P ap
-
er
ossessi o n
i ts p
We
kno
er
on
w
.
wf
ro
m
the
Whi te Pap er
German
—
e v en
atter o f i rre si sti b l e in
c o nc lu d e as a m
feren c e that man y i mp o rtant c o mmuni c ati o n s p asse d
een German y and A u stri a
i n thi s c ri si s b etw
and i t i s
pro b able that so me c o mmun i c ati o ns mu st also hav e
passed between tho se two c ountri es and I tal y Ital y
if
w
e
did
no t
—
,
po siti on o wes to
.
,
wo rld the
d uty o f a ful l di sc l o sure
What su c h di sc l sure w
ould
pro babl y sho wi s indi c ated by her d eli berat c o nc lusio n
p
d es i te i ts
e
mb
arrassin g
,
.
the
o
e
VS
T HE
11
r
,
e
.
T he fac t that c
is
ENT E N T E
a
re eased
and
T RIP LE
llies had co mmenc ed an agg essi ve war whi c h
her fro m an y o b li g ati on und er the T ri pl
that her
l
A lli an c e
.
o
mmuni c ati o ns
p assed
b
we n Be lin
et
e
r
whi c h has nev er b een di sc lo sed
c o nj e ctu re Germany a d mi ts and
V i enn a, the tex t o f
no t
a
matter
of
,
part o f her d efense that she f ai thf m e
asserts as
.
her me di ato r y influ en c e
wi th
A u stri a,
c i se d
b u tn o t o n l y i s
b y any prac ti c al
x er
medi ato ry in fluen c e no t di sc l o sed
resu l ts o f su c h medi ati o n b u t th e te x t o f th e s e v i tal
c o m mu ni c ati o n s i s s ti l l k e p t i n th e s e c r et ar c hi v e s o f
su
ch
,
.
B
e rl i n an d
V i en n a
.
l apo lo g y fo r Germany i t i s stated
that i n spite o f the refu sal o f A u st i a to acc e pt th
p o po siti on o f Sir Ed ward Gre y to treat the Servi an
re pl y
as a b asi s fo r furth er c o n v ersati o n s
T hu s in the o ffi ci a
e
r
,
_
r
w !G
e
many! c o ntinu ed
er
o ur
medi ato r y efi o rts
to the
most and ad v i sed V i enna to m ak e any p o ssi ble c o m
i th the di gni ty o f the Mo n arc hy 1
pro mi se co nsi stent w
ut
’
.
wo uld
co nvin cing if the German F o reig n
O ffi c e i n gi v ing o ther di pl o mati c d o c u ments had o nl y
hi c h i t thu s g ave V i enn a
add ed the tex t o f the ad vi c e w
T he same si gni fi c an t o mi ssi o n w
il l b e f o und w
hen the
s ame o ffici al d efen se state s th at o n Jul y 29 the Germ an
Go v ernmen t ad vi sed A u stri a to b egin the co n v ersa
T hi s
b
e
mo re
.
ti o ns
wi th M
r
.
S az o no f
B u t here
mo n g the d o c u ments
fo und
a
w
ag ai n
whi c h th
e
the tex t i s no t
German
F
o rei gn
O ffic e has g i v en to the
o rl d
T he c o mmuni c ati o n s ,
hi c h p assed b etw
een th at o ffi c e and i ts A m b assad o rs
w
in St
.
enso ,
ex t
Petersbur g Pari s
,
b
ppend ed
a
the
1
L o nd o n
and
g i v en i n
co mmuni c ati o ns
,
are
wenty se en
German o ffic i al d efense
Whi t P p
G m
u t amo ng
to
,
.
the t
er
an
-
e
v
a er
it is
m o st
T H E D O U BL E
12
A L LIAN C E
mm u n i c ati o n i s g i v e n
wh i c h p as se d fr o m B erli n to V i e nn a
o f th e m an y
o n ly
o n e th at p as s e d fr o m V i e n n a to B e r li n
an d
T h i s c anno t b e an acc i d ent
German y has seen fit to
thr o wthe v ei l o f se c re cy o ver the te x t o f i ts c o mmuni
s i g ni fi c ant
th at n o t a
s i n g le c o
.
.
'
.
c ati o ns
to V i enn a ,
a
ltho ugh pro fe ssing
to g i v e the p
ur
po rt o i a fewo f them
U nti l Ge
rman y i s w
i lli n g to p u t the mo st i mp o rtant
d o cu ments i n i ts p o ssessi o n i n e vi d en c e i t mu st n o t
b e sur p i sed that the
o rld
re me mb eri ng Bi s marc k s
hi ch p e ci pi tate d the
g arb li ng o f the E ms d i sp atc h w
F ran c o Prussi an w
ar
wi ll b e i n cred ulo us as to the
-
.
w
r
'
,
’
,
.
r
,
-
,
c
y
si n eri t
of
Germany
’
s
medi ato ry
e fforts
.
’
A ustri a s C ase ag ai nst S ervi a
.
T
o
j u sti ce
d i s c u ss th e
S erv i a
wuld
o
and i nto the
thi s d i s
tak e
of
A ustri a
’
s
th e d o c u mentar y
u s o u tsid e
m o f d i sp u te d fac ts
re al
cu ssi o n
far
b e yo n d
L et us therefo re su
and
wul d
o
b le len gth
r e as o n a
ppo se a gu
c o urt wo uld c omm
e n ce
gri ev anc es
r
end o
ag ai nst
c
re o rd
ex
pand
.
that o ur
1
mag1 nary
c o n si d erati o n w
i th th e
assu m p ti o n that A u stri a h ad a j u st gri ev an c e ag ain st
S ervi a an d that the mu rd er o f the A r c hd u k e o n Jun e 29
hi le i n fac t c o mmi tte d by A ustri an ci ti z ens o f
1 9 14 w
S erv i an sym p ath i es o n A u stri an so i l h ad i ts i ns pi ra
ti o n and en c o urag e m ent i n the p o li ti c al acti vi ti es ei ther
o f the S er vi an Go v ernment o r o f p o li ti c al organi z ati o ns
o f th at c o un try
hether
T he questi o n f o r d e ci si on w
o u ld then b e n o t w
A u stri a h ad a j ust gri ev an c e agai nst S ervi a b ut w
heth er
hi c h A ustri a as w
h avi n g re gard to the o b li gati o ns w
ell
as e v er y o ther c o u ntry
es to c i v i li z ati o n
she p ro
ow
c eed e d i n the ri g ht man ner to re d re ss her gri ev an c e
i ts
,
,
,
,
:
.
,
,
,
,
.
VS
T he Sec
rec
June
On
.
y
T HE
of
T RI P L E
l
the P an
EN T EN T E
the
of
D oub l e
28 , 1 9 1 4 , the A u stri an C ro
ll
A i anc e
.
Pri n ce
was
was
l y a mo nth the e
hatev er
no acti o n by A ust i a an d no p u b li c state ment w
T he w
orl d pro fo u n dl y sym p athi z ed
f i ts i ntenti o n
wi th A ustri a i n i ts newtro u b le an d espe ci ally with i ts
as
as full o f
ho li k e Ki ng Lear w
ag ed mo n arc h w
gri ef
murd ered
j ev o
wn
13
at S era
r
s
o
F
.
o r ne ar
r
,
.
,
,
years
as
and
w tc h
re
ed
b o th
in
Go v ernment had fo rmall y d i sc lai med
T he Servi an
pli city with the ass assin ati o n and had pled ged
i tse lf to pun i sh any S rvi an ci ti z en i mpli c ated therei n
F ro m ti me to ti me fro m June 28 to Ju l y 23 there
c ame semi i nspi ed i nti mati o ns fro m V i nn a that that
c o untry i nten d ed to a t with great self est aint and
N ev er w
as i t ev en hin ted
i n the m o st p ac i fi c m ann e
ere ab o u t to appl y i n a
th at Germany and A u st i a w
ti me o f pro fo und p eac a matc h to the p o w
d r m agaz ine
o f Eu o pe
T hi s i s stri ki ngl y s ho w
n by the fi st letter i n the
En gli sh
fro m Si r E d w
ard
Gre y to
White Pap e
S i H R u mb o ld d ated J ul y 20 1 9 14 I t i s o ne o f the
mo st si gni fi c ant d o c u ments i n the entir e c o rres p o n d en c e
A t the ti me th i s lette w
as w
ri tten i t i s alto gether
p o b ab le that A u stri a s a o gant and mo st unreaso n
ab l
ulti matu m h ad al e ad y b een framed an d app ro v ed
i n V i enn a an d p o ssi b l y i n B erli n and y et S ir E d w
ard
c om
an y
,
e
.
,
-
,
r
e
c
-
r
r
r
.
r
e
e
-
r
r
r
r
.
,
.
,
.
r
’
r
e
rr
r
,
Grey
h ad
,
the F
so
,
o rei gn
Min i ster o f a great and fri en dl y c o untr y
little k no wled ge o f A ustri a s po li cy that he
ask ed
’
the
German A mb assad o r
pl
(Jul y
20 ) i f
s of
h at as go in g o n i n V i enna
’
S erv i a
T he Germ an A m b assad o r
h ad n o t, b u t A ustri a
as c ertai n y
w
he h ad an y n e
i th regard to
re
i ed that h e
go i ng to tak e so me
w
,
w
w
to d ay
-
,
.
ste
p
w
l
T HE D O U B LE
14
Sir E d
A mb
ward
ass ad o r
ad d s
he
that
to
ld
o rei gn
Mi n i ster
German
the
B erc hto ld
'
that he h ad l e arned th at C
the A ustri an F
p
Gre y
A LLIAN C E
o unt
,
,
l
i n s eaki ng to the I ta i an A mb assad o r i n V i enna,
h ad d e re c ate d the su ggesti o n that th e si tu ati o n as
grav e , b ut h ad s ai d that i t sh o uld b e c e ared up
‘
p
w
l
pli ed that it wo uld b e
i th r egard
d esirab le if Russi a c o uld ac t as a medi ato r w
ying
to S erv i a
so that the fir st s u ggesti o n o f Ru ssi a pla
c ame fro m the German
the part o f the pe ac e m ak e
ard Gre y then ad d s
Amb assad o r i n Lo nd o n Si r E d w
th at he to ld the German Am b assad o r that he
assu me d that the A u stri an Go v ern ment w
o u ld n o t
d o any thing u nti l the y h ad fi rst d is c losed to the
pu b li c their c ase ag ain st S ervi a fo un d ed presumab ly
u pon w
hat the y h ad di s c o v e re d at the tri al
T he
German Mini ster
then
re
r
'
'
.
.
.
,
’
,
an d
ti o n
German
the
A mb
to thi s assu mp
ass ad o r as sente d
1
.
as th en d ec ei vin
Ge rman A m b ass ad or w
g
ard Grey o n the the o ry th at th e true fun c ti o n
Si r E d w
Ei ther the
,
of
A mb
an
thund erb
e v en
o
what w
as
Ed
lt was b ein g laun ched wi th
German A mb assad o r
the
wa d
r
pro gress
then i n
Bri ti sh
T he
to li e f o r hi s
is
assad o r
i n En g
c o untry
o r the
su c h s e c re cy th at
’
,
land
d id
no t
kn o
w
.
A mb assad o r
at
V i enn a
re
p orts
to S ir
Gre y
T he d eli v ery at B elgrad e
no te to S ervi a
as pre c ed e d
’
s ilenc e at the B allpl atz
‘
w
on
Ju l y
the 23d
by a p
of
the
eri o d o f ab solu te
.
He
pro ceed s
German
of
the
A mb
ex
to
s
ay
assad o r at
ce pti o n
—
1
with
th at
En
s
ex c e
of
the
V i enn a— n o te the si gni fi c an c e
si ng le me mb er o f the D i plo
a
gl i h Whi t
no t
pti on
the
e
P ap
er
N
o
.
1
.
VS
.
T HE TR I P LE
EN T EN T E
15
mati c C o rps k newany thin g o f the A ustri an u lti matu m
and th at the F re nch A mb assad o r w
hen he vi si ted the
A ustri an F
O ffic e
o rei gn
on
.
Jul y
23
.
wa
y k ep t
actu all y b een
s no t o nl
i n i gno ran c e th at the ulti matum had
i ssu ed , b u t as gi v en the i m ressi o n that i ts to ne
as
mo d erate E v en the Ita i an A b assad o r as n o t tak en
w
p
i nto C o unt B erc hto ld
D i d Germany
’
w
m
l
.
s c o nfi d enc e
KnowO f
w
1
.
l
I nsp i re the U ti matum ?
or
portant qu esti o n here su g
heth er Ge many h ad kn o w
led ge of and
g ests i tself w
appro v ed i n ad v an c e the A u st i an u lti matu m
I f i t di d
i t as gui lty o f d u pli ci ty fo th Ge rman A mb ass ad o
T he i nteresti ng
.
im
and
r
at
F
wP
St
r
b urg
A ff ai rs
o rei gn
r
,
e ters
.
gav e to
an e x
pre
.
,
e
r
R ussi an Min i ster
the
c
of
that
s s assuran e
German Go v ernment had no know
ledg e of the
tex t of the A u s tri an n o te b efore i t w
as hand ed i n an d
has no t ex erc i s ed any i nflu enc e o n i ts c o ntents
I t is
ak e t
a mi s t
o att
ri b u te to Germany
a threat
eni n g at
ti
the
.
tu d e
2
T hi s
wa
state
ment i s inherentl y i mpro b ab le
A u stri a
.
weak er o f the two A ll i es and i t was Ge man y s
as
attli ng i n the fac
Oh
s abre th at i t w
o f E uro p e
vi o usly
A u stri a c o uld n o t hav e pro c eed ed to e treme
me asures w
hi c h i t w
as re c o gn i z ed fro m th e fi st w
o uld
antag o ni ze Ru ssi a unl ess sh e h ad the su pp o rt o f Ger
many and the e i s a p o b abi li ty amo untin g to a mo al
mi tted herse lf
ce tainty that she wo u ld no t hav e c o m
ar
and Ge man y to the p o s si b ili ty o f a E ur o p e an w
w
i th o u t first c o n sulti ng Germany
s
the
’
r
r
e
.
x
r
,
,
r
,
r
r
,
-
r
,
r
.
1
D is p atc
b
S ep tem
2
er
h
fro m S ir M
.
1 , 1 9 14
R ussi an
d e B u ns en to S ir E
.
O rang e P ap
er
N
o
.
18
.
d wa d
r
Grey
,
dat d
e
D O U B L E A L LIAN C E
T HE
16
Mo reo v er
,
w ha
e
v
ethe
testi
l
my
of
on
S i r M d e B u nsen ,
ho ad vi se d S i r
.
w
the E ng i s h A mb as sad o r i n V i enna ,
E d ard Gre y that h e h ad
ri v ate i nfo rmati o n that
w
the
p
German A mb assad o r (at Vi enn a) k ne wthe
the A u stri an
patch ed
and
lti matu m
tel graphe d
u
German
A s he
o f it
ev er
y l i ne
d o es
no t
d i sc
of
was di s
E mp ero r
it
it to th e German
A mb assad o r hi m self
e
th at th e
and
b e f o re
S ervi a
to
tex t
lo se
i nd o rse s
th e
c
so u r e
pri v ate i nformati o n thi s testi mo n y wo u ld
n o t by i ts elf b e c o n v i n c in g
b ut w
hen w
e
ex ami ne
Germany s o ffi ci al d fense i n the Germ an
Whi te
e find t
hat the German F o ei gn O fii c e admi ts
P ap e r w
of
hi s
,
’
e
r
wa
c o nsu lted b y A u s tri a p revi o u s to the u lti matu m
and n ot o n ly
ap p rov ed of A u st
ri a s c ourse b u t li terally
gav e her a c arte b lan c he to p ro c eed
T hi s p o i nt seems so i m p o rtant i n d eterminin g the
tha t i t
s
’
.
si n c eri ty
of
ti o n s th at
German y s
’
w qu o te
e
in
atti tu d e
ex tenso
.
p aci fi c pro testa
an d
A fter
r eferri n g
to th e
betwe en A u stri a an d S erv i a the
Germ an Whi te Pap er says
I n v i ew o f these c i r c u mstan c es A u stri a h ad to
ad mi t that i t w
i th
o ul d n o t b e c o n si stent e i the r w
the d i gni ty o r s e lf pre serv ati o n o f the Mo n arc h y to
p
re v i o
us fri c ti o n
,
‘
!
-
loo k
l o n g er
p
th e o erati o n s o n the o ther si d e
o f the
T he A u stro
o rd e r
i tho u t tak in g a ti o n
H u ngari an Government adv i sed a s of thi s vi e
of t
he
s i tu ati o n an d asked o u r op i ni o n i n the matter
We ere
ab le to ass u re ou r a lly mos t hearti ly of ou r agreement
i th her v i e
u at
i o n and to assu r e her that
of the s i t
any ac ti o n that s he mi ght c onsi d er i t n ec ess ary to take
i n o rd er to p u t an end to the movement i n S ervi a di rec ted
agai n st the ex i s ten c e of the A u stro H u ngari an M o narc hy
on
b
at
w
c
.
w
.
-
w
.
,
w
w
'
wu ld
—
-
w
ll
w
W e ere fu y a are i n
p roval
thi s c o nne c ti o n th at ar ik e m o v es o n the art o f
A ustri a Hung ary ag ai nst S erv i a
o u d bri n g Russi a
o
rec ei v e o u r ap
wl
.
w l
-
1
l h Wh
E ng is
l
i te P ap
er
’
,
No
.
95
.
p
18
DOUB LE A LLIAN CE
T HE
w
ine vi table the hu mili ati o n o f Servi a o uld destroy the
status o f the B alk an St at es and e v en threaten the
,
Eur o p ean b alanc e o f p o wer
N 0 sp ac e need b e t aken i n c o n vi nc i ng any reasonable
as brutal
man that thi s Aust i an ulti matu m to S ervi a w
ould
in i ts t o ne an d unre aso nab le i n i ts de man ds It w
b e di ffic ult to fi nd i n hi st o ry a mo re o ffen si v e do cument
and i ts i ni qu i ty w
as e nh an c e d by the sh o rt shrivi n
g
time whi ch i t gav e ei ther S erv i a o r Europ e Servi a
had fo rty e i ght h o urs to answ
er w
he t her i t w
o uld c om
p ro mi se i ts so v erei gnty and vi rtu ally admi t i ts c om
e w
hi c h i t h ad s t eadi ly di sav ow
ed
p li c i ty i n a cri m
A s the full t e xt o f th e u lti mat u m first reached the F o rei gn
Chancelleries nearly twenty fo ur ho urs after its servi ce
up o n S ervi a the
t her E uro p ean nati o ns had b arely
a d ay to c o nsi der w
hat c o uld b e d o ne to p reserv e the
as fat ally c o mp ro
p eac e of E uro p e b efor t hat p e ac e w
.
r
.
,
.
-
,
.
.
-
o
,
.
.
e
mised
1
.
t her c o nfirmati o n t hat the German F oreign Office
d i d hav e a dv anc e kn o w
le d ge o f at l ast the sub stance
o f the ul ti mat u m i s s h o w
n by the fact t hat o n the d ay
the ulti matu m
as i s su e d the C han c ello r o f the Ger
man
Emp ire i n stru cted the German Amb assadors i n Paris
Lo n d o n and St Pe te sb ur g to advi se the Engli sh
F renc h and R ussi an G o v ernment s t h at
F
ur
e
w
'
.
,
,
5
.
J
the
r
.
a
cts
Hunga i an
as u sti fi ed
r
wc
,
de m
an d s o f
Go v ern ment c anno t b ut b e
wll
as
e
‘
th e
as
2
th e A ustro
lo o ed up b n
v
k
d Germany t hu s i n do se the demands if
i t di d n o t kn o wthe sub s t an c
e o f the ulti matu m 2
T he ho ur w
hen the se i n stru cti o ns w
ere sent i s no tgi v en
E ngli h Whi t P p
N
R
g Pp N 3
5
i
O
G m n Whit P p ; An
1 B
Ho
o ul
’
r
.
‘
’
-
1
2
.
s
er
a
5
.
e
e
a
er
a er
-
o
u ss a n
.
nex
.
,
!
ran e
a er
!
,
o
.
VS
THE TRIPLE EN TENT E
.
19
that i t do es no t fo llo wt hat these si gnifi c ant i nstruc
ti ons were necessaril y p ri o r to the servi c e o f the ulti
matu m at B elgrade at 6 R IM Nev ertheless as the
ulti mat u m d i d no t re ac h the o t her c ap i t als of E urop e
i ng d ay
as the d i p lo mati c c o rresp o n
un ti l the f o llo w
denc e clearly sho ws i t seems i mp ro b ab le that th e
German F o rei gn O ffi ce wo ul d hav e i ssu ed t hi s very
c arefully p ep ared and formal warni n g t the o ther
le d g
ers o n
ul y th e 23rd unle ss i t had no t o nly kn o w
p ow
th e ulti matu m but also
o f Austria s i nt ent i o n to serv
at leas t o f th e su b st anc e t hereo f
hil i n d o rsi ng i n
While i t may b e t hat Germany w
blank the p o li cy o f Austri a p urp o sely refrai ned fro m
s o t hat i t
e x amin i ng the t e xt o f th e c o mmuni c ati o n
c o ul d t hereafter clai m t hat i t was no t resp o nsi ble fo r
Au stri a s acti on a p oli cy whi c h wo ul d not lessen the
h o le b usi nes s y et th e
di s cre di t ab le c h aract er o f th e w
more re aso nab le assump t i o n i s t hat the si mult aneo us
i ssu anc e o f A u stri a s ulti matu m at B elgrad an d Ger
many s warnin g to the P o we s were the result o f a c o n
N o c o urt
c erted act i o n and h ad a c o mmo n p u rp o se
re as o ni n g alo ng
the o rdi nary i nf re n c
of
o r j u ry
h u man lif e w
o ul d que s t i o n t hi s c o n c lu si o n f o a mo m nt :
T he c ommun i c at i o n fro m the Ge rman F o rei gn Offic e
last referre d to anti ci p at e s t h at S erv i a w
i ll refus e to
co mp ly wi th these deman ds why i f th ey were j usti
fi ed
and G erman y su g ests to F ran c e E n lan d , a nd
g
g
R ussi a t hat i f as a result f s uch no n c o mp li an c e
Austri a h as ec o u se to mili t ary measures that i the
c ho i ce f means mu st b e left to i t
T he German Amb assad ors i n the t hr ee c ap i t als ere
i ns tru cte d
to lay p a
t theab o v e
rt i c ul a
s tress o n t he V i ewt h a
questi o n i s o ne the settlement o f whi ch dev o l es
so
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THE DOU B LE ALLIANCE
20
y
whi ch
Austri a Hu ngary an d S ervi a and o ne
th e Po w
ers sh o ul d e arn est ly stri v e to c o nfi ne
o c o un t i es c o n c ern d
the tw
solel
to
up o n
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,
e
r
he adde d
t h at Germany stro ngly desi red
t hat the di sp ute b e lo c ali e d sinc e any i nt erv enti o n
er o n a cc o unt o f the v ari o u s alli anc e
o f ano t her P o w
o b li gat i o n s
wo uld bring c onse quenc es i mp o ssi b le to
and
z
,
'
,
,
me asure
Thi s i s o ne of the mo st si gnifi c ant do c uments i n the
wh o le c orresp o ndence s I f German y were as i gno ant
as h er Amb ass ad o r at Lo n d o n aff cte d to b e o f the
Austri an p o li cy and ulti mat u m and i f Ge man y was
no t t he n i ns ti g ati n g an d s up p o rt i n g A u stri a i n i ts
hy s h o u ld the Germ an C h anc llo
p eri lo us c o urse w
hav serv e d t hi s t hre at en i ng no ti c e u p o n E nglan d
F ranc e and R ussi a t hat Au st i a must b e left free to
make w
ar u p o n S erv i a and t h at any att emp t to i nter
e ake
ene i n b eh alf o f th w
na
ti o n wo ul d bri ng c o n
9
se qu e n c s i mp o ssi b le to me asu
A fewdays lat er the Imp eri al C h an c ello r sent to the
C o nfe de at e d Gov ernments o f G erm any a confid enti al
c ommu ni cati o n i n w
hi c h he re c gni z e d the p o ssi bili ty
t hat Russi a mi g h t feel i t a du ty to t ake th p art o f
i t h Au st i a Hun ga y
Why
Servi a i n her di sp u te w
ag ain
as so c le a ly j u sti fi e d
i f Au stri a s c ase w
T he
Imp eri al C hanc ello r add d t h at
i t h S ervi a
i f Ru ssi a feels c o nst ain e d to t ake si des w
i n t hi s c onfli ct sh e c ert ainly h as a ri gh t to d o i t
o ul d i n effe ct
b ut ad de d t h at i f Ru ssi a d i d t hi s i t w
c hallenge the i nt egri ty o f the Austro Hungari an Mo n
arc h y and t h at R u ssi a w
o ul d t herefo re alo ne
A n 1 B
G m n Whit P p
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VS
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
.
21
b ear the resp o n si bi li ty i f a Euro p ean war ari es from
hi c h all the es t of the
the Au stro S ervi an qu esti o n w
i s h to loc ali z e
gr at E u op an P o wrs w
I n this si gni fi c an t c o nfi denti al o mm u i c ati o n th
German C hancellor de clares the st o ng i n te st whi ch
Germany had i n the p uni shment o f S ervi a by
H e s ays our c lo es t i nterests the efo re s umm n a s to th
an d h e add s t h at
sid
f A u st i a H a ngmy
i ng
i f c o ntrary to h o p e the tro u b le sh o ul d s p re ad o w
to the i n t erv enti n o f Ru ssi a t hen true to o ur d u ty
as a n all y w
e s h o u ld h av e to su p p o rt th nei ghb o urin g
n ti re m i g h t o f the Ge rman
i t h the
mo na c h y w
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I n re ac hi ng i t c o n c lusi o n o ur i m ag i nary c o ur t w
o u ld
p ay li ttle att enti n to more p ro fessi o n s o f a desi re f o
A nati o n li ke an i ndi vi du al c an c o ertly stab
p e ac e
hi le s ayi ng
A rt tho u i n h alt h
th e p e ac e o f an o t her w
my b ro ther ? and e v en the p eac e o f ci vi li ati o n c an b e
b etray e d by a ud as ki ss P o fessi o ns f p eac b elo ng
ays c h a act eri e d
to the c ant o f di p lo m acy an d h av e alw
the m o st b elli c se o f n at i o ns
No w
a i n mo de n ti mes h as b een b eg un w
i th out the
aggressor p et endi n g t h at hi s nati o n w
i sh e d n t h i n g b u t
p e ac e and i n o kin g D i v i n ai d for i ts mu rde o us p o li cy
T o p arap hrase th e w
o d s o f L ady T ea le o n a n o t e d
occ as i on w
hen o sep h S urfac e t alk e d mu c h f ho n or
i t mi ght b e as w
ell i n s u c h i nst an c es to le a
the name
of Go d o u t o f th e qu esti o n
L et u s the n an aly e the ec o rd as alr ady made up
an d fo r th e sake o f c le arness the ev ent s
hi c h p rec e de d
the w
ar w
ill b e c o nsi de e d chro n o lo gi c ally
Wh it P p
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G m
T h e E ff or
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THE DOU B LE A LLIAN CE
I mme di ately up on the recei p t o f the ulti matum in
St Pe tersb ur g on uly 24 the Russi an Mini ster o f
F o rei gn A ff ai rs i n a formal c o mmuni c ati on to Austri a
Hung ary suggeste d t hat the abrup t ti me li mi t leaves
ers a d elay entir ely i nsuffi ci ent to un dertak e
to the P o w
h at ev er for the strai ght eni ng out of
an y u seful step s w
the c omp li c ati o ns t hat hav e ari sen
and added
T o p re v ent the i n c alc u lab le c o ns e qu enc es e qu ally
hi c h c an fo llowthe
ers w
d i s astro u s f o r all the Po w
meth o d o f acti o n o f the Aus tro Hun gari an G o v ern
me nt i t see ms i n di sp ens able to us t hat ab o v e all the
delay g i ven to S erv i a to rep ly sho uld b e e xtend ed
,
.
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,
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S az o no f furt her
t d t hat ti me sh o uld b e gi ven
f o r the Po w
ers to e x amine the results o f the i n quir y
that the Austro Hungari an G o v ernment had made i n
the matterf o f the S eraj evo assassi nati o n and st ated
t hat i f the P ewers were c onvi nced
sugges e
.
-
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of
e ll gro un de dn ess
the w
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of
c ertain
of
the
Aus tri an
deman ds the y wo ul d fi nd t he mselv es i n a p o si ti on to
sen d to th e S erv i an G o vernment c o nse quenti al advi c e
H e j ustly o b serv e s t h at
a re fu s al to e xt en d the t erms o f the ul ti mat um
wo uld b e i n c ontradi ctio n wi th the very b ases of
i nt e rnati o nal relat i on s
Co uld any c o urt questi o n the j u sti c e o f thi s c enten
tion T he p eace o f the wo rld was at st ake Ti me
h at c o uld b e d one to p reserv e
as aske d to see w
o nl y w
t hat p eace and sati sfy Austri a s gri ev ances to the u tter
most farthi ng
Con currently wi th S a o no fl s p lea fo r a li ttle ti me to
ard Gre y had
p re serv e the p eac e o f the orld S ir Edw
R
4
i n O ng P p
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VS
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J
THE TRIPLE
E NTENTE
23
German Amb assador o n uly 24 and had
suggest e d to hi m t hat the o nly met ho d o f p rev enti ng
as
the c at astro p he w
th at the fo ur Po wers Germany F rance Italy and
t o g ether si mul
o k
o u s lv es
(En glan d ) sho ul d w
tan eo u s ly at V i enn a an d St Petersb urg
Germany had onl y to i nti mate to Austri a t hat a
ell as
de cent resp e ct to the o p i ni ons o f man kin d as w
c o mmo n c o urtesy to gre at and fri en dl y nati ons e
qui re d that suffici ent ti me b gi v en n o t o nl y to Servi a
b ut to th e o th er nati o ns to c o nc ert fo r the c o mmon g o o d
e sp e ci ally as the p eri o d w
as o ne o f S u mmer dulln ess and
ere ab sent
man y o f the le ading rule s and st at esmen w
fro m t hei r esp ect i v e c ap i t als
Un d r these ci rcumst ances was i t no t natural t hat
Russi a sho uld announc e o n uly 24
ili ate S er vi a
t hat any acti o n taken b y Austri a to hum
wo uld no t leav e Russi a in di fferent
an d o n th e same d ay the R u ssi an C h arg e d A if air e s at
V i enn a su gge st e d to the Aust i an F orei gn O ffi c e
that the Aust i an no te was draw
n u p in a fo rm ren
deri ng i t i mp o ssi b le o f accep t anc as i t sto o d and
that it was b o th un u su al and p eremp tory i n i ts terms
To w
hi c h th e nl y rep ly of the Aus tri an F o rei gn
as t h at t hei r re p re sent ati v e i n S erv i a
Mini st e w
was un der i nstru cti ons to leav e B lgr ade unless
Au stri an demands were accep te d i n t heir i nt egri ty
by 4 P M to morrow
Austri a s onl y c o nc essi on t hen or su b se quently to the
as the assur anc
c ause o f p eac e w
that Aus t i a wo uld
no t after i ts co nqu es t o f S erv i a d eman d any t erri t o r y
E gli h W hi t P p
N 11
E gli h W hi t P p
N
7
seen
the
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T he
ti o no f
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Germany o n t hi s d ay
Amb assad o r i n E nglan d c o mmuni c ated
'
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fic ant I ts
ard
no t e to Si r Edw
S i gni
,
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J
D O UB LE ALLI AN C E
24
‘
.
Gre y
,
whi ch i t j u ti fi d Au t
in
s
s ro
e
Hung ari an gri ev an ce s and ulti mat u m by sayi ng t hat
der these circu mst anc s the c o u s o f p o ce dur
un
and d e man ds o f th e Au stro H un gari an G o v ernment
c an o n ly b e r g ard e d a s e q u i t ab le and mo d erate
T he n o te ad de d
T he I mp ri al G o v e nm ent !G ermany! w
ant to
emp hasi z e t he i r op i ni o n t h at i n t h e p re sent c ase t here
i s o nly qu st i o n o f a m atter to b
settle d e xc lu si v ly
b etwe n Aust i a Hu ng ary an d Servi a; and that the
ers o ugh t s eri o u sly to e n d e av o r to
eserv e
gre at Po w
i t to t h o se tw
o i mmed i at ely c o n c e ne d
O n Jul y 25 , p ro b ab ly to th e g e at su rp ri se o f b ot h
Germany and Au st i a whi c h had d efi ni tely c alculate d
up o n S ervi a s no n comp li ance i th the ultimatum the
latt er c o u ntry u n der the C o n cili at o ry adv i c e o f Ru ssi a
inad e a r p ly i n w
hi c h at the s ac i fi C e o f i ts self esp e ct
a s a s ov
ei g n St at e i t s u b st anti ally acc e te d all b u t
p
n e o i the demand s o f A u st i a an d as to t h at i t d id n o t
t e ms refuse i t b u t e xp resse d i ts willi ngnessto refer
i t ei ther to a b i t ati o n o to a c o nfer n c e o f the P o w s
ou ld questi n f o r a moment the c o n c lu si n
N o c o urt w
that the rep ly was a su b stanti al acqui es c en c e i n th
xtreme Au st i an d emands no r i n dee d di d e i the
Germany o n Austri a s eri o u sly c o nten d that i t was no t
The y c o ntent ed themsel es wi th i mp eaching the si n
sh ams
c erity o f the assu an c s c alli n g the c o n c essi o ns
and o f thi s i t i s eno ugh to s ay t hat if German y an d
Austri a had accep ted S ervi a s e p 1y as suffi ci ent and
N
9
E gli h W hit P p
E gli h W hi t P p
N
39
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THE DOU B LE A LLIAN CE
26
w
wo uld
w
hav e g i v e n the ad di ti o nal ti me
hi c h,
i th
sinc erely p ac i fi c i nt enti o ns , mi ght h ave resulted i n the
German y, so far as the re c o rd
p re servati o n o f p e ac e
.
di sclo ses nev er sp o ke that wo rd
i th that o f Russi a w
Co ntrast thi s atti tu de w
ho se
F o rei gn Mi ni st er o n the mo rni ng o f Jul y 25 o fi ered
to st and asi de and le ave the qu esti o n i n the hand s
o f Englan d F ran c e German y and It aly
ar d Gre y p ro p o se d that the fo ur
O n July 25 Sir Edw
Po wers (in cludi ng Germany) sho ul d uni te
i n askin g the Au s tri an an d Russ i an G o v ernments
no t to c ro ss the fro nti er and to g i v e ti me fo r the fo ur
Po wers acting at V i enn a and St Pe tersburg to try
and arran ge matt ers
I f German y w
i ll ado p t thi s
vi ewI feel stro n gly th at F ran c e an d o urselve s sho uld
ac t u p on i t
It aly wo ul d no do u bt gladly c c o p erate
T o thi s reason able re qu es t the I mp eri al German
Chanc ello r rep lie d
F i rst and las t w
e t ake the gro un d t ha
t thi s ques
ti on must b e lo c ali e d b y the ab stenti on of all the P owers
.
,
,
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2
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from
i nterventi o n i n i t,
’
dde d th at Germany wo uld if an Au stro Russi an
di sp ut e aro se
c o o p erate w
i th the o ther g re at Po w
ers in me di ati o n
between Ru ssi a and Austri a
Thi s di stin ctio n i s v ery hard to grasp It attemp ts
to measure the di fferen c e b etw
een tw
e e dl e du m and
ee dle dee
tw
Russi a s di ff e ence w
i th Austri a w
as o v er
the attemp t o f the latter to c ru sh S ervi a
Germany
wo uld no t interfere in the latter b ut wo uld medi ate
E ngli h Whi t P p
N
17
E gli h Whi t P p
N 24 nd 25
G m n Whit P p
Ann
13
b
ut a
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a
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VS
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
.
b etween Russi a and A u stri a F o r all p racti c al p u p o ses
the tw
o t hi ngs w
ere in di st in gui s
hab le
c o p erat e d
H o ws he
we shall p res n tly see
A ll that German y di d o n uly 25 so f ar as the rec o rd
di scl ses was to p ass o n En gland s and Russi a s
re qu est s fo r mo re ti me b u t su b se qu en t e v en t s i ndi c ate
that i t was p assed o n w
i tho u t an y in dors emen t f o r
i s i t cre di ble that Au stri a w
o ul d ha e i gno re d i ts ally s
re qu e st fo r mo re t
i me if i t h ad ev er b een mad e 2
T h Au stri an F o rei gn Mini st er h av in g lau nc h e d the
ul ti matum ab sented hi mself fro m the c ap i t al b u t the
Russi an Mini ster at V i enna su cc eede d i n su bmi tting
thi s mo st re aso nabl re qu est v rb ally to the Actin g
F o rei gn Mini ster w
ho si mp ly s ai d that he w
o u ld su b mi t
i t t Co unt B erc ht o ld b u t that he c ou ld p redi ct w
i th
assu ranc e a c ategori cal refu sal
Later o n that d ay
as d e fini t ely ad v i se d th at n o ti me
(Jul y 25 ) Ru ssi a w
e xt ensi o n w
o uld b e gran t e d
o rld shattere d u p o n so
Was e v er the p e ac o f the w
A li ttle ti me a fewdays e en a few
sli g ht a p re t xt
ho urs, mi ght h av e su ffi c e d to p e serv e the w
o ld fro m
A
p re sent ho rro rs b ut n o ti me c o uld b e gran t e d
c o lo s al s n ap j u d g men t was to b e tak e n b y th es e
d i p l o m ati c p ttif o g g e s
It wo u ld b e di ffi cul t to find in
rec o rde d hi st ory a gre at er di sc o u rt es y to a fri endl y
Po wer for Austri a was no t at war w
i t h Ru ssi a
Defe at ed in their e ff o rt to get an e xt en si o n o f ti me
England F rance and Ru ssi a mad further attemp ts
to p re serv e p e ac e by t emp o rarily arre stin g mi li t ar y
ard c o n ci li ati o n c o ul d b e
p ro c ee din gs un til eff o rts t o w
made Sir E d w
ard Gre y p ro p o se d to G rm an y F r an c e
Ru ssi a and It aly that the y sho uld uni te i n as kin g
Austri a and S erv i a no t t c ro ss the f o nti er un til we
R
i n O
N
1 1 nd 1 2
g P p
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THE
28
OUB LE ALLI AN C E
D
tters b etween them
G
b
d
d Si Edward Grey
e d fro m the G erman
a t l g am t h at he h ad re c ei
o nc e she !Au stri a! had l aun c he d
F o r i gn O ffi c e th at
that no te !the ultimatum! Au st i a c o uld no t d ra
b ack
As w
e ha
se n G ermany n ev er so far as th re c o rd
di sclo ses s o u gh t i n an y way to in flu nce Au stri a to
I ts atti tu de w
as s ho w
n
m ak t hi s o r an y c o n c e ssi o n
by the d clarati o n o f i ts Amb assado r at Pari s to the
hi c h w
hile d i s
F ren c h Mi ni st er o f F o ei g n Aff air s w
clai ming that German y had c o un t enanc d the Austri an
ul ti matu m
y et adde d th at Germ an y ap p ro v e d i ts
p o i n t o f v i ew
an d t h at c rtainly the a
G rmany
rro w n c
sen t
co ul d no t allo wh rself to b gui d ed e xc ep t by he
du ty to her ally
Thi s seemed to b e the fatal fallacy o f Germany that
he du ti e s to c i v i li ati o n w
ere
o sli g ht t h at s h
sho uld
h ther th latt w
s u p p o rt h er ally Au stri a w
as ri g ht
rong
Suc h was her p o li cy and she c arri e d i t o u t
or
w
i th f atal c o n si sten cy
T su p p o rt h er ally
actu al
war may b e d fen si bl b u t to su p p o rt h r i n times o f
and an d a p o li cy o f g o ss
p e ace i n an i ni qui t o u s d m
di sc ou t esy o ff n ds e
y sense o f i nternati o nal morali ty
i n g d ay R u
O n th f o llo w
ssi a p ro p o sed to Au
st i a
th at they shou ld ent r in to an exc hange of p i v ate
w
i th th e o b j ec t o f an alt erati on i n c o mmo n o f
vi e
s
om
e clau es f the A u stri an not e o f u ly 23: T o thi s
ri a never even rep li ed
A u st
T h Ru ssi an Min i st
c om
muni eat d thi s su ggestion to the German Mini ter o f
i s an d e xp e s e d the ho p e th a
F o rei gn A ff a
t h wo uld
E ngli h W hi t P p
N
t
h ad h ad i me to try and arrange ma
erman A m assa or r e a
b u t the
e e
'
r
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v
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w
.
.
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.
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v er
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e
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er
.
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e
s
r
1
r
s
s
e
e
a
er
o
.
VS
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
.
b
29
d vi s V i nna to m e t o ur p ro p o sal
t
cc o d wi th G rman p li cy fo r o n that
d ay the G m an Am b a sado r i n P a i s c all d u p o n the
F ren c h Mini st er o f F o i g n Afl air s an d i n r p ly t
a si mi lar su gg sti o n that Ge m an y sho ul d su gg e st to
i a i n the s am e c o ncili at o ry sp i i t
V i enn a t m e t S
whi c h S erv i a h ad sho wn the Amb assado r an swre d
that that was no t p o ssi bl i n i wo f the
lu ti n
t ak n no t to inte fere in the Au st o S vi an co n fli ct
O n the ame d ay En g lan d aske d F an c e It aly an d
G rm an y to m et i n L n do n fo r an i mmedi at c o n
f er n c e to p r se v the p e ac o f Eu o p e an d to thi s
hi c h mi g ht hav e sa d th p ac
f ui tful su gg sti o n w
th
G rm an C han c ello r r p li d wi th the
o f Euro p
p i tiful qu i bb le th at i t i s i m p o ssi bl to b i n g o u ally
b fo a E u o p e an c o u t i n i ts di ff e enc e w
i th S ervi a
acc p t
i n p rin ci p le the p o li cy
alt ho u gh i t aff e ct e d t
o f me di at i n
German y s acc p t an c in p i n ci p le o f a p o li cy
whi c h she i n p racti c thwa t d su gg sts the lawabi di ng
tendenci s o f that Main st atesman who was fo r th
nf o c
Main p o hi b i ti o n li qu o r law
; b u t ag ain t i ts
m nt
G rm an y s r fu sal to hav e Serv i a c ase su bmi tt d
thei c o nsi deratio n i s th mo
ers e v en fo
to the Po w
hen i t i s rec all d th at th e G rm an Am b assad r
stri kin g w
ard Gre y th
German
at L o n do n qu o t e d to S i r Edw
S e c et ary o f St at e as s ayi n g
that ther we s m thin g s i n th Au st i an no te
that Servi a co uld hardly b e e xp cted to ac c p t
at
atu m w
as
thu s reco gn in g that Au stri a s ul tim
ard G re y t hen c all d the
l a t i n p a t un j u s t
S ir Edw
fin d i t p o ssi le to
b u t hi s di d no t a
a
e
e
e
e
r
er
o
s
r
re
'
e
e
,
e
o
r
e
o
,
erv
r
e
,
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e
e
v e
r
r
reso
er
—
s
r
e
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e
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o
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.
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,
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o
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,
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r e
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o
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e
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!
’
iz
e
s
r
,
e
.
,
1
E nglish
Whi t Pap
e
er
N o 46
.
.
I
THE DOUB LE A LLI AN CE
30
German Amb assado r s atten ti o n to the fact that i f
Au stri a refuse d the co n cili atory rep ly o f Servi a and
marc he d in t o that c o un tr y
as d etermmed to c ru sh Serv i a
i t me ant that sh e w
b eing reckless o f th co nse quence s that
at all c o sts
mi ght b e i n v o lv e d
H e add ed t h at the S ervi an rep ly
sho ul d at le ast b e t e at e d as a b asi s fo r di s c u ssi n
’
!
e
,
r
a nd
p
o
au se
German Go v ernm n t sho uld urge
thi s at V i enna b u t the German S ecretary of State o n
July 27 rep li e d that suc h a c onference was no t p rac
wo uld p rac ti c ally amo un t to
and th at i t
ti c ab le
an d c o uld no t in hi s o p i mo
a c o ur t o f a bi trati o n
n
c alle d t o g ether ex ep t at the re quest o f Austri a
b
and Ru ssi a
That thi s was a mere e v asi o n i s p erfe ctly p lain
German y already knewthat Au stri a wo ul d no t ask fo r
su c h a c o nferen c e
fo r Au stri a h ad already refu sed
Ru ssi a s requ est fo r an e xtensi o n o f tim e and h ad actually
c o mmenc d i ts militar y o p eratio ns Germ
ti tude
an y s at
i s b es t i ndi c at ed b y the letter f th e Ru ssi an Mini ster
hi c h h
i n German y to the Ru ssi an F o r i g n O ffi c i n w
ul y 27 he c alle d a t th
GermanF o reign
st at e s that o n
O ffic e an d aske d i t
and
as
ked that
.
the
e
,
r
,
,
F
e
c
'
.
,
’
’
e
J
-
.
i
'
‘
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'
!
e
V i enn a i n a mo re p ressing f ashi on to
t ake u p thi s lin e o f c o nc ili ati o n Jago wrep li e d that
he c O uld no t ad vi se Au stri a to yi eld 2
to
_
u r ge u p o n
!
.
Ru ssi a had ad v i sed servi a to !yi ld a
nd
S rvi a had c o nc ed ed nearly
could
eet
no t th e G erman F o ei gn O ffi c e ad vi se V i enn a to m
N
43 nd 46
E gli H W hi t P p
R si an fig a
ng
Pap
N
38
Why
no t?
e
'
e
'
r
-
1
2
n
us
e
S
r
a
e
er
er
o s.
o,
a
;
.
j
.
2
.
.
VS
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
.
31
c oncili atio n by c o nci li atio n i f i ts desire fo r p eac e were
sin c ere
Befo re thi s i n terv i ewto o k p lac e the F ren c h Amb as
c alle d at the German F o rei gn O ffi ce o n
s ado r h ad
a si mil ar err an d and ur ge d th e Engli sh su gg es ti o n that
a cti o n sho ul d at o n c e b e taken by Englan d G ermany
Russi a and F ranc e at St Petersburg and V ienn a to
the effect that Au stri a and S er vi a
sho ul d ab st ain f o m an y ac t w
hi c h mi gh t aggrav at
the si tuati o n at the p res en t ho u r
B y thi s was me ant that the e sho ul d b e p endi ng
f ur ther p arle ys no i n v asi o n o f S erv i a by Au st i a and
n o n e o f Au stri a by Ru ssi a
T o thi s the Ge man F orei gn
M i ni s ter op p os ed a categori cal refus al
O n the s ame d ay the Russi an Am b assado r at V i enna
i th the Au stri an
had a lo ng and e arnest c o n v ersati o n w
Under Secretary o f State fo r F o rei gn Aff air s H e
e x p r sse d the e arne st h o p e th at
o ul d b
do ne b efore Servi a was actuall
so me thi n g w
i n v ad e d
B ar n Macc hi o rep li e d th at thi s wo uld
as a ski rmi sh had alre ady t ak en
n o w b e di ffi c ul t
hi c h th S ervi an s h ad been
p lac e o n the D anu b e in w
-
,
,
.
.
,
,
’
.
,
e
r
r
,
r
,
r
.
.
.
e
y
e
o
.
,
e
,
ag
gresso r s
b ass ador then sai d thathi s c o un trv
wo uld d o all i t co ul d to keep the S erv i ans qui e t
and e v n to f all b ack b efo re an Au stri an ad v an c e
in o rder to g ain ti me
H e ur g e d that the Austri an Amb assado r at S t
i th full p o w
e s t
P tersburg sh o uld b e furni shed w
c o n tinu e di sc u ssi o n s w
i th the Ru ssi an Mi ni ster fo
T he
Ru ssi an
Am
,
e
’
.
.
e
r
o
r
F orei gn Afl airs,
who was v ry w
illing to ad vi s S ervi a t yi eld all
that c o uld b e fairly asked o f he as an indep enden t
er
p ow
'
‘
e
e
r
’
.
o
DOUB LE A LLIAN C E
T HE
32
y
wo uld
T he
it
o nl
Aff ai rs
rep
b
thi s re aso nable su ggesti o n was that
su bmi tt ed to the Mi ni st r fo
F o rei g n
y
l
to
e
e
r
‘
1
.
German Amb assado r at Pari s
c alled u p on the F renc h F o rei gn O ffic and stro ngly
i n si ste d o n th e
ex c lu si o n of all p oss i b i li ty
f medi a
an d y et c o nt em p o ran eo u sly the
ti on o of c onfe enc e
Imp e i al Ge man Chanc ello r was advi sing L ondo n that
sam e
O n the
th e
d ay
e
'
o
r
r
r
r
he had
t t d the e ffo rts to wards m diati o n i n V ienna
ay d si re d by Si r Edw
ard G ey
i mme di ately i n the w
h ad fu rth e
c o mmu ni c at d to th Aust i an
an d
i sh o f the Ru ssi an F o i g n
F ore i gn Mi ni st e the w
Mi ni st er for a di r ct t alk i n V i enn a
What h yp c i sy ! I h the fo rmal G man def n se
th o ffi ci al ap o lo g i st f o r that c o u n t y af te st atin g his
co n v i cti o n
that an ac t o f medi ati o n c o u ld n o t take i n to c o n
the Au stro S er i an c n fli ct w
as
si de ati o n
hi c h w
p u rely an Au stro Hu n g a i an aff ai r
clai me d that German y h ad transmi tted Sir Edwa d
G e y s further sugg sti o n to V i enna i n whi c h Au stri a
Hun gary was u rg d
Serwan answer as
ei th r to agr
to acc ep t th
to lo o k u p o n i t as a b asi s fo r fu rt h
su ffi ci en t o
c o n rsati o n s
b ut the Au stro Hun g ari an Go v ern men t p layi n g th
i ck e d p a tn
o f the c o m bin ati o n
i n fu ll
role o f the w
ap p reci ati o n o f o u
me di at o ry acti v i ty (so says the
G man Whi te Pap er w
i th sardo ni c hu m
o r)
re p li e d
t t hi s p ro p si ti o n t hat c o min g as i t di d after the
s ar e
e
,
e
r
,
'
r
e
r
e
r
re
!
e
‘
o
.
r
e
er
.
.
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-
r
,
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v
-
o
,
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-
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r
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,
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ee
!
e
er
r
ve
—
—
!
r
er
—
J
r
.
’
er
,
o
o
,
; o f’ h o sti li ti e s ,
g
o p en i n
1
g
E n lis h
it
‘
,
,
wa
!
s too late
W hit P
e
a p er
N
.
a
56
.
e
THE DOUB LE ALLIAN CE
34
dangers to the p eac e of
Europ e and the d esirabi li ty o i g o o d relati o ns b etween
Au st i a Hu nga y and Ru ssi a
T o t hi s Co un t B erc ht o ld rep li e d t hat he un derst o o d
p erf e ctly Well the seri u sness f the si tu ati o n and the
a d v an t a
i t h the C ab i net
g s o f a frank xp lanati o n w
at S t Pet ersb urg
H e t o ld me th at o n the o t her hand the Au stro
Hungari an Go v ernment whi ch h ad o n ly relu ct antly
dec i de d u p o n the e nergeti c me asures whi ch i t h ad
t ak n agai n st
n own ei th
wi thd rawn or
B
cht o ld
!
er
and
p
oi
nte d to the
'
-
r
r
-
.
'
o
e
o
e
.
.
,
,
,
e
enter up o n
H ungari an
n o te
'
J
f
d i sc u ssi o n
any
’
1
.
er
o
f
o
the A u stro
German Imp e i al
C h an c llo sent fo r the E ngli sh Am b assad o r an d xc used
h i s fai lure to acc ep t the p ro p o sal f c o nf ren c e o f the
d i d n o t t hin k i t
neu t al P o w s o n th e gro u n d t h at h
wo uld b e effe cti v e
b ec ause su ch a c o nf eren ce wo ul d i n his o p i ni o n
Ar o p ag us c o nsi stin g
h a e th ap p e ar an c e o f an
n
o f tw
o Po w
ers o f e ac h gro u p si tt i n g i n j u d g men t u p
the tw
maini ng P w
ers
o
t
f
er en g ag in g i n t hi s p i t i ful an d i nsi n c ere q ui b b le
A
an d
when min ded o f S e vi a s c o ncili at o ry ep ly
am o u nt i ng to a vi t u al su en der
i sh t d i sc uss
h is Exc ellen cy sai d t h at he d i d no t w
b u t t hat Austri a s s t an dp o i nt and
the S erv i an n o t
i t h S e vi a
i n t h i s he agre d Was t h at h er qu arrel w
wi th whi ch R ussi a
as a p urely Austri an c o n c ern
w
me d ay
O n th e
sa
-
e
,
y
the terms
28 , the
ul
r
e
r
e
o
r
er
e
,
,
,
v
e
e
o
re
.
’
o
.
'
-
,
,
re
’
r
r
rr
r
,
,
o
’
'
e,
e
,
r
,
'
,
had
nothi ng to
1
2
do
’
2
.
g Pp
W hit P p
Ru ssi an O ra
n
E nglish
e
e
a
a
er
er
N o 45
.
.
N o 71
.
.
VS
.
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
35
T he Mob i liz ati on or the N ati ons
.
At thi s p o i nt the rulers o f the c o untri es i nterv ene d i n
T h e Kai ser h av in g et urn e d fro m N o rw
the di sp u te
ay
telegrap he d the C ar un der d ate o f July 28 t hat he was
all my
i nflu en c e to en de av o r to m ake
e xertin g
Austri a Hungary c o me to an o p en and sati sfying
i t h Russi a
un derst an di ng w
ar s ai d
and i nv o ke d the C
ere si n c ere
and he may hav e b een
I f the K ai ser w
as not that of hi s F orei gn 0fii c e
Up o n the
hi s atti tu de w
e h av e o nl y hi s o w
n assuran c e t h at
fac e o f the rec ord w
as d o i n g e v ery thi ng to p eserv e p e ac e
b ut the
he w
st ep s t h at he t o o k o r the c o m mun i c at i o ns he made to
i nflu en c e Au stri a are not fou nd i n the fo rmal d ef ns e
whi c h the German Government has gi ven to the world
T he K ai ser c an o nl y c o nvi n c e the w
o rld o f hi s i nn o c en c e
o f the cri me o f hi s P o t sd am c amarilla by gi vi ng the
wo rld the tex to f any advi c e he gav e the Austri an o ffici als
H e h as p ro du c e d hi s t ele grams to th e C z a
Wher are
.
r
,
z
,
,
,
-
’
z
1
,
,
.
r
.
,
'
e
.
J
r
.
e
.
osep h or C o u n t
thos e he p resu mab ly sent to F ranc i s
B er hto ld ? Where are the i n s tru ti ons he gave hi s A m
c
b
c
assad ors or
It
F
orei gn
M i ni ster
c t that o n the same d ay S az o nof tele
grap h e d to Co un t B enc k end o fi
i t h the G erman Amb as sad o r c o n
My c o nv ersati o ns w
firm my i mp ressi o n t hat G erman y i s rat h er fav o rab le
to the u n c o mp ro mi si ng atti t u de ado p t e d by Au stri a
ill vin di c at e hi m i n the c o n
and he add s and hi st or y w
e lusi o n that
hi ch mi ght h av e b een ab le to
the B erli n C abi net w
arre st the w
h o le dev elo p ment of t hi s c ri si s s ee ms
to e xe ci se n o acti o n on i ts all y
20
Whi t P p
A
G m
R
43
N
i n O
g P p
si gnifi an
is
r
.
’
.
,
,
,
,
’
r
2
.
1
9
er
an
u ss a
e
ran e
a
a
er
er
nnex
o.
.
.
J
THE DOU B LE ALLI ANCE
36
y 29 S i r Edward G o sc hen tel g ap hed Si r
Edward Gre y that he had t hat night s en the Ge man
ho h ad
j u st eturn d f o m Po tsdam
C hanc ello r w
whe h had p resu mab ly seen the Kai ser T he German
Chancellor t hen sho we d c l a ly ho wthe win d was b lo w
ard G o s c hen
i n g i n maki n g th su gge sti o n to S i Edw
th at if England wo ul d remai n neu tral Ge man y w
o uld
agr e to g u arant ee t h at sh e w
o u ld n o t t ak e an y F r en c h
t ri t o ry When aske d ab o ut the F ench c o lo ni s n o
assuran c e w
as g i v en
Later i n the d ay the German Chanc ello r agai n saw
the E ngli sh Am b assad o r an d e xp res se d re gret
t hat events had m a ched to o ap i dly and that i t
was theref re to o lat to a t up o n yo ur !Si r Edward
G ey s! su ggesti o n that th S vi an r p ly might fo rm
the b asi s o f di s c u ssi o n
O n th s ame d ay the A mb ass ad o r f o r G rmany at
St Pe t rsb urg c all d u p o n S a o no f and e xp sse d hi m
self i n f av o r o f furt her e x lanati o ns b et w
een V i enn a and
p
St P e tersb urg fi o whi ch S a o n o f assente d O n the same
d ay S i Edw
ard Grey ask d th e G erm an G o v ern ment
to su ggest any f rm f p roc ed u r un d
whi ch the
i de a o f me di ati o n b et w n Au stri a an d Ru s si a alr e ady
acc ep t d by th e G erm an G o e n m nt i n p i n ci p le
On
ul
e
,
r
e
‘
r
,
re
e
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e
,
.
e
r
e
,
r
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er
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.
e
,
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.
,
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r
o
r
e
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er
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e
.
e
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re
3
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z
.
r
.
e
o
o
e
er
ee
,
e
c o u ld
b
v
e ap
whi ch
r
e
r
,
p li ed
O ffi ce rep lie d th at i t
c o uld no t ac t fo fe a that i f the y made to their ally
an
y su ggesti o n t h at lo o k ed li k e p essu e i t m i g ht c au s
them !A u stri a! to p ecip i tat matt rs an d p re nt a fai t
acc o mp li
E gli h W hi t P p
N
85
E gli h W hi t P p
N
75
i
R
O
g Pp
N
49
To
the
German
r
F
o re i g n
r
'
r
r
’
e
r
e
,
e
se
4
.
1
.
2
3
n
n
s
s
u ss an
!
a
er
o
e
a
er
o
ran
!
—
e
e
a
ward
S ee letter o f S ir E d
E nglis h Whi te P ap er
.
er
’
N
.
.
o
,
.
.
.
.
Go sc hen
'
o.
70
.
to S ir E d
wd
ar
Grey
,
J
uly
29
VS
.
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
37
This was the last an d wo rst o f the qui bb les p ut fo rth
hile Austri a w
as maki ng p ro g ress t o w
a d
to g ai n ti me w
B elgrade
It assumes t hat Au st i a mi ght no t o nly fail
i sh i n a matt er o f c o mm o n c o n c ern o f
to resp ct th w
e rfu l ally b u t t hat i t m i ht ac t i n di s
i ts m o e p o w
g
gard
i sh
Thi s st ai n s hu man credulity to
o f G erm an y s w
b eakin g p o i nt D i d the G rm an Se creta y o f
th
St ate k ep a strai ght face wh n he u tt r d thi s sardo ni c
It may b e th duty o f a di p lo mat to li e o n
p le asant y
o cc asi o n b u t i s i t ev er ne c ess ary to utt
s u c h a st u p i d
falseho o d
T h German S e c re t ary o f St at e sa d ni c ally
as n o t su
adde d i n the s ame c o nv ersat i o n t h at h e w
that the effo rt fo r p eace had no t hast ned the de clara
ti o n o f war as t ho ug h the declarati o n o f war again st
S ervi a had no t b een p lanned and exp ected fro m the first
A s a fi n al e ffo rt to meet qui bb les th e Bri t i sh Amb as
li n t hen su gg est e d t hat aft r Au stri a h ad
s ado r at B
s at i sfi e d her mili t ar y p resti g e the mo men t mi ght t hen
e s to d i sc u ss
b e fav orab le fo r f ur di si ntereste d Po w
ard w
i t h s u ggest i o n s fo r
the si t u ati o n and c o me fo rw
p re v en ti n g grav er c o mp li c ati o n s
T o t hi s p ro p o s al the German S e c e t a y o f St at e seem
as
hatever w
i n g ly acqui e sc e d b u t as u su al n thi n g w
It i s true that o n Jul y 29 Si r Edward G e y was
d o ne
German Amb assado r that the Ge man
assur d by th
r
r
.
e
e
r
re
,
’
r
.
e
r
e
.
e
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e
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e e
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er
,
e
r
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e
,
.
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e
er
,
r
o
.
r
o
,
,
,
r
1
r
.
e
F
o rei g n
r
e
O ffi c
e
was
deav o ri ng to make V i enn a exp lain i n a sati s
fact o ry fo m at St P etersb urg th e s c o p e and e xt en
si o n o f Au st i an p o c e di ng s i n S ervi a
b u t ag ai n th e c o mmun i c at i o ns w
hi c h the G erman
F orei gn O ffic e sent to V i enna o n t hi s p o i nt have never
orld
y et b e n di scl sed to the w
E gli h W hi t P p
N
76
E gli h W hi t P p
84
N
‘
en
r
.
r
e
r
e
2
o
1
a
.
n
s
e
a
er
n
s
e
a
er
’
,
o.
.
o.
.
THE DOUB LE ALLI AN CE
38
t
I n hi s
c o nf erenc e
same
d
Edward Gre y
Sir
that the German Government shou ld
any met
hi h the i nflu en e o f the fo ur
hod
ar
o ul
b e u se
o ge her to p rev en
e
een
u rge
sugges t
by w c
c
Po wers
c d
dt t
t w b tw Austri a
a nd R u ssi a
F ranc e agree d It aly agreed
h o le
T he w
i de a o f me di ati o n or me di ati ng i nfluenc e w
as re ady to
b e p u t i nt o o p erati o n b y any method that Germany
c o u ld su gges t i f mi ne w
e e no t acc ep t ab le
I n f act
me di at i on w
as re ady to c o me i n to o p erati o n by any
meth o d t hat G erman y tho u ght p o ssi ble if o nly Ger
man y w
o ul d
i n the i nt erests o f
p ress th e b u tt o n
p e ac e
.
.
.
,
r
,
.
,
di ffi culty was ho wev er th at Germany nev er
alt h o u g h o b v i o u sly i t wuld h av e
p resse d the b u tt o n
b n e asy f o r her to d o so as the st o nger and more i n
flu nti al memb er o f the D o u b le Alli an c e
O n the s ame d ay the Austri an G o v ernment left a
memo ran du m w
ard Gre y to the e ff e ct t hat
i t h Si r Edw
Co u nt Mensd o ff sai d t hat the w
ar w
i t h S erv i a mu st
p ro c ee d
O n the ni g ht o f Jul y 29 the Bri ti sh Amb assado r at
B e lin was i nf o rme d t hat the German F orei gn O ffic e
T he
,
,
o
ee
r
,
e
.
r
.
'
'
r
had
w
no t had ti me to send an ans
y et to the p ro p o s al
fo rm o f m e i a i o n , b u t ha
er
t hat German y su ggest the
d t
t t
the qu sti o n h ad b een referre d to the Au stro Hun gari an
h at w
Go v nment w
i th a requ st as to w
o uld sat i sfy
th em
O n the fo llo w
i ng day the G erman Amb assad o r i n
f o me d Si r Edw
ard Gre y t h at the German G o v e nment
Wo u ld en dea or to i nfluen c e Austri a aft er t aki ng B el
g rad e and S ervi an territo ry i n the re gi o n o f the fro nti er
to p o mi se n o t to ad v an c e furt her w
hile the Po w
ers
e
-
‘
'
er
e
r
r
v
,
,
r
,
1
2
E nglish
g
E n lish
W hi t Pap
Whit Pap
e
er
e
er
N o 84
N o 1 07
.
.
.
.
VS
.
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
39
de a ore d to ar ange that S ervi a sho ul d g i v e sati s
facti o n su ffi i ent to p acif y A u stri a b ut if German y e e
vi d enc e
su c h p re ssure u p o n V i enn a no
e xerci se d any
o the w
orld
Certainl y i t was
of i t has e er b een gi ven t
n d fo r the reaso ns ment i o n e d i t i s
no t v ery e ff ecti v e a
i mp ossi b le to c o n c lu de t h at the adv i c e o f Ge man y i f
e d by i ts
o uld no t h av e b een fo llo w
i n g oo d fai t h w
weaker ally
F ro m all t hat ap p e ars i n the re c ord Au stri a mad e no
rep ly to t hi s m o st c o n cili at o ry su gge sti o n o f E n glan d
b ut i n the meanti me the i rrep essi ble K ai ser made the
cri si s mo re acu te by c ab lin g to the C ar that the mo bili
ati o n o f R u ssi a to meet the mob ili z at i o n o f Austri a
was affecti ng hi s p o siti o n as medi ato r to whi ch the
C ar mad a c o ncili at o ry ep ly st atin g t hat Russi a s
as o nly f o r a d efense ag ain st Au st i a
mo bili ati o n w
Wh at mo re c o uld Ru ssi a d o ? If Au stri a c o nti nu e d
h y no t Ru ssi a 9
to mo bi li e w
O n t hi s d ay July 30 the G e man Am b assad o r h ad
tw
i t h S a o n of an d i t
o i ntervi ew
s at St P et e sb ur g w
was t hen that S a o nof drewu p the fo llo wing fo mula
as a b asi s fo r p e ac e
i th
If Au stri a re c o gni z i n g t h at her c o nfli ct w
S ervi a has assum d character of questi o n o f Eur o p ean
i nt erest de c lares herself re ady to eli min at e fro m her
ult i matu m the
hi ch vi o late p rin ci p le o f
p o in t s w
S rvi a R u ssi a engag es to stop all
s o v e ei gn ty o f
en
r
v
c
v
,
e
,
v
r
.
,
,
r
,
,
.
.
,
r
,
,
z
z
,
’
z
e
r
,
r
z
z
.
,
r
,
,
z
r
.
,
r
z
-
,
e
,
r
mi li tary p
e
i o ns
rep arat
,
’
1
.
At t hi s st age King Geo rge telegrap he d Pri nce Henr y
o f Pru ssi a t h at
as d o i n
the Engli sh G o v ernment w
g i ts u t mo st su g
g eeting to R ussi a and F r an c e to su sp en d furt her
mi li t ary p rep arati ons if Aus tri a w
ill c o nsent to b e
R
i
N
60
O
g P p
,
,
1
9
uss an
ran e
a
er
o
.
.
T HE
40
DOUB LE ALLIAN CE
ti sfie d w
i t h th o cc u p ati o n o f B elgrade and nei g h
b o ring S vi an t erri to y as a h o stage fo r satisfact o ry
hi le
settle m nt o f h er d e man d s o t h er c o u ntri e s me anw
a
su sp n di ng t heir w
p rep arati o n
T he Kin g adds a ho p e t hat the Kai ser
will use hi s great i nflu ence to i n duc e Austri a to accep t
th i s p o p o sal thu s p ro vi ng t hat G ermany and E ng
h at w
lan d are w
o uld b
o rki ng t o get her to p re v ent w
an i n t rnati o n al c at astro p h e
This last p ro p o si ti o n ho we v er was nev er acc ep t d
r d e cli n e d f o r th e i mp etu o u s Kai s r gav e hi s twlv e
as
h o ur ult i m atu m to R ussi a to d e mo b i li e and thi s w
er
hi ch n o self resp e cti n g Po w
an arro g ant d eman d w
mu c h le ss so gre at a o ne as Ru ssi a c o uld p o ssi b ly acc ep t
ar d Grey
While t hi s deman d was i n p ro gress Sir Edw
was maki ng hi s last a ttemp tto p reserv e p eace by aski ng
Germany to so und Vi nn a as he wo ul d so und St Peters
burg whet he i t wo uld b e p o ssi b le fo r the fo ur disi n
o uld
tere sted Po w
ers to o ff er to Au st i a t h at t he y w
bt aine d full satisfacti o n
un dert ake to see t h at sh e
o f h r de m an d s o n S erv i a
p o v i d e d t he y d i d n o t
mb arrass S vi an so v erei gn ty an d the i nt egri ty o f
S e vi an terri to ry
S i r E dw
ard Gre y w
en t so f ar as to t ell the German
Amb assado t hat if t hi s was no t sati sfacto ry and i f
German y w
o u ld make any re aso n ab le p o p o sals to p re
serv e p e ac e an d R u ssi a an d F r an c e ej e ct e d i t t h at
hi s Maj esty s G o v ern men t w
o u ld h av e no t hin g to d o
wi th the c o nse quenc es
whi c h o b vi o u sly me ant ei ther neutrali ty or actual i n
terv enti o n i n b eh alf o f G erman y an d Au stri a
Whi t P p
nd G m
S
sa
~
e
r
er
e
,
r
e
r
,
e
1
e
-
,
o
e
,
e
e
-
,
z
,
-
,
.
,
e
.
,
r
,
r
o
e
,
e
r
er
r
r
,
r
r
,
’
.
1
ec o
er
an
e
a er
THE DOUB LE ALLIAN CE
42
i lli ngnes s to di sc uss t
to the Russi an Go vernmenti ts w
he
terms o f the Au stri an u ltimatum to Servi a and it was
th n su ggeste d t hat the f orm o f the ulti matu m and the
questi o ns ari sing thereo n sho uld b e di scusse d i n Lo ndo n
( Di sp atc h f ro m Bri ti sh Amb assador at V i enn a to Si r
Edward Grey d ate d S ep t 1
S i r Edw
ar d Gre y
at o n c e advi se d the E ngli sh Am b assad or i n B
li n o f the
as st ill p o ssi b le to main t ain p e ac e
fact and urge d t h at i t w
if onl y a li ttle re sp i te i n ti me c an b e g ai ne d b efo re any
ar
er b egin s w
gre at p o w
b ut the Kai ser h avin g i ssue d the arro gan t ulti mat um to
Russi a to demo bili z e i n twelv h o u rs had go ne to o far
fo r retre at and s p urre d o n by th e arro gant Po t sd am
mi li t ary p arty he le t lo o se the d o gs o f w
ar
'
‘
,
,
e
.
.
,
.
,
,
er
,
,
e
,
T he
,
J
udg
ment
.
These are the facts as sho w
n by the re c o rd and u p o n
them i n my j u dgment an i mp arti al c o urt wo uld no t
h si t at e to p ass the fo llo w
i ng j u dg ment
.
,
,
,
e
T hat Germany
—
c
sec ret
ly
p ea e
E u rop
fp
w
o
er
to p
re
cip
who le
e
e
i n E u rop
S ervi a i n
e
a
ean
wa
r
ose
c o ndu c
li shed ,
li onate to any
!r
s
s
thei r
f
ro o u n d
wi ll up
ross
alt
hough
t su ggests thi s as a p
wa almo t i n vi tab le b y ( )
wa g ly u n a nab l
T hey mad e
matu m that
fp
o
on
matter affecti ng the b alance
es tab
f
f
m
p
ti me
d o i ng they i n tend ed
to d etermi n e the mas tery of
not s ati s ac to ri ly
c o u rse o
a
Whether i n so
.
i tate a E u rop
is
A u stri a i n
together to i
c o n ert d
e and up o n
o
E urop
c
an d
e
a
re so
e
d
i li ty
oss i b
i ssu i ng
an
thei r
.
an u lt
i
di sp
rop or
an d (b ) i n
‘
e i nsufii c i ent ti me to c o nsi d er
gri evan c e that A u stri a had
gi vi ng to S ervi a and E u rop
the ri ghts and o b li gati ons of all i nterested nati ons
2— T hat German y had atall ti mes the p o er to
w c
.
A us tri a to p
reserve a reason ab
le
and
mp el
o
conci li atory cou
rs e,
TRIPLE ENTENTE
vs T H E
.
b
u t at n o
c o ntrary
,
ti me
ffec ti vely
c ertai n ly
she
ex ert
ed
e
Au
st
ri a i n i t
s
tha
t i nflu enc
ab etted , and
u nreasona b
le
43
c o u rs e
p
os s i b
e
0 n the
.
ly i ns ti gated ;
.
T hat E nglan d , F ranc e, I taly , an d R u ssi a at all
s i n c erely
orked for p ea e, and for t
hi s p urp ose not
3
—
w
ti mes
c
mi scond u c t of A u stri a b u t
mad e every reaso nab le co ncessi on i n the hop e of p res ervi ng
overloo ked
O nly
p
eac e
the
o ri gi nal
.
4— T hat A us tri a , havi ng mo b i li z ed i ts
wa
s reas o nab
ac
long
a
ht of
ri g
eac
rep arat
i o ns
for fai lu re
fi ered
o
arley s
to
make
o ther n at
i on
any
we e sti ll i n p
r
reaso nab
ro gress ,
p
any
me ri ght to make
wh n
e
the
wa
r ag ai nst
ot
her
P
o
concessi on an d p
le
j us t
sa
tly d e
c lari ng
to d emob i li z e
S tate,
the b ord er
had
.
ab rup
S u ch
.
soverei gn
an y
h havi ng the
T hat Germany , i n
R u ssi a
had
lai n ,
R u ss i a
,
forces
the R u ss i an armi es d i d n otc ross
as
comp
mi lar p
5—
p
ws the
take any aggress i v e ac ti o n n o
o
ri ght t
si
i n mob i li z i ng i ts
j u stified
mo b i li z a ti o n
t of
and as
or
ly
my
ar
cip
i tated the
re
w
a
r
w
ers
c
ea e
.
I n C o nc lusi on
.
wi t
t hi s arti cle has re ache d these c onclusi o ns
wi th r lu ct anc e as h has a feeling o f d ep aff ecti o n fo r
the German p eo p le an d e qu al admirat i o n fo r their i d e als
and m atc hless p ro gress
E v en more he admi res th
magnifi c ent c o urage w
hi c h the German n ati o n
i th w
b eset o n ev e y han d by p o we ful ant ag ni sts i s n o w
def ndi n g i ts p esti ge as a nati o n T he who le hearted
dev o ti o n o f thi s great n ati o n to its flag i s wo rt hy o f the
b est t adi ti ons of the Teut o ni c rac e Nev ertheless thi s
c ann o t alter the ethi c al t uth whi ch st ands ap art f o m
an y c o nsi de ati o ns o f n ati o nali ty
an i t affe ct th e
n or
c o n clu si o n that th German nati on has b en p lun ge d
T he
r
er o f
e
e
,
e
e
.
,
r
e
r
r
o
,
-
.
r
,
.
r
r
r
,
c
e
e
DOU B LE ALLI ANC E
44
VS
TRIPLE ENTENTE
.
to thi s abyss by i ts sc heming statesmen an d i ts self
c entr d and highl y neur o ti c K ai ser who i n the twenti eth
centu ry sinc erely b eli ev es that he i s the p ro xy o fAlmi ghty
Go d o n e art h and therefore i nf alli b le
I n vi si ti n g i ts c o n de mn at i o n the S u p re me Co urt o f
Civi li ati on shoul d therefore di sti ngui sh b etween the
mili t ary c ast e he ade d by the Kai ser an d the C ro w
n
Prin ce whi ch p recip i tat ed t hi s great c alami ty and the
German p eop le
T he v ery se cre cy o f the p lo t against th e p e ac e o f the
wo ld and the fai lure to di sclose to the Ge man p eo p le
the di p lo mati c c o mm uni c ati o n s h erei nb f o e qu o t ed
stro n gly su ggest t hat thi s de te st ab le w
ar i s no t merely
a c ri me against c i v ili ati o n b u t also agai ns t t
he d ecei ved
an d mi s led G
They h av e a vi si o n and are
ermanp
p le
e ssent i ally
p ro gressi e an d p e ac e lo vi ng i n t heir n ati o nal
c haracteri sti c s while the i deals o f t heir mi li t ary c aste
are t h o se o f the d ark ages
O ne d ay the Germ an p e o p le w
i ll kno wth full truth
and t hen t here w
ho
ill b e a dre adful re cko nin g fo th o se w
hav e p lunge d a no b le an d p e ac e lo vi ng nati o n i nt o t his
abyss of di s aster
ly
T he mills o f Go d gri n d slo w
B ut t h ey gri n d xc eedi ng small
atch in g
Wi th p ati enc e H e st ands w
Wi th e x actness grinds H e all
in
e
-
,
.
,
,
z
,
,
,
.
r
r
e
z
r
,
eo
.
v
-
,
.
e
r
-
.
,
e
,
,
’
.
,
w
C ro n 8 v o , fro m 1 2 to 40 p ag es e ac h A l so
i n se ri e s o f fi v e P amp h l e ts, sti ff c o v e rs
O n e S h i ll i ng n e t e ac h s e ri e s 33 P amp h l e ts
hav e n o
( 1 8 N o v emb er) b e en i ssu e d and
T h e h i sto ri c al
oth e rs are i n p re p arati o n
k
s
e tc h map s
i
i
ll
s
a
r
e
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
b
e
c
e
y
p
.
.
.
w
,
-
I
1
T he D eep er C au ses o f the W ar
B y W SAN D A!
3d n et
F ifth I mp ressi on
.
.
.
.
P
militaris m
T he p sy c ho lo g y o f russian
’
Germany s agg ressi v e amb i i o ns
2 T
t
German p ub li c o p ini o n
A meri c a :
A d d ress to
u ro p e an d
A R ep ly fro m O x fo rd to th e German
F o urth I mp
2 d n e t:
E v ang eli c al C hri stians
T he
w
.
f
O x o rd theo lo ans to
e v ang eli c al h eo lo g i ans
T is mani
ans
er
of
and
.
the C hri sti an S c ho lars o f E
o
.
.
.
.
t
'
re c e n
a
mani
f t
i
ress o n
.
the
e d l!
of
es o
t
f t whi h i p d
th p
nt p mp hl t
th t G m ny i in n
g
p n ib l f
th p
nt w
Th O f d
th t th G m n th l g i n
p ly tat
n th
t d i d ith th
nt w
hi h l d p to th w
th
n
f th i
w nt y m n
p liti l tt
3 T h e R e sp o n sib ility fo r the W ar
By W G S A M
2d n t
i
f th q
A b i f di
ti
f
1 A t i
n
p n i b ility
2 Th
i b ility f R
S b i
i
3 T h i nt
nti n f E ng l nd
p
German
e
rese
e
re s e
c an
e
,
ar.
e ra
u
c a
o
a
ave s u
o
es o ,
.
ar
e
x
e
e
ues
a
or
re
er
c es o
a
s
es
ev e
s
n c ou
r
e
e r o
er
a
a
.
DA
.
S.
sc uss o n o
r e
.
a :
eo o
e
at
e
s
ar o r
e
.
.
.
4
o
a
u
e
c
.
er
er
e
uc
ro
o se nse re s
s
e
s re
c
o
.
on o
ues
e
e re s o ns
.
e
.
res
uss a ;
S
W I L KI N S O N
s
e
.
Gre at B ritain an d Germ any
By
o
:
erve
.
us r a a
.
o
o
a
J
.
2 d n et
T hird I mp ressio n
T hre e le ters to the Sp r ingfi eld R ep u b li c an : 1 B y
ro
S p ense
i lk i nso n , s a tin Gre a
ri a i n s c ase
2 By
ro
o hn
u r e ss o
'
th e U ni ve rs i y o f C o lumb i a, s a i ng Germany s c ase ; 3 B y
ro
ilk in
s o n , in re p ly to
ro
u r e ss
W
5
.
P E N SE R
J
t
t g
tB t
t
tt
P fB g
.
u st fo r a
B y A RT
E x p lai ns
!b !
.
HUR
why
.
.
P f
’
.
.
.
P f
W B g
P fW
.
.
.
.
.
of
S c rap
H A SS A L L
E ng land
er
.
1 d n et
F o urth I mp ressi on
and s fo r th e sanc tity o f E uro e an trea
p
y la
.
t
s
P ap
’
.
.
.
t
-
w
Germans their E mp ire and ho wth ey hav
made it B y C R L F LE TC H E R 2 d n et F ourth Imp ressi o
A h i sto i c al acc unt f P rus i an p li cy f m the s
nt nth c nt
h atthey c o v e
7 T he Germans their E mp i re and w
By C R L F LET C H ER 2 d n et F o urth Imp ressio n
A n acc unt o f th amb iti on av wd by the P an G man sch l
6 . T he
'
'
,
.
.
9
ro
o
.
.
e
ev e
ee
e
ur
.
.
e
o
s
M igh t is R ig ht
B y S i r W A L T E R RA L E IGH
.
.
,
.
.
o
e
s
.
,
.
b li
.
o
.
8
.
.
o
r
,
er
-
oo
.
.
wi n ;
Why Germany may
eve sh e
A
.
Wi
ll n t win
o
u stri an
P
2d
'
.
h
W at
n et
will hap p
.
.
S ec o nd Imp
if
en
ressi o n
.
wins ;
she
W hy
u
.
o li c
EA E
y
18 6 7
si nc e
y
.
B y M U RRA! B
V N
3 d n et
S ec ond Imp ressi o n
Aus tri an p o li c in the B alkans h as ee n o f the o ffe n si v e d e fe ns ive
o rd e r
T he Archd u ke F rancis F e rdi nand mig ht hav e s av e d A us tri af ro
.
'
.
.
.
rus
hi ng to dest ucti
r
10
b
on ;
ut
b
was th
.
1 912
.
e
-
e g inni ng o f
b
I tali an P o li c y sin c e 1 8 7 0
By KE IT H F E I L ING 2d n et S ec o nd Imp
.
.
l
l cy
b
.
.
.
F
.
l
h
ren c
By
F
cl
d
b
12
si n c e
P o li c y
an d
H
‘
.
1 871
W
h isto rical s ketch , di scu ssing
e e na
g g res si ve
'
.
C
A
y
b b
ar
c
th e q
2d
.
F
n et
.
.
uesti o n wheth er F
Of
.
.
a
N atio n
re n
ch
!
o ur
p
o
lic
.
s
.
N IN HI
26 ne t
T hi d Imp
i n
b
y whi ch i incid t li n i nd i tm n
d by A t i H g a y t w ds th
ki ng d m
b i
.
o li c
y p
fi
ursu e
o
r
ress o
en a
s
un
us r a—
r
.
.
,
of the p
c
.
S erb i a and the S erb
.
.
.
y
_
'
e
ar
a
.
c
e
an
er
o
Germany and T he F ear o f R u ssia
By S i V A LE NT IN E C HI RO L 2d n et T hird Imp essi on
Sh t s th atb f e 1 8 79 G m ny p f
d R u ia a an ally t Au t i
amb iti n f Ge m ny t
t ct at
T k y ha 1
tab l i h a p
t assi t A u t i a i n th B alkan
t ch all ng R s i
nd
.
r
T he
her
.
e or
o
o
o
s
.
T he
a
r
s r
T he E
By F
er
.
F
.
o es
U
A
s a
u esti o n
!
H RT
so
.
ss
or
o
.
h
o
ur
e o ver
e
T hi rd Imp
ei r
futu
.
s
e
us
a.
.
3d n e t
an natio ns ; t
.
his t y o f the B alk
or
ro e
s
e
astern
U R!
re erre
a
r
.
.
.
o v
15
D AV IS
.
h o lo gy
B y Sir V ALE T E C
RO L
A; s ketc h o f S er i an hi sto r
14
.
B y P U L V I N O GR A nO F F
F o urth Imp ression
1 df n e t
A rep l
to the Ge rman taunt th at R u ssi a is s till i n a state
arism, a nd i s the e ne m o f E uro ean c i vi li z atio n
p
I
13
een
.
.
R u ssi a : T he P sy
.
b
w
c y
her o n i nteres t
;
sati sfa to r
e n o ug
'
A
has
e
.
M O R GA N
.
l cy h
l
i
r ess o n.
d d by
I ta ian p o i
has ee n and must b e g ui
T he res u ts o f her o o nia p o i
av e no t y e t
to temp t h e r into a ve ntures
11
e nd .
the
re.
i
!
ress o n.
e
s r a
s
e
P u b lished
sep ar ately
in
T
will
an d
also
ap
p
x
sho
ear
ser ies.
h o ug hts o n the W ar
By GI L E RT MU RRA
2d
.
B
An
!
.
ne t
.
.
l w
ri t
ten in August and no wrep
art
ic
e
rinte
d
.
ullets
By S i r W I LLIAM O S LER 1 d net F ourth Imp ression
C alls tt nti n to th fa tthatd i eas ki ll m
m n th an the b ul
most dang
u s diseases
p ev ntabl by i n culatio n
B ac illi
and
B
.
.
e
a
T he
e
o
J
c
By
.
are
H U RS F I E L
th mil i tary
R T
.
.
D
Estimates
e
O ur fleet,
ex er i se
p eri s o f ac
c d by
l l k
r
W ar
the
an d
av
y
a nd
e
s
e
o re
e
o
e
.
S ec o nd Imp
n e t.
.
e
r s
.
.
3d
.
wa n
and
.
s
ero
T he N
.
c
o no
the
mic
faint h
-
T he R etre at fro m M o n s
By H W C D AV IS 3d n et
l
earte
the
of
v a ue
i
ress o n.
l
s i e nt
d and the cap ti
p
re ss
o us o f
.
.
.
d ucti n ; th
p ub li h d A ug
I ntro
C fli c
e,
.
.
o
s
e
e
.
.
h
D is p atc
31
Ap p
of
d
en
.
;h
T hire
.
S ep t 9 ; t l ;
’
ix es ( so ld i e rs l
.
n
T he L ead ing I d eas o f B ritish P o lic y
2 d n et
B y GERAR D C O LLI ER
.
E x ami nes th e p
Greek
By A
.
litical g
J
o li c
P
.
y
T
O!
o
sinc e
N B EE
P o land , P ru ssia,
By LUD W
T he
Ga ic i a
l
T he
h
au t o r
is
a
e ni us o f
4d
.
and
I K E H RL IC H
c
.
.
1 882
net
.
.
3d n et
.
of
the U
German s in A fri c a
.
.
.
.
.
WI N
l d
Eng an
C u ltu re
.
D o to r
.
.
3d
.
n et.
.
y i L wow( L
ni versit
o
!
mherg
e
17
S mall S tate s
of
T he V alu e
.
.
By H A L F I H E R 2d n t T hi d Imp i n
m ll t t
Th
th t th d b t f i i l i ti
t
th
g
f l
Th y
t th p
lb t i
i n lc l b l
nt ti m
i m nt
d
b tt t t b tw th g t p w
p l iti c l
p
1 8 H o wc an W ar ev er b e R ig ht ?
F s h Imp
B y GI L ER M R
2d n t
i n
nd d o t
A wll kn w
n l
f p ac
f p ci fi c p li c i
g
iti
R ig h t nd h
mp ll d B it i 1
g i t th T l t y n p
m k w ; n
d w
li k t g d y i n t p
il
1 9 T he N ati o nal P rinc ip le and the W ar
By RAM A M I R 3d n et S nd Imp si n
th p i
ip l
f
ti
lity d i t p p li c ti t th ttl
C n id
m nt f E
ft th W
p ti c l l y f S E E
p
p
2 0 Ei etz sc he and T re i tsc h k e : T he W o rsh ip c
e au
c a
u a
a
o
ex
a
er
s an
e
as
o
a
,
e
on
za
v
c
rese
er s a es
u
ress o
r
.
e
e
u se u
ar e
e
.
e
.
.
ar u e s
or
e
S
.
.
.
e en
s a es
a
s
a o ra o r e s
as
e,
e
-
o
.
e rs .
o
re a er
e
.
T
B
-
U
RA !
e
.
.
o
.
ress o
.
_
e
a ns
a
a
a
ar
e
a
o s o
e
.
e
o v er o
o
-
a
o n.
os
ra
e
ar—
a
e
c a e o
v
o no u r c o
a
o
s
u re ev
.
.
.
!
S
o
e
e rs
s
o
uro
to
P
U
o
.
r nc
e
we
.
e o
ar
e—
.
u ar
o na
na
o
r es
ec o
.
an
u ro
.
e—
s a
a
a
e
er
in M o d ern Germany
r
AR KER
o
.
on
B
.
.
.
ar
.
.
.
l
11
e se
o
F o urth I mp ressi
2d n et
:x p lanati o n o f the mai n p o int
s o f i nte re st i n the
lo c trin es o f the Ge rman ru ing
asse s
E
a n
r
e
'
—
e
e
u
e s ar
o
a
cl
hi c l
a
an
and
th
et
.
.
V
I
T he B riti sh D
.
By H
p
o
o
minio ns and
W ar
th e
S ec ond I mp
.
2d n et
res
si on
Ex p ains the i eas for
Emp i re s ta n
th e B riti s
hi
i ti a and mo ra is su es o f th e
ar aff e ti ng the D o mi ni o ns
l cl
E
.
E GF
'
.
l
l
RT O N
w ch
w
.
.
d
.
.
h
c
ds
,
.
W ar
By Si E RN E T T RE V E L! A N 1 d n et T hi d Imp i n
Di u
th
n w
hi h cc nt f th t ik i g m nif t ti n
f I nd i n l y lty
23 I s the B riti sh E mp ire: the R e su lt o f W ho lesal
By H E EGE RT N 2d n et
R o b b e ry
I nd i a
an d
the
.
‘
r
sc
S
s se s
.
e re as o
s
_
a
o
a
o
c
.
a
ou
ress o
r
.
or
n
e s r
a
.
es a
o
.
!
.
.
'
A
!
24
!
.
w
EAR E I
hist i c l sketc h i n an w
or
a
T he L a
By A
P
.
'
of
er
I
GG N S
O
.
to a
N atio ns
H
C
s
.
c
o
.
.
mmo n tau nt
and
.
.
W ar
th e
.
S ec ond Imp
2 d n et
.
.
.
ression
.
n ut ali ty and th
l
c nd uct f Eng l n d t
D enma k
1 80 7 th d c t i n
f G man law
y e th at mil it y n c s i t
i d s th law
f w
a ; th
s
balance f p we and th
T he
r
o v e rr
e
treati es
25
.
iI nl
v o ati o n o f
B e g ian
e
e
o
o
r
r
e
e o
r
e
er
e
o
ng lan
ers
e
.
.
u es
o
p
; t
au se
ar
r
.
E
a
e e s
!
o
’
o
rs
d s M issi o n By w h
ti n! I n w
Answ th q
h at;c !
m
o
a
t
e
m?! Imp ressio n
r
-
ei r
.
f uture
.