EMOTIBLOG: A Model to Learn
Subjective Information Detection in the
New Textual Genres of the Web 2.0 –a
Multilingual and Multi-Genre ApproachEster Boldrini
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A te papà…
Spero tu sia orgoglioso di me.
Grazie per avermi insegnato ad essere sempre onesta, leale e
a mettere impegno in tutto quello che faccio.
Mi manchi tanto…troppo.
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lGU! ;DP%DPTDRID<DI!TI];;O_OT]%O[P!_[Z!O%]IO]PGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 10Q!
lGl! T[PTIg;O[P;GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 110!
qG!%[[I;!*+:!%DTKPOigD;!_[Z!%KD!DE%ZOP;OT!D<]Ig]%O[P GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 111!
qG1! ["OPO[P!FOPOP>!%];^GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 11S!
;6*+('# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 11U!
D+A8('# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 11q!
qG/! igD;%O[P!]P;pDZOP>!%];^GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 11Q!
qGS! ]g%[F]%OT!;gFF]ZO;]%O[P!%];^ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1/U!
qGU! T[PTIg;O[P;GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1/q!
mG! ["OPO[P!FOPOP>W!["OPO[P!igD;%O[P!]P;pDZOP>!]P$!["OPO[P!
;gFF]ZO;]%O[PGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1/n!
mG1! ["OPO[P!FOPOP>!DE"DZOFDP%;!OP!;"]PO;KGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1S0!
mG/! DE"DZOFDP%;!OP!DP>IO;K GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1SS!
mGS! igD;%O[P!]P;pDZOP>!DE"DZOFDP%; GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1Sm!
mGU! ]g%[F]%OT!;gFF]ZO;]%O[P!DE"DZOFDP%;GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1U/!
mGl! T[PTIg;O[P;GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1Ul!
nG! T[PTIg;O[P;!t!_g%gZD!p[Z^ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1Un!
X
QG! ZDID<]P%!"gcIOT]%O[P; GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1ll!
ZD;gFDP GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1lm!
ZD_DZDPTD; GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1nQ!
]""DP$OE GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG/0U!
XI
LIST O F TA B LES
!
%]cID!OG!
Z&'3,-=&!=8*''(9(=*7(3+!5.!*++37*7(3+!A-*+,8*-(7.!N9-3@!9(+&-RA-*(+&:!73!
=3*-'&-RA-*(+&:VGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG UQ!
%]cID!OOG!
Z&'3,-=&!=-&*7(3+!@&7#3:!N@*+,*8W!*,73@*7(=\'&@(!*,73@*7(=VGGGGGG l/!
%]cID!OOOG!
Z&'3,-=&'!8*+A,*A&W!:3@*(+!*+:!'(a& GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG lU!
%]cID!O<G!
"38*-(7.!=8*''(9(=*7(3+!-&'&*-=#GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG lQ!
%]cID!<G!
[?&-?(&2!(+!-&'&*-=#!(+!;&+7(@&+7!]+*8.'(' GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG q1!
%]cID!<OG!
D@37(c83A!=3-6,'!:3@*(+'!:&'=-(67(3+ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG ql!
%]cID!<OOG! D@37(c83ART3-6,'!736(='W!'(a&!*+:!8*+A,*A&'GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG qm!
%]cID!<OOOG! P(+&!:('7(+=7(?&!9&*7,-&'!39!&@37(3+'GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG ml!
%]cID!OEG!
$(99&-&+7!&@37(3+!=8*''(9(=*7(3+' GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG ml!
%]cID!EG!
"*--37s'!&@37(3+!=8*''(9(=*7(3+ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG mq!
%]cID!EOG!
D@37(c83AR]++37*7(3+RF3:&8!',5B&=7(?(7.!'7*7,'!=*7&A3-(&' GGGGGGGGGGGGG n1!
%]cID!EOOG! >&+&-*8!?(&2!39!7#&!D@37(c83AR]++37*7(3+RF3:&8 GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG nS!
%]cID!EOOOG! $&7*(8&:!?(&2!39!7#&!D@37(c83AR]++37*7(3+RF3:&8!&8&@&+7'!*+:!7#&(-!
*77-(5,7&' GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG nm!
%]cID!EO<G! O+7&-R]++37*73-!*A-&&@&+7!-&',87'!93-!;6*+('# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Qn!
%]cID!E<G! Z&',87'! (+! 7&-@'! 39! *==,-*=.! *+:! _R@&*',-&! 93-! 7#&! FPc! *+:! ;<F!
F*=#(+&!I&*-+(+A!*8A3-(7#@'!93-!&*=#!367(3+!(+!;6*+('# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 10U!
%]cID!E<OG! Z&',87'!39!7#&!A835*8!9&*7,-&!'&8&=7(3+!93-!;6*+('# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 10q!
%]cID!E<OOG! O@6*=7!39!7#&!D@37(c83A!&8&@&+7'!3+!7#&!'.'7&@!93-!;6*+('#GGGGGGGGG 10q!
%]cID!E<OOOG! Z&=8*''(9(=*7(3+!-&',87'!93-!D+A8('# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 10n!
%]cID!EOEG! D99&=7!39!7#&!D@37(c83AR]++37*7(3+RF3:&8!&8&@&+7'!3+!7#&!'.'7&@!93-!
D+A8('#GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 10n!
XII
%]cID!EEG!
T-3''R?*8(:*7(3+! 39! 7#&! '&+7&+=&R8&?&8! 36(+(3+! =8*''(9(=*7(3+! 93-!
O7*8(*+GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG10Q!
%]cID!EEOG!
;&7! 39! @(Y&:! 36(+(3+*7&:! *+:! 9*=73(:! b,&'7(3+! (+! D+A8('#! *+:!
;6*+('# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1/0!
%]cID!EEOOG!
T8*''(9(=*7(3+!,'(+A!7&+!938:!=-3''!?*8(:*7(3+ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1S/!
%]cID!EEOOOG! T8*''(9(=*7(3+!-&',87'!,'(+A!*88!+RA-*@'!*+:!+RA-*@'W!+u/ GGGGGGGGGGGGGG1S/!
%]cID!EEO<G! Z&',87'!93-!638*-(7.!*+:!(+7&+'(7.!=8*''(9(=*7(3+!,'(+A!7#&!@3:&8'!5,(87!
9-3@!7#&!D@37(c83A!*++37*7(3+' GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1SU!
%]cID!EE<G! ;DFD<]I!;.'7&@!-&',87'!93-!&@37(3+!*++37*7(3+' GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1SU!
%]cID!EE<OG! Z&',87'! 93-! &@37(3+! =8*''(9(=*7(3+! ,'(+A! 7#&! @3:&8'! 5,(87! 9-3@! 7#&!
D@37(c83A!*++37*7(3+' GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1Sl!
%]cID!EE<OOG! Z&',87'!93-!D+A8('# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1Sn!
%]cID!EE<OOOG! Z&',87'!93-!;6*+('# GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1SQ!
%]cID!EEOEG! Z&',87'!93-!7#&!%]T!/00n!b,&'7(3+!'&7 GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1U1!
%]cID!EEEG!
Z&',87'!39!7#&!&?*8,*7(3+!93-!10v!W!1lv!*+:!/0v!=3@6-&''(3+!-*7(3
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1US!
%]cID!EEEOG!!!!c&77&-!-&',87'!357*(+&:GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG1l0!
!
XIII
!
LIST O F F IGU RES
!
_(A,-&!OH!!!!%#&!D@37(c83AR]++37*7(3+RF3:&8!'7-,=7,-& GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG m0!
_(A,-&!OOH!!!]87&-+*7(?&!:(@&+'(3+*8!'7-,=7,-&'!39!7#&!'&@*+7(=!'6*=&!93-!&@37(3+'
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG n0!
_(A,-&!OOOH!!!c-&*4:32+!39!3+&!D@37(c83AR]++37*7(3+RF3:&8!&8&@&+7GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG nU!
_(A,-&!O<H!!D@37(c83ART3-6,'R^.373!3==,--&+=&'!39!63'(7(?&W!+&A*7(?&!*+:!35B&=7(?&!!!!!!
'&+7&+=&' GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 10/!
_(A,-&! <H! ! T3@6*-*7(?&! -&',87'! (+! 7&-@'! 39! *==,-*=.! *+:! _R@&*',-&! 93-! 7#&! FPc!
*+:!;<F!F*=#(+&!I&*-+(+A!*8A3-(7#@'!93-!&*=#!367(3+!(+!;6*+('#GGGG 10U!
!
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UUnn!-&?(&2'W!537#!(+!-*2R7&Y7!*+:!(+!9&*7,-&R?&=73-G!D*=#!-&?(&2!A(?&'!*+!&Y68(=(7!
1R73Rl! -*7(+A! 93-! 9(?&! :(99&-&+7! *'6&=7'! Ö! :22(R* )1C#)"-%R* '%&$#-%R* $),5%R* )"(*
2$%&),,* %G0%&#%"-%! Ö! *83+A! 2(7#! 7#&! 7&Y7! 39! 7#&! -&?(&2! (7'&89W! *88! 6-3?(:&:! 5.! 7#&!
-&?(&2!*,7#3-G!]!-*7(+A!39!9(?&!2*'!7#&!@3'7!=3@@3+!3?&-!*88!*'6&=7'W!*+:!=-&*73-'!
-&63-7!7#*7!S0Glv!39!7#&!SUnn!-&?(&2'!(+!7#&(-!-*+:3@8.!'&8&=7&:!7-*(+(+A!'&7!#*:!*!
-*7(+A! 39! 9(?&! 93-! *88! 9(?&! *'6&=7'W! *87#3,A#! +3! 37#&-! 7,68&! 39! -*7(+A'! 2*'!
-&6-&'&+7&:!5.!@3-&!7#*+!lv!39!7#&!7-*(+(+A!'&7G!!
!
F?4%&IV),0&.! B-.%&,-.%! V0%0'-% ql !(Blitzer et al., 2007)W! =3+'('7'! 39! 6-3:,=7!
-&?(&2'!9-3@!'&?&-*8!:(99&-&+7!6-3:,=7!7.6&'!7*4&+!9-3@!]@*a3+G=3@W!'3@&!2(7#!
1R73Rl! '7*-! 8*5&8'W! '3@&! ,+8*5&8&:! 9-3@! @*+.! 6-3:,=7! 7.6&'! N:3@*(+'VG! ;3@&!
:3@*(+'! N5334'! *+:! $<$'V! #*?&! *! #(A#! +,@5&-! 39! -&?(&2'G! [7#&-'! N@,'(=*8!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
q/
!#776H\\&=3+3@(+(+AG'7&-+G+.,G&:,\:*7*'&7'G#7@8!
!222G'7&-+G+.,G&:,!
qU
!#776H\\6&368&G='*(8G@(7G&:,\5'+.:&-\+**=80m!
ql
!222G=('G,6&++G&:,\!@:-&:a&\:*7*'&7'\'&+7(@&+7!
qS
48
(+'7-,@&+7'V! #*?&! 3+8.! *! 9&2! #,+:-&:G! Z&?(&2'! =3+7*(+! '7*-! -*7(+A'! N9-3@! 1! 73! l!
'7*-'VG!
TABLE I.
RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION BY ANNOTATION GRANULARITY (FROM FINER-GRAINED TO COARSERGRAINED)
!
!
F=]"!
!
"KKC3"3$CK!
K"FA!
•
•
2)*.-44!,)H&-I*-H&-(!
!
•
•
•
\\
3+-!K32$J !
,?4%&4&./?04!1)*9?'!
•
•
•
•
B-,AH04!Lbb:!30'<!
UO!c"66-1%&H-!3-^%!
•
•
B-.%&,-.%Y)*%'1+0%a! •
Y)*7K-%!"66-1%!
•
•
•
B-.%&()*7.-%!
•
!
JA;AJAK2A!
[5B&=7(?&!'6&&=#!&?&+7!
;,5B&=7(?&!'6&&=#!&?&+7!
'3,-=&!
7*-A&7!!
6-36&-7(&'!2(7#!
7#&(-!(+7&+'(7.W!
'(A+(9(=*+=&!*+:!
*77(7,:&!
(Wiebe and Wilson 2005)!
;&+7(@&+7!638*-(7.!:*7*'&7'!!
63'(7(?&!!
+&A*7(?&V!!
;&+7(@&+7R'=*8&!:*7*'&7'!!
-*7(+A!'=*8&!
;,5B&=7(?(7.!:*7*'&7!!
',5B&=7(?&!!
35B&=7(?&!
!
[6(+(3+!
[6(+(3+!#38:&-!!
;&+7(@&+7!638*-(7.!
Z&8&?*+=&!(+93-@*7(3+!N,'(+A!
*!'&7!39!6-&R:&9(+&:!736(='V!
!
D@37(3+'!!
N&GAG!B3.W!9&*-W!
',-6-('&V!!
"38*-(7.!3-(&+7*7(3+!!
!
63'(7(?&!*+:!+&A*7(?&!
'&+7(@&+7!5&*-(+A!23-:'!!
2&(A#7&:!2(7#(+!7#&!
(+7&-?*8!39!ÄR1x!1Å!!
7#&(-!6*-7!39!'6&&=#!
7*A!
7#&(-!(+98&=7(3+'!
;&@*+7(=!8*5&8'!!
<*8&+=&!!
63'(7(?&!3-!+&A*7(?&!!
]-3,'*8!N&@37(3+!'7-&+A#7V!
!
35B&=7(?&W!!
(Pang and Lee 2004) (Pang et al.,
2002)!
#776H\\-&'&*-=#G+((G*=GB6\+7=(-\(+:&YR
&+G#7@8!
(Strapparava and Mihalcea 2007)!
(Remus et al., 2010)!
(Strapparava and Valitutti 2004)!
!
!
(Esuli and Sebastiani 2006)!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
qq!
#776H\\-&'&*-=#G+((G*=GB6\+7=(-\(+:&YR&+G#7@8
49
•
_-.-*04!$.`?&*-*!
•
C9&.&).!;&.7-*!
•
•
F&1*)IYKC=!
•
•
•
•
A,)%&).!%*&//-*'!
$BA"J!1)*9?'!
•
2$KAFC!
_)47!B%0.70*7!6)*!
V?%1+!
•
•
•
•
3JA2!%-'%!1)44-1%&).!
•
•
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V?%1+!'?>d-1%&H&%5!
()*7'!
!
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
_-*,0.=)40*&%524?-'!
]IY)*7K-%!
2)./*-''&).04!64))*I
7->0%-!%*0.'1*&9%'!
2),4-^!
•
•
!
•
2?'%),-*!*-H&-(!
70%0'-%'!
•
J-H&-(I'-0*1+!
*-'?4%'!'-%'!
Y+&''-44e'!V&1%&).0*5!
)6!"66-1%!&.!D0./?0/-!
2),9?%0%&).04!
'-,0.%&1!4-^&1).!)6!
•
50
63'(7(?&\+&A*7(?&!
!
',5B&=7(?&!!
638*-(7.W!!
'7-&+A7#!!
*Y&'!39!&@37(3+!
!
'3,-=&!39!7#&!',5B&=7(?(7.!!
23-:'!(+=8,:&:!(+!6#-*'&'!
&Y6-&''(+A!63'(7(?&\+&A*7(?&!
'&+7(@&+7'!
!
[6(+(3+!-&8&?*+=&!!!
p[Z$PD%!-&6-&'&+7*7(?&+&''!
638*-(7.!!
&@37(3+'!
!
D@37(3+!
!
F*B3-!*+:!@(+3-!&@37(3+'!
36(+(3+!3-!!
*77(7,:&!!
9*=7,*8!
!
-&8&?*+7!36(+(3+'!!
"38*-(7.!
63'(7(?&W!+&A*7(?&W!
@(Y7,-&!39!537#G!
63'(7(?&!
+&A*7(?&!
+&,7-*8!
',5B&=7(?(7.!!
35B&=7(?(7.!=8*''(9(=*7(3+W!!
638*-(7.!:&7&-@(+*7(3+!!
63'(7(?&W!+&A*7(?&!+&,7-*8!
!
"3'(7(?&W!+&A*7(?&!
_3-!3-!*A*(+'7!7#&!8&A('8*7(3+!
:('=,''&:!!
*77(7,:&!*:?&-5'!
!
2#&7#&-!*+!36(+(3+!('!
&Y6-&''&:!
9&*7,-&!9-3@!*!6-&R
:&9(+&:!8('7!
!
',5B&=7(?&!3-!+37!
*99&=7(?&!+3-@'!93-!D+A8('#!p3-:'!
*+:!;&+7(@&+7R5&*-(+A!*:B&=7(?&'!
•
_&&8(+A!
•
D@37(3+!
(Stone, et al. 1966)!
(Wilson et al., 2005)!
(Cerini, et al. 2007)!
(Balahur and Montoyo 2008)!
(Scherer and Wallbott 1997)!
(Brendel et al., 2010)!
(Maks and Vossen 2010)!
#776H\\(-G:='GA8*G*=G,4\7&'7!
=388&=7(3+'\!*==&''!73!:*7*G#7@8!
(Jijkoun and Hofmann 2009)!
(Yu and Hatzivassiloglou 2003)!
(Waltinger 2010)!
(Agerri and García-Serrano 2010)!
(Thomas et al., 2006)!
(Macleod et al., 1994)!
(Hu and Liu 2004)!
(Pang et al., 2002)!
(Sweeney and Whissell 1984)!
(Mathieu 2006)!
;*-.1+!H-*>'!
•
A1).),&.&./!
•
F?4%&94-I0'9-1%!
*-'%0?*0.%!*-H&-('!
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B-.%&,-.%!V0%0'-%!
R
R
"'.=#383A(=*8!'7*7&'!
!
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'&+7(@&+7!'=3-&'!
1R73Rl!-*7(+A!93-!9(?&!:(99&-&+7!
*'6&=7'!
1R73Rl!'7*-!8*5&8'!
(Ghose et al., 2007)!
(Snyder and Barzilay. 2007)!
(Blitzer et al., 2007)!
!
!
/G/!
%KD!TZD]%O[P!"Z[TD;;!
!
F]Pg]I!TZD]%O[P!
!
%#&!-&'3,-=&'W!2#(=#!#*?&!5&&+!=-&*7&:!&@683.(+A!*!@*+,*8!6-3=&''W!*-&H!
!
- %#&!_-.-*04!$.`?&*-*!('!*!'.'7&@!=-&*7&:!5.!(Stone, et al. 1966)!
!
- 2),4-^!(Macleod et al.,1994)!:(=7(3+*-.!
!
- F?4%&I=-*'9-1%&H-! ]?-'%&).! ".'(-*&./! NF"i]V! =3-6,' qm (Wilson and
Wiebe 2003)! (Wiebe and Wilson 2005)!(Wilson et al., 2005)!!
!
- %#&!C9&.&).!;&.7-*!8&Y(=3+!N',5B&=7(?(7.!=8,&'V (Wilson et al., 2005)!
!
- (Somasundaran, et al. 2006)! 0..)%0%&).! '1+-,-! 6)*! ,0.?04! 40>-44&./! )6!
)9&.&).!10%-/)*&-'!&.!,--%&./'!
!
- "..)%0%&).! B1+-,-! 0.7! _)47! B%0.70*7! 6)*! V?%1+! B?>d-1%&H-! "7d-1%&H-'!
(Maks and Vossen 2010)!
!
- (Jijkoun and Hofmann 2009)W! =-&*7&:! *! /)47! '%0.70*7! 6)*! V?%1+!
'?>d-1%&H&%5!()*7'T
-
%#&!2$KAFC!=3-6,'!39!_-&+=#!&@37(3+*8!'6&&=#G!(Brendel et al., 2010)G
;DFO!]P$!]g%[F]%OT!TZD]%O[P!
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!
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!222G='G6(77G&:,\@6b*\:*7*5*'&-&8&*'&!
51
-
(Yu and Hatzivassiloglou 2003)!*++37*7(3+!'1+-,-!0.7!1)*9?'!!
!
- A1).),&.&./qn!!
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- Y)*7K-%!"66-1%!(Strapparava and Valitutti 2004)!
!
- B-.%&,-.%Y)*%'1+0%a!PB-.%&YB#!(Remus et al., 2010)G!
- _-*,0.=)40*&%524?-'!(Waltinger 2010)!
- ]IY)*7K-% (Agerri and García-Serrano 2010).!
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6-3=&''G!
TABLE II.
!
K"FA!
!
F=]"!
!
2)*.-44!,)H&-I
*-H&-(!
!
B-.%&,-.%Y)*%'1
+0%a!
!
Y)*7K-%!"66-1%!
!
B-.%&()*7.-%!
!
_-.-*04!$.`?&*-*!
!
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!
F&1*)IYKC=!
!
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!
2$KAFC!
!
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V?%1+!
!
3JA2!%-'%!
1)44-1%&).!
!
V?%1+!'?>dT!()*7'
!
!
RESOURCE CREATION METHOD (MANUAL, AUTOMATIC/SEMI AUTOMATIC)
!
F"KQ"D!
!
BAF$Z"Q3CF"3$2!
E!
!
Np(&5&!&7!*8GW!/00lV!
!
E!
N"*+A!*+:!I&&!/00UVW!N"*+A!&7!*8GW!/00/V!
!
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!
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!
E!
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E!
!
N;73+&W!&7!*8G!1QqqV!
E!
!
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!
(Scherer and Wallbott 1997)!
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!
Nc-&+:&8!&7!*8GW!/010V!
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NF*4'!*+:!<3''&+!/010V!
!
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E!
#776H\\(-G:='GA8*G*=G,4\7&'7! =388&=7(3+'\!
*==&''!73!:*7*G#7@8!
!
!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
qn
!#776H\\&=3+3@(+(+AG'7&-+G+.,G&:,\:*7*'&7'G#7@8!
52
!
JA;AJAK2A!
N)(B43,+!*+:!K39@*++!/00QV!
Nj,!*+:!K*7a(?*''(83A83,!/00SV!
_-*,0.=)40*&%524
?-'!
!
]IY)*7K-%!
!
2)./*-''&).04!
64))*I7->0%-!
%*0.'1*&9%'!
!
2),4-^!
!
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!
Y+&''-44e'!
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2),9?%0%&).04!
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D+A8('#!*+:!7#&!@3-&!6-3@(+&+7!:3@*(+!('!7#&!A&+&-*8!3+&G!%#&-&!*-&!&Y=&67(3+'!
39!23-4'!:3+&!93-!_-&+=#W!$,7=#!3-!&?&+!T#(+&'&!*+:!)*6*+&'&W!5,7!,+93-7,+*7&8.!
53
7#&.!*-&!(+!*!?&-.!'@*88!+,@5&-!(9!=3@6*-&:!2(7#!7#&!D+A8('#!-&'3,-=&'G!O+!*!'(@(8*-!
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TABLE III.
!
K"FA!
!
F=]"!
2)*.-44!
,)H&-I
*-H&-(!
3+-!K32$J!
,?4%&4&./?04!
1)*9?'!
B-,AH04!
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UO!
c"66-1%&H-!
3-^%!
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2$KAFC!
!
D"K_Q"_A!
RESOURCES LANGUAGE, DOMAIN AND SIZE
!
VCF"$K!
!
B$gA!
10000!'&+G!
/000!-&?(&2'!
10qq/!'&+G!
10000!'&+G!
q000!'&+G!!
!
JA;AJAK2A!
!
Np(&5&!&7!*8GW!/00lV!
N"*+A!*+:!I&&!/00UVW!N"*+A!
&7!*8GW!/00/V!
D+A8('#!
D+A8('#!
>&+&-*8!
F3?(&'!
D+A8('#W!
T#(+&'&W!
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D+A8('#!
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1000!'&+G!
1000!'&+G!7&'7!
N;7-*66*-*?*! *+:! F(#*8=&*!
/00mV!
D+A8('#!
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m000!'&+G!
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$(99&-&+7!
736(='!
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(Scherer
and
Wallbott
1997)!
Nc-&+:&8W! r*==*-&88(! *+:!
$&,?(88&-'!/010V!
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:&?&836G!!
D+A8('#!
l! &8&=7-3+(=! +G*G!
6-3:,=7'!
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54
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*+:!7#*7!('!2#.!:,&!73!7#&!+&&:!39!-&'3,-=&'!(+!37#&-!8*+A,*A&'!*77&@67'!93=,'&:!
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736(=!9&*7,-&'!*+:!'.+7*=7(=!
-&8*7(3+'!3,76&-93-@'!+RA-*@!
=8*''(9(=*7(3+'V!
Z&?(&2'!=8*''(9(=*7(3+!(+73!*!8*-A&!
'=*8&!39!?*8,&'!
!
T3@6*-('3+!5&72&&+!:(99&-&+7!
@&7#3:'!39!',6&-?('&:!*+:!
POLARITY CLASSIFICATION RESEARCH
!
"Q3XCJ!
N"*+A!*+:!I&&!/00nV!
N^366&8!*+:!;#7-(@5&-A!/00UV!
N%,-+&.!/00/V!
N$*?&!&7!*8GW!/00SV!
N"*+A!&7!*8GW!/00/V!
NF,88&+!*+:!T388(&-!/00UV!
!
N"*+A!*+:!I&&!/00SV!
NT#*3?*8(7!*+:!r#3,!/00lV!
59
,+',6&-?('&:!8&*-+(+A!
!
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:3=,@&+7!8&?&8!
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!
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(+!*!i]!'=&+*-(3!
!
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6*77&-+'!:&:,=&:!93-!'&+7(@&+7!
*+*8.'('W!5*'&:!3+!*!',5B&=7(?(7.!
8&Y(=3+!
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A-*+,8*-(7.!73!7#&!*+*8.'('!
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Nj,!*+:!K*7a(?*''(83A83,!/00SV!
NK*7a(?*''(83A83,!*+:!p(&5&!/000V!
Np(&5&!*+:!Z(8399!/00qV!!
Np(8'3+!&7!*8GW!/00UV!
!
NF=$3+*8:W!&7!*8G!/00mV!
!
!
["OPO[P!igD;%O[P!]P;pDZOP>!]P$!["OPO[P!;gFF]ZO;]%O[P!!
!
[6(+(3+! i,&'7(3+! ]+'2&-(+A! *+:! [6(+(3+! ;,@@*-('*7(3+! *-&! 723! P*7,-*8!
"-3=&''(+A! 7*'4'! 7#*7W! (9! 6&-93-@&:! &99&=7(?&8.W! =3,8:! 5&! &Y7-&@&8.! ,'&9,8! 73! 9(+:!
7#&! -&b,(-&:! (+93-@*7(3+! *@3+A! 7#&! #,A&! b,*+7(7.! 39! ',5B&=7(?&! (+93-@*7(3+!
*?*(8*58&! *?3(:(+A! 833'(+A! @,=#! 7(@&! 93-! @*+,*88.! :('=-(@(+*7(+A! (+7&-&'7(+A!
(+93-@*7(3+!3-!+37!:&6&+:(+A!3+!7#&!,'&-s'!+&&:'G!!
!
_3-!537#!7*'4'W!@3'7!39!7#&!'7*7&!39!7#&!*-7!#*'!5&&+!93=,'&:!3+!7#&!:&?&836@&+7!
39!'.'7&@'!93-!7#&!7-&*7@&+7!39!9*=7,*8!:*7*G!(Quarteroni, et al. 2007)!93-![6(+(3+!
i,&'7(3+! ]+'2&-(+A! *+:! (Kabadjov et al., 2009)x! (Steinberger, et al., 2007)x! (E.
Hovy 2005)x!(Erkan and Radev 2004)!93-!],73@*7(=!;,@@*-('*7(3+G!
!
K32&?&-W! :,&! 73! 7#&! 6-&'&+7! =3+7&Y7W! 7#&! ,'&-s'! +&&:! ('! @3-&! 93=,'&:! 3+! 7#&!
*+*8.'('! 39! ',5B&=7(?&! :*7*W! &Y7-&@&8.! :(99(=,87! 73! @*+*A&G! O+! 9*=7! (+! 7#&! =*'&! 39!
i,&'7(3+! ]+'2&-(+AW! *+'2&-'! =*+! 5&! 83+A&-! 7#*+! 3+&! '(@68&! '&+7&+=&! *+:! 7#&!
'(@68&!'&+7&+=&!,+:&-'7*+:(+A!('!*+!&Y7-&@&8.!7&:(3,'G!!
;,5B&=7(?&! :*7*! ('! *8'3! =#*88&+A(+A! 73! @*+*A&! 93-! ],73@*7(=! ;,@@*-('*7(3+!
'.'7&@'!(+!2#(=#!7#&-&!('!7#&!:('=-(@(+*7(3+!39!,'&9,8!6(&=&'!39!7#&!7&Y7G!]97&-!7#*7!
7#&! (+7&-6-&7*7(3+! 39! 7#&! :*7*! ('! &''&+7(*8! *+:! (+! @*+.! =*'&'! ,'&-'! &Y6-&''! 7#&(-!
36(+(3+!(+!*!+3+R=*+3+(=*8!2*.!(+=-&*'(+A!7#&!-('4!39!&--3-!6-36*A*7(3+G!
O+!3-:&-!73!A(?&!*!=3@68&7&!3?&-?(&2!39!7#&!@3'7!'(A+(9(=*+7!-&'&*-=#!=*--(&:!3,7!(+!
60
7#&!9-*@&23-4!39!7#&'&!7#-&&!4&.!P*7,-*8!I*+A,*A&!"-3=&''(+A!7*'4'W!*!',@@*-.!
7*58&! (+! 2#(=#! 2&! @&+7(3+! 7#&! -&'&*-=#! 93-! &*=#! 7*'4! *+:! 7#&! =3--&'63+:(+A!
&?*8,*7(3+! =*@6*(A+! 73A&7#&-! 2(7#! *! 5-(&9! :&'=-(67(3+! 39! 7#&! @3'7! -&8&?*+7!
6*-7(=(6*7(+A!'.'7&@'!('!6-&'&+7&:!(+!%]cID!<G!!
!
TABLE V.
!
"Q3XCJ!
!
OVERVIEW IN RESEARCH IN SENTIMENT ANALYSIS
!
"==JC"2X!
!
C=$K$CK!]QAB3$CK!"KBYAJ$K_!
(Stoyanov et al., 2005)!N",'7&B3?'4.!*+:!p(&5&! "&=,8(*-(7(&'!39!36(+(3+!b,&'7(3+'!
/00lV!
!
NT*-:(&W!&7!*8G!/00UV!
[6(+(3+! ',@@*-(a*7(3+! 73! ',663-7! *! F,87(R
"&-'6&=7(?&! i]! '.'7&@W! 73! (:&+7(9.! 7#&!
36(+(3+R3-(&+7&:! *+'2&-'! 93-! *! A(?&+! '&7! 39!
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',@@*-(a&:! 7#&@! *'! *+'2&-! 73! 36(+(3+!
b,&'7(3+'!
N^(@!*+:!K3?.!/00qV!
O:&+7(9(&:! 36(+(3+! #38:&-'W! 2#(=#! *-&! *! 4&.!
=3@63+&+7! (+! -&7-(&?(+A! 7#&! =3--&=7! *+'2&-'!
73!36(+(3+!b,&'7(3+'!
!
3"2!LbbO!
%#&!]8.''*!'.'7&@!N;#&+W!&7!*8G!/00mV!
]!;<F!=8*''(9(&-!7-*(+&:!3+!7#&!F"i]W!D+A8('#!
!
P%TOZn! :*7*! *+:! -,8&'! 5*'&:! 3+! 7#&!
',5B&=7(?(7.!8&Y(=3+G!
N<*-@*W!&7!*8G!/00nV!
i,&-.! *+*8.'('! 73! :&7&=7! 7#&! 638*-(7.! 39! 7#&!
b,&'7(3+!,'(+A!:&9(+&:!-,8&'G!!
[6(+(3+! 9(87&-(+A! 9-3@! 9*=7! -&7-(&?&:! '+(66&7'!
,'(+A! *! =8*''(9(&-! 5*'&:! 3+! P*Ü?&! c*.&'! 2(7#!
,+(A-*@!9&*7,-&'W!*''(A+(+A!93-!&*=#!'&+7&+=&!
*! '=3-&! 7#*7! ('! *! 8(+&*-! =3@5(+*7(3+! 5&72&&+!
7#&!36(+(3+!*+:!7#&!638*-(7.!'=3-&'G!
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,'(+A!7#&!^,885*=4RI&(58&-!:(?&-A&+=&!@&*',-&!
2(7#! 7#&! 723! &'7(@*7&:! 8*+A,*A&! @3:&8'! 93-!
7#&!63'(7(?&!?'G!+&A*7(?&!=*7&A3-(&'G!
%#&!ig]P%]!'.'7&@!N_*+A7*3W!&7!*8G!/00nV!
$&7&=7&:! 7#&! 36(+(3+! #38:&-W! 7#&! 35B&=7! *+:!
7#&! 638*-(7.G! O7! ,'&'! *! '&@*+7(=! 8*5&88&-! 5*'&:!
3+! "-36c*+4! *+:! @*+,*88.! :&9(+&:! 6*77&-+'G!
_3-! 7#&! '&+7(@&+7! =8*''(9(=*7(3+W! 7#&.! &Y7-*=7!
*+:!=8*''(9.!7#&!36(+(3+!23-:'G!_3-!7#&!*+'2&-!
-&7-(&?*8W! 7#&.! '=3-&! 7#&! -&7-(&?&:! '+(66&7'!
:&6&+:(+A! 3+! 7#&! 6-&'&+=&! 39! 736(=! *+:!
36(+(3+! 23-:'! *+:! =#33'&! *'! *+'2&-! 7#&! 736!
-*+4(+A!-&',87'G!!
61
!
!
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*66-3*=#&'! ,'(+A! '.+7*=7(=! 6*77&-+'! 8&*-+&:!
3+!7#&!F"i]!=3-6,'!!
!
C=$K$CK!BQFF"J$B"3$CK!
!
NK,!*+:!I(,!/00UV!
!
N;73.*+3?!*+:!T*-:(&!/00qV!
_(+&RA-*(+&:W!9&*7,-&R5*'&:!36(+(3+!
(Saggion and Funk 2010)!
',@@*-(a*7(3+!:&9(+(7(3+!
N;*AA(3+!&7!*8GW!/010V!
!
C=$K$CK!=$DC3!3J"2R!"3!3XA!3Ai3!"K"DjB$B!2CK;AJAK2A!
F3'7!6*-7(=(6*+7'!*::&:!+&2!9&*7,-&'!
TI];;j!NT3+-3.!*+:!;=#8&'(+A&-!/00nVx!!
N'&+7(@&+7W!63'(7(?&\+&A*7(?&!'&+7(@&+7W!
TTPg! NK&W! &7! *8G! /00nVx! IO"P! Nc3''*-:W!
63'(7(?&\+&A*7(?&!36(+(3+V!73!*==3,+7!93-!7#&!
>X+X-&,Y!*+:!"3(5&*,!/00nVx!!
6-&'&+=&!39!63'(7(?&!36(+(3+'!3-!+&A*7(?&!3+&'!
OOO%;,@0n!N<*-@*W!&7!*8G!/00nV!
O7*8(=!NT-,aW!&7!*8G!/00nV!
!
!
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!
T[PTIg;O[P;!
!
O+!7#('!'&=3+:!=#*67&-!2&!6-&'&+7&:!7#&!@3'7!-&8&?*+7!7338'!*+:!-&'3,-=&'!=-&*7&:!
(+!7#&!9-*@&23-4!39!;&+7(@&+7!]+*8.'('G!O+!3-:&-!73!#*?&!*!=8&*-!?(&2!3+!2#*7!#*'!
5&&+!:3+&W!2&!A-3,6&:!*88!39!7#&@!*==3-:(+A!73!7#&!=-(7&-(*!39!8&?&8!39!'&+7(@&+7!
:&7&=7(3+!A-*+,8*-(7.W!=-&*7(3+!6-3=&''!N@*+,*8!3-!'&@(\*,73@*7(=V!*+:!8*+A,*A&W!
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F(+(+AW! i,&'7(3+! ]+'2&-(+AW! *+:! ],73@*7(=! ;,@@*-('*7(3+! *+:! 2#(8&! *668(=*58&!
2&! @&+7(3+&:! 7#&! =3@6&7(7(3+'! 3-A*+('&:! *+:! 7#&! @3'7! -&8&?*+7! 6*-7(=(6*7(3+'!
,+7(8!+32G!!
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p&! 5&8(&?&! 7#*7! 7#('! =8*''(9(=*7(3+! 39! -&'3,-=&'! ('! =-,=(*8! 73! #*?&! 9(-'7! 39! *88! *+!
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2&! 5-(+A! 2(7#! 3,-! -&'&*-=#G! p&! *-&! *8'3! =3+?(+=&:! 7#*7! (+! -&'&*-=#! 3+&! 39! 7#&!
@3'7!(@63-7*+7!*'6&=7'!7#*7!@*4&!*!=3+=-&7&!23-4!(++3?*7(?&!('!7#&!9*=7!7#*7!2&!
#*?&! 73! '7*-7! 9-3@! 2#*7! ('! :3+&! *97&-! #*?(+A! @*:&! *+! &Y#*,'7(?&! *+*8.'('! 39! 7#&!
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23-4!39!*!#(A#!b,*8(7.G!
!
62
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39!-&'3,-=&'!5,(87!,6!93-!8*+A,*A&'!37#&-!7#*+!D+A8('#G!F3-&3?&-!@3'7!39!7#&!23-4!
:3+&! =3+=&+7-*7&:! 3+! '7,:.(+A! 7&Y7'! 9-3@! +&2'6*6&-! *-7(=8&'! *+:! *+*8.'&:! 7#&!
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!
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=8*''(9.!(7G!]==3-:(+A!73!3,-!36(+(3+W!*97&-!.&*-'!39!=3*-'&RA-*(+&:!*+*8.'('!@*(+8.!
93=,'&:!3+!D+A8('#W!=3-63-*!(+!37#&-!8*+A,*A&'!8*5&88&:!(+!*!9(+&RA-*(+&:!2*.!*-&!
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!
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]++37*7(3+RF3:&8! #*'! 5&&+! :&'(A+&:! 73! 3?&-=3@&! 7#&! *53?&@&+7(3+&:!
=#*88&+A&'H! 8*=4! 39! -&'3,-=&'! (+! 8*+A,*A&'! 37#&-! 7#*+! D+A8('#W! 9(+&RA-*(+&:!
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!
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7#&! 6&+:(+A! ('',&'W! +&Y7! =#*67&-! :&'=-(5&'! #32! 2&! 5,(87! ,6! 7#&! D@37(c83AR
]++37*7(3+RF3:&8!*+:!#32!2&!=388&=7&:!7#&!D@37(c83ART3-6,'!*+:!8*5&88&:!(7G!%#&!
*++37*7(3+! '=#&@&! ('! :&'=-(5&:! (+! :&7*(8! *+:! *8'3! *++37*7(3+! &Y*@68&'! *-&!
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(@6-3?&@&+7!39!7#&!;7*7&!39!7#&!]-7G!
63
SG!
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73!=388&=7!7#&!D@37(c83ART3-6,'!2*'!7#&!:&'(-&!73!=3+7-(5,7&!73!7#&!(@6-3?&@&+7!
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%D%*H2&,(*H#(%*H%C*#'*)*1#"%*2:*,)"45)4%*().)*F#.D*5"0&%-%(%".%(*&#-D"%''*)"(*
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2(7#! -&*8! &Y*@68&'! &Y7-*=7&:! 9-3@! 7#&! =3-6,'G! ]! '6&=(*8! &+6#*'('! ('! :&:(=*7&:! 73!
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93,+:!(+!7#&!]""DP$OE!OW!2#&-&!7#&!-&:,=&:!?&-'(3+!39!7#&!*++37*7(3+!A,(:&8(+&'!
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64
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7#&! @3:&8'! #*?&! (+! =3@@3+G! D?&+! (9! 7#&! F"i]! ('! =3@63'&:! 5.! +&2'6*6&-!
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73!9(+:!7&-@'!(+!=3@@3+!'(+=&!7#&!736(=!('!7#&!'*@&G!%#,'!&@683.(+A!537#!=3-63-*!
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@3-&!:*7*!73!7-*(+!*+:!7&'7!3,-!F*=#(+&!I&*-+(+A!'.'7&@G!
p&! =388&=7&:! 583A! 63'7'! 6-3:,=&:! (+! /00Q! *53,7! 7#&! S! 736(='! 6-&'&+7&:! *+:!
:&'=-(5&:!(+!%]cID!<OG!!
TABLE VI.
!
3C=$2!
!
%#&!^.373!"-373=38!
%#&!&8&=7(3+'!(+!r(@5*52&!
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EMOTIBLOG CORPUS DOMAINS DESCRIPTION
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VAB2J$=3$CK!
[6(+(3+'! *53,7! g;]! =(7(a&+'! 5,7! *8'3! 9-3@! *88!
3?&-!7#&!23-8:!*53,7!7#&!^.373!"-373=38!*+:!7#&!
c,'#!638(=.!3+!7#*7!
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r(@5*52&! *+:! *53,7! 7#&! C6-&'(:&+7M! 39! 7#('!
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93-!7#&!g;]!6-&'(:&+=.!
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!
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66
!
TABLE VII.
!
3C=$2!
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EMOTIBLOG-CORPUS TOPICS, SIZE AND LANGUAGES
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Evert and Baroni (2006)!:&'=-(5&!(+!7#&(-!6*6&-!7(78&:!!'#"4*H%C*().)*:2&*,#"45#'.#-*
05&02'%'J* ]==3-:(+A! 73! 7#&! *,7#3-'W! (%0%"(#"4* 2"* .D%* ,#"45#'.#-* ]5%'.#2"* 2&*
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;6*+('#! =3@63'&:! 5.! +&2! 7&Y7,*8! A&+-&'! &Y7-*=7'! *+:! 7#,'! 3,-! :&'(-&! 2*'! 73!
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]+*8.'('!*53?&!*88!(+!8*+A,*A&'!37#&-!7#*+!D+A8('#G!!
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(Lüdeling et al., 2006)H!
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(15) Good post about Kyoto! I think the problem lies with the media
mis-intepreting the threats of global warming which confuses the
constituents who vote for people that do not have it on their
agenda.
(16) I love it when people say it will hurt the US Economy,
especially business leaders. Apparently they do not have the
foresight to realize how much $$$$$$$ they could make if we switch
to a greener capitalist system.
!
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(17) The perils of arguing against an idiot. For nearly six years
now Democrats have been calling George W. Bush a moron. He can't put
a coherent sentence together, he has admitted only one mistake
(taking responsibility for Katrina screwups) to date, and he seems
to be screwing up Iraq, which pisses me off because I think that the
democratization of Iraq would have been a very good thing.
But forget about all of that for a minute. Texans probably think
that W sounds just fine, he did admit a mistake, and President's
make foreign policy snafus. It happens. The fact is that Democrats
and Republicans are locked in an ideological battle. Each believes
that implementing their policies will make the country and the world
71
a better place, while enacting the opponent's platform will lead to
a country filled with either slack-jawed, bumbling, racist hicks
being ruled by four rich oil corporations or, alternatively,
communist, possibly homosexual hippy deadbeats with STDs.
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(18) Bush is a perfect president rejecting the Kyoto Protocol…
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(19) And the Protocol was designed to allow, and even to encourage,
fraud. Not only have signatories fiddled their 1990 emissions to
allow themselves the right to emit more in 2010 than they did in
1990; many of them have set up "cap-and-trade" schemes, such as that
which you have proposed, and have then fiddled the operation of the
schemes. The European dictatorship, for instance, allowed each of
its satrapies to trade quantities of emissions that exceeded their
current total emissions by a comfortable margin. That is why the
European "cap-and-trade" scheme collapsed.
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73
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(20) It amazes me how much president Bush gets what he wants. I'ts
hard to come up with any policy that he wanted and didn't get. I
keep hearing liberals call him stupid but he has won every political
battle he faced. I personally don't like most of his policies but
this myth that he is not smart is completely false. If there are any
stupid people it's the Nancy Pelosi led Democrats who cannot beat a
president with a ~20% approval rating.
!
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(21) Your present is Amazing!! Thank you so much
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6#.'(=*8! *=7'W! 6#.'(383A(=*8! *-3,'*8! *+:! =3@@,+(=*7(3+! 2(7#! 37#&-! 6&368&G!
8)("%''W! 93-! &Y*@68&W! =*,'&'! *! 6&-'3+! 73! =-.! *+:! 2(7#:-*2! 9-3@! '3=(*8! =(-=8&'W!
2#(8&! '5&0&#'%! =*,'&'! '(A#! *+:! -*('&! 6&368&s'! &.&5-32'W! 2#(8&! *+A&-! 6-3?34&'!
7-&@58(+A!*+:!*AA-&''(?&!5&#*?(3,-G!!
!
P,@&-3,'! -&'&*-=#&-'! 23-4&:! 3+! &@37(3+! :&9(+(7(3+! *+:! =8*''(9(=*7(3+G! Z35&-7!
"8,7=#(4W!"*,8!D4@*+W!p*88*=&!_-(&'&+W!T*--38!Oa*-:!*+:!;(8?*+!%3@4(+'!*-&!*@3+A!
7#&!+*@&'!7#*7!#*?&!@*:&!'(A+(9(=*+7!=3+7-(5,7(3+'!73!7#&!'7,:.!*+:!=8*''(9(=*7(3+!
39!#,@*+!&@37(3+'G!%#&.!:&9(+&:!=&-7*(+!&@37(3+'!*'!5*'(=G!!
_3-! &Y*@68&W! *==3-:(+A! 73! Ekman (1999)! 7#&! 5*'(=! 3+&'! *-&H! ')("%''R* D)00#"%''R*
)"4%&R*:%)&R*(#'45'.R*)"(*'5&0&#'%G!%#&'&!&@37(3+'!1),>&.-!&.!7&66-*-.%!(05'!0.7!
6)*,! )%+-*! -,)%&).'W! (+=8,:(+A! -210)''#2"R* C2&%(21R* %1C)&&)''1%".R* &)4%R*
D5"4%&R*)"(*12&%G!!
]==3-:(+A! 73! Ekman and Friesen (1969)W! 7#&-&! *-&! Q! =#*-*=7&-('7(='W! 2#(=#!
:('7(+A,('#! >0'&1! -,)%&).'! 9-3@! 3+&! *+37#&-! *+:! 9-3@! 37#&-! *99&=7(?&!
74
6#&+3@&+*G!%#&'&!9&*7,-&'!*-&!6-&'&+7&:!(+!7#&!7*58&!5&832H!
!
TABLE VIII.
!
K!
!
!
1!
/!
S!
U!
l!
q!
m!
n!
Q!
NINE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF EMOTIONS
!
;A"3QJA!VAB2J$=3$CK!
$('7(+=7(?&!,+(?&-'*8!'(A+*8'!
"-&'&+=&!(+!37#&-!6-(@*7&'!
$('7(+=7(?&!6#.'(383A.!
$('7(+=7(?&!,+(?&-'*8'!(+!*+7&=&:&+7'!&?&+7'!
T3#&-&+=&!*@3+A!&@37(3+*8!-&'63+'&!
i,(=4!3+'&7!
c-(&9!:,-*7(3+!
],73@*7(=!*66-*('*8!
g+5(::&+!3==,--&+=&!
!
;3@&!39!7#&'&!=#*-*=7&-('7(='!N1WSWUV!:('7(+A,('#!3+&!&@37(3+!9-3@!*+37#&-W!2#(8&!
7#&!37#&-'!*-&!,'&9,8!73!:('=-(@(+*7&!&@37(3+'!9-3@!37#&-!*99&=7(?&!'7*7&'W!',=#!*'!
@33:'W!&@37(3+*8!7-*(7'W!*77(7,:&'W!&7=G!
_,-7#&-! -&'&*-=#! =*--(&:! 3,7! 5.! "8,7=#(4! N1Qn0V! *+:! D4@*+! N1Qm/V! =3+9(-@&:! 7#&!
&?38,7(3+*-.!+*7,-&!39!&@37(3+'W!*!736(=!6-&?(3,'8.!:('=,''&:!(+!:&7*(8!5.!T#*-8&'!
$*-2(+!N1nq/\1QqlVG!]A-&&(+A!2(7#!$*-2(+!N1nq/\1QqlVW!"8,7=#(4!N1Qn0V! 5&8(&?&:!
7#*7!&@37(3+'!&?38?&:!93-!7#&!'*4&!39!#,@*+!',-?(?*8!*+:!-&6-3:,=7(3+G!!
D4@*+!*8'3!*A-&&:!2(7#!$*-2(+!*+:!*97&-!'7,:.(+A!*+!('38*7&:!7-(5&!(+!"*6,*!P&2!
>,(+&*W! #&! =3+=8,:&:! 7#*7! '3@&! &@37(3+'! *-&! ,+(?&-'*8! *+:! (++*7&G! F3-&3?&-W!
-&'&*-=#! 6-3?&'! 7#*7! &@37(3+'! *99&=7! *+:! '#*6&! 7#&! &''&+=&! 39! 8(9&! 93-! @*+4(+:!
*+:! (7! ('! +3! 23+:&-! 7#*7! 6'.=#383A.W! +&,-3'=(&+=&W! &7#(='W! '3=(383A.W! *+:!
@&7*6#.'(='W!*@3+A!37#&-!9(&8:'W!*88!:&*8!2(7#!7#&!'7,:.!39!#,@*+!&@37(3+'G!
]'!(+!@*+.!:('=(68(+&'W!7#&3-('7'!:('*A-&&!*+:!Ortony and Turner (1990)!=*--(&:!3,7!
*!2(:&!-*+A&!39!-&'&*-=#!93=,'&:!3+!7#&!(:&+7(9(=*7(3+!39!5*'(=!&@37(3+'G!!
$(99&-&+7! -&'&*-=#&-'! =&+7-&:! 7#&(-! '7,:(&'! 3+! =8*''(9.(+A! &@37(3+! *+:! (7'!
&Y6-&''(3+G!%#&!@3'7!-&8&?*+7!*-&!6-&'&+7&:!(+!7#&!7*58&!5&832G!
!
!
TABLE IX.
JABA"J2XAJ!
!
N"8,7=#(4!1Qn0V!
N]-+38:!1Qq0V!
DIFFERENT EMOTION CLASSIFICATIONS
AFC3$CK!2D"BB$;$2"3$CK!
]==&67*+=&W!*+A&-W!*+7(=(6*7(3+W!:('A,'7W!B3.W!9&*-W!'*:+&''W!',-6-('&!
]+A&-W! *?&-'(3+W! =3,-*A&W! :&B&=7(3+W! :&'(-&W! :&'6*(-W! 9&*-W! #*7&W! #36&W!
83?&W!'*:+&''!
75
ND4@*+! &7! *8GW!
1Qn/V!
N_-(B:*!1QnqV!
N>-*.!1QnlV!
NTG!DG!Oa*-:!1QmmV!
!
N)*@&'!1nnUV!
NF=$3,A*88!1Q/qV!
NF32-&-!1Qq0V!
N[*78&.!
*+:!
)3#+'3+RI*(-:!
1QnmV!
N"*+4'&66!1Qn/V!
!
(Tomkins 1984)!
Np*7'3+!1QS0V!
!
Np&(+&-!
*+:!
>-*#*@!1QnUV!
]+A&-W!:('A,'7W!9&*-W!B3.W!'*:+&''W!',-6-('&!
$&'(-&W!#*66(+&''W!(+7&-&'7W!',-6-('&W!23+:&-W!'3--32!
Z*A&!*+:!7&--3-W!*+Y(&7.W!B3.!
]+A&-W! =3+7&@67W! :('A,'7W! :('7-&''W! 9&*-W! A,(87W! (+7&-&'7W! B3.W! '#*@&W!
',-6-('&!
_&*-W!A-(&9W!83?&W!-*A&!
]+A&-W!:('A,'7W!&8*7(3+W!9&*-W!',5B&=7(3+W!7&+:&-R&@37(3+W!23+:&-!
"*(+W!68&*',-&!
]+A&-W!:('A,'7W!*+Y(&7.W!#*66(+&''W!'*:+&''!
DY6&=7*+=.W!9&*-W!-*A&W!6*+(=!
]+A&-W!(+7&-&'7W!=3+7&@67W!:('A,'7W!:('7-&''W!9&*-W!B3.W!'#*@&W!',-6-('&!
_&*-W!83?&W!-*A&!
K*66(+&''W!'*:+&''!
O+! %]cID! EG! 2&! 6-&'&+7! *! :&&6&-! 8('7! 39! &@37(3+'! *'! :&'=-(5&:! (+! (Parrott 2001)W!
2#&-&!7#&.!2&-&!=8*''(9(&:!(+73!*!'#3-7!7-&&!'7-,=7,-&G!
TABLE X.
=J$F"Jj!
AFC3$CK!
!
I3?&!
]99&=7(3+!
)3.!
I,'7!
I3+A(+A!
T#&&-9,8+&''!
BA2CKV"Jj!AFC3$CK!
r&'7!
;,-6-('&!
]+A&-!
T3+7&+7@&+7!
"-(:&!
[67(@('@!
D+7#-*88@&+7!
Z&8(&9!
;,-6-('&!
O--(7*7(3+!
DY*'6&-*7(3+!
Z*A&!
76
PARROT’S EMOTION CLASSIFICATION
3AJ3$"Jj!AFC3$CKB!
]:3-*7(3+W! *99&=7(3+W! 83?&W! 93+:+&''W! 8(4(+AW!
*77-*=7(3+W! =*-(+AW! 7&+:&-+&''W! =3@6*''(3+W!
'&+7(@&+7*8(7.!
]-3,'*8W!:&'(-&W!8,'7W!6*''(3+W!(+9*7,*7(3+!
I3+A(+A!
]@,'&@&+7W! 58(''W! =#&&-9,8+&''W! A*(&7.W! A8&&W!
B388(+&''W! B3?(*8(7.W! B3.W! :&8(A#7W! &+B3.@&+7W!
A8*:+&''W! #*66(+&''W! B,5(8*7(3+W! &8*7(3+W!
'*7('9*=7(3+W!&='7*'.W!&,6#3-(*!
D+7#,'(*'@W! a&*8W! a&'7W! &Y=(7&@&+7W! 7#-(88W!
&Y#(8*-*7(3+!
T3+7&+7@&+7W!68&*',-&!
"-(:&W!7-(,@6#!
D*A&-+&''W!#36&W!367(@('@!
D+7#-*88@&+7W!-*67,-&!
Z&8(&9!
]@*a&@&+7W!',-6-('&W!*'73+('#@&+7!
]AA-*?*7(3+W! (--(7*7(3+W! *A(7*7(3+W! *++3.*+=&W!
A-3,=#(+&''W!A-,@6(+&''!
DY*'6&-*7(3+W!9-,'7-*7(3+!
]+A&-W! -*A&W! 3,7-*A&W! 9,-.W! 2-*7#W! #3'7(8(7.W!
9&-3=(7.W! 5(77&-+&''W! #*7&W! 83*7#(+AW! '=3-+W! '6(7&W!
?&+A&9,8+&''W!:('8(4&W!-&'&+7@&+7!
!
;*:+&''!
$('A,'7!
D+?.!
%3-@&+7!
;,99&-(+A!
;*:+&''!
$('*663(+7@&+7!
;#*@&!
P&A8&=7!
_&*-!
;.@6*7#.!
K3--3-!
P&-?3,'+&''!
$('A,'7W!-&?,8'(3+W!=3+7&@67!
D+?.W!B&*83,'.!
%3-@&+7!
]A3+.W!',99&-(+AW!#,-7W!*+A,('#!
$&6-&''(3+W! :&'6*(-W! #36&8&''+&''W! A833@W!
A8,@+&''W! '*:+&''W! ,+#*66(+&''W! A-(&9W! '3--32W!
23&W!@('&-.W!@&8*+=#38.!
$('@*.W!:('*663(+7@&+7W!:('68&*',-&!
>,(87W!'#*@&W!-&A-&7W!-&@3-'&!
]8(&+*7(3+W! ('38*7(3+W! +&A8&=7W! 83+&8(+&''W!
-&B&=7(3+W! #3@&'(=4+&''W! :&9&*7W! :&B&=7(3+W!
(+'&=,-(7.W!&@5*--*''@&+7W!#,@(8(*7(3+W!(+',87!
"(7.W!'.@6*7#.!
]8*-@W! '#3=4W! 9&*-W! 9-(A#7W! #3--3-W! 7&--3-W! 6*+(=W!
#.'7&-(*W!@3-7(9(=*7(3+!
]+Y(&7.W! +&-?3,'+&''W! 7&+'&+&''W! ,+&*'(+&''W!
*66-&#&+'(3+W!23--.W!:('7-&''W!:-&*:!
!
!
O+! 3-:&-! 73! *++37*7&! ',5B&=7(?(7.! &Y6-&''(3+'! 2&! '&8&=7&:! 7#&! =*7&A3-(&'! ;=#&-&-!
6-363'&:!(K. Scherer 2005)G!c&93-&!:&'=-(5(+A!7#&@!(7!('!23-7#!,+:&-8.(+A!7#*7!#('!
23-4! ('! 93=,'&:! 3+! 7#&! :&9(+(7(3+! *+:! =8*''(9(=*7(3+! 39! &@37(3+! (+! =3+?&-'*7(3+G!
K32&?&-W!*97&-!#*?(+A!*+*8.'&:!7#&!6-&?(3,'!23-4!:3+&!*+:!:&'=-(5&:!*53?&W!2&!
:&=(:&:!7#*7!7#&!;=#&-&-s'!=8*''(9(=*7(3+!2*'!@3-&!*:&b,*7&!73!23-4!2(7#!583A'G!O+!
9*=7W! *'! 2&! *8-&*:.! &Y68*(+&:! (+! 7#&! (+7-3:,=73-.! '&=7(3+W! 7#&! 583A! '7.8&! =3,8:! 5&!
=3@6*-&:! 2(7#! *! =3+?&-'*7(3+! *+:! 7#,'! 2&! *'',@&:! 7#*7! *! =8*''(9(=*7(3+! 93-! 7#&!
=3+?&-'*7(3+*8!=3+7&Y7!23,8:!5&!@3-&!*66-36-(*7&G!!
!
F3-&3?&-W!*'!2&!=*+!'&&!(+!7#&!7*58&'!*53?&W!&@37(3+!=8*''(9(=*7(3+!=*--(&:!3,7!5.!
37#&-! -&'&*-=#&-'! ('! b,(7&! 8(@(7&:! (+! 7&-@'! 39! +,@5&-! 39! =*7&A3-(&'! *+:! 5&=*,'&!
2&! 2*+7&:! 73! 5,(8:! ,6! *! 9(+&RA-*(+&:! *++37*7(3+! @3:&8W! *'! *! '7*-7(+A! 63(+7! 2&!
:&=(:&:!73!,'&!*+:!&Y6*+:!7#&!;=#&-&-s'!=8*''(9(=*7(3+G!
!
]==3-:(+A!73!7#('!*,7#3-W!!
!
.D%*#"D%&%".*:5PP#"%''*)"(*.D%*-2"'.)".*%$2,5.#2"*2:*.D%'%*,)"45)4%*-).%42&#%'*)'*
F%,,*)'*#".%&L,)"45)4%R*#".%&L-5,.5&),R*)"(*#".%&L#"(#$#(5),*(#::%&%"-%'*1)S%*#.*
(#::#-5,.*.2*(%:#"%*-%".&),*F2&S#"4*-2"-%0.'*#"*.D%*5"#$%&'),R*#"$)&#)".R*)"(*
-2"'%"'5),*:)'D#2"*4%"%&),,7*&%]5#&%(*C7*)*'7'.%1).#-*'-#%".#:#-*)00&2)-DJ!!
!
!
!
O+! 7#&! 9-*@&23-4! 39! 7#&! =3@63+&+7! 6-3=&''! @3:&8W! &@37(3+! ('! :&9(+&:! *'! *+!
%0#'2(%*2:*#".%&&%,).%(R*'7"-D&2"#P%(*-D)"4%'*#"*.D%*'.).%'*2:*),,*2&*12'.*2:*.D%*:#$%*
2&4)"#'1#-* '5C'7'.%1'* #"* &%'02"'%* .2* .D%* %$),5).#2"* 2:* )"* %G.%&"),* 2&* #".%&"),*
'.#15,5'*%$%".*)'*&%,%$)".*.2*1)62&*-2"-%&"'*2:*.D%*2&4)"#'1!(K. Scherer 2001)!(K.
Scherer 1987)G!
!
77
D@37(3+'! *-&! A&+&-*88.! &8(=(7&:! 5.! '7(@,8,'! &?&+7'G! ]! =&+7-*8! *'6&=7! 39! 7#&!
=3@63+&+7! 6-3=&''! :&9(+(7(3+! 39! &@37(3+! ('! 7#*7! 7#&! &8(=(7(+A! &?&+7! *+:! (7'!
=3+'&b,&+=&'!@,'7!5&!-&8&?*+7!73!@*B3-!=3+=&-+'!39!7#&!3-A*+('@G!!
!
D?&+7'!*+:!7#&(-!*66-*('*8!=*+!=#*+A&!-*6(:8.!5&=*,'&!39!,6:*7&:!(+93-@*7(3+!*+:!
-&R&?*8,*7(3+'G!]'!*66-*('*8!(+98,&+=&'!7#&!-&'63+'&'!(+!7#&!(+7&-&'7!39!*:*67*7(3+W!
7#&! =3+'&b,&+=&! ('! 7#*7! 7#&! &@37(3+*8! -&'63+'&! ('! *8'3! 8(4&8.! 73! =#*+A&! -*6(:8.G!
D@37(3+'! 6-&6*-&! *:*67(?&! *=7(3+! 7&+:&+=(&'! *+:! 7#&(-! @37(?*7(3+*8!
,+:&-6(++(+A'G! p&! =*+! *'',@&! 7#*7! 7#&.! #*?&! *! '7-3+A! &99&=7! 3+! &@37(3+R
=3+'&b,&+7! 5&#*?(3,-W! 397&+! =#*+A(+A! 7#&! 3+A3(+A! 5&#*?(3,-! '&b,&+=&'! *+:!
A&+&-*7(+A!+&2!A3*8'!*+:!68*+'G!!
!
]==3-:(+A!73!;=#&-&-W!(7!('!(@63''(58&!73!A(?&!*!:&9(+(7(?&!+,@5&-\8('7!39!&@37(3+'G!
Z&'&*-=#&-'! :&?&836(+A! &@37(3+! 7#&3-(&'W! (+'6(-&:! 5.! $*-2(+W! #*?&! ',AA&'7&:!
:(99&-&+7!+,@5&-'!39!5*'(=!&@37(3+'!(Ekman 1972)W!(C. Izard 1971)W!(Tomkins and
McCarter 1964)G!F3'7!39!7#&'&!*-&!,7(8(7*-(*+!&@37(3+'!*'!:&9(+&:!*53?&!*+:!68*.!
*! =-,=(*8! -38&! (+! *:*67(+A! 73! 9-&b,&+78.! 3==,--(+A! *+:! 6-3737.6(=*88.! 6*77&-+&:!
7.6&'!39!'(A+(9(=*+7!&?&+7'!(+!7#&!8(9&!39!3-A*+('@'G!!
!
]'! *! =3+'&b,&+=&W! &@37(3+'! 8(4&! )"4%&R* :%)&R* 627R* )"(* ')("%''! *-&! -&8*7(?&8.!
9-&b,&+78.! &Y6&-(&+=&:! N2(7#! *+A&-! *+:! B3.! 3,7-*+4(+A! *88! 37#&-'x! '&&! 7#&! b,*'(R
-&6-&'&+7*7(?&!*=7,*-(*8!',-?&.!-&63-7&:!5.!K. Scherer (2005)G!>(?&+!7#&!*'6&=7'!
39! 9-&b,&+=.W! ;=#&-&-! ',AA&'7&:! =*88(+A! 7#&'&! 9-&b,&+7! &@37(3+'! "#$%&! -*7#&-!
7#*+! C)'#-W! A(?&+! 7#*7! 7#&-&! ('! 8(778&! =3+'&+','! *'! 73! 7#&! @&*+(+A! *+:! =-(7&-(*! 93-!
#32!5*'(=!('!73!5&!:&9(+&:!(K. Scherer 2005)G!!
!
[5?(3,'8.W!7#&!'@*88!+,@5&-!39!@3:*8!&@37(3+'!N5&72&&+!q!*+:!1U!:&6&+:(+A!3+!
7#&!7#&3-('7'V!('!#*-:8.!-&6-&'&+7*7(?&!93-!7#&!-*+A&!39!#,@*+!&@37(3+*8(7.G!%#,'!
;=#&-&-! ',AA&'7&:! #*?(+A! -&=3,-'&! 73! 7#&! '7,:.! 39! 9384! =3+=&67'! 39! &@37(3+! (+!
3-:&-! 73! '38?&! 7#&! 6-358&@! 39! 7#&! +,@5&-! *+:! +*7,-&! 39! :('=-(@(+*58&! 7.6&'! 39!
&@37(3+'G! O9! (+! 7#&! &?38,7(3+! 39! 8*+A,*A&'W! =&-7*(+! 7.6&'! 39! :('7(+=7(3+'! 5&72&&+!
:(99&-&+7! 4(+:'! 39! &@37(3+*8! 6-3=&''&'! #*?&! 5&&+! =3+'(:&-&:! (@63-7*+7! &+3,A#!
93-!=3@@,+(=*7(3+!73!A&+&-*7&!:(99&-&+7!23-:'!3-!&Y6-&''(3+'W!7#&'&!:('7(+=7(3+'!
=*++37!5&!(A+3-&:G!!
!
$(99&-&+7!-&'&*-=#&-'!7-(&:!73!*668.!7#('!:('7(+=7(3+!(Levi 1984)x!(Lutz 1988)x!(J. A.
Russell 1991)x!(Russell et al., 1995)x!(Wierzbicka 1999)G!%#&!6-358&@!('!73!@*6!7#&!
9,aa.! *+:! =3@68&Y! '&@*+7(=! 9(&8:'! 39! 7#&! &@37(3+! =3+=&67'! 3+73! 7#&! '=(&+7(9(=!
:&9(+(7(3+'G!%#('!('!6*-7(=,8*-8.!(@63-7*+7!*'!(+!:('7(+A,('#(+A!&@37(3+'!7#&!7*'4!('!
73! &Y*@(+&! 9(+&RA-*(+&:! :(99&-&+=&'W! *+*8.'(+A! *88! 39! 7#&! =3@63+&+7'! 39! 7#&!
&@37(3+!6-3=&''&'G!
!
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2(7#! -&'6&=7! 73! *! +,@5&-! 39! (7&@'! 93-! &*=#! 39! 7#&! :&'(A+&:! 9&*7,-&'G! %#('! 23,8:!
78
(+=8,:&! (7&@'! 3+! 7#&! &8(=(7(+A! &?&+7W! 7#&! 7.6&! 39! *66-*('*8! 7#&! 6&-'3+! ('! 8(4&8.! 73!
#*?&! @*:&! 39! 7#&! &?&+7! *+:! (7'! =3+'&b,&+=&'W! 7#&! -&'63+'&! 6*77&-+'! (+! 7#&!
:(99&-&+7!=3@63+&+7'W!*+:!7#&!5&#*?(3,-*8!(@6*=7!N*=7(3+!7&+:&+=(&'V!A&+&-*7&:W!
*'!2&88!*'!7#&!(+7&+'(7.!*+:!:,-*7(3+!39!7#&!&Y6&-(&+=&G!!
!
O+! *::(7(3+! 73! 7#&! &Y*@(+*7(3+! 39! ',578&! :(99&-&+=&'! (+! 7#&! @&*+(+A'! 39! :(99&-&+7!
&@37(3+! 7&-@'! *+:! 6-3?(:(+A! '(@(8*-(7.R39R6-39(8&! :*7*! 7#*7! =*+! 5&! ,'&:! 73!
'7*7('7(=*88.! (:&+7(9.! 7#&! -&8*7(3+'#(6'! 5&72&&+! @&@5&-'! 39! &@37(3+! 9*@(8(&'! *+:!
7#&! 3?&-*88! '7-,=7,-&! 39! 7#&! '&@*+7(=! '6*=&! 93-! &@37(3+'W! ',=#! :*7*! 93-! :(99&-&+7!
8*+A,*A&'!(+93-@!,'!*53,7!637&+7(*8!=,87,-*8!*+:!8(+A,('7(=!:(99&-&+=&'!(+!&@37(3+!
&Y6-&''(3+G!!
!
%#('!*'6&=7W!*6*-7!9-3@!7#&!'=(&+7(9(=!(+7&-&'7!(Breugelmans, et al. 2005)x!(Fontaine,
et al. 2002)W! ('! =-,=(*8! 73! #*?&! =3@6*-*5(8(7.! 39! (+'7-,@&+7'! 93-! (+7&-=,87,-*8!
'7,:(&'G! %#&! @*B3-! *:?*+=&'! (+! -&=&+7! .&*-'! -&A*-:(+A! 7#&! @&*',-&@&+7! 39!
(+:(?(:,*8! =3@63+&+7'! ',=#! *'! *66-*('*8! *-&! 9-3@! N;=#&-&-! &7! *8GW! /001VW! 5-*(+!
@&=#*+('@'! (Davidson et al., 2003)! 6#.'(383A(=*8! -&'63+'&! 6*77&-+'! (Stemmler
2003)W!*+:!&Y6-&''(?&!5&#*?(3,-!(Harrigan et al., 2005)G!!
!
%#,'W! #*?(+A! 7*4&+! (+73! *==3,+7! 7#&! *53?&@&+7(3+&:! '7,:(&'! 3,-! =3+=8,'(3+! 2*'!
7#*7! 7#&! ;=#&-&-s'! =8*''(9(=*7(3+! 2*'! 7#&! 5&'7! 7#*7! 9(7'! 93-! 7#&! 583A! 63'7'! 7&Y7,*8!
A&+-&G! O+! 3-:&-! 73! 6-&'&+7! *+! &Y#*,'7(?&! &@37(3+! =8*''(9(=*7(3+! *+:! 73! @*4&! 7#('!
',5:(?('(3+! 6-36&-! *+:! &99&=7(?&! :(?('(3+W! 2&! 2&-&! (+'6(-&:! 5.! K. Scherer (2005)!
2#3! =-&*7&:! *+! *87&-+*7(?&! :(@&+'(3+*8! '7-,=7,-&! 39! 7#&! '&@*+7(=! '6*=&! 93-!
&@37(3+'G! %#&! A-*6#! 5&832! -&6-&'&+7'! 7#&! @*66(+A! 39! 7#&! 7&-@! J. A. Russell
(1983)!,'&'!93-!#('!=8*(@!39!*+!&@37(3+!=(-=,@98&Y!(+!723R:(@&+'(3+*8!?*8&+=&!5.!
*=7(?(7.\*-3,'*8!'6*=&!N,66&-R=*'&!7&-@'VG!!
!
!
79
Figure II: Alternative dimensional structures of the semantic space for emotions
%#&! 9(A,-&! *53?&! '#32'! 7#&! @*66(+A! 39! 7#&! 7&-@'! J. A. Russell (1983)! ,'&'! *'!
@*-4&-'! 93-! #('! =8*(@! 39! *+! &@37(3+! =(-=,@98&Y! (+! 723R:(@&+'(3+*8! ?*8&+=&! 5.!
*=7(?(7.\*-3,'*8!'6*=&!N,66&-R=*'&!7&-@'VG![+73!7#('!-&6-&'&+7*7(3+!;=#&-&-!*::&:!
7#&! 723R:(@&+'(3+*8! '7-,=7,-&! 5*'&:! 3+! '(@(8*-(7.! -*7(+A'! 39! n0! >&-@*+! &@37(3+!
7&-@'! NáW! 832&-R=*'&! 7&-@'W! 7-*+'8*7&:! 73! D+A8('#V! 9-3@! *+! &*-8(&-! '7,:.! 7#*7!
:&@3+'7-*7&:!7#&!9*=7!7#*7!'&@*+7(=!'6*=&!@*.!5&!3-A*+(a&:!5.!*66-*('*8!=-(7&-(*!
(K.Scherer 1984)G! %#&! 68,'! NáV! '(A+'! (+:(=*7&! 7#&! &Y*=7! 83=*7(3+! 39! 7#&! 7&-@'! (+! *!
723R:(@&+'(3+*8!'6*=&G!%#('!'(@68&!',6&-63'(7(3+!.(&8:'!*!-&@*-4*58.!A33:!9(7!*+:!
(7! *8'3! '#32'! 7#*7! *::(+A! *::(7(3+*8! 7&-@'! @*4&'! Z,''&88s'! =(-=,@68&Y! 8&''! 39! *+!
35?(3,'! '7-,=7,-*8! =-(7&-(3+! o! 73! 357*(+! *! 6&-9&=7! =(-=8&! (+! *! @,87(:(@&+'(3+*8!
'=*8(+A! *+*8.'('! '&&@'! 73! -&b,(-&! 7#&! (+=8,'(3+! 39! +3+R&@37(3+! 7&-@'W! *'! (+! 7#&!
=*'&! 39! zz'8&&6.W! 7(-&:W! *+:! :-336.ss! 73! @*-4! 7#&! 832! *-3,'*8! 638&! N*'! (@68(=(78.!
*=4+328&:A&:!5.!J. A. Russell (1991)G!!
!
F3-&!(@63-7*+78.!93-!7#&!6-&'&+7!6,-63'&'W!*!Uln!-37*7(3+!39!7#&!*Y&'!=3--&'63+:'!
73! *+! &Y68*+*7(3+! 39! 7#&! :('7-(5,7(3+! 39! 7#&! 7&-@'! (+! *! 723R:(@&+'(3+*8! '6*=&!
=3@63'&:!5.!A3*8!=3+:,=(?&+&''!*+:!=36(+A!637&+7(*8G!_&&8(+A'!7#*7!*-&!@&@5&-'!
39! *+.! 3+&! '6&=(9(=! &@37(3+! 9*@(8.! =*+! 5&! &Y6&=7&:! 73! ?*-.! @3'7! *@3+A! &*=#!
37#&-! 2(7#! -&'6&=7! 73! (+7&+'(7.! N&GAG! (--(7*7(3+o*+A&-o-*A&VW! 2#(=#W! *'! *-A,&:!
80
*53?&W! @*.! =3--&8*7&! 2(7#! 5,7! ('! +37! 7#&! '*@&! *'! 6#.'(383A(=*8! *-3,'*8G! O7! 2*'!
7#&-&93-&! :&=(:&:! 73! @*6! 7#&! (+7&+'(7.! :(@&+'(3+! *'! 7#&! :('7*+=&! 39! *+! &@37(3+!
=*7&A3-.s'! 63'(7(3+! (+! 7#&! A3*8! =3+:,=(?&+&''R=36(+A! 637&+7(*8! '6*=&! 9-3@! 7#&!
3-(A(+!(Reisenzein 1994)G!!
!
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9*@(8.! 2&-&! -&6-&'&+7&:! *'! *! '&7! 39! =(-=8&'! 2(7#! (+=-&*'(+A! =(-=,@9&-&+=&G!
F3-&3?&-W!7#&!+,@5&-!39!&@37(3+!9*@(8(&'!2*'!8(@(7&:!73!U!6&-!b,*:-*+7W!.(&8:(+A!
*! 737*8! 39! 1q! N2#(=#! '&&@'! -&*'3+*58&! =3+'(:&-(+A! 7#*7! 7#&! ,66&-! 8(@(7! 39! 7#&!
+,@5&-!39!zz5*'(=!&@37(3+'ss!('!397&+!=3+'(:&-&:!73!5&!*-3,+:!1UVG!%#&!=#3(=&!39!
7#&! =3+=-&7&! 9*@(8(&'! 2*'! *8'3! (+! 8*-A&! 6*-7! 93'7&-&:! 5.! 2#*7! *-&! A&+&-*88.!
=3+'(:&-&:! 73! 5&! &(7#&-! 5*'(=! 3-! 9,+:*@&+7*8! &@37(3+'! 3-! 7#3'&! 9-&b,&+78.!
'7,:(&:G!
!
p&!'7*-7&:!9-3@!7#('!=8*''(9(=*7(3+W!A-3,6(+A!'&+7(@&+7'!(+73!63'(7(?&!*+:!+&A*7(?&W!
5,7! 2&! :(?(:&:! 7#&@! *'! #(A#\832! 632&-! =3+7-38W! 35'7-,=7(?&\=3+:,=7(?&! *+:!
*=7(?&\6*''(?&G! _,-7#&-! 3+W! 2&! :('7-(5,7&:! 7#&! ',5B&=7(?(7.! 2(7#(+! 3,-! 8('7! (+73! 7#&!
;=#&-&-! '837'! =-&*7(+A! 37#&-! '@*88&-! =*7&A3-(&'! (+=8,:&:! (+! 7#&! *53?&@&+7(3+&:!
A&+&-*8!3+&'G!!
!
%#&!-&',87!39!7#('!:(?('(3+!('!'#32+!(+!%]cID!EOG!!
!
TABLE XI.
EMOTIBLOG-ANNOTATION-MODEL SUBJECTIVITY STATUS CATEGORIES
_JCQ=!
AFC3$CKB!
T-(7(=('@!
;*-=*'@W! (-3+.W! (+=3--&=7W! =-(7(=('@W! 35B&=7(3+W!
3663'(7(3+W!'=&67(=('@G!
K*66(+&''!
)3.W!B34&G!
;,663-7!
]==&67W! =3--&=7W! A33:W! #36&W! ',663-7W! 7-,'7W!
-*67,-&W!-&'6&=7W!6*7(&+=&W!*66-&=(*7(3+W!&Y=,'&G!
O@63-7*+=&!
O@63-7*+7W! (+7&-&'7(+AW! 2(88W! B,'7(=&W! 83+A(+AW!
*+7(=(6*7(3+W!-&?&+A&G!
>-*7(7,:&!
%#*+4G!
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>,(87W!?&Y*7(3+G!
_&*-!
_&*-W!9-(A#7W!7-3,58&:+&''W!*+Y(&7.G!
;,-6-('&!
;,-6-('&W!
5&2(8:&-@&+7W!
=3+'7&-+*7(3+G!
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81
!
!
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Z*A&W! #*7-&:W! &+@(7.W! 2-*7#W! 93-=&W! *+A&-W!
-&?&+:(=*7(3+G!
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!
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D@37(c83AR]++37*7(3+RF3:&8G!]97&-!#*?(+A!*::&:!73!7#&!;=#&-&-s'!=8*''(9(=*7(3+!*!
8*-A&-!8('7!39!&@37(3+'W!2&!A-3,6&:!*88!39!7#&@!(+73!',5A-3,6'!(+!3-:&-!73!#&86!7#&!
&?*8,*7(3+!6-3=&''G!p&!:&=(:&:!73!#*?&!*+!&Y7-&@&!9(+&RA-*(+&:!8('7!39!',5B&=7(?&!
'7*7,'!5,7!*7!7#&!'*@&!7(@&!2&!A-3,6!7#&'&!(+73!',5!A-3,6'!93-!7#&!&Y6&-(@&+7'G!
O+!9*=7!&@37(3+'!=#3'&+!5.!7#&!*++37*73-!9-3@!7#&!'*@&!',5A-3,6!2(88!#*?&!8&''!
+&A*7(?&!(@6*=7!2#&+!=*8=,8*7(+A!7#&!(+7&-R*++37*7(3+!*A-&&@&+7G!_3-!&Y*@68&!(9!
/! *++37*73-! 8*5&8'! 7#&! '*@&! 8(+A,('7(=! &8&@&+7! *'! C)(! 3-! (#'45'.! 7#('! *++37*7(3+!
2(88!357*(+!#(A#&-!-&',87'!7#*7!(9!7#&.!8*5&8!%"$7!*+:!C)(*6&-7*(+(+A!73!723!:(99&-&+7!
',5A-3,6'G!!
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!
]97&-!#*?(+A!*+*8.'&:!7#&!5*'(=!6-(+=(68&'!39!7#&!D@37(c83AR]++37*7(3+RF3:&8!*+:!
(7'!'7-,=7,-&W!7#('!'&=7(3+!2(88!5&!:&:(=*7&:!73!6-&'&+7!*+:!:&'=-(5&!7#&!*++37*7(3+!
@3:&8! 2(7#! 7#&! #&86! 39! =3+=-&7&! &Y*@68&'! &Y7-*=7&:! 9-3@! 7#&! -&*8! =3-6,'! *+:!
7#,'W!7#&!*++37*7(3+!6-3=&''G!!
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@*++&-G!O+!3-:&-!73!*'',-&!*!#(A#Rb,*8(7.!*++37*7(3+W!7#&!*++37*7(3+!=3+'('7&:!39!
723!@*(+!'7&6'G!%#&!9(-'7!3+&!(+!2#(=#!7#&!*++37*73-'!8*5&88&:!*!'@*88!+,@5&-!39!
583A!63'7'!*+:!7#&+!7#&.!6,7!(+!=3@@3+!7#&!*++37*7(3+!(+!3-:&-!73!=#&=4!(9!7#&.!
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=*'&'!39!',5B&=7(?(7.G!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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82
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=3-6,'! (+! ;6*+('#! *+:! *97&-! 7#&! 7&'7(+A! *53?&@&+7(3+&:! *+:! :&'=-(5&:! (+! 7#&!
938832(+A!'&=7(3+W!7#&.!*++37*7&:!7#&!D+A8('#!6*-7!*+:!7#&!O7*8(*+!6*-7!39!7#&!^.373!
583A!63'7'!=3--&'63+:(+A!73!7#&!^.373!6-373=38G!
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=388&=7(3+G! O+! 9*=7! *97&-! #*?(+A! =388&=7&:! 7#&! 7&Y7'! 2&! *+*8.'&:! =*-&9,88.! 7#&!
8*+A,*A&! &@683.&:! *+:! &'6&=(*88.! 7#&! 8(+A,('7(=! &8&@&+7'! *'! 2&88! *'! &Y6-&''(3+'!
7#*7!2&-&!,'&:!73!=3+9&-!7#&!',5B&=7(?&!73,=#G!c*'(+A!3+!7#('!*+*8.'('!2&!5,(87!,6!
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*8832! 7#&! *++37*7(3+! *7! :3=,@&+7W! '&+7&+=&! *+:! &8&@&+7! 8&?&8'! *+:! (7! *8'3!
:('=-(@(+*7&'!5&72&&+!35B&=7(?&!*+:!',5B&=7(?&!'6&&=#G!O+!&*=#!=*'&!7#&!*++37*73-!
#*'!7#&!63''(5(8(7.!73!*''(A+!*+:!8*5&8!7#&!=3--&'63+:(+A!',5B&=7(?&!&8&@&+7'!N(G&G!
)(6%-.#$%V! *+:! '6&=(9.! 7#&(-! *77-(5,7&'! N(G&G! 02,)&#.7R* #".%"'#.7R* 12(#:#%&* 2&* "2.R*
%12.#2"R*%.-V!7#*7!2&!2(88!'&&!(+!:&7*(8!8*7&-!3+G!!
!
!
!
%#&! =3@68&7&! 8('7! 39! D@37(c83AR]++37*7(3+RF3:&8! &8&@&+7'! ('! 6-&'&+7&:! (+! 7#&!
%*58&!5&832H!
TABLE XII.
GENERAL VIEW OF THE EMOTIBLOG-ANNOTATION-MODEL
DAhAD!
!
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!
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!
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!
O+!3,-!-&'&*-=#W!2&!'7*-7&:!9-3@!7#&!*++37*7(3+!@3:&8!6-363'&:!5.!Wiebe et al.,
(2005)W! 93-! 7#&! F,87(! "&-'6&=7(?&! i,&'7(3+! ]+'2&-(+A! NF"i]V! =3-6,'W! 2#(=#! ('!
83
=3+'7-,=7&:! ,63+! 7#&! >&+&-*8! ]-=#(7&=7,-&! 93-! %&Y7! D+A(+&&-(+A! N>]%D m1 V!
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:&9(+(+A! 7#&! &8&@&+7'W! =3+7*(+(+A! 7#&! 63''(58&! *77-(5,7&'! &*=#! 39! 7#3'&! =*+! #*?&!
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%#&!:&9(+(7(3+!39!7#&!*++37*7(3+!&8&@&+7'!2*'!:3+&!(+!*!@3:,8*-!@*++&-W!'3!7#*7!
7#&!*++37*7(3+!'=#&@&'!=3,8:!5&!&*'(8.!=#*+A&:!*+:!*:*67&:!73!+&28.!(:&+7(9(&:!
6#&+3@&+*!(+!7#&!=3-6,'!*7!#*+:G!_(A,-&!OOO!'#32'!7#&!5-&*4:32+!39!*+!&8&@&+7G!
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!
Figure III: Breakdown of one EmotiBlog-Annotation-Model element
]'!2&!=*+!'&&W!%]cID!EOOG!('!:(?(:&:!(+73!:(99&-&+7!'&=7(3+'H!
-
[5B&=7(?&!'&+7&+=&!
(22) <objective-speech-event gate:gateId="39" confidence=”high”
target="idiosyncrasies" source="w">There are also other accounting
idiosyncrasies, such as those discussed here:
http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/prometheus/uk-emissions-4353
</objective-speech-event>
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
m1
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84
p#&+! 2&! &+=3,+7&-! *+! 35B&=7(?&! '6&&=#W! 2&! #*?&! 73! (+:(=*7&! (7'! '25&-%W! .)&4%.!
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(23) <phenomenon gate:gateId="5" confidence=”high”
target="Kyoto Protocol" category="phrase" degree="high"
source="Rebecca Tandy" polarity="negative" emotion="irony> Mr.
Protocol really likes treaties, so we got him this treaty
instead of a card, so if you could just—all the other
countries have already signed it”</phenomenon>
%#&! &Y*@68&! N/SV! ('! ',5B&=7(?&! *+:! *! +3-@*8! 6#-*'&G! %#&! 8*5&88&-! @*-4'! (7! *'!
',5B&=7(?&W! 5,7! 2&! 2(88! #*?&! 73! (+=8,:&! *! '&-(&'! 39! *::(7(3+*8! &8&@&+7'! 2(7#! 7#&(-!
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('!=3+'(:&-&:!',5B&=7(?&W!2&!#*?&!73!:&7&=7!:(99&-&+7!*'6&=7'G!%#&!9(-'7!3+&!('!2#*7!
4(+:! 39! 7&Y7! 2&! *-&! *+*8.'(+A! N0D&)'%R* ')7#"4R* -2,,2-).#2"R* ',)"4W! 2.D%&* ,)"45)4%*
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)($%&C'R* 0&%02'#.#2"'R* $%&C'R* "25"'R* -)0#.),* ,%..%&R* 2&* 05"-.5).#2"\* 2(7#! 7#&(-!
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*'6&=7!=3,8:!5&!7*4&+!(+73!=3+'(:&-*7(3+!93-!9,7,-&!23-4'!N/UVG!
!
(24)<coreference gate:gateId="9" confidence=”high”
antecedent="previous writer" phenomenon="phrase" type=”pronominal”
source="w"> You </coreference> are right, but think about the CI
emissions of countries like China.
!
%#&!&Y*@68&!N/UV!*53?&!-&6-&'&+7'!*!=8&*-!&Y*@68&!39!=3--&9&-&+=&!*7!=-3''!63'7!
8&?&8G! %#&! *+7&=&:&+7! ('! 7#&! 6-&?(3,'! 2-(7&-! *+:! 7#&! '3,-=&! (9'! 7#&! 2-(7&-! 39! 7#&!
63'7!2&!*-&!*+*8.'(+AW!2#(8&!7#&!7.6&!('!6-3+3@(+*8!=3--&9&-&+=&G!!
!
85
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DF[%OcI[>R]PP[%]%O[PRF[$DI!DIDFDP%;!pO%K!%KDOZ!]%%ZOcg%D;!
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D@37(c83AR]++37*7(3+RF3:&8G!
!
86
!
DETAILED VIEW OF THE EMOTIBLOG-ANNOTATION-MODEL ELEMENTS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES
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TABLE XIII.
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87
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)
!"#$%&#$%$'
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;*7&(+>)(9"*)&()'$)CHIE)
(25) <phenomenon gate:gateId="5" confidence=”high”
target="Kyoto Protocol" category="phrase" degree="high"
source="Rebecca Tandy" polarity="negative" emotion="irony>
Mr. Protocol really likes treaties, so we got him this
treaty instead of a card, so if you could just—all the
other countries have already signed it”</phenomenon>
J7)'.)'%)'()&)%'%,+)(9"*)&()'$)CHKE)
(26) <phenomenon gate:gateId="1"confidence=”high”
category="title" target="Bush" source="w" polarity="negative"
degree="high" emotion="criticism">Bush Pulls U.S. Out of Kyoto
Treaty</phenomenon>
L$)8#%*)"&(+()C;*7&(+)#7)%'%,+E):+)*&=+)%#)(;+"'.-)%*+'7)&%%7'89%+(>).#7)+M&0;,+>)
%&N'$2)(+$%+$"+)CHKE)&()+M&0;,+):+)"&$)(++)%*&%)%*+)&$$#%&%#7)'()"#$.'6+$%>)'%)
'() &) %'%,+) :*'"*) %&72+%) #.) %*+) 6'("#97(+) '() 19(*) &$6) %*+) (#97"+) '() %*+)
:7'%+7O8,#22+7)P2Q<))
5#7+#=+7>) %*+) (+$%+$"+) ;#,&7'%-) '() "$-!#*7$>) :'%*) ,*-,' *"#$"6*#5) &$6) %*+)
+0#%'#$)'$)%*+)"&(+)#.)CHKE)'()%4*#*%*6/<)
?*+) /0#%'1,#234$$#%&%'#$35#6+,) &,(#) &,,#:() %*+) 6+%+"%'#$) #.) (&-'$2(>)
"#,,#"&%'#$(>)(,&$2)&$6)#%*+7),&$29&2+()+M;7+(('#$(R)
A98B+"%'=+)
A+$%+$"+)
C;*+$#0+$#$E)
88
(&-'$2>)"#,,#"&%'#$>)(,&$2>)
#%*+7),&$29&2+)
F#$.'6+$"+>)"#00+$%>),+=+,>)
+0#%'#$>);#,&7'%->)(#97"+)&$6)
%&72+%)
)
(27) Concerning the Kyoto Protocol, <phenomenon
gate:gateId="18"confidence=”high” category="saying" target="Kyoto
Protocol" source="w" polarity="negative" degree="medium"
emotion="sarcasm"> the game is not worth the candle </phenomenon>
according to Bush.
) )
A+$%+$"+) CHSE) '() &$) +M&0;,+) #.) 6!5*"-<) G+) 6+"'6+6) %#) ,&8+,) %*+0) &() ('$2,+)
+,+0+$%() 8+"&9(+) %*+'7) 0+&$'$2) '() 2,#8&,) &$6) '%) '() $#%) %*+) 7+(9,%) #.) %*+)
(900'$2)9;)#.)%*+):#76()%*&%)"#0;#(+)%*+)+M;7+(('#$<))
)
4""#76'$2)%#)%*+)JM.#76)6'"%'#$&7->)&)(&-'$2)CHSE)'()!'%(11$%#*("'()'6,(4#8'3*#,5'
$934$66*("6'*&$"#*)*$&'2*#,'!'3!4#*%01!4'3$46("8'$63$%*!115'!'3(1*#*%!1'(4'4$1*-*(06'
1$!&$4>) :*',+) &) "#,,#"&%'#$) '() #,$' ,!:*#0!1' ;09#!3(6*#*("' ()' !' 3!4#*%01!4' 2(4&'
2*#,'!"(#,$4'2(4&'(4'2(4&6'2*#,'!')4$<0$"%5'-4$!#$4'#,!"'%,!"%$='))
)
G+) &,(#) 6+%+"%) "&(+6) #.) (,&$2) CHTE) %*&%) '() !' #53$' ()' 1!"-0!-$' %("6*6#*"-' ()'
2(4&6' !"&' 3,4!6$6' #,!#' !4$' 4$-!4&$&' !6' 7$45' *")(4/!18' !4$' /(4$' %(//("' *"'
63$$%,' #,!"' 24*#*"-8' !"&' !4$' #53*%!115' 4$6#4*%#$&' #(' !' 3!4#*%01!4' %("#$9#' (4'
-4(03' ()' 3$(31$) #7) +M;7+(('#$() '$) #%*+7) ,&$29&2+() :'%*) &) (;+"'&,) (98B+"%'=+)
"*&72+)CHTE<)L$)+&"*)"&(+):+)&66)%*+)&66'%'#$&,<)
)
(28) The refusal to sign the Kyoto protocol came <phenomenon
gate:gateId="3"confidence=”high” category="collocation"
target="Kyoto Protocol" source="w" polarity="negative"
degree="high" emotion="bad">like a bolt from the blue
</phenomenon> for many Americans.
/M;7+(('#$)'$),&$29&2+()6'..+7+$%).7#0)%*+)#$+)%*+)8,#22+7)'():7'%'$2>)(9"*)&()
'$)CHUE)&7+)&,(#)6+%+"%+6<)
(29) The Bush strategy has been planned <phenomenon
gate:gateId="23" confidence=”high” confidence=”high”
category="other language" target="Kyoto Protocol" source="w"
polarity="negative" degree="high" emotion="bad">ad hoc
</phenomenon> for obtaining popular support.
)
G+) 6+"'6+6) %#) "#$%+0;,&%+) %*+(+) +,+0+$%() ('$"+) %*+-) &7+) .7+V9+$%,-)
+0;,#-+6) 8-) 8,#22+7() &$6) %*+-) "#$%&'$) &) *'2*) (98B+"%'=+) "*&72+<) 5#7+#=+7)
%*+-) &7+) *'2*,-) '$%+7+(%'$2) ('$"+) %*+-) &7+) "9,%97+) &$6) &,(#) "#$%+M%9&,)
6+;+$6+$%<)L$)%*'():&->),&8+,,'$2)(9"*)+M;7+(('#$()'$)%*+)W),&$29&2+():+)#8%&'$)
&) 6&%&8&(+) :'%*) 2+$9'$+) +M;7+(('#$() +M;,#'%&8,+) .#7) 0&$-) '$%+7+(%'$2) &$6)
9(+.9,)(%96'+().#"9(+6)#$);7&"%'"&,)&;;,'"&%'#$(<)
)
4.%+7)*&='$2)6+("7'8+6)%*+)(+$%+$"+),+=+,>):+)+$%+7)'$%#)%*+)(+$%+$"+),&8+,,'$2)
%*+),'$29'(%'")+,+0+$%(>):*'"*)2'=+)%*+)(98B+"%'='%-)%#)%*+)%+M%<)
()*#+,-.#/'
A98B+"%'=+)A+$%+$"+)
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F#$.'6+$"+>)"#00+$%>),+=+,>)
+0#%'#$>);*+$#0+$#$>)
0#6'.'+7O$#%>);#,&7'%->)
(#97"+)&$6)%&72+%)
89
(30) Your <adjective target="Kyoto Protocol" gate:gateId="10"
confidence=”high” phenomenon="phrase" degree="medium"
polarity="negative" emotion="criticism" source="w"
ismodifier="yes">pointless </adjective>devotion to the <adjective
target="Kyoto Protocol" gate:gateId="11" phenomenon="phrase"
degree="medium" polarity="negative" emotion="criticism"
source="w" ismodifier="yes">pointless</adjective> Kyoto protocol
4() :+) "&$) (++) '$) %*+) +M&0;,+) &8#=+>) :+) &7+) &$$#%&%'$2) &$) &6B+"%'=+) %*&%) '()
9(+6)%:#)%'0+(<)L$)8#%*)"&(+()%*+)&$$#%&%#7)'()"#$.'6+$%)&8#9%)*'()&$$#%&%'#$<)
?*+) &6B+"%'=+) '() "$-!#*7$) :'%*) &) ,*-,' *"#$"6*#5) &$6) +M;7+(('$2) %4*#*%*6/<) L%) '() &)
0#6'.'+7)#.)%*+)$#9$)%*&%).#,,#:()'%)CW!E<)
().#01/'
)
A98B+"%'=+)A+$%+$"+)
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F#$.'6+$"+>)"#00+$%>),+=+,>)
+0#%'#$>);*+$#0+$#$>)
0#6'.'+7O$#%>);#,&7'%->)
(#97"+)&$6)%&72+%)
(31) Bush <adverb target="Kyoto Protocol" gate:gateId="127"
confidence=”high” phenomenon="phrase" degree="medium"
polarity="negative" emotion="criticism" source="w"
ismodifier="yes"> finally </adverb> signs Kyoto Protocol
?*+) &6=+78) )*"!115) '() "#$('6+7+6) %#) 8+) &) /(&*)*$4>) :'%*) "$-!#*7$' 3(1!4*#5) &$6)
*"#$"6$)1$7$1<)?*+)(#97"+)'()%*+):1(--$4)&$6)%*+)%&72+%)#.)%*+)6'("#97(+)'()>06,)
CWXE<)
)
!0#!%/-,-%$/'
)
A98B+"%'=+)A+$%+$"+)
D7+;#('%'#$()
F#$.'6+$"+>)"#00+$%>)
,+=+,>)+0#%'#$>)
;*+$#0+$#$>);#,&7'%->)
(#97"+)&$6)%&72+%)
(32) Bush refuses the Kyoto Protocol <preposition target="Bush"
gate:gateId="9" confidence=”high” phenomenon="phrase"
degree="medium" polarity="negative" emotion="criticism"
source="w"> against </preposition> my willingness to take part in
it
?*+) ;7+;#('%'#$) &2&'$(%) ",+&7,-) '$6'"&%+() %*&%) '%) '() &) /(&*)*$4) :'%*) &) "$-!#*7$'
3(1!4*#5>)/$&*0/'*"#$"6*#5)&$6)+M;7+(('$2)%4*#*%*6/'CWHE<)
.#01/'
A98B+"%'=+)A+$%+$"+)
90
Y+78()
F#$.'6+$"+>)"#00+$%>),+=+,>)
+0#%'#$>);*+$#0+$#$>)
;#,&7'%->)0#6+>)(#97"+)&$6)
%&72+%)
(33) It was the Clinton Gore team that <verb gate:gateId="5"
confidence=”high” target="Global Warming" phenomenon="phrase"
source="w" tense="Indicative" emotion=”criticism”
polarity=”negative” intensity=”medium”>blew</verb> the biggest
opportunity the US had ever had for leadership during the 1997
Kyoto agreement talks.
?*+) =+78) :1$2' 9(+6) 8-) %*+' 24*#$4) '() "$-!#*7$) :'%*) /$&*0/) 3(1!4*#5) &$6)
+M;7+(('$2)%4*#*%*6/)CWWE<)
$%2$/'
A98B+"%'=+)A+$%+$"+)
[#9$()
F#$.'6+$"+>)"#00+$%>),+=+,>)
+0#%'#$>);*+$#0+$#$>)
;#,&7'%->)&$6)(#97"+)
(34) So don’t believe all this <noun gate:gateId="15"
confidence=”high” phenomenon="phrase" source="w" target="Global
Warming" emotion=”bad” polarity=”negative” intensity=”high”>
nonsense</noun> about waiting for the next president to sort it
out.
?*+):7'%+7)'(),&8+,,'$2)%*+)$#9$)&()"$-!#*7$>):'%*),*-,'3(1!4*#5)&$6)+M;7+(('$2)
%*+)'6+&)#.)(#0+%*'$2':!&)CWZE<))
+(!-,(3'3#,,#0'
A98B+"%'=+)A+$%+$"+)
F&;'%&,),+%%+7)
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+0#%'#$>);*+$#0+$#$>)
;#,&7'%->)(#97"+)&$6)%&72+%)
(35) This president is a <capital letter gate:gateId="18"
confidence=”high” phenomenon="phrase" source="w" target="Bush"
emotion=”anger” polarity=”negative”
intensity=”high”>DICTATOR</capital letter>
L$)%*+)+M&0;,+)CWIE)%*+)"&;'%&,),+%%+7)'()+0;,#-+6)%#)+M;7+(()!"-$4':'%*',*-,'
*"#$"6*#5'!"&'"$-!#*7$'3(1!4*#5='
!2$+,2(,-%$'
A98B+"%'=+)A+$%+$"+)
D9$"%9&%'#$)
F#$.'6+$"+>)"#00+$%>)
,+=+,>)+0#%'#$>)
;*+$#0+$#$>);#,&7'%->)
(#97"+)&$6)%&72+%)
)
(36) Carbon emissions are increasingly dramatically <punctuation
gate:gateId="34" confidence=”high” phenomenon="phrase" source="w"
target="Global Warming" emotion=”fear” polarity=”negative”
intensity=”high”>!!!</punctuation>
91
L$)%*+)+M&0;,+)CWKE)%*+)%7';,+)+M",&0&%'#$)0&7N)'()+0;,#-+6)8-)%*+)24*#$4)%#)
+M;7+(())$!4>):'%*)"$-!#*7$)3(1!4*#5)&$6),*-,'*"#$"6*#5<)
43%1(3'#5(&!3#'
4.%+7) *&='$2) ;7+(+$%+6) +&"*) ('$2,+) +,+0+$%) #.) %*+) /0#%'1,#234$$#%&%'#$3
5#6+,)&$6)+M;,&'$+6)*#:)%#),&8+,)'%>)%*+)+M&0;,+)WS)(*#:()&$)+$%'7+)8,#2);#(%)
&$$#%&%+6) .#,,#:'$2) %*+) +M;,&$&%'#$) &8#=+) &$6) %*+) &$$#%&%'#$) 29'6+) '$)
4;;+$6'M)L<)
(37)
<link>
http://thedawgrun.blogspot.com/2007/09/bush-pulls-us-out-ofkyoto-treaty-uh-er.html
</link>
<overall_sentiment>criticism</overall_sentiment>
<text1><phenomenon gate:gateId="45" confidence=”high”
target="Bush" category="title" degree="high" source="w"
polarity="negative" emotion="criticism">Bush <phenomenon
gate:gateId="46" confidence=”high” target="Bush"
category="saying" degree="high" source="w" polarity="negative"
emotion="criticism">Pulls U.S. out</phenomenon> of Kyoto Treaty <punctuation gate:gateId="47" confidence=”high” target="Bush"
phenomenon="title" degree="high" source="w" polarity="negative"
emotion="sarcasm">. . .</punctuation><phenomenon gate:gateId="48"
confidence=”high” target="Bush" category="saying" degree="high"
source="w" polarity="negative" emotion="sarcasm">wait a
second</phenomenon> <punctuation gate:gateId="49"
confidence=”high” target="Bush" phenomenon="title" degree="high"
source="w" polarity="negative"
emotion="sarcasm">...</punctuation></phenomenon>
<objective-speech-event gate:gateId="50" confidence= “high”
target="Glenn Reynolds" source="w">Glenn Reynolds at Instapundit
points out a little whoopsie on the part of the Associated
Press:</objective-speech-event>
<objective-speech-event gate:gateId="51" confidence= “high”
target="Kyoto protocol" source="Glenn Reynolds">“REVISIONIST
HISTORY: The Associated Press gets it wrong on Kyoto again:
&quot;Readers with a long memory may recall that the United
States never adopted the Kyoto Protocol because the Clinton
administration never submitted it for ratification to the
Senate.</objective-speech-event> <objective-speech-event
gate:gateId="52" confidence= “high” source="w" target="Glenn
Reynolds">The Clinton administration never submitted it to the
Senate for ratification because in July 1997 the Senate voted 950 to adopt a resolution stating that</objective-speech-event>
<objective-speech-event gate:gateId="53" confidence= “high”
source="Clinton" target="Kyoto protocol">'the United States
should not be a signatory to any protocol to, or other agreement
regarding, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change of 1992, at negotiations in Kyoto.'</objective-speechevent><objective-speech-event gate:gateId="54" confidence= “high”
source="Clinton" target="Kyoto protocol">”Yet according to AP,
92
the U.S. was a party to Kyoto until Bush unilaterally pulled us
out.”
</objective-speech-event>
</text1>
</f3>
</paragraph>
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Figure IV: EmotiBlog-Corpus-Kyoto occurrences of positive, negative and objective sentences
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F*&;%+7) WE>) %*9() '$) (#0+) #.) #97) +M;+7'0+$%() :+) "#$('6+7) %*#(+) 27#9;() #.)
:#76()&()('$2,+).+&%97+()%#)"*+"N)'.)%*+(+)+,+0+$%()*&=+)&)7+,+=&$%)'0;&"%).#7)
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103
TABLE XV.
RESULTS IN TERMS OF ACCURACY AND F-MEASURE FOR THE MNB AND SVM MACHINE
LEARNING ALGORITHMS FOR EACH OPTION IN SPANISH
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Figure V: Comparative results in terms of accuracy and F-measure for the MNB and SVM Machine
Learning algorithms for each option in Spanish
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105
TABLE XVI.
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RESULTS OF THE GLOBAL FEATURE SELECTION FOR SPANISH
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9(+>) %*+) 8+(%) 7+(9,%() :+) #8%&'$>) :+) &,(#) :&$%+6) %#) "*+"N) %*+) '0;&"%) #.) +&"*)
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+=&,9&%+6)%*+)'0;&"%)#.)+&"*)+,+0+$%)'$)%*+)(-(%+0<)c+(9,%()&7+);7+(+$%+6)'$)
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TABLE XVII. IMPACT OF THE EMOTIBLOG ELEMENTS ON THE SYSTEM FOR SPANISH
106
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,&$29&2+) #97) ;97;#(+) $#:) '() %#) "*+"N) %*+) =&,'6'%-) #.) %*+) /0#%'1,#23`-#%#3
4$$#%&%+6) '$) /$2,'(*<) A'$"+) '%) '() &) ,&$29&2+) :'%*) &) "#0;,+%+,-) 6'..+7+$%)
(-$%&"%'") (%79"%97+>) :+) :&$%) %#) "*+"N) *#:) %*+) (-(%+0) ",&(('.'+() %*+) /$2,'(*)
;&7%) #.) %*+) "#7;9() &$6) &,(#) %#) 0+&(97+) %*+) '0;&"%) #.) %*+) /0#%'1,#23
4$$#%&%'#$35#6+,) +,+0+$%() 8+"&9(+) #97) '6+&) '() %#) ;7#='6+) &) 09,%','$29&,)
7+(#97"+<) L$) %*'() :&-) :+) "&$) %+(%) #97) &$$#%&%'#$) 0#6+,) :'%*) %:#) 6'..+7+$%)
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,'(%)#.)+,+0+$%(<)
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107
TABLE XVIII. RECLASSIFICATION RESULTS FOR ENGLISH
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TABLE XIX.
EFFECT OF THE EMOTIBLOG-ANNOTATION-MODEL ELEMENTS ON THE SYSTEM FOR ENGLISH
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8+$+.'"'&,)+..+"%)#$)%*+)(-(%+0)&7+),+(()%*&$).#7)A;&$'(*),&$29&2+<))
)
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8+) 9(+.9,) .#7) &) .'$+7327&'$+6) ",&(('.'"&%'#$) .#7) +M&0;,+) .#7) %*+) '$%+$('%-)
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2'=+).#7)#$+),&$29&2+);#('%'=+)7+(9,%()&$6).#7)&$#%*+7)$+2&%'=+)8+"&9(+)%*+'7)
(900'$2) :&() ;#('%'=+>) 89%) :+) 6+,+%+6) %*+) #$#0&%#;#+'") +,+0+$%) 8+"&9(+)
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;7#"+((<)
)
108
)
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A/[?/[F/3^/Y/^)F^4AALbLF4?LJ[)bJc)L?4^L4[)
)
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(98(+V9+$%)+M;+7'0+$%():+)%+(%+6)%*+)&8','%-)%#)6+%+"%)&$6)",&(('.-)#;'$'#$)'$)
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#.)%*+)(+$%+$"+3,+=+,)#;'$'#$)",&(('.'"&%'#$<))
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)
TABLE XX.
CROSS-VALIDATION OF THE SENTENCE-LEVEL OPINION CLASSIFICATION FOR ITALIAN
)
!C<6:9:78'A'
0<6>TT'A'
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;7+='#9()+=&,9&%'#$(<))
109
[+=+7%*+,+((>)&)(,'2*%)67#;)'$);+7.#70&$"+):*+$)",&(('.-'$2)%*+)8,#2)(+$%+$"+()
"&$)8+)#8(+7=+6>)8#%*)&0#$2)(98B+"%'=+)&$6)#8B+"%'=+>)&():+,,)&()&0#$2)%*+)
%*7++) ",&((+() #.) (+$%'0+$%) ;#,&7'%-<) ?*+) +M;,&$&%'#$) .#7) %*'() ;*+$#0+$#$) '()
%*+) *'2*+7) ,&$29&2+) =&7'&8','%-) '$) %*'() (98(+%) #.) %*+) "#7;9(>) :*'"*) :&()
#8(+7=&8,+).7#0)%*+).+&%97+)=+"%#7(@)("&7"'%-<))
)
)
)
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&9%#0&%'")",&(('.'"&%'#$<))
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:'%*)%7++),&$29&2+(>)&,,#:'$2)09,%','$29&,)&$6)"#0;&7&8,+)(%96'+(<))
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;97;#(+() &$6) %#) 0+&(97+) %*+) '0;&"%) #.) +&"*) /0#%'1,#234$$#%&%'#$35#6+,)
+,+0+$%<))
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110
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7+,'&8','%-)#.)%*+)&$$#%&%'#$);7#69"+6)8-)%*+)/0#%'1,#234$$#%&%'#$35#6+,<)
)
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3
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)
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?*9(>) #97) ;97;#(+) '() %#) "*+"N) %*+) '0;&"%) #.) +0;,#-'$2) #97) 7+(#97"+) #$) %*'()
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)
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111
.&"%9&,)V9+(%'#$(>)&$6)%*+)&((#"'&%'#$)#.)(98B+"%'=+)'$.#70&%'#$):'%*)i9+(%'#$)
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+0;,#-) %*+) /0#%'1,#234$$#%&%'#$35#6+,) %#) "*+"N) '.) '%() +0;,#-0+$%) "&$)
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09"*) :#7N) *&() %#) 8+) "&77'+6) #9%) '$) #76+7) %#) 7+&"*) &) *'2*) ;+7.#70&$"+) #.)
(900&7'(&%'#$)(-(%+0()6+&,'$2):'%*)#;'$'#$&%+6)"#$%+$%<)J97);97;#(+)*+7+)'()
%#)%+(%)'.)#97)7+(#97"+)'()&)N+-).&"%#7).#7)%*+)+..+"%'=+)%7+&%0+$%)#.)#;'$'#$&%+6)
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*&=+).#7)+M&0;,+)%*+)%+M%)CWTER)
)
(38))A good post, and pretty fair.
But what you don’t observe is that the EU, like the US, has
basically followed a business-as-usual path on emissions. (You’ll
want to recheck your assertion on the comparison of EU vs. US
population growth.)
There are also other accounting idiosyncrasies, such as those
discussed here:
http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/prometheus/uk-emissions-4353
The bottom line is that if you really think that the EU
experience is a success story, rather than a cautionary tale
about the real challenges of reducing emissions even with strong
political support, then I am surprised, as you usually take a
more critical look at the data than demonstrated here.
I love it when people say it will hurt the US Economy, especially
business leaders. Apparently they do not have the foresight to
realize how much $$$$$$$ they could make if we switch to a
greener capitalist system.
4() :+) "&$) (++) .7#0) %*+) +M&0;,+) &8#=+>) %*'() 8,#2) ;#(%) "#$%&'$() 8#%*) .&"%9&,)
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112
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(39) <topic>economic situation</topic>
<topic2>government</topic2>
<topic3>banks</topic3>
<new> Saturday, May 9, 2009 My aim in this blog has largely been
to give my best and most rational perspective on the reality of
the economic situation. I have tried (and I hope) mostly
succeeded in avoiding emotive and partisan viewpoints, and have
tried as far as possible to see the actions of politicians as
misguided. Of late, that perspective has been slipping, for the
UK, the US and also for Europe.
<phenomenon gate:gateId="1" target="economic crisis"
degree1="medium" category="phrase" source="Cynicus>
)
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129
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;7#;#(+)&)0+%*#6)%#)(900&7'm+)('0',&7)#;'$'#$()27#9;+6).#7)%#;'"(<))
)
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:+)"#$('6+7)#$,-)%*+)(+$%+$"+()9;#$):*'"*):+)&27++6)#$)%*+);*7&(+():*#(+)
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130
4() 87'+.,-) %#9"*+6) &8#=+>) #97) '6+&) #.) 9('$2) $327&0() *&() 8++$) "#$('6+7+6) '$)
#76+7) %#) +M;,#'%) &() 09"*) &() ;#(('8,+) %*+) /0#%'1,#234$$#%&%'#$35#6+,)
(%79"%97+) &$6) %*+) '$.#70&%'#$) '%) ;7#='6+(<) L$) .&"%>) %*+) %*7++) ,+=+,() &,,#:) %*+)
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.#7) +&"*) (+$%+$"+) :+) ,&8+,) %*+) ,'$29'(%'") +,+0+$%() :*'"*) 2'=+) (98B+"%'='%-) %#)
%*+)%+M%<)?*+-)"&$)8+)0#7+)%*&$)#$+)'$)%*+)(&0+)(+$%+$"+)&$6)'$)0#(%)#.)%*+)
"&(+()%*&%)&7+)7+,&%+6)#$+):'%*)%*+)#%*+7<))
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?*9():+)6+"'6+6)%#)+M;,#'%)&()09"*)&();#(('8,+)%*'()(-$%&"%'")'$.#70&%'#$):+)
"&$) #8%&'$) .7#0) %*+) /0#%'1,#234$$#%&%'#$35#6+,) &$6) %7&'$) %*+) 5&"*'$+)
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*+,;) 9() %#) 6+%+"%) 0#7+) (98B+"%'=+) +,+0+$%() &7#9$6) %*+) #$+) &9%#0&%'"&,,-)
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'$)&)%+M%<)
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4.%+7) %*&%>) :+) %+(%+6) #97) 0+%*#6) :'%*) %*+) (+$%+$"+) ",&(('.'"&%'#$) C(98B+"%'=+)
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%*9():+)*&=+)&)#$+)#9%)#.)%*7++)"*&$"+()%#)",&(('.-)'%)'$)%*+)7'2*%):&-<)
)
)
)
131
TABLE XXII. CLASSIFICATION USING TEN FOLD CROSS VALIDATION
)
!0#+-/-%$'A'
0#+(33'A'
FH'A'
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#8B+"%'=+)&$6)%*+)D#(O[+2)(%&$6().#7)%*+)(+$%+$"+()",&(('.'"&%'#$)&""#76'$2)%#)
%*+'7) ;#,&7'%-R) ;#('%'=+) #7) $+2&%'=+<) ?*'() ",&(('.'"&%'#$) :&() ;+7.#70+6) #$) $+:)
+M&0;,+(>)%*+)XI!)(+$%+$"+()#$)7+"-",'$2);7+(+$%+6)'$)(+"%'#$)K<)
L$)%*+(+)+M;+7'0+$%(>):+)%+(%)%*+)'0;#7%&$"+)#.)%*+)&$$#%&%'#$)&%)%*+)%#N+$)
,+=+,<)?*&$N()%#)%*+)/0#%'1,#23F#7;9(34$$#%&%+6>):+)*&=+)&),&72+)$908+7)#.)
$#9$(>)=+78(>)&6=+78()&$6)&6B+"%'=+(),&8+,,+6)&();#('%'=+)#7)$+2&%'=+)&$6)&,(#)
&%)%*+)+0#%'#$),+=+,<)G+)9(+6)%*+(+):#76():*+$)",&(('.-'$2)+M&0;,+()9('$2)$3
27&0(>) :'%*) $) 7&$2'$2) .7#0) X) %#) Z<) L$) #76+7) %#) %+(%) %*+'7) '0;#7%&$"+>) :+)
7+0#=+6)%*+)=+"%#7)"#0;#$+$%()&""#9$%'$2).#7)%*+'7);7+(+$"+)'$)%*+).+&%97+)
=+"%#7() &$6) 7+3",&(('.'+6>) 8#%*) &%) %*+) ,+=+,) #.) #8B+"%'=+) =+7(9() (98B+"%'=+>) &()
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#8%&'$+6<)
TABLE XXIII. CLASSIFICATION RESULTS USING ALL N-GRAMS AND N-GRAMS, N>2
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132
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8+,'+=+)%*'()'()69+)%#)%*+).&"%)%*&%):+)%7&'$)#$)(98B+"%'=+)$327&0(<)4().&7)&()%*+)
;#('%'=+)&$6)$+2&%'=+)",&(('.'"&%'#$)'()"#$"+7$+6>)%*+)7+(9,%()&7+)8#%*)*'2*>)&()
:+,,)&()8&,&$"+6>);7#='$2)%*+)"#77+"%$+(()#.)#97)&;;7#&"*<))
)
4():+)"&$)(++>)7+0#='$2)('$2,+):#76():'%*)%*+'7)&((#"'&%+6);#,&7'%'+().7#0)%*+)
%7&'$'$2) 6&%&) 7+(9,%+6) '$) ,#:+7) ("#7+(<) ?*+7+.#7+>)%*+) .'$+327&'$+6) &$$#%&%'#$)
%*+) /0#%'1,#234$$#%&%'#$35#6+,) ;7#='6+() *+,;() &%) %*+) %'0+) #.) %7&'$'$2) %*+)
J;'$'#$)5'$'$2)(-(%+0)&$6)'():+,,):#7%*)%*+)+..#7%<))
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TABLE XXIV. RESULTS FOR POLARITY AND INTENSITY CLASSIFICATION USING THE MODELS BUILT FROM
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<topic>economic situation</topic>
<topic2>government</topic2>
<topic3>banks</topic3>
<new> Saturday, May 9, 2009 My aim in this blog has largely been
to give my best and most rational perspective on the reality of
the economic situation. I have tried (and I hope) mostly
succeeded in avoiding emotive and partisan viewpoints, and have
tried as far as possible to see the actions of politicians as
misguided. Of late, that perspective has been slipping, for the
UK, the US and also for Europe.
<phenomenon gate:gateId="1" target="economic crisis"
degree1="medium" category="phrase" source="Cynicus Economicus"
polarity1="negative" >I think that the key turning point was the
Darling budget, in which the forecasts were so optimistic as to
be beyond any rational belief</phenomenon>…
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142
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