Proceedings version - IAS School of Mathematics

Randomness-efficient Low Degree Tests and Short PCPs
via Epsilon-Biased Sets
Eli Ben-Sasson
Madhu Sudan
DEAS, Harvard University and
LCS, MIT
Cambridge, MA
Laboratory for Computer Science
Massachussettes Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA
[email protected]
[email protected].
Avi Wigderson
Salil Vadhan
Harvard University,
Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Maxwell Dworkin 337, 33 Oxford Street
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton and the
Hebrew University , Jerusalem.
Address: Institute for Advanced Study, School of
Math., Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540.
[email protected].
[email protected]
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ABSTRACT
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to
republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific
permission and/or a fee.
STOC’03, June 9–11, 2003, San Diego, California, USA.
Copyright 2003 ACM 1-58113-674-9/03/0006 ... 5.00.
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Categories and Subject Descriptors
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3. AFFINENESS TESTING
‹‚\(5
A
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3.1 The BLR Affineness Test
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~%2U+?'#()Ï %&Ï 3×צ Q × > Û
:’P2,3IŽXH(5
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3Ò Î[Ú Ó Ú "!Þ t Xz T SW ) Ü !?Ö Ï 3NÖ=Ó × ÓLÕ&Ò Ñ Ï ! t Xz T
) å "!?Ö ×Î&Ñ GÓ Ï ßGÐÏ ! Î&Ï 0
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3.2 Derandomized Affineness Testing
MD=U%,(5‰1(532,4Q
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Z[LI”2,U%16
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