Randomness-efficient Low Degree Tests and Short PCPs via Epsilon-Biased Sets Eli Ben-Sasson Madhu Sudan DEAS, Harvard University and LCS, MIT Cambridge, MA Laboratory for Computer Science Massachussettes Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA [email protected] [email protected]. Avi Wigderson Salil Vadhan Harvard University, Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Maxwell Dworkin 337, 33 Oxford Street Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton and the Hebrew University , Jerusalem. Address: Institute for Advanced Study, School of Math., Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540. [email protected]. [email protected] "!$#%& '#()%&*%,+.-/%1032,0(545(5 (56 #2&45487:9; #<&2&0=4)>-/%%&+? A@B-C9D-E GFH2&IJK%#L2,45457NMO G2&0=45A9;%PI @BJMH9; GFQ%,+PRLIS#%& G2,POT' 7U#%&V.45 R(8W7YXH(5#$2LZ[E2&45V.%1 6 45(52,\@^]`_\abdeEc f5g h ijPkl F. (5m1npo'=#q%&0rW# sXD :#487 =%LXHt%u R(5 \@%&#%& '#()Z14873Fv07twS%14)I ()#Gx2&3Ixo'6 I=2&.y8z|{L}Bn~-~ Z(5%&' OR==45()# (5K#%& '#()%& QLT'(8LI (5mE_~Q f8l XH(8zL &UTP'= (5 n MD=~<[ 7S%D= ~#%1= '# (5%& O(5 O2DL2|457S%1()Vv2,4&G2,3I=%&V. 6 .#(5dZ[ (5%&%&+KY45%|XtI& S $y [bL}BnC2 (5V.(542|dXd27 X;&(5Z[>2.G2,3I%1V. 6.#(5YZ[ (5%1:%&+~=DJK45(52,(8W7 vy5z,}S@"XH(5#(5 ' LIK+?%&>(5 G2&=#1K(545%#L2&45487 ()== S21I=2&Vv2,GIs#%PI=LFn MD=I G2&I=%1V.(5mL2|(5%1 D2,%&0=G2&(5=LIv%1'=1s|6^0=(2, LI. +?%&>Z[#%& 32,# %|Z[ $(8A3 4I n.MD=v2&32,487= (5 %&+;I 6 G2,3I%1V.(5mLI: $487%&\2&48 2,(5Z[.ZP(5 XH %&+HL6^0()2& LI I&2, d S1= LG=2,2&(5IA2, H I= d %&+/9D(52L74545(57vL2|RH 2&3%&I 6^d#%,,G2&# =(5 D+"%,d# %PI=S D45+?%L%&X =$45()=L2,(87 Ln o'=%&LIq07$op&G2, 9d9;Y6z1&11P.9d9;H611{1{&, [P 9d 9;*[b,[¡&&1PQ2&3IsMdMt¢YXD2,GI£WMtb&1Pz 6& n o'=%&LI$(5>32,¤0P7$o=¢YXd2|GI= ~9d9;u1b&[¡,1&2&I$MdM ¢HG¥ Xd2|GIN£Mtb&&z6W, =n UJE¦O§[¨[¨1©Eª«1«,¬[¬[¬E®[®P¯[°OB§±&²[³P±,²[´~W®1´&µ«¶°1±·¸1·noP'=%&LI 07:o=¹&G2,9d9;Y6z1&11:2,3I2o45%[2,ºY L2,#Gº=454)%LXd6 =(5Kn ABSTRACT Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. STOC’03, June 9–11, 2003, San Diego, California, USA. Copyright 2003 ACM 1-58113-674-9/03/0006 ... 5.00. » ;n bPn bNy ¼>½O¾P¿3À|Á¿Ã>Ä>¿ÅÇÆ¤ÈOÉÊÉË?¿ÌK}B¦Y¢S2,487 (5 S%&+C¢Y4)&%&(8V. 2&I$-~%&045V*9;%1V.=4)R=(87 Í$Î&ÏÏ=ÐÑ ÒGÓ&,ÔU Õ Î ÒG"!?Ö ÑA× Ó Ï3ØHÙ Ò Î[ÚÛ ) )&?!Þ Ò 3Ò G Ò n \y âsÊÉÊ}^¦v9;%PI=(5 2&ÑAI×Ü=ÝE+"%,Î&Ñ Vv2,(5%1MDÎß %,7 ÎLÎß Î Ø&Ð ×,àHá Categories and Subject Descriptors MD %&7 General Terms -/%1032,0(545(5 ()#2&454879;#G<&2&045$-/%%&+? JQ%#L2&45487MK G2&0=4)>9;%PI -/%1 7MO ()==JK(52,(8W7MO (5JQ%|Xtã &MO ()= Keywords ä Ø BÕ&Òs! × ! Ï Õ&O==%&045Væ%,+; (5A%LR=(5V.(8W7 &% +Y2Î&å* +?'=# (5%1º%:2+2,V.(5457Ç%&+H45%LXd6I=,v+"'=# (5%1= 2& >0 2 '=0rW# v%&+()= N R=2&V.(532|(5%1u()2& I= #L21I1ntçS S%1$2&IQP(5 dG2& <v%1 H'2XH()I=G2&=1$%,+/(5P(5&'(5 Vv2,=Vv2,(5#L2,4¤T' ()%& nUçS=>%, U32,3I '## S(5:I=6 (51=()=v2&I2&2&487m(5. .# () PY H32, U45LIs%.&L2|S ()I= (5=NI= (5&Â%&+=%102&0=()45(5 (5#L2&45487¹#G #<&2&0=4)=%%&+? Ç@B-C9D-~ GF 2&IV.%&U#487(5= X+2,V.()45(5 Y%&+~ %,6^#%&#()=.#%PI= #L2,4)45LI\45%#L2,4)487º G2&045v#%PI @BJMH9; GFnN(5 >32&>X;v RP6 45%,>=G2,3I%1V. YLT'=(5 V.U%,+E '#G 2,3ILI'# Vx (51=(83#L2,P487n¤çS'=K '48 KG2, 4)2,E%H R45(5#(8¤#%& '#6 (5%1= E%,+Q-;9D-~ C2&3IJ=MH9; ~%,+Q2&45V.%1 6^45(5L2|C (5m&n/ºD G2|EXH(8 %1V.$02&#G<P&%1'=3IsVv2, ()2&4n 1. INTRODUCTION -/%1032,0(545(5 ()#2&45487u9;#G<&2&045v-/%%&+? @B-C9D-E GF2,.07:=%|Xè2 +"'=3I=2&V.G2&41%10Pr# ~%,+3 'I7$(5%, (5#L2&4P#%&V.'=¤ #(5=#1n MDd #H%,+2$-;9D- 7 Vé(5 ~=H-;9D-ÇZ[ (83 2S=%&032|6 0(545(5 (5#2&45&%&(8Vê32,C(5 ;&()Z1v2$#4)2&(5V.LI%,Vë G2,V. P 2& $(5='=2&I:(5 $&()Z1Ç%,G2-.2,## %2='=%,LIN=%%&+;%&+ d=%&Vn¤MDU-;9D-ºZ1 (83 E(5 D2,4)45%LXDIv%T'7=Y%%&+ 1.1 PCPs %,G2-+"%,$2A Vv2,4)4KP'VA0 A%&+E0=(5 n;+/=%,V (5 SZ&2&45()IQ = HVA'= ~ R() ;2=%%,+32|;(5 C2&## =LIA07>dZ[(5 EXH(5 %102&0(545(8W7u%1=1;XH=(54)(5+U#4)2&(5V.LI\%,V (5 .%,.Z12,45(I =º=%=%%,+H %1'=4)I0v2&## =LIXH(5\%102&0(545(8W7Ç&L2| 2&Q 27z| &bPn o(5<(5=1487q 32|-;9D- #%& '=# (5%1 2,<=%LXHt07%LX +?%&vZ[(5+7()=:V.VA0 =(5\() 6^#%&V.45 v4)2&=1'32,1 n%, R2,V.451D=%1(5Vv2&4U-;9D-ë%,V %&+$ 2& G2&I*y8zL,}S %LXH 2,$= R(5 2-C9D-xZ[(5 Z[ (8+7=(5= 2,(5 32&0(545(8W7Ç%&+D2 &(5Z[:9;S+"%&V'4)2@^o¢CMHFE2,YT'() Y%&487A%&+¤0(8 H%&+¤= %%&+EXH=(54)sVv2&(5G2&(5=()=v=%& W732|= × ,$%&+H= %%&+U(5 %1=457º%1487%1V.()2,4)487\45%&132, 2:G2&I=(8(5%132,4d=%%,+ @2&V.4872 2|(5 +?7(5N2, ()&V.Fn.U%LXDZ[LK=045%LXH'Ç() =$=%%,+/ (5m() H072A%1487%&V.()2&4%&+~P'&$I= &1n oP'#GÂ0=4)%LXd6^'= .G2&(5 NN32|'=G2,4ST' ()%&K¦q32|s() .= Vv2,454) .32,48W7º(5 =%%,+S (5mv32|%&s32& >%:327+?%&= 0 = C%,+=%102&0=()45(5 (5#UZ1 (82&0=(54)(87AXH(8v2#%1= G2&C'=VA0 %,+$T'() n MD(5 .T' ()%&uXD2& A= v21I=I Iu07\;2&032,(H 2,4ny ,}Bno%%1¹2,+?LS-¤%&45() =#P'=<Â2,3I¹oP(545Vv2&xy 1,}S %LXDI =%LX*%.#%& '#-C9D-¹Z[ (83 U Vv2,<(5= @z| &GFYTP'= (5 H%v2 %%&+C%&G2,#45%,+; (5mHr'= @_/ Fd+"%,o=¢EMé@"XH >_\I%, =$ (5m$%&+/=S+"%,VA'4)2A0 ()=#4)2&(5V.LIs 2,(5 2,045|Fn MD= '48 >%&+Y-¤%&4)(5 =#P'<Ç2&I\o=(545Vv2& V L2|%&=(86 Vv2,4n C >2# > '48>%&+UwS%14)IP(5# 2,3IºoP'3I=2&Ây8zL{|}d '=&6 & v %1V. =(50 .Vv27 0%& (50451nMD= 7 %LX 32| = s R() 2:Z1 (83 +"%&vo=¢EMê32|.2,## A=%%&+? .%&+U (5m _ a3b eEf g h ijk[l ] _ f l XH=(54)T' 7(5\%&4872\RLI¹#%&=6 G2,P'=VA0 A@zL[F%,+d0(8 $+?%&Væ%%&+WnMD=(8Z1 (83 (5 %&0=G2,()=LI\07º2N%&#%& '=# (5Z[s2,1'=V.>' (5Nv-/%102,6 0=(54)(5 (5#£ =%PIQn~ã'=U%HG2&I=%1V.= ;(5vY#%1= '# (5%& %,+DZ[ (83LK=2&=45(5#L2&0=(54)(87Ç%2&# '2&4~=%%,+d#=#G<(5=(5 '=#45L2|LnºV.LIP7\(5 v (8'32,(5%&¹07ÂI G2&I=%&V.()m ()=Ç= Vv2,(532|Y%&+¤=(8U# %1 '=# (5%1Qn;=%&Vv2&45487vXD$ =%|X$¦ z&n)z& n Ô uÖ=Ó Ó ÒG !DÒ>!?Ö=Ó&! ! ) Ï Õ&!?Ö._#"$^ %Ó[G ×× × Ò ÎLÎß× Î ÒÓ[Ù$ÝK) Ù ×Î ßS× &|d_va b e c f)Î&g Ï h ' ij=Ï kl('Ð $B"ÎW)%ß ÑG3+Ó *[! × ÓsÓ1 Î&Ï3× Ò !^Ó Ï ! ÏÐP"Ñ.!?ÖNÚ 3Ò Ò Î-ß Ó , Ð "!ÒÞ B × Ï ' ! Î Ó !?Öd$^3 Ò ÎL%Îß Ò/.|$B" ?!) %Ó[ Û × Ø ÎLÎß×vå Î[Ú Ú Î&Ï ÏØ × Ï3Û Ó& Ø !?Ö= Î Ò ÑA×$å "!?ÖA3Ò Î[Ú Ó Ú "!ÞsÓ&!;)Ó × !Dz| &1b 0 ¢Y0%|Z[D2,3I>%1'=1%&'=/=;32, L 2 4@ 3F¤V.L2,5 4@ 3Da@4)%&6 38F 7 F +?%&E2HRLI$0'/'= #(83LI$#%& G2,P: 9,nO;%,C2,¤XH=()45;X; %&'&487NVv2&(5G2&(5= (5m>#%1V.=45 R(57%,+Sy8z|{L}BK%&'=U#%1= G2& @(5=$T' 7s#%&V.45 R(8W7F;2|$ ()&(83#2&4874)2,& Ln 1.2 Locallyk?testable ¢é#%PI<;p¦= > =A@ê() Acodes Î GÓ&" Þ! !^Ó )A@"XH(8 vT' (5 GF (8+C >(5 $2@%102&0(545(5 (5#|FY (5s=× %# ÚLI='32|%&ÇZ1 7 Z1# %&C BDE=A@L2&I=C A#%%,GI=(532| U%,:+ B332,3IvWr# U(8YXH(5 %102&0(545(8W7N%1%,()%&32,4¤%s(8 $I(5 G2&# >+%1V =#%PI=s@(n &n) =D(5Vv2&&D%&+ ;$Fn~MD32|~() 145V. ¤%,+;#%PI=D =%1'=4I2&48Xd27 02&# #=IQ2,3IZ[#%& U+"2,2LXD27+?%&V =># %PI=> %1'=4)I0 r# IXH(5#%1= G2&Y=%&032&0=(54)(87n) JQ%#L2&45487* G2&045\#%PI > I=3Ix07x=(5LI=42&Io'6 I=2&y8z|¡|}BVv27.0YZ(5 X;LIs2& ;=U#%&VA0=()2,%,(2,4# 2, D%,+ -C9D-~ nsMD 7:0L2| %1=(5P'=(8()Z14)2,(5%& $%-C9D-E OXH(5 2, Z()I; (5V.(54)2,(8W7v0 XD v=Y ()=%#LI'=U2&3I= Z1 (83 .(52Ç-C9D-ë 7= Vn\WI=LIE(532& A02#%&V.V.%1 0 4)(5 +2,~ '=##%PI= ~45(5H2,~;L2|C%,+V.%1 E-C9D-Ç# %1 '=# 6 (5%& %&'&K2, S%&()LI%1'=U07NwS%&4)I(5#GÇ2,3I:oP'3I2,ºy8z|{L}^ S%&>32|(5 (5 2I)( F LT'(8V. PU32,:=A%&A+?%& Î Ó1? Þ Ø ÎLØ Ó Ú )# %PI= /XH=()#G\2, < 32|>(5+ BGDH=A@ (5 # 4)%& %2#%PI= X;%&GII ;AK@ JF 2&7s#%%,GI=(532|>%,:+ JN#L2&0=%&0=6 2,0(545(5 ()#2&45487#%|Z[ IL21I(5%&48L7 >#%%,GI=(532| U%,:+ B3n (5 $045(5 +H(5 %,$%%XD454~+"%&'3ILIQnSZ[45 K R(5 # %&+>2º45%#L2,45457 G2&0=4)N# %PI=NXH(821(5Z[Â#=%1(5#:%&+2,G2&V.6 %1=1487Ç '1& R(5 =#.%&+H2-;9D-XH(5Ç4)2,LI 32|G2&V. S2,3IÂZP(5#:Z[ 2PnéMD=() V.%&(5Z&2, .N 'I7%&+ 45%#L2&45487 G2&045#%PI n MO%$+"%# ' d%1.=UVv2,().2,G2,V. D%,+O(5 LP45 D' C k ()> # %1' 45Z[ %#2& N%&+S0(532|7 #%PI= d(n &M n ; ¦ N| OLQz P N,R OLQz P @ n\º2,(5 Iu(5 V.(5(5V.(5m(5Ns045%#G<45=& 32,;S# %PI=S2& d45(5L2|@(n &n)1 T@ FF S ] S @_KFn/ULT'(8Y V.(5(5VA'=V I(5 G2&# 1n ¥ 3I= #%1I=(8(5%1 # 42, (5#L2&4AS 6 '48 N%,+A#%PI(5=%&7 =%LXæ32|N45()=L2,:0=45%#<P45,è@(n 1n5 ] @_KFFD#L2&02&#G(5Z[LI R45(5#(84572&I #(5457n~U%LXd6 S U Z[L3XHX;A2|(5 I:(5\ Î Ó1¤! × !^Ó Ú ?!Þ(5:2&II=(8(5%1Q (8(5 $2,(5(51'=()=v%1:=%&045VnUS%v45%LXD $0%&'I= SZ[ N%& (50(545(57¹%,+>2&#G(5ZP(5\45(5L2|45=& S V ] @_KF.XH(8 JMH9; A%&+Y#%& G2,PT' 7Ç#%1V.=45 R(57n WèMDv0 A=ZP(5%1'= 487 <P%LXHv R45(5#(8D#%& '=# (5%1s%&+K4)%#2&45487s G2&045U#%PI= S@B2& ;+?%1486 45%LX +?%1V y &zL{|}?FA32LZ[ (5m S ] _/¤Y X e~)f ZGl +?%&sE2 ,6T' 7 45%#L2&45487N G2,045A#%PI1nwS%&4)I(5#GÇ2,3Io'I2,\y5zL{|}~%,Z1LI R(5 # D%&+32&45V.%1 6^45(5L2|~ ()m LI># %PI= d@(n 11XH(8 S ]¹_ f l F 07u2=%&032,0(545() (5#:2|1'V. PLno#(8#L2&45487D7 %LX 32, S R(5 d2#%1= G2&6 >2&Is2AwD@^b1F6^45(5L2|D+2,V.()487v%,+/JMH9; ; [¦ N| O+z P k > N,R OLQz P @ XH(8 ]é_:a&b eEf g h ijk[l FYXH=()#G#L2& 0.k LIXH(8\NT'() nNºvS I=G2&3I%1V.(5m. (5#%& '#6 (5%1\2,3I: %&. R=4)(5#(8= OXH=()45.Vv2,()G2,()=(5= (5m.%&+ S#%PI= n ] z1n bP n KÖ=Ò& !DÓA !^Ó ^! Ó Ó 3 B "!B Þ Î&Ï× !Ò Ð ! Ú )wD@^b&F Û Ï Ó&Ò ß × Ó Ñ " Þ Î,ÏÎß × 5ä Ï Ý/× ; Ï3k Ø _¦ Ï N, OL+z P k > Ö N,R OLQz P @ å "!?Ö S ]p_:ab eEc f g h ij=k[l å ÖBGÖ Ó ÏÚ v! × ! ØÇå "!?? Ò B $ $ Ò ! " ! Þ Ó Þ _ ` % 0 ,Ð × ßÎ Ï Ï Ñ Ï çS'=Q#%& '=# (5%1 K%&+=-C9D-E O2&3I45%#L2,45457$ G2&045E#%PI= K#%&V. PZ ()22I= G2,3I=%&V.(5mL2,(5%1s%&+QaW45%LXxI=,U cb %XDU01(5 07#L2,454)(5=4)%LXêI&> (5=%10=45Væ2,4)%&XH(8: 4)2,I4)(5=L2,(8W7s (5A=%10=45Vn~W0%,#L2, 3=S> (5 2&45&%&(8V (5 $1(5Z[ %&G2,#45.2&# # $%2v+"'=# (5%1G 3 e¦ d @ d3 2&Iv2&(5V. ;%I= V.(5=YXH= 6 332, d2# G2&(5s=%1W7N@(5 %1'A#2& 1~(8= A45(52,(8W7%&> Vv2&454C%,G2&4dI& |FnNMD=v 6 (52&451%,(8V (5 $2.G2&I=%&V.()m LI=%#I='=32|$2,## =(5 %&G2,#45(52.+? X @()I=2&45487:#%1= G2&P'V0 Y%&+GFY%1 (8(5%1 K2,3I N2&## = H%&YWrW# n;Xd2,PH= H%v2&## =YZ[7 3XH(8s=S%1 72&3I.WrW# HZ[ 7 332,D() D+"2,@(5s2&V6 V.(5I=(5 G2&=#|F+?%1V 2|ZP(5s.%1 7nMD=(5 >(5 2&# '2&45487 Y%&(5&()2&4Q (5$+?%&VpXH(5#G.Y1= G2&4Q2,2>%,+/-/%1 7 MO (5=y [bPOzL,}K32, HZ[%145Z[IQn W0%&:A;45'V6JK'=076^Y'0=()+"4)I45(5L2|(8W7: vy8zL|}D2,3I ~%,()&(532&445%LX\I& E Cy [bL}^|=~ ()=Y2&451%,(5=Vx#G%%& WX;%sG2,3I%1V %1(5? g f Ohi f DdR@nSW>45(5L2|(57 L(8S= AXH= 3O+@ g f kF jl3OQ@ i f Fm ] 3O+@ f jnf Fn\ =45%LX I& LQ(8S UXH = o 3O+@ g f FU2&& g XH(8i :='=(5Z&2,()2,%1487P6 %&V.()2&4E%10=G2,(5LI07(5 %14)2,(5= 3u2|q pojxzv%&(5P %& 45(5q Ng f jGrRi f `¦ r_DLdPPn S%,Y2,D= H D' S2> 2,V.45S 2&#U%&+K (5m$T'32&IG2,(5# (5¹: (5m%&+I=%&Vv2&(5KY(n 1nê%1=%,+> ()m s ds W(@ I'% #G%%1 (5=vXD%G2,3I=%&V %1(5 nYwS%14)IP(5#:2,3INoP'3I2,ºy8z|{L}/' >-/%102&0(545(5 (5#v£ %PI%v =%|Xx32|U= (5m>%&+~ 2,V6 45 32&# A#L2,0>LI='=#LI%vL2|487:4)(5=L2,LQ32,V.48E7 c@ s ds @ a W MD=(5 U(5 H(5#%1G2, Y%A4)%#2&45487NI= #%PI2,045$#%PI= XH (5 $2v ' 6^45(5L2|$45%|X; 0%1'=3IN%&+ Sut _ K )f ZGl y b| &}B/2,3I 0 Y<P%LXH'= H0%&'I= H2,$R=%&()2&4Q(5_/n 1.3 Derandomized Low Degree Tests 45%&s ds F0'¤(8~%%&+(5 ~%&#%& '#()Z11n/MD= 72&=487>=(8 ()IL2s Z[ G2&4¤(5V. Y(5N>32&LQ2&3IN2,#=(5Z[> ()&(83#2&$(5V6 %|Z[V. D@B2,4)0 (5E=%1# %1 '=# (5Z[|FO%|Z[ ~R=(5 (5-;9D-~ E2&3I JMH9; nu¢DA=IQ~7G2&(5 =2,'G2&4HT' (5%&u%,+I 6 G2,3I%1V.(5m(5(8D #=()T'1XH=()#GvXD%1'=4)Is%&0ZP(5%1'= 487v4)21Is% R==45()# (5Y#%& '=# (5%1 n %|Z()I2& "!/ 2&V.=45A 32,#A%,+D=L2,487N45(5L2| (5m +?%&=45%LXêI= &2&I:45(52,(8W7N n$MD> 2&V.45> 32,#A(5 %,+K=d+"%14545%LXH(5+?%&V¦~2, D2,0%,Z11XDY#=%%1 L g f '=(8+"%,V.487A+?%&V d @ =0' f (5 H#=%1 +%1V 2& BÓ ! Dn;MD XD2&=487 =$ 2&V.$i 2,##G2&=#$# (8 (5%1:Û2,Ú H× =Øs%&× (5&()2&4O Ln MDP'= EX;'= 2N 2,V.45v 32&# %,+S (5m s ds @ a s 6s ~XH(5# (5 =L2,4874)(5=L2,S() s ds @ (8+/X;'= =0 S<P=%|XHNR==45()# (5U#%&=6 '=# (5%1= .%&+$L6^0()2& Iu n¹çU+# %1'= &D#2&4545&N() % =%LX2,~D C (5454=XD%,<P C#%,# 487(n 1n~ (5454=WrW# ~+"'=# 6 (5%& d32|Y2,+2|U+%1V 0(5=45()=L2,>@" Qn545%LXI& |F;XH(5 =(51%102&0(545(8W7n ¹MD=() $%,+D#%&'= A 4)(5 $%&Ç2,(5#'=42|=%&=6 () U%,+/L60=()2& LI %AX;'=s%.I=(5 #'= H=%1 $=%|X$n $EPSILON-BIASED %LXt= PY& G2,4O02&#G<SETS ,%1'=3I%&L6^0()2& LI Y2&3I I(5 #' d (5YLT'=()Z&2&45D+?%&V'4)2,(5%1= H()s V. d%&+~9D2L745 7 RP6 2&I= d,G2&= d2,3Iv4)(5=L2,H %,6^#%&#()=A#%PI XH(5#s4)27 2U#G2&4P%145H(5A%1'C2&32,487= nE%&Vv2,4=I 3=(8()%& E2&I#(5 G2|V. ¤XH(54542,L2|C(5>;+?'454=Z1 (5%1KnOq(545D %1V.;%&+3= I(5 #' (5%1A1 G2,4)(5m %2|0(8G2,7N¢U045()2&&%&' X; ()#A%&'= 45Z[ s@"+"%,> ()V.=45()# (57/2,3I (5# v2&454;%&'=2&=45(5#L2,6 (5%& 2, '#GFY%sZ[#%&$ 2&# d @ %&+DI=(5V. (5%& S %|Z[ 2 (83 4I dn C#2&454P032& (5#D=%&G2|()%&2,0%1'=¤#2,G2&# ~2&I%&'=(5 ¤ =6 G2,(5%1= Y@B=%&~V.%&DI= G2,()45 ~ d1n ndy8zLPbPz }?FnE%,5 d2Y3 4I %,+#G32|G2&># (5 (5# OC2u GÖ=Ó&ÒÓ[ !Ò%,]+ d@ () 2=%1V.%1V.%,=() V XH (5 C=@V'48(545(5#L2,(5Z[|F/&%&'.%,+O#%&V6 Q¦ d @ =45 R =%%& >%&+H'=(8W7nMDN!ÒG BÓ1#G32|G2&# Vv2&= d @ % z&nCMDS H%&+¤#G32|G2&# H+?%&V 2>032, () D+?%&d=Z[# %,d 32,#%,+ +?'=# (5%1 ;Vv2&=(5 d@é % ~nHn 1n~Z[7A+"'=# (5%&? 3¦ d@ > #2&N0SXd(8:2, 3 a XH= $$ 'V (5 H%|Z[ U2&454K#2,6 2,# 2,3I 3 (5 E Î&Ð ÒBÒ$ Î Â ^ Ï !%&+ 3s# %& %&3I=(5= %#2,G2,# nMD.%&'=(5 #%.#(5>#%& %&3I()=% (5 AI= LI0 7 3 ] 431O ] %'& 3O@ g F @ g FnNq d* ] ) L2,# #G32|G2&# A#L2&% 0v!#"$Xd(8u!(2&" ,+ +?%& - DHd @ XH= + @ g F / ] .10 "24365 + 2 2 @ .*(5 >2=(5V.(8()Z1#%1V.=45 R =v%%,H%&+K'=(57Fn/W.(5 D#2& SX;2&0=' U%&G2|(5%12&3I.Xd(8 3 + +"%, 3 87 n ¢ 9 ;: d @ (5 A#L2,4)45LI\ ÛÚ BÓ × Ø (8+U2&454D=%1(5Z()2,4D%&'=(5 # % .#(5 %&+CA#G32|G2&# () (5#+?'#()%&%,+<q2,0%&'I=LI 07. s 6s s d @ s =(5s2&0= %145'=UZ12,45'1nEMD2,D(5 P+"%,HZ[ 7A#2,G2,# >]* = z&e s?@ &8A @ i F sCB s 6s n*MD= D ¤2,D(5 (5YXH s 6s8D s ds @ @B2,E Ç]d @ (5 H,6^0=(2, LI3FnC¢=(5V.SR2,V.45S%,+~2& L6^0()2, LI. d(5 d2$G2&3I%1Vê LP+"%,DXH(5#G #2&v0UG2,<[%>0 R V.487N Vv2&454d@32,V.487: s 6s3] @ S 4)%& s ds , W FFnS%LXD Z[ L V.%& :2&=45(5#L2,(5%& N%&+AL60=()2& LI =LIè B "!$# %1 '=# 6 (5%& &(Bn 1n¤%1 KXH(5#G>2,DI V.(5(5 (5#C2&3I$ #(5Ln~9;45L2,487 +?%&C2SI G2&I=%&V.()m2,(5%1A2&=45()#2,(5%1 '=#A2& /%&'= [#G%%& (5S= S2|HG2&3I%1V I +"L2| dXH%&45$'=%& 'F ¢U# '2&45487&%&'=E2,32&487 (5 /%&+3=C /&(5Z[D 45(51487>X;L2&<1 ~1'2,6 2, n~W=H#L2& Y%&+K45()=L2,(87A (5P%1'; C(5 ;%1=487.1'2,6 2,LI%AWrW# U+"'=# (5%1= Y2,U2,$+2|S+%1V 0(5:GÓ Ï % @B2|+? Y2> 45()&HV.%PI=(83#L2|(5%1F/XD%&0=G2,()2&2,.= ; Ln~W =#2& A%,+C ()=.+"%&S%&G2&4~I& q p3= (5 %1=487N1'2,6 2,LIA%$Wr # ;+?'#()%& ~32|D2|Y+"2,;+%1Vë%&G2,4I=, p3 0='=dX;$#L2&=Rv(5 dXH(52A 45(512,'&V.G2,(5%1s%AS S Ln 2. MDs V.(532,4d32, %,+SS2&%&.2&3I\S2&%&y b,,}YI 3=LI =[2LZ[=S H R=4)(5#(8Y#%& '#()%& H%&+¤ '#G H%&+~ (5m %1487K@ |1FU+?%&-du] wD@^b&F/2,3IIV.%1= G2,LINA%|X; >%&+ S #%& '#()%& +?%&: Z[G2&4>2&=45(5#L2,(5%1= n £2,P7%, #%& '#()%& ;+?%14545%LXDLIy5z&b&b1z = &}BPY0 D%,+OXH=()#G 32LZ[S ()m - @ S H a 45%1J I s K<s ,+ 7 FC+"%&YZ&2,(5%1'= d()=45 d%&+/# %1 G2, L O?M`O 9BÂPn o(5=#N:(5P%PI'# (5%&q%&+> R45(5#(8L6^0()2& I¹ 07xy b,,}B v A2&I\I=(5Z[ (87º%&+U2,45(5#L2|()%& %,+H v%10Pr # &X T'(5#G<487H G2,045(5 (5 (5s+"'=3I=2&V.G2&4Y%145()¹=%&()#2&4 #%&V.'=; #(5=#1nEMD=U (5=1 CXH= Y|6^0=(2, LI. D2|U'= LI (5#45'I=1¦=sI=(8# AI= G2,3I%1V.(5mL2,(5%&u%,+U2&451%,(5=V. A '=# 2, +2, ~Z[ (83#2,(5%1>%&+Vv2,(8RV'48(545(5#L2,(5%12&I># %1V.VA'=(5#L2|()%& =%,%#%145 E+"%&;LT'32,4)(87y b&|} à H#%1= '# (5%&.%&+Q2&45V.%& 1 N6BXH() (53I3I/G2&I=%1VéZ&2,()2,045 [XH=()#GA(5A'A2|Z1dVv2&7>2&6 45(5#L2|()%& :y b&PHb1{L} à (52&%LR=(5Vv2,0(545(57\ '48 +?%&sT'32&IG2,(5# LT'32|(5%1%|Z[wD@^b1FAy b&|} à 45L2|(5%,7 y ,} à R45(5#(8#%16 '#()%& H%&+¤S2,V. 7.&G2,= >y b,,} 2,3I 4) V.G2,7v#%& '#6 (5%1= Y%,+C9D27=45 7 R32,3I $y ¡P3b&,}Bnà W=(5 C2& CXDY21I=I.%=(5 ;45%1=>45(5 D072&=487=(5=$|6^0=(2, LI %I G2&I=%&V.()m2,(5%1%&+45%LX I=, n¹MO%º2,32|6 487mA%&'=I G2&I=%1V.(5mL2|(5%1 X;487:%1:WX;%2,48 32|()Z11Q0'= LT'(5Z&2&45LCZ(5 XH%&(5P .%,+L6^0()2& Iu CXH(5#GuX;NI= #()0 045%LX$n 2.1 Epsilon-Biased Sets as Expanders ¢U7Ç OP: dR@ 32,'G2&45487º&()Z1 (5 %29D274)7º&G2, Q A XH=%1 $Z[ (5# d2,=S45V. D%,+^d @ =2,3IsXH=%1 I=1 #%& # 2&(8 %&+CZ[#%& SXH=%1 I()F # (5 (5RDnA@S XD 2& '=V.1v(5 ¤ 7V.V. (5#d@SÇ]UTE~F %U2& Q%d7=(54)I2&$'=3I(5 # LI &G2,3Fn %,E]2 p[6B1'=4)2,E&G2, Q & Ò Ó1 &| )Õ Ó1 %&+ Q () SI= LIs%s0s V W s Qp?D yÏ3Î OLzÑ }BXH Ø$× V W Î&Ï3() YØ Ï #%&3Ð I 4)2,& $(51 Z&2&45'=>%,+~>21I|r2&# # 7Vv2,(8R%,+ Q (5:2&0= %145'= Z&2&45'1nt^(5 vXD45486^<P%LXHÂ32|v(5 v() s2º&%%PI¹V.L2& '%&+>2 &G2,X W R32, (5%1¹@ Vv2,454)A # %13Iº ()&PZ12,45'] 0 > RP6 32, (5%13Fn MD+?%14545%LXH()=v() H(5V.45(5#(8Y(5y ¡Pb&,}Bn Y:<ZpbPn5z&E n Ò.Ó [Þ \:ld @ é BÓ ]ë!?Ö ÏÎ Ò Û ÓÑ & &| Ø.× Î,ÏØ 5ÕÎ 1Ï Ï Ó1 Ð ÎWß Q A Ü × Ó,! × Ñ.Î,Û×Ú !O× 0 Ø MDUI=G2&3I%1V.(5mLI 2,V.45Y 32&# D' I()v%&'=; D#L2&v0 ZP(5 XDLI\2, 4) # (52G2&I=%1V LI1:+@ g f Ohg f j i f F(5 Q A nNMD=(5 %1(5~%&+3Z(5 Xu(5 ~# (8(5#L2&4=()%1'E2&32,487= (5 E%&+3=D45%LXÂI& D Ln º.XH(5454D' .=. G2&3I=2,GIº#%&VAA 0=()2,%,(2,4D(5V.45(5#L2,(5%&\%&+H #%&3I.(51 Z&2&45'=Y0%&'I%1 Q #L2,454)I.=H R32&I= EV.(8R(5 45V.Vv2:@# +Wn5dy {|}?FnsMD=() 45V.Vv2v 27= 2,0 XD ºZ[ 7NXD% K%&+=Z[ (5# |/+G2&# (5%1>%&+=LI1 K0 WX;$V(5 O%&'1=487 U+?G2&#()%&N%&+~LI1 H0 XD Vp()s$#%&V.45 ,G2&=Kn Y:<Z_^a`b^ ced$fXghZ,ikjmlRnof,npikq_YkrZts` $ ß 0 vÜ uxwSy %z Î Ò Q ]é@S{:Ox|>FÓv Î&Ï=Ï ! Ø p Û ÒBÕ Ð 5Ó&ÒSÕ&ÒÓ=Ö `Î ÒH_ Ò!BG ×å "!?Ö ÏÎ Ò Ñ Ó1 & | Ø × Î&ÏØ )Õ 1Ï Ó& Ð } VêÓ ÏØ Ó Ï Þ\! åCÎº× ! [× ~ Ox: { Îߨ Ï× "!^ × L ] s ~ s s {s Ü Mu] s s s {s Ü )!$¾@ ~ O?F Ú !?Ö Ï=ÐPÑ.Ú Ò ÎßsÎ Ò Ø Ò Ø Ó&"Ò × K@ J^O(BF O JHD ~ O(B\D> ×Ð GÖº!?ÖÓ&! K@ J^O(B_F D|0oKÖ Ï fbtk Kl T L M BVk L Mh0 W:2&II(5(5%&%.V.(8R(5.=%& (5 %,+D2s9D274)7N R32,3I=L XDCXH()454=2&45 %Vv2,<[C#'#()2&4P'= D%&+=D2,4510G2&(5#H '# ';%&+= &G2,Q2&V.487.32|U2&=487=(5=.b ob d6^45()=L2,>G2&= +"%,Vv2,(5%1= %Ç= %&+$LI1 7(54)I= 2&Â(5 %&V.%&=(5#&G2,Â2&3I # = Z[ dS R32&= (5%1Kn 2.2 Epsilon-Biased Sets as Linear Codes =%&>2s4)Idu%&+;#2,G2,# (5 (5# K¤2,P7: d @ I 3= 2N45(5L2|#%PI A : A %|Z[ >s>2&45 = 32&0 ] ) ~07 6 (5# (5=N2&454;#G32|G2&# ¦d@ % ;n Ç+2,# L/Z1 7 ) 6^45(5L2|U# %PI=$#L2,0$%10G2&(5LI()s(5 dXd27n ^AXD2& .%10= Z[LI\(5ty b,,}H32|A=L6^0()2& =%1W7\%,+ *(5 # 4)%& 4874)2,I%$ %,6# %&# (5=s%1 (5 U%&+/=() Y45(5=6 2,U#%PI=1nDo #(83#L2,4)487= '=%1 dÇ32& H#G32|G2&# (5 (5#bPn;A MD \(5 H|6^0=(2, LI)( FZ[ 7s2&(8Y%&+~I() (5=# Y#%PI= X;%&GI U(5 2|Z1 42|(5Z[H2&V.V.(5=SI() G2,#$@z v1F &bPn~=%&~34)I E%,+#2,G2,# 6 (5 (5 # qbL6^0()2, UI% H%,U# %& %&3I%S2&V.V.(5I=(5 G2&=#1 0='=CG2,; A%>@"4)2,LIFE+"%&4)45%LXH(5 V.2& '=Y%&+OI=(5 G2,#1nE¢ # %PI= : %|Z[>=v2&452&0 (5 > ÛWÎ ÒG!?Ö Î Õ Î&Ï Ó1O(8+HZ1 7 2&(8.%,+SI(5 ()=# # %PI= X;%&GI= g O i D¹2,sL2|487\%&=%11%&32,4B (n 1n s g O i A skBQXH= g O i A ] A A &8A g @ [F i @ [Fn.@" =%&Vv2,4)(5m0\ 7 s 6s3 %2,454/45V. S%,+ 2,A'=(8UZ[# %, K(n 1n A ss g ss ] S g O gk A ]pz1n FÇC7I 3=(8()%&K, d@ (5 L6^0()2& LI )( F A (5 .|6^%,%1&%12&4n A() A%&A32|GI\% %LX 2,.(8 + ¹(5 L6^%&=%1&%132,43. Z[ 72&(8D%,+¤I(5 ()=# D# %PI= X;%&GI= ;32LZ[YI=(5 6 G2,#v2|>4)2& s@z T &F 1b/0'+"%, êbsA#%1PZ[ .(5 %, =# 2|(5457'1n MD=(5 U#%PI(5&6B=%& (5#%1(5Y%&+~ZP(5 XtXH()454¤0$#(5(5#L2,4¤(5%1' 2,32,457 (5 %,+U=I G2&I=%&V.()m LIº45()=L2,(87\ Ln\32|()# '4)2,L X;$XH()454O2&=487=AS+"%&4)45%LXH(5sZ12|()2& H%&+/WX;% G2&I2|GI#%PI=(5= =%&7$+"2&# ¤% A 2&I 07 =%|X32,O;=L2,487%,%1&%&6 2&43 4) V. C%,+ 2,Y ()2&45487s2& ;&%%PIv2& C=H%&%&1%&32&4 Z1# %& C(5V.45(5#(8457.2,(5 (5>()=S2,32,457 (5 D%,+Q=H%&(51(532,4QDJK Ln Y:rZ ^a` cB oXq^XiZ#n_YkrZts ` Ò )!!\: A Ú Ó Ï ÛÎ ÒG!?Ö Î Õ Î&Ï A Ó1H ÎLØ ÎßvÚ Î *&) Ï Õ&!?Ö Î s 6s t`Î Ò !?Ö=:Ó& =Ö=Ó Ú ! k 0uä¤C! J D Ú NÓ ! Î Ò å "!?Ö ss J5ss A B hz 0 KÖ= ÏÜ $> Õ sbKJ[O(' A s t z T*) ßÎ Ò ×Î&Ñ + 'lD, Ü !?Ö= Ï u#"QÏ , Ð % ÒßÎ >Ó Ï -Þ ÎLB<Ø D,Ï 5y!O &?B ß ]= ' Ü s KJ^O(B A sCBu6 j b ) u ä~ × -! $ ÎLØ Ï Õ y Î Ò>Ó Ï Þ Ø × !Ò Ú Ð ! Î,/ Ï . Î&Ï Ü 0 . 'a KBeO(J A B ss . s&s W j B ss . ss 4lj &32 1 1 QJ ~' /# %1V.32|C=D=ZP (5%1'= ¤45V.Vv2d%S(8 aW G2,3I2|GIb# %PI6 (5= %&7:#%&' (5 n.o'=%1 A2#%PI32, $42|1V.(5=()Vv2,4~I=(5 6 G2,#&n~MDd#%&' (5%,+ ¥ ()T';ãS#%PI=(5=32|C(5 /; ()V.=45 %&0 Z&2,(5%&2,$(8#+ J(5 #45%1 %2v#%PI=XD%&GEI B=N(8$VA'= 0>+2|>+%1V 2,7N%&= #%PI=XD%&G5I '>nMD=#%1'= (5Ç%,+;AJK(5 ãS#%PI=(5=A32|d(5 ;7 61%1= %&;%&'IQnEMD(5 d0%&'3I. 27 ;32| %&487 2+? X #%PI XD%,GI= A#2&\0 aW %1V.XH32,A#45%1 b:%:2RLI X;%&GU I JOnèçS'JQ(5 ã# %PI=(5\0%&'3I 2L7 2&7Â4)2|1 %,+ # %PI= X;%&GI= v(52&u|6^%,%1&%12&4H#%PI=VA' A32LZ[ Vv2&454H2LZ[ 6 2,1()= S=%PI'# UXH(52.RLIZ[ # %&L(n 1n$V.%& #%PI XD%,GI= 2|+2|>+%1V (8v@%12LZ[ G2&&|Fnv¢Y# '32,4)487Q G2&3I=2,GI 61%1==6 %& ;%1'=3IÇ+?%&0(532|7# %PI= >#L2&0vI=LI'#LI:+?%&V =.JK(5 ãS#%PI=(5=32|U%,+¤$L6^%&=%1&%132,45(5745V.Vv2Pn 3. AFFINENESS TESTING \(5 A #()%&uX; =%LX %LXp%: XH = .2N+"'=# (5%1 3N¦8)C@ > ) (5 U#45%& %.0 ()=.2,1=XH =G2&3I%1V.= =LILI(5 H%1487Ç@z#j98@z|FF S 45%1,O #%1V.2,LIsXH(5Nb S 45%1 () =$=ZP(5%1'= D n 3.1 The BLR Affineness Test %,S¢Y045()2&,%1'= Q @B2&II(5(5Z[LFD2&3I,: @VA'48(5(545(5#L2,(5Z[LF 2&ºÓG Ï ßÐPÏ ! Î&Ï +%1V Q % :æ(5 U2>+"'=# (5%1E3 '=#s32, ; O D Q O 3O@ F(3O@ F/]M3O@ j F(3O@B1Fn¤W>$Óe ! ! Ï Õdg i%10=4) V*XDHg 2|d1i (5Z[%,Gg 2-Yi 2&# # ~%2U+?'#()Ï %&Ï 3×צ Q × > Û :P2,3IXH(5 .% EXH = ;(8C(5 ;#45%1 Y(5.2,V.V.()=I() G2,# %: %1V.s2,v+"'=# (5%1Qn=%&31O=<u¦ Q > %': &> XD%N+"'=# (5%1= XDAI= $sÓLÕ&Ò Ñ Ï !~%,6+ 3Ç2&3I <2& -~ y 3O@ g Fd]?<@ g F}Bn ºS2,U() LIs(5sV.L2& '(5 Ñ ÓL& Ñ Ó1ÓLÕ&Ò Ñ Ï !Q%&+53 XH(8Ç %&V.>2,.=+"'=# (5%&Kn$C4)'=VJK'=072&I:Y'0=(5=+" 4Iºy8z,} '&1 IS+?%14545%|XH(5=v L¦ @*A+BDCFE;¼DH¾ GJÉ ILK/¿3ÌÂÃWÈONÌ M1ÉLË?¿3M Ì 3N¦ Q > : z1nHo45# g O i D Q '(8+?%&V.4872,dG2&I=%&Vn bPnd¢U## =H(8k+ 3O@ g (F 3O@ i F~M ] 3O@ g j i (F 3O@B[F MDd%,(51(532,4 E '&1 LI07y8zL,}=Xd2, C%&487+?%&C%&V.%1V.%&6 =(5 V. +"%,SXH=()#G 3O@B[FD]x0='=H(8Y#G()T' U& G2,45()m %.2|.+?'#()%& Y2& dX;454BnCWI=IQ%,()# 32,] 3(5 U2,.=)( F Y+"'=# (5%1L 3O m ] 3PO|@B1FQa 3(5 d2=%1V.%1V.%,=() Vn/£%&%|Z[ 2&## =G2&=#v= %&032&0=(54)(87%,+DZP(5%1' $ >%&AXD% +"'=# (5%& d(5 ;U 2&V.1nEE7sI= (8(5%1 3(5 d2,.=S(8+/2,3Iv%1=457v(8+ D D2,## E+?%&SÓ1"&Ó,"Ò × g O i D Q nOq32|;(5 EV.%&d '=(5 6 (5s(5 32,UA2&## =G2&=#A%102&0(545(8W7:%,+; $(5 $2s1%%PI (5Vv2,d%&=dVv2,R(5Vv2&4P2&,V.~%,[+ 3XH(8.2,2|.D+?'#6 (5%1QnEMD(5 d32, d0v %LXH(5y8zL,}Q07.H+"%&454)%LXH(5=%& Vn ] n5z1n ÒÓ Þ ! ?!Ô BÓ Õ&Ò Q O(: Ó Ï3Ø Ó Ï Þ ßGÐÏ ! Î&Ï u=3 Q#R?y ¦ Q Î > Ï : Ü Ï ß CFE;¼DÚ ¾HGÉ ÏI Ó[Î&WÐ=!× ×å "!?Ö 3Ò Î[Ú Ó Ú "!Þ t Xz T SW ) Ü !?Ö Ï 3NÖ=Ó × ÓLÕ&Ò Ñ Ï ! t Xz T ) å "!?Ö ×Î&Ñ GÓ Ï ßGÐÏ ! Î&Ï 0 %, #()2&4E#L2& 3\k¦ ) @ > ) ()& $ '48 2|%106 G2&(5=LIQn%, %&+C(5 #()%&X;AR Q ] )@ 2,3IN+"%, L2, .%&+H2,32&487 (5 >2& %#()2,[ ) XH (8ÇAVA'48(545(5#L2|()Z1A&%&' %&+# %1V.45 R >%%& E%&+'=(8W7 n~MDd=%1V.%1V.%,=() V. K+?%1V ) @ % 2,A=#(5 487N=#G32|G2&# $%,$+ ) @ 2&IN=A2|. +"'=# (5%& $2|#2,G2,# $2,3 IN (8$2|. (8+? K(n 1n$ A%&+H+"'=# (5%1= NUT.a + V¦ T\D OG- D)C@ PnÇ;454)2,1d9;%16 V.(8KD 2& G2&IQ W$(8XH(S2,3IÂo'3I=2&y8z,} 'I=(5LI=N#L2& %&<+ x] b2&I %LXDI32|v0%&Â=N2&## =G2,#:=%&032,0(5486 (8W7v2,3Iv2&,V.D2,S2,'G2&45487. R= Is'= ()=$U%1'() G2,(5%1%,+ 3KnëÂ(5 #L2& u@ ë] b1F2,&V. P %&+ 3 XH(8 v%&V.%1V.%,(5 V + (5 @]z j 3 + F &b2,3I\ # v2,& V.>XH(8=v2,.=+"'=# (5%1> T (5 @z T 3 F 1bn MD32|D(5 dVv2|R()Vv2,432,&V. PC%&^+ 3XH(8,2,v+ 2,.=d+"'=+ # (5%1 LT'32,45 @z jSVv2,R s 3 s F 1bn*¢Y %2&## =G2&=#:=%&032&0=(54)(87 7%|Z[LIs=S+"%&+ 454)%LXH(5.=%&Vn ] n bPn u=QXey Î Ò 3uk¦ ) @W > N8T$z O+z P Ü ß CFE;¼DH¾ GJÉ I Ó[G3! ×:å "!?ÖºÒ Î[Ú Ó Ú ?!Þ ZY !?Ö= Ï s(3 + s t ) ß Î Ò ×Î&Ñ O-mD ) @W 0 &GÏ Ó&ÒG!B Ð 5Ó&Ò Ü 3ÇÖ=Ó × ÓLW Õ&Ò Ñ Ï ! t Z Y å "!?Ö × Î,Ñ GÓ Ï W ßÐPÏ ! Î&Ï 0 MD; RP (5%1>%&+D2,32,457 (5 ~%&+Oy5z,}$% /ÂbHXD2& ¤= ~#%16 ()I= I0 7 W$(8XH(~y b&¡|}K2&Is4)2| H%1s07v 2& G2&I2,3I.q(5[I %1 y bPz}^né¢U48%&'1Â(5s(5 sL2& 7%\ R= v0%&:2&# #=G2,# =%&032,0(545(57q2,3IÂ2,&V. P(5q V. v%&+A%1'()#%6 #(5 &%LX\ ;#% .#(5 /V.(51O0D#%1V.=45 R$P'V0 ¤2,3I (5¤() G2,(5%&(5 ¤=%&~2, ¤ G2&(51+?%&Xd2|GIQnE%&454)%LXH(5Ay bz }B XD2&IIvS+?%14545%|XH(5=2, 'V.()%&%&E 3()%&GI H%Vv2&<[Y 2&2&487 (5 U (5V.45 Ln qCn4ikn n/XièPn nC3\¦) @ > ×× Ó& Ø ! Î = Z[A #2&4)2, V'48(545(5#L2,(5%& ßßÎ ÒYÓ1" g }D )C@ O L ID Nz O O <TzQP Ü 3O@ L a g F~] @4O3 @ g FF H 0 U%&(5#~32|K+?%&as]b;Z1 7S+?'#()%&o3N¦') @W > N8T$z Oz+PD 6 Z[ S #2&4)2,SVA'48(545(5#L2|()%&Kn á Z[XH=95bP(5N %1V.>2,=6 =45()#2,(5%1= S%&+C2|.= H (5N@1n =nY-C9D-~ GFd=() U2& '=V.=(5%1 #2&s0U F # (5Z[487v2&#G(5Z1LI.0P7 ßÎ Ø Ï Õ>y8z&z1zL|}"F¦L=%&VpZ1 7 # 42, %&,+ }T¹zA()=' S%&+C>W7< N g OGb g O OL@ }T¹zLF g PQ=()#G< @B2|0(8G2,(5487FE2'=()T'; = G2|()Z112,3I2,## C(5~XH=Z1 =AZ&2&45'%&6+ 3Ç(5 $LILIN%12&7N%&+C (5' @B2&= XD (5= (5N2>Xd272,H Z[ H #L2,4)2,UVA'48(545(5#L2|()%&Fn ^() :=%&32|GIx%¹ \32|Ç2&454%&'=(5 #% #(5 %&+.2 V'48(545(5#L2,(5%&= Z(5= 3N2,L2,4OP'V0 n~' V.%,1 =2,&V. P%&+C '#G2,G 3XH(8>%1V.%&V.%&=(5 V + (5 o jq@rz T F¤a 3 + nCoP(5V.()4)2|457+"%,U2&,7 T D O(T ] = z&==$2&, 6 V. P¤%&+ 3XH(8>d2|.;+?'=# (5%1 TOa ,+ (5 ¤ @z T 3 + Fn/MD32,~(5 XH=* 3 + () Y%1 (8(5Z[1 3:2& H %1V.$=%16^(5ZP()2&4O2&& V.HXH(5 ,+ n;¹ 3 + (5 Y=[2|(5Z[1 332, U=%16^(5ZP()2&4O2&& V.HXH(5 2&#GN%&+/$=%16m %.2, (8+? Y%&#+ 3Kn; 2, G21IN2&Iq(5[I 6 %& = .+?%14545%|XH(5= G2&(5&P+?%&XD2,GI 1= G2&45(5mL2,(5%&%,+ =%& V n b%.2,0=(8G2,7=(5V.$ On Pn n Ò 3t¦ )C@ > C E;¼DL¾ GÉ I Ó[ G3! ×Så ?!?ÖAÒ Î[Ú Ó Ú ?u !HÞ Qey - jÎ @z T FKa ) Ü !?Ö Ï Ü s#3 +ß s t ) ßÎ Ò × Î,Ñ Û - D)C@ 0 &GÏ Ó&ÒG!B Ð 5Ó&Ò Ü 3Ö=Ó × ÓLÕ&Ò Ñ Ï ! t ¤ @] z j )[F å ?!?Ö G Ó ! 0 ×Î&Ñ Ï ßÐPÏ Î&Ï 3.2 Derandomized Affineness Testing MD=U%,(51(532,4Q (5=>%#LI'=Y%&+Cy5z,}Q' d2$ 2&V.45Y 32,# %,+H (5ms Q s W nvºXH(5 º%I='# A. (5mv%&+;(5 32&# @(n 1n I='# H=Y2&V.%1'=C%,+G2&3I%1V.= ETP'=(8LI3Fn/U%&(5#d32|CX; #2&=%&;%1H%>I=#L2& U(5C%4) C32, s Q s ,0#L2,' UI=%1(5= %:XD%&'4)I V.L2& %1'A I=% A%&Z[ T'7ºv+"'=# (5%1 %&:2&454¤Z&2&45' nHwS%14)IP(5#2&INo'I2,ºy8z|{|}¤%10 Z[LI2,U%16 # %1 '=# (5Z[487%1=A#L2,NLI='=#>= (5mA%&+E> 2&V.45> 32,# % s Q s=aP45%1 s :\s n º%LX = P R45(5#(8. XH(5#GÂ2| 2,45V.%1 H2, d Vv2&4542& D= YG2,3I=%&Vp#%& '=# (5%1s' LIv07Ny8z|{|}+?%& Q > ] ) @ 2&I : ] n N=%&%1 :+"%&454)%LXH(5I=G2&3I%1V.(5mLIÂ2,.= v L 2,SI= 3I= Y%1=$#=%1(5#>%&+C2. :>) @ @"XH(5#GXD$XH(54)4 G2,<[%0L6^0()2, LI3Fn âs¾PÀ,ÊÌ O¿ÅÇË [¾ C ED¼DH¾ GÉ IA z&nY9;%%& g Dm)C@ '=(8+"%,V.4572,UG2&3I%1V2,3I i DR'=(86 +"%,V.4872|HG2&3I%1Vn bnH¢U E(5YDJQqMO L2,##;(8^+ 3O@ g (F 3O@ i F~] 3O@ g j i (F 3O@B1F ^v(5 s2& 7u% 2,v(8o+ 3¹(5 2|.u+"%&2,P 7 ;D= 2,##G2&=#.=%&032&0=(54)(87%,+D.I G2&I=%&V.()m LI (5 .z1nMD= Vv2,(5%,V %&+H(5 > # (5%1\ =%LXH 32|v#%1PZ[ v2&45 % =%14)I= ¦(8+U= 2&## = AXH(8u(51u=%&032,0(545(57~ 3(5 # 4)%& $%.2,.=1n ` c oaZ,ikj[<n vjRY n4iJZ[n iZ nhs(` äO! ) @ Ú Ó Ï ÛWÚ BÓ × Ø× ! ßÎ ÒY t Ü Ó Ï3Ø 3Ǧv) @ > Ó Ó&Ò "!ÒÓ&ÒGÞ ! !?Ö=Ó&!3Ò Ò Ó15Ó&Ò ! GÓ,! 0 ÔÚ ××ÐÏ Ñ *Ú C ED¼D¾HGßGÉÐIA Ï Ó[Î&GÏ 3! ×vå "!?Ö× 3Ò Î[ Ú Ó ×SÚ × " "!Þ ÑAjÐ @zT FDÎ&a#Ï)10 KÖ= Ï Q 0 KÖÒ& × ! × - D ) @ ×Ð GÖN!?Ö=Ó&!Cs#3 + s t ) W TÇ0 Ï G 3Ö=Ó × ÓLÕ&ÒG Ñ Ï ! t @zj ) W TÇ&F å "!?Ö × Î,Ñ NÓG Ï ßÐPÏ ! Î&Ï 0 0 &?ß ë ) ] zOT !?Ö= Ï !?Ö=Ò¹& × ! × - D) @ ×Ð GÖ!?ÖÓ&! 's 3 + s t z<T bOT0 Ï G:3ÖÓ × ÓÕ&Ò Ñ Ï ! t ¤ @z`j zrT b),&F å "!?Ö ×Î&Ñ >ÓG Ï ßÐPÏ ! Î&Ï 0 o(5=# ] ) @ (5 $,6^0()2, LIQ+?%&=() 32|Az>%&+C%1'S=%&V 1 (5Z[ dMD%,V. dPn =n b2, D #()2&4#L2, nCMDU0 d#%& '#6 (5%1= S%&+CL6^0()2& LI $2,>%&+C%1487%&V.(2,4¤ (5m>():45%1,^O S 2,3I nNMDP' $X;s2LZ[LI='=#LIÇ=G2&I=%1V.= $LT'(8LI07 45(5L2|(57 ¤+?%&Vëb 45%1, A0=(5 &I%|XH>% 45%& 5jq @4)%& @ j 45%1C4)%& F~]é@#z j98@z|S FF/a S 45%1, º@"$4)2& ULS T'32,45(57s() H+"%,U=RLI N2,3IPXH(545 S &%LXH H%(5=(8W7Fn -/ZP()%&' $2,32,457 (5 %,+;>45(5L2|(57 +?%& ) @ =%# LI:0P7 (50%,=.2&,V.$%,+3ÇXH(8º2|.+"'=# (5%1= 2&I =2,##G2&=#%1032,0(545(8W7 %&+Uv .%&H 3K;()\ V. %&+~=%1'()S#%.#(5 S%,A+ 3\y8zLPKbPz }Bnd+?%14545%LXë2 (5V.()4)2| 32|KXH(8:2A 45()&UXH() U(5$ 3IQn;¢U dX;XH(5454O =%&487 1 s2,##G2&# s%102&0(545(8W7%&+HvI G2&I=%1V.(5mIÇA ' (5 ;XH(54)40U R= LI.(5v V. C%,+O=U%,rW# (5%1%&+ 3 s %1v L6^%&%&1%&32&4Q#%PI7 A @- 3 s A () D=S (5# (5%1%&k+ 3%> (5='=$ ~Fn¢U=487=(5=v=L6^%&%&1%&32&45(8W745V.Vv2sbPn XH(5454 #%&V.45 U=S%%&+WnEU%|Xq+?%&d=I=G2&(545 >@V.%,U%,+¤XH(5#GsXH(5454 2&=L2,Y(5=S+"'=4)4QZ[ (5%&Fn ºÇ2& '=V.ÇXH45%1H 3O@B[Fº] z1S0#L2&'= =%&032,0(545(57%&+ 2&# #=G2,#N%,+$%1'. v%1u+?'=# (5%1U 3 O ] 3:a4@ 3O@B[FF PO (5 ÇTP'2&4$%Â= 2&## =G2&=#\=%&032,0(545(57*%& 3KS n`MD'= >%1'= >#G#G<P XH= 3O@ g (F 3O@ i F 4@ 3O@ g j i FF PK] z.+?%&G2&I=%1V D>)C@ O D ;n:º.R= =s2&## =G2&=#s=%102&0=()45(8W7%&+ g I=G2&3i I%1V.(5mLI %1 3Ç(5N V. Y%&+;%1'(5 $#% #(5 %&#+ 3Kn Y:<Zèn P n KÖÓ[G3!^Ó Ï G.3Ò Î[Ú Ó Ú "!Þ Îß C ED¼DH¾ GÉ IA Î&Ï 3:Ò × Ò Ï Õ × Ó15Ó&Ò ÑAÐ ! 3 BÓ&! Î&Ï × z #z j 0 PK 0 3 + W 8a 43 H O H+ A%$& ] 0 3 + W a@ -/&C A y 3O@ i F~] + @ i F} &"! + &'! #" H + #" (.ÖÒ < H @ g F ] @ <@ g FF H Ó ÏØ *)[O< A ] s s PK @ &8A )K@ i F <@ i F 0 ¢U48=%1'&=A # %13I R= (5%&º2&0%|Z[(5 $#45L2&= LOX;' U H%#%&V.45 %&'=U2&2&487 () n +À|¿¿3à ,W¿Ã¼>½O¾P¿3À|¾/ Å .10243 MD2,##G2&# >%102&0(545(8W7%&+ C ED¼DH¾ GÉ IA (5 ] j\@z T F )PnCo%0745V.Vv2$Pn >2&Id()2&&45 (5LT'2&45(8W7v $V' d0$ %&V. L ] = '#G32| 3.3 Analysis )B 0 3 W a843 H O H+ A + "& ! " + # ¤(8Ru '#G¹2& 2&IV.=4)%L7\=#%PI=(5=&6B%,7u(IL2& s2,3I %,G2,(5%1%&+C # L (5%&ºbn bn$MO%s S=(5 S%1(5%,+;ZP(5 Xë2,3I% (5V.45(8+?7%&G2|(5%1K~45 J 0v A = (5# (5%1u%&]+ 3 H %N. ;Q(Bn 1on JÇ() 2&45V.%,+ no(5V.(54)2,487+"%, -UD ) @ 4) B 0=A ¥ (5# (5%&%&+ H+ ] f H'5 + l % *@KB + () 2,Ç 4) V.$%&+ + A : Fn ()=.(5 S=%&G2,(5%&X;& 9 43 H O H+ A ] KJ^O B +k A Y#L2&454P32|- A ] N+B + 8¦ -GD ) @ PY(5 E2&|6^%,%1&%12&4#%PI=d%|Z[ v2,4532,0 k 7n 6S(5 X N3 + W P + &"! #" 2& 2NI=(5 (50'(5%1º%& A n WI=IQ 3 + () 2&4E0#L2&'= 3Ç # $ #L2&4)2,>V'48(545(5#L2,(5%1Q 2&[I 3 W ]*zU07.-/2, Z12,4 W d()I= P(87[ %(5 dI=(5 (50'(5%1v(5 XD 4)4OI= +L+ In %&GI=%%|Z[Ç2,Çz12,487¹=Ç45(5 I= #%PI=(5u32| %,+>4) V.Vv2 bPn \%10=G2,(5(59) B Vv2,R_3 + W j\[nëº:#%1=#45'3I Vv2|R s#3 + s t ) W TÇPn¢Y A=%&LIºL2|45()LA 3\ # (5= #2&4)2, V'48(545(5#L2,(5%&Ç2& $2,&V. P2,$45L2, @z juVv2|R s 3 + s FHXH(5 %&V.>2,.=>+?'#()%&K#%1V.=4)()==%%,+E%&+E32|z&nS¢Y Y% 2,DbS%&+=D%,V2, 'V. )$]*Xz T-A ¤n~C7A2LZ[ G2,1(5$ V' > R(5 A %&V.9 - '#G32| KJ^O B +X t z A T ¤noP%07Ç= '=()T'I#%PI=(5=s2,U¥ %&+E45V.Vv2.bn P KJ^O(B B¹ j b :+?%& 2,454 MD) @ O ; ] = -Cn (5-/2, Z&2&4 W ()I(572&12&(5ºXD& + 3 W Ga KJ^O(B A Bue j b ¤1 %Az T Bt@z T QF 3 + W j. j b /n £%|ZP(5Y+2&#%& ¤+?%&V*~(51¤%Y45 +?~2&3I$ ()I=C#%1V.=45 O= %%&+~%,+¤=%&Vn ULOW G2|H07ADEGREE #L2,454)(5=AYTESTING 45%|XtI& U (5=%&045Vn~JQ d*0:2º3(84)I¹%&+ (5mnêçS'2&(5V (5 v%º sXH = 3é¦_d@ > d(5 v#45%1 %2& 6^Z12|(2|%1487%&V.()2&4H%&+%,G2&4 I& o p3nD%& g f Ohi f D?d @ . S Ï Ò Î&×× Ï EÕ g f (5 Ø "Ò ! Î,Ï i f (5 =$ % @ ] Ng f jGr¤a i f `¦ r_DLd1P @zLF JQ t0AA >%&+H2,4)4C%1 (5045v45(5 (5 d@n 2&#Gº45(5 (5 A = LI (5 \ %1'&487 s ds W Xd27 .2&0%|Z[&; %:XDá sR\ %&V. #2&%&(5#L2,4S32|G2&V.% ()m2,(5%1q %,+$L2&#G¹45(51H(n 1n*232,(8Ç@ g f ORi f F '=#2, ] @ n/JK # dy r} 0dH D%,+Q'(5Z&2,()2,H%&457=%&6 V.()2,4) E%&+QI& U2|EV.%1 k p%1487%1V.()2,4) ~%|Z[ : dÇ@ r/(5 /D+"%,Vv2&4 Z&2,()2,045|Fn N>Z[ (5%1:%&+E>45%LXëI=, ()=%10=4) V X;A#%&=6 ()I LXDU2,Y1(5Z[> v%,G2DŽ,## E%>> 22&(8D %,++"'=# (5%1= S4@ 31O=<=F XH= 3èC¦ d @ d2&3 I <¦ dy rW} nëMDN+"'=# (5%& < 3I= HL2,#4)(5= %.2AI=, p.'=()Z&2,()2|$%1487%1 V.()2,4K#L2,454)I (8 > Ï > Î Þ Ï3Î&Ñ BÓ& /XH(5#\X; (5 =.2& A2+"'=# (5%1\+?%&V dÇ@'I= ~d#2&%&(5#L2,4332|G2&V. (5mL2|(5%1.%&+ Fn~MDP' /+?%& 245(5 2,3Iv2%1(5< f D <@ F +@ [f FE(5 ;X;454QI= LIn .º Y 27 3 ÓÕ&Ò × XH(8S4)(5=$%1487%1V.()2,4 <@ FC%1H Af (8#+ 3O+@ f F~ ] <@ F +@ [f Fn ^+k3(5 U2AI=,pv%1487%1V.()2,4=%&$#L2, <@ F/] 3 s | % 3Â2,& XH(52&454d45(5%1487%1V.()2,4) %1u2&454H%1(5 A(5\ d@ n MD=(5 ;1(5Z[ C(5 Y%$=Y45%LXqI& Y ;%&(51(52&45487v '1& LI.07 Y'0=(5=+" 4I2&INo'I2&y [bL}^n B AC¿ pâs¾ À,¾P¾.¼DH¾ GÉ A;â¼DH¾ GÉ I K3¿ÌÇÃȤNÌ M1ÉË?¿\ Ì 3`¦ d@ > d ÊÌ "Ë?ÌO¾:¿3À|Ê M?¾ <v¦ > d3y r} z&nYo 4) # I g f ORi f DId @ '(8+?%&V.487N2,3I(53I3I4872|UG2,=6 I=%&Vn bnH¢U# #=H(8k+ 3N2,& H% XH(8=45()=$%1487%&V.(2,4 <@ % @ F;%1 g f =(n &An 3O@ g f FE] <@ @ F +@ g f Fn;çUXH() r# Ln d C2,~XH <@ % @ F¤(5 ;T'= (5LIQ(8E(5 ; I%1=Y 0 7 #(86 +7()=U=C#L2,%&(5#L2&4P G2,(5%1>%&+=C4)(5= ] % @ @"G2,= 2&>d%1(5- g f Ohi f =V. 45Z[ GFnKºd2,4) %$=%&D2,/;%&(5&6 (52&4O45%LXxI=, (5 .%10=4) V (5Z1%145Z[ /r'= U2A (5145$%,G2- 3KE(5\XH(5#G\#L2& F <@ F$#L2,\0 (5VA'=4)2,LI07() %&4)2,(5 3 2|o p-jxz.%1(5 $%1 n.;'=$=+"%,VA'=42|(5%1\2,0%,Z11O(5 V. %,+~2 32|G2,$45(5S%,G2ǃ(5 d()V.%,G2&D(5-;9D- #%1= '# (5%& @"XH= :%1= a4)2,1 bÂT'7Â(5 s= +? G2&0=4):%\ Z[G2&?4 a Vv2&454 b T'= (5 GFn =%&s2&7º+?'=# (5%1U 3*#¦ dR@ > d3= (5 v2, 3! Ó1d ÒÎ Ó[) <] 3XH(5#GVv2|R=(5V.(5m =.2&# #=G2,#vÎ %1Ñ 032,0(545(8ÏW7 o#(8#L2&45 48745 g f ORi f &(5Z[#2&%&(5#L2,4O32|G2&V. ()m2,(5%1N%,+ ¤45 r OC0A '#GÇ32| f ] f j r=O^a i f K45 ¤@ rFY] <@ -F D\dy rW} 2,3I <@ F +@ &f FE] ¤@ r O Fn g 4. &% +=~ Ln/MD=(5 ¤45()=;%,G2-d2, ()& /%HL2&#G>4)(5= ;I=, _p %1487%&V.()2&4332|d32, DUVv2,R(5Vv2&42,&V. P;XH(5L3%1 n/+ 2,U Z[ G2,4%1487%1V.()2,4) C32,D32LZ[YVv2,R(5Vv2&42,&V. P XH(8 3= %1N@B2,##%,GI=(5%N2sRLI:%&GI=()=N%&+ dy rW} Fd(5 H 45# IQn ¤() ~=%&/2,GI>%U %LX 32|k 3A32, ~I=,6 p(8+2&I%&487(8+3 2&# #= >%1¹Ó1"32,(8 g f ORi f D d @ @"XH==%1()Vv2,4C45(5 %&G2,#45d(5 /' LIFn/MDE+"'=3I2,V.G2&4[45%LXI=,; (5=Y=%&V %&+Uy [b¤PQ,}~ %LXH 2,S=>r# (5%&Ç%1032,0(545(8W7N%,+;>45%LX I= &Y D(5 d2$1%%PIvV.L2, '=Y%&+QH2,V.V.()=I=(5 G2&=#Y%&+ 3 +?%&V Y%,+/45%|X*I= &$%&457=%1V.()2&45 n MDA4)%LXèI= &A >I= # (50LIÇ2&0%|Z[2& 2s 2&V.45 2&# &% + ()m s d @ s W ;XH(5#(5 vTP'21IPG2,(5#(5=I=%&Vv2&(5 (5m&n¹º I=G2&3I%1V.(5m=() d U072V. %PIs ()V.(54)2,Y%32|UI=%1=+"%, S4)(5=L2,(8W7 L¦ â¾PÀ|Ê3Ì O¿ÅË 1%¾ AC¿ æâ¾ 3À|¾P¾:¼DH¾ G3É K-ACâ¼DH¾ GÉ AI z1nHo45# I g f D d @ ORi f D Â'=(8+"%&V.4872&3IN(53II=487N2| G2&3I%1Vn bPnd¢U v(5ÂNSo%MO LY2&## =s(8q+ 3t2,& vXH(8ÂN45(5 %1487%1V.()2,4 <@ @ FD2, g f @%, XH(5 $Wr # Fn º2&2&487ms .XH> ()[ V=6^0=(2, LIQd2&3I %1'vVv2&(5 %&Væ(5 =>+?%14545%|XH(5==nvW2,4)4~ %&V. U= LI:(5=(5 # (5%&KX;I=%=%&d7v%%&=(5V.(5m$#%1= G2& n ]k` c Y:"! qvq^ iZ(nhs `KÖÒH& ! Ó ÐÏ Ò × Ó&3 Î&Ï× !^Ó Ï !k- ×Ð GÖ.!?ÖÓ&!O!?Ö ßÎ " Î&å Ï ÕYÖ Î Ø&× 0;äO× × ! pB s ds & O S B -6s ds d45%1 s ds O#;: d @ Ú Ó V ÛWÚ Ó × Ø× ! ß Î Ò V BU-~ P@ S 4)%&s ds F Ü Ó ÏØ ) B -0 &?ß -/|y A;â¼D¾LGÉ AI Ó[G3! × } t z T ) Ü !?Ö Ï 3ÖÓ ×$Ø × !^Ó Ï G>Ó,! ÑÎ&× !K# ) ß Ò Î&Ñp×Î&Ñ d Î Þ ÏÎ,Ñ BÓ1 z Îß ! Î !^Ó1 Ø BÕ&Ò S p0 ¥ (5=:0 s#%& '#()%& s%&+L6^0()2& I¹ HXDN12 2&V.=45E 2&#E%&+=L2,48745(52,¤ (5m&&2&V.487 s ds @ a %&45745%1c@ s ds @ Fn ºH=%&H32,EU2&0%|Z[YMD=%&Vè%1=457A#%1=#45'3I ;32|6 3v(5 #45%1 %2%1487%&V.()2&4%&+¤%,G2&4KI=,$2|HV.%1 S p3n¤S%LXDZ1 L d+?%14545%|XH(5=2&'=1V.G2|()%&.%U2&0%|Z[d D#2&v0H' LIA% Z[ (8+7s2,] 3(5 Y2&# '2&45487# 4)%& %I& p3¦/¹(5=%&032&0=(54)(87 z| &bPU(5 L2&I%,+> R#'=(5=2&0%|Z[N LHX;Ç#G%%& f 2| G2& I=%& Vt(5 dR@t2&I$2&## =K(51+ 3>2&& KXH(8$~45(5~%1487%&gV.(2,4 <@ # % Fv2, f n @U%&2, N "Ò ! (5 s#%1V.=4)487 '=(8+"%&V=(5g L2&I%&+¤0(5A (5# IØ %O;n F Î&Ï Wd+"'=4)4=Z[ (5%1.%,+H32, L[XDH =%|X32|C(8+E4@ 31O=<=F¤32, U2&'=1V.LIA ;XH(8v(51v=%&032,0(545(57 3v(5 d2&# '2&45487 #45%1 :%\2º%&457=%1V.()2&4U%&+$%&G2,4I&E p3nMD:32|G2&V. 2,.()I()#2&4C%%1 .(5MD%,V =n5z1/R=# =32|$XDv2,4) % LT'(8 S pB -As d[s n 4.1 Derandomized Low Degree Test çS'=U2,32&487 (5 %&+~=I G2&I=%&V.()m LI45%LXd6WI& U#L2&:0 %&'&PE%,+O2, ;20=453I%,+H%&(51(52&4345%LXd6I=,Y D2,32&487 (5 %&+;y [bP=PP=1,}K2,3IY(8 G2,(5Z[$I#%PI()=V.%PI= E32|d2, ' I:+?%&$ R2&3I % $,45%LXd6I== (8W7:32|(8W7P6^#=#<@BJKã$-C9dFU#%PI n MO%sIG2Xx(5 S2,32,4)%&&7#%& ()I=$20(52,(8,G2&=XH 45 +?6^2&3IvZ[ (5# D#%& %13Iv%%&(5P ;() d @ 2,3I.Y()&6 32,3I:Z[ (5# #%, > %1I%45(5 $() d@n.MDP' ¤2I&< p %1487%&V.()2 3ue¦ d @ d #L2&Ç0%&'&P%,+d2, $42,04545()= 45 +?6^2&3IÇZ[ (5# XH(8 4)I45V. n 3\2&45 %N(53I'# 242|6 04545(5.%&+OS(516^32,3IvZ[ (5# H07s'=()Z&2,()2|%1487%&V.(2,45 %&+3I=,A p Z1 R 1 /42,04545LIA0o7 3 s n~MD C(516^32,3I 4.2 Overview of the Analysis 1Z (5# ;#2&v0d%1'=1C%&+O2& ;&(5Z(5=a#%1= (5 # 7b>#=#G< E%1 =d45 +?6^32,3IAZ1 (5# 2,32,4)%&1%&' C%Ud32|(8W7P6^#=#<$Z1 (5# (5N2,NJKã-;9¹#%PI1n oP'=%1 XD:2|Z1:232,(5%&+$+?'=# (5%1L 3è¦ dR@ > d*2&3I <v¦ > dy rW} 2,H2& H@%,(51(532,4?Fd45%LX*I& HXH(5 =(51=%&032&0=(54)(87n/MDE%&(5&()2&4P45%LXd6WI& ; > /2,32,457 (5 ¤(5vy [bP |}#%1= ()I= ;E2 a#%& # LI b+"'=# (5%&L 3 O ¦ d @ d%10=G2,(5LI.07 ()=U =;Z&2&45';2,/L2,#>45 +?~Z1 ER g f %U0E;Vv2Lr%,(8W7Z[%, %,+dZ&2&45'= #(83IÇ07:4)2&0 4)45(5N%,+d(8 (51P0%, s@(n 1n Vv2Lr NJ<@ F @ g f cF P~XHs=Vv2Lr%,(57\(5 A%|Z[ 2&454d45(5 # %1 6 (5=M f FnMD=(5 (5 2&32,45%11%&' >%N%1%&'I%&+H %,6^#%&#()%& (5vg U(5G2,(5Z[$I#%PI=(5=%,+/JKã-;9# %PI= nEYVv2,<&2&0=4571XH(5 =S G2,3I2|GIs45%LXtI= &Y L(5D() d%& (5045S%> %LXq32|d%1= %&'IA%&+3=(5 CI#%PI()=$45(5V.()2, E2,4)4= %& Y@(n 1n/(5#%& (5 I=1 GF32,3?I 3OK32, Y=S45%LXI& S HXH(8=%&032,0(545(57:z @B2,3I:=#A(5 2sI=, p%&487==%1V.()2&4FnAo(5=#(8$#L2,2,4) %0 =%LXHA32|# 3O3(5 E# 4)%& D-% 3K1=(5 E# %1V.45 ¤H2&2&487 (5 n~S%LX (5 $(8$%& ()0=4532,S%1=A%1'=3IN%&+DI=#%PI(5 4)(5V.(532| $2,4)4/= %& ºMD(5 H45(5 S%&WX;%.Vv2&(5()I=L2, nH¤(8 L3(5 Y%1(56^4)(5= 0=(532,(8U&G2&=v() C RPV.487AX;45486# %1=# LIn á Z1 7AXD%45 +?6 2&I Z1 (5# A2LZ[s2#%&V.V.%1º=(51P0%&LnºMDP' E%1=s%&'3I %,+~ %&6^#%,# (5%1:#L2,#%&#(5Z&2&0=457s7(54)I145%102&4K#%1= () # 7n oP#%&3IQE#%& (5 =# 7 2&V.%&Nv45(5 A() >+"%,#LI 0P7 (5A(5=6 # (5%1= ndW32,(5#'=4)2,L45(5 Y#L2,0$&%&'LI(5%4)2, 2,3IN#%1= () # 72,V.%1v V #L2,Ç0AI=LI'#LI+%1V = 0=(5Z12|(2|$45%|Xd6I&>2,32&487 Y%&+dy P1|}Bn MD=N2&2&487 (5 .%&+%&'=sI G2&I=%1V.(5mI\ v01(5 = 2,V. XD272, D+"%,dS G2,3I=2,GIv4)%LXtI&U L¦/XD+"%&VpVv2|rW%&6 (87ÇZ1%&(5v%%&0=G2&(5\2s#%& # LI+?'=# (5%1\ 3O^nU%|X;Z[ LK%1' ,G2&=Â(5 v%&s2, .XD45486^#%1=# I07\+2|LH ()=#XD%1487u#%&=6 ()I H45()= DXH%& I=(8# (5%&(5 d(5%&'=E V=6^0()2& Is LnE^d(5 dVA'#G 2, H2&=S+"'=454K%&()6^45(5,G2&Q32,3Iv(532|()# '4)2,H2& =%1=#%1= G2&sI=()2&V. Lnxo%XDN#L2,%,v%&+"%&s%&%&'3I %,+E %&6^#%,# (5%1:%v45()V.(52,>2&454/ %, nUU%LXDZ[L3XD>#L2& 12&(5u%1.+%1V =.+2 |I#%PI=(5=:+?%&vJQã$-C9ê#%PI A(5 I%1=>%&N 32| >,G2&= 2,3I(8S(5 Y<P%LXH32| ÒÓ1=%&'3I %,+;Vv2Lr%,(8W7NZ[%,(5v '## +"'=4)487:#%,# $2,454/ × %& (8+~>'6 I 487()=&G2,(5 U2A '=#(54571%%PIR=2&I= @# +n5¤y & ,}"FnCW %&'=s#L2, 1d%&(5P6^45(50=(532,(8N,G2&(5 sZ1 7 4)2,LI% =9D274)7R=¥ 2&I= d&G2,LI07.= V=6^0()2& LIs LnH@Y#L2&454 oP# (5%1NbPn5z1n F (5(5 d4)2,(5%1= (5\@B2&IsS#%1V.2,(50(545(8W7 %,+D%&'= (5# IÇ&G2, '# '>XH(8LI='=# (5%1:%s= 0=(5Z12|(2|D45%LXd6WI& H2&32,487= (5 GF&XDd2|d2&0=4)D%Y %LX 32|~2,+ %&;%&'I%,+3Vv2Lr%,(57Z[%&(5==,~+?G2&#()%&%&+ %& ~I# L2, IPG2&Vv2|()#2&45487nvMD32|(5 KXD%&0=G2&(52+"'=# (5%1G 3OC2,32, =v4)%LXd6I= &. >XH(8\VA'#G=(51%102&0(545(8W7Â@"%1'&487 2&<P(5FnºL2|=(5 %# > Z[ G2,4;(5V. ~2&I'48(86 Vv2|487%&0=G2&(5s2S+"'=# (5%&} K32, (5$H45%LXd6WI& U CXH(5 %102&0(545(8W7\z@B2&I:=# A(5 $2v4)%LXd6I= &%&487==%1V.()2&4Fn$^(5 2& 7Â%\ =%LX 2,I=(5 G2&=#:2&# #'V'4)2,LIÂ2,L2&#G¹ qI 6 #L2& Y1 %1V. (5#L2,4)487 9% Ké() H(53ILIs#45%1 q 3K32, SI (8LIQn V Y¢ V.-biased (5%1=LIN2&Lines 0%|Z[1K2sare <[ 7Ngood #%&V.%1=Samplers S(5%1'=$2&32,487= (5 $(5 =4)2|()%& =()0 WX;4)(5= $' LI:(5Ç%&'=A >2& 3 IN RP6 2&= ()%&=%& (5 d%&+O$9D2745 7s&G2, Q nCoP#(83#2&45487X; '= Y=(5 D#%1=#()%&.%> =%LX¹32|d2G2&I=%1Vê45(5 % @ XH(8sI=(86 # (5%1 +?%1V i f D è@B2, A' I (5 %1' ACâ¼DH¾ GÉ AI F 2& &%%PI 2,V.45(5q%1 (5 n oP#(83#2&45487A '= %1 º= (5 Ç %&V. Vv2,45I4 aW032&Iq c b> : d @ %,+I (87 n @BMD(5<Â%&+ 2& # %& %&3I=(5=s%.%&() S2,SXH=(5#=45%LXd6I=,> S+2,(54) n F MD=XDXH(5454/ %LXx2,S2G2&3I%1V 45(5 (5 U'=45(5<[487%.2|Z1 4)2|1(5P # (5%1XH(8 .n 4.3 G2,v07\ =%|XH(5=32|=%10 2&0=()45(8W7 2,v2,P7\XD% º 32|(5#'4)2,~%&(5P g f j L a i f 2,3Ig f j Ma i f %& 4)2&I>(5(5 ¤%&'1=487 W @Z1$%1'=1$ C%&() /2|E+"2,/+%1V*(5I=I=FnKMD L2, %1º(5 $32|>2&7:A WXD% '#GÇ%&() >2,.45(5<[.2sG2&3I%1VæI=1 (5.Y R32&I= Q 2&I.P'= E= á R32&I= d£(8R=(5=AJQV.Vv2 bPn b2,45(5 nCq ]2& I MY]éz&=$%1(5 U2|()+2 G2&I=%&VæLI=&A(5A Q A L n%,$%&= Z&2&45' S%&+ L O?M,K=2,4)&0=G2,(5# '#'=%,+ Q 2&4545%LXH '= % (54)4~4)2,=V %N2vG2&I=%1V LI1:@" 7Ç2|2sG2&3I%1V LI1v(5.(5 %&V.%&=(5#. R32&I= Q f IP l A FnEMD'= =X;$32LZ[1¦ H Y:<Zê =n b n Ð [ Î&× _: d @ × V ÛÚ BÓ × Ø 0 KÖ ÏÜßÎ Ò>Ó Ï Þ : d@ Îߨ Ï× "!Þ ] s s s d@Is Ü Ó ÏØ Ó Ï Þu! åCÎ¹Ø × ! Ï ! L O?MD d Ü %'& ! -/" @ &CA y)@ g f j L i f D F Ç@ g f j_Mi f D AFX} B W j V çS# DXDH32LZ[H2,32&487mLI2&(8 [=Y 2,V.45(5%1 7A%,+K2& (8$45()=+"%&4)45%LXH S072AZ&2,()2&=#$#%&V.'=G2|(5%1K¦ Y:<Z k` c6Z<gL#n4ikq Y:rZ sh` Ð 1 Î&× : d @ × V ÛÚ BÓ × Ø 0KÖ ÏÜOßÎ ÒsÓ Ï Þ[: d @ ÎßvØ Ï=× "!Þ ] s s s d @ s Ó Ï3Ø Ó Ï Þ Ü -/ s % @ s T u [B z j VÂa %'& !#" @ &CA s % @ s s ds W W>D#2& ]d @ &(5 ~45V.Vv2Y(5 E2S G2,3I2|GIA#%& LT' # %&+;32,(5XH(5 (5I=I==#>%&+;G2,3I%1V 4)(5= 2&IÇ9;=07#=Z W (5LT'2&45(8W7nW '#GÇ2s#L2, A %&%102&0(545(8W7:(5 $0%1'=3ILI 07 !v nEMDY2&0%|Z[Y45V.Vv2S 27 C32|;'= (5>2%1 (50487.V'#G Vv2&4545 5 z V=6^0=(2, LI$ ¤+?%&z ;,XDE%10=G2,(5A2,4)V.%& ¤E 2&V.E0%1'=3In S%,A32|$AG2,(54C%1032,0(545(8W7XH()454E0 '0= G2&()2&45487 Vv2,454) 32, @(8+z| s d^sY2&> I V¹2| Vv2&454H4)2,(5Z[%º W F =() XH(5454 #%, %1I.%=H %&6BLI'# (5%1.(5v%1=d%1'IA%&+Qà#%,# (5%1 (5%1'Y2&2&487 () Y%&+/=45%LXd6WI& Ln A[1`S=%&L2,# DGdD45 0A2&(5I=(5#L2,%,$G2&I=%1V Z&2,()2&0=4)N+?%& g f j L i f LD;vnº:2|H N(5P LIÂ(5¹0%&'3I(5 >IZP(2|(5%1%&+ ] H H +?%&V (8 SR= # G2,(5%1QnU#L2& #%&V.'=UZ&2,()2&=#2& $ÊÀPy }] 0 $ÊÀy h} j 0 Ä>¿ ;y O I } O H H & & H ! H I ! XHÄ>¿Cy H O I }]sy H I }6Tsy H }vy I }Bn f (5 E(5#<1LI'=(8+"%,V.4572|EG2,3I%1V& %+"%&EL2,# sy }] 2&g Is (5=#! H (5 CN|OLzQP6^Z12,4)'=LI.XDS& "$Ê=Ày H }] T H W B n %,;H#%|Z&2, ()2&=#1 X;Y'= Y=H=ZP(5%1'= C45V. Vv2S n b$%$%&0=G2&(5 vy X } B Wkj V = %sÄ>¿ ;y H O# I } BV n MDPH ' I $Ê=ÀPy } Bls dsa jMs ds W ( aV n C79; 0P7#GZ W dW=LT'32,4)(87sX;$#%1=#45'3I -/¤&y s T s dssu s ds 1} B $@Ês dÀPy s F W } B$ s dz s j Va W MD$%%&+~(5 H#%1V.=45 1n MD.+?%14545%|XH(5=Ç45V.Vv2 G2| XH2,32,= >(5\%&.%1'=3I %&+EVv2Lr%,(57P6Z1%&$ %,S#%,# (5%1QnHU L2,LI4872,487(5A=(5 45V.Vv2:@B2& (5ÇA%1'=45(5v2,0%|Z[|FU7(54)I= >MD%,V =n5z&nMD=(5 4.4 One Round of Correction 54 V.Vv2 G2, >32,(8+ (5 9V=6^0()2& Iº%&s#L2&º V.%,Z1v2 Vv2,454¤ $%,+qa032&IbI=(8# (5%1= U+%1V2&3I%&0=G2,()2.+"'=# (5%1 2,>(5 0%&# 4)%& .%E3\2&3IÇ32& =. Xë v@'= (5= Vv2,454)$ %,+E1%%PII=(8# (5%1= GFYXH(8: ()&(83#2&487N(51= $2,# 6 # =G2,#$%1032,0(545(8W7n Y:rZè n = n KÖÒ$& ! Ó Ò Ó1 !^Ó ! 9 GÖ !?ÖÓ&!!?Ö ßÎ ? Î&å Ï Õ Ö Î Ø&× 0 × × Ð [ÐP Ï Î&× p × B Î&Ï=s d× s , Ï Ü æ × Ó×Ð V Û Ó ! d @ Ó : 0)Y! 0 s s t s 6s &1b 0 -/Ú ,y ×A;âØq¼D×Ð=¾HÚG×É I I Îß Ó[G3Ü ! × } Ït Øz T ) Ü !?Ö= Ï>× ßÎ ÒÓ Ï Þ O=)#O > ×Ð G&?Ö ß !?ÖÓ&! Z) O ] )\Ó ÏØ ) O B zL && Ü !?Ö=Ò& × ! × 3 O ¦ d @ dÓ Ï3Ø O êå "!?Ö!?Ö=H3Ò Î =Ò!B × " Q 0s O s t @rz T QF s s&0o$ O Ò Ñ Ó& Ï× 5Ó&ÒÕ8 %`0 F BqUb )e0o$/3OD × Î&× ! Î 31% 0 04@ 3O4O 3$ R 0d-/|y ACâ¼DH¾ GÉ I I Ó[G3! × } t rz T91S@ Voj ! FOJa ) O 0o$^4@ 3 O O 3 F Ó ×× × !?Ö Ï å ! × ! å "!?Ö ÑAÐ GÖNÖP)Õ|ÖÒU3Ò Î1Ú Ó Ú "!Þ!?Ö=Ó Ï 4@ 31O 3 F Ø Ø %`0 A[1 [ e ` ¢è+?'454;%%&+dXH(5454d2&=L2,>(5º+?'454;Z1 6 (5%&KnUJK O¤0$ U%&+CI=(8# (5%&I i f D '#G32|U+?%&2| 45L2, A<z T) O +?G2&#()%&:%&o+ g f D?d@ 32,& YXH(8$45(5%1487P6 =%1V.()2&4~&%1(5s=%1'=1l f (5ÇI=(8# (5%1 f nA%1V =+2,# $32| =2,##G2&# S=%&032,0(5g 45(57v(5 d2,d45L2, $i z T7Z) O (8D+"%&454)%LXH d 32| s OYs s saG@z T FnE%&CL2&#G f Dd @ [XDUI= D=Y# %&# I +?'=# t (5%1 3 O +@ g f Fd%v0>=V.%&g #%&V.V.%1Z&2&45'>%&A+ 3 @ % @ F @ g f F %|Z[ i f D O>@0=2&<P(5:() 2|0(8G2,(5487Fnq() .=%&v2,GIu% 32, s 4@ 3O4O 3F B b )PnqW%&GI= . %=%|Z[=(8GI32| %,+S= %&V XD=%&(5#2,v-/|y A; â ¼DH¾ GÉ I I 2&## = } t -/ %#& @ & y 3 @ % @ F +@ f F~M ] 3 @ % F +@ f F}Bn/MDP'= QX;E%&487=LI %s !'%L" Xx 32, S %1NWX;%. G2&g3I%1V 45()= % g @ 2&I % XH(8ÇI(8# 6 (5%&I i f Ohf DR2&IN#%1V.V.%&%&(51(5 g f 3=%1487%1V.()2,4) U1(5Z[ 07 3Ç2&,N2,(8.%,(51(5XH(8 %|Z[ XH 4)V.(5=Ç%1032,0(545(8W7 @=(51d32&vS%&(51(532,4O2,##G2&=#=%&032,0(545(57FnE¢U d(5Çy |}^ X;S%,Z1H=(5 ;07.2LI'# (5 %1. %0(5Z&2,()2, U 45%| X¹I=,U ()==n '= AJQV.Vv2 = n . %s2,1 '= 2,YXH(5%|Z[ XH=45V.()=.=%&0=6 2,0(545(8W7 3 2,& XH(8G 3 @ @ FS2&G I 3 @ F2,V.%& %1(5 'èf %145(5 % @ 2,3I % F$2,3I2|>V.%1 %1(5 'pf %&Ç= 2|.U4)2&=- Ng f j L i f j MeAf ¦ L O?M]Dd1P[nSMD=(5 D32,045 D'= ;%$ 2,=457AH0(5Z&2,()2,H (5$ %&Vê%&+Cy 1|}%>I=LI'#d32| =.WXD%N 45(5 v%&457=%1V.() 2&45 2&& 2|=.%&(51(5 %&+d=() >4)2,1 (n 1An 3 =@ % @ F @ g f F~] 33@ % F +@ g f F32, U=LI=IQn Sw (5Z[LOCALLY :=$XD%&<() TESTABLE y8z|{L}BO(8(5 Y4)2,(5Z[CODES 487: G2&(5&P+?%&XD2,GI% &%+?%&V 2sG2,3I=%&V. $.#(545%|Xd6I& $%245%#L2,45457 G2&045#%PI1nES SX;$1(5Z[2A# %1# () G2|V.H%&+¤=32&4 '48 Y2&3Is2&%1'4)(5=%&+¤=S=## 2|7 d45L21I(5A=V 45L2LZP(5=$I= G2,(54) H+"%,HS32&4QZ[ (5%&Kn çS'O G2|(5d%1(5K() Q~ G2&I2|GIUI6W£'4545 K#%PI=1n¤MDP' X;dZP()XÂ2 NP6^0(8~V. 2,1 2& EI= #()0=(5S=d#% .#(5 ~%&+2 I& # p3 6Z&2,()2|E%&487==%1V.()2&4*%|Z[ O2d(8/34)I dA%&+ (5m Pn~º# %PI=S 07v&()ZP(5Z&2&45'2,(5%1%,+ %&2,4)4K%1(5 (5L d @ nD%,HS(51U (5%,+~32|G2&V. XD$& U#%1= G2& G2|2,3I 4)(5=L2,vI(5 G2&# @"XHI=(5 G2,#() AV.L2& 'LI\%,Z1 =v2&452&0 - d=FnºMD.R º(5.=#%PI=(5=N() $%N&()Z1 =S (5# (5%1%&+ %.2,454Q45(5 n;MD=(5 HXD2& d+"%,Vv2&45487I= LI 2, S2#%PI=$07=(5LI=4K2&IoP'3I2,y8z|¡L}Bn@WÇy8z|{|}B(5Y(5 H#L2&4545LI= ~o6^#%PI=U2&IAXDHXH()454'= H=(8; V.(5=%145%1,73Fn¤D(5 C#%1PZ[=(5 %=(5<s%&+/2,4532,0 U%&+/(5 Y#%PI=>2, K@ pjzLF6^'=45 d+?%&V dC(n 1n>L2&#GÇ 7V0%14/1(5Z[ S> (5# (5%1%,+ %2s45(5A() 5. @BI= # (50LIº07º2I& p'=()Z&2,()2|s%&487==%1V.()2&4FnÇMD 54 %LXI=,H D2,32,457 (5 D%,+KY'0=(5=+" 4I.2,3IvoP'3I2,Ny [b|}(5V.=4)(5 32|(5 # %PI=v(5 A45%#L2&45487º G2,045.XH(8 TP'= 7#%1V.=45 R(57\b XHA X;. +"%,V () $=32|'=G2&4E%1=1¤(n 1ns 45# 2 G2&I=%&V`%1(5(5\ d @ 2,3IºWX;%G2,3I%1V 4)(5= 1%&(5Ç%1'=1 (8L32,3I. Y(8+OUWXD%A%1487%1V.()2,4) H2,&$%&=(5P # (5 %1(5LnMD= A2|XD%s=%10=45V. UXH(8:(5 S#%PI1nMD= S(5 TP'21IPG2,(5#S0=4)%LXH'=(5=# %PI=(5 ()m 1=XH=(5#sG2& 4)2| %>()PZ[ T'32&IG2,(5#HG2,@B2|D0 FnEMD=UL2, %1() C32,; 2, s ds W(@ 45(5 nNMD. #%1Iº=%10=45V (5 >=.42|1s2&45=32&0 (5m1n~ºIL2&4XH(8 $=%10=45V. d%1=2,Y2(5V.1n wS%14)IP(5#u2&I o'I2& %LXDLI2,>.'=#L2,(5%&\%&+H ~oP6^#%PI>%s2NÒÓ Ï3Ø[Î&Ñ %,+S@Az j 8@z|FF s d @ s45(5 S '=.# S+"%, E45%LX I=,C O%H '## LIv@(Bn 1nKWr # ~2&7X;%&GI+2|¤+?%&V2 45%LXI&S%1487%1V.()2,4QXH(8#%& G2,PH%102&0(545(8W7F '48(5 (5¹2,487Â45(52, ()m 45%#L2,45457 G2&0=4)N# %PI= y8z|{|}Bn-E45'&1(5 (5%&'=dR==45()# (5D#%1= '# (5%1= D+?%&VpY=ZP(5%1'= D # (5%&1(5Z[ R45(5#(8Y#%PI= 3 'V.Vv2|(5mLIv0P7v=S+"%&4)45%LXH(5v45V.Vv2n Y:<Zp¡Pn5z&E n ÒE ! "! Þ Ó Þ N !?ÖÒU& ! ÓE Þ BÓ& ! Ñ D Î,Ï× !Ò Ð ! Ú ) Î ß Ó Ñ Ï ÞÏ Îß wDÑ @^b&Ï F Û Ï Ü Ó&ÒD Î Ó1" ÞY× !× × !^Ó Ú Î )dÏ3 ÎLÎ&Ø Ñ Û Ñ ÓG[3 Ï Õ N Ú "! × ! Î _] Nsab eEf5g h ijl × Þ Ñ.ÚÎ ×sQÎ ÒÓ1 Ö=Ó Ú ! N,ROLzQP ÜSå Ö=Ò ] b e~c f)g h ij l 0R Ð Ò!?ÖÒ Ñ.Î Ò!?ÖN ÎLØ × Ö=Ó Ø × !^Ó Ï G T@_KF 0 A11 [ e `¹%,H (5V.45(5#(8W7.XD2& 'V.S2&454P'VA0 D2, (51 Y2,3Iv' S=U+"%&454)%LXH(5v2,G2&V. D+"%,H%1'=d'=#L2|LI ~oP6^#%PI1nd-~(5#< peO '=#2,C p.] @ 2,3G I s ds] >]U9 a p +"%,s2Ç4)2,&#%& G2&S 9,n¢ I= &? S p3 S 6^Z&2,()2,s%1487%&S V.(2,4 #%.#(5 H %Ç=V. 2,1 N45,Â(5 (5 vI= LI 07 @ @ t 45%1# apR@ tVS @ $2,3IÂP' 0(8 () N] 4)%&_ va @ @ B 5 4 1 % $ N ¹ n ¢ # P % = I ; X %&GIÂ(5u%1'=.'=#L2|LIu~oP6^#%PI=#%16 S (5 H%&+O=S (5# (5%1%&+¤ '=#2%&457=%1V.()2&4%2,454Q45(5 Y'= LI (5 %1'=4)%LX I& Ln á 2&#G 7VA0%14;()\=2,4)=32,0 (5 .2 I= &Epu'(5Z&2,()2,:%&457=%1V.()2&4U2&IÂ=#:32, 0=(56^45=& K@ p-jxzLF45%1# s]èb e c f g h ij!l ¤2, $#4)2&(5V.LIn%,$045%#<:45=& _/O#2&454C2,%1'45%|XpI= & '= O V=6^0()2& LI $XH V] @zL @ 4)%&_ 1FFn>MD0 $#%1= '# (5%& $%&+; '#GÇ 2&# 32LZ[ (5m.S %1487K@ S O45%1# O z|' VFU]ê%&457K@ S Fno%s'=VA0 S%&+ 45(5 H' Is07v%1'd H(5 @ PK~a %&457K@ S FY@"XD 2LZ[$2>+2&#%&Y%&+ $0#L2,' UL2&#G45(5Y32, D=%&'&< >%&(5P GFE2&I.=(5 ;LT'32,45 %1'Y045%#<v45=&_/nCMDP' _ ] @ PO aL%1487K@ S F ] K@ 9 9S S pp F @ aL%1487K@ S F B Na 9 @ PO aL%&457K@ S F ] Na,b eEf g h ij! l 2& YI (8LIQnCçS'H4)%LXxI= &S Y2&32,487= (5 >@B2&'=1V.LI% +"%,d%&G2,4OI& p3G2,d32& S pFE()V.=45() ;32|d(5 D#%PI(5 45%#L2&45487 G2,045DXH(8vbT' (5 nxMD=H 42|(5Z[HI=(5 G2&=#H%&+3=(5 #%PIS(5 D2|D45L2& ;32,;%&+QY G2&I2,GIYLIP6W£'4545 D#%PIA@%|Z[ 2&45=32&0^ d=FC%,+=C 2,V.C2,G2,V. n/E7S;o#GXd2|m 6#"(5 4 45V.Vv2P=() YI() G2,#$(5 Y2,Y45L2, rz T pQ ]*rz T8=@zLFnC¤()2&45487 (8+CX; 4) # d]éwD@^b%$|F=NL2&#G:45()=L2,#%1= G2&(5%|Z[ ] d G2&= 4)2, %N2 7 V %,+H4)(5=L2,#%1= G2&(5 %,Z1 AwD@^b1F/ % XD& $wD@^b&F6^4)(5=L2,U#%PI= nHMD(5 Y#%1V.=4) Y=$=%%,+C%,+/ 45V.Vv2n MD Vv2&(5(5=%&045V (5Ç=.2&0%|Z[.#%& '=# (5%1º(5 $ 4)2,&v2&452&0 (5mN@K@ pojtzLF45%1# [FnMD(5 2&V.%10=4) V Xd2, +2,#LI 07¹y8z|{L}Y2&3Iº= 7º =%|X;LI %LXp%: %145Z[(8(5\WXD%ÇI=(8+6 d@ +? $Xd27 n%&SA 2,<[A%,+D#%&V.45 = XD 'Z[ 7=(8 #=()T' n JQ%%1<.2|D2 #(83#H ;%,+Q%1'=E (5%#LI='1n¤UT'= 7 @"=\#% .# () P %&+FXD%qI& pq'=(5Z&2,()2,\%&457=%1V.()2&45 O E2&I\#=#<+"%, %1V.vLI= V.()=LIºZ&2&45' O ODHd (8+/ =SW +"%&4)45%LXH(5vLT'32|(5%1=%14)I= @ F~] W @ O F @^b&F MD=S D %145'=(5%11(5Z[s07Ny8z|{L}O(5 ;%#%PI- N G@ cF P & ! 07 2s45%#L2&45487ºI#%PI=2&045# %PI=%|Z[ $=2,4)=32,0 dnNMD=(5 '48 (5u2NLI='=# (5%1 %&+YT' 7#%1V.=4)R=(87~0#L2&'= s=Z&2&45'= @ F>#2&Â0I=# %PI=LI 07\L21I()=%&487u2# %1 G2,v'=VA0 %,+HZ1 2,45' (5.45%#L2,45457ºI=# %PI2&0=45s# %PI=N@(5 L2&I%&+d21I=(5= pjtzA 7V0%145 GFnMD(5 SI='#()%&:()ÇT' 7#%1V.=45 R(57N#%&V. 2|$2vI=2,U=(5#>()N=>0=45%#<P45,K0 #L2&'= >=>%&48745%#L2,45457 I#%PI=2&045>#%PI= SXD<P%LX%,+C2,>Z[ 7()= .#(5S()V. U%,+ =(8HG2,1n MD=~ #%1I.@B2&3IU0 F %145'=(5%1Q% F LI$07Ay8z|{L}' ¤-C9D-E n =%&UL2&#G%1 (50=4) YXD$XH(5 % +?%&V3%&'=U#%PI=$&(5Z[ U2 -C9D-%%&+/%,+ TnQ@^b&FnC%, dX;%&GI %&'=H#%PI$() D=S'6 #2,LI:~o#%PI=&á Q2& 3I=I07N-C9D-%%&+? %&+~ G2|V. (5 á T3n@^b&FE+"%,H2&454%1 (5045S D%1'DG2&I=%1V.= 6^ .#(5C +"%&V. nuU%|X$C(5 L2&Iu%,+ +?%&V.(5: aW45(5Z n 45(5 b 45%LXpI=, L¤X; $v-C9D-x%%&+H%&+;.#%, %1I6 (5= G2, V. á TnH@^b&FnuMDTP'= 7\#%&V.45 R(8W7\%,+S=() (5 :#%& G2&L2&It=045%LXH'x%#%PI=\ (5m\(5 :%,N%% 4)2|11U0#L2,' XD:%&487Â=LI %º# %PI=: G2,V. P .%,+ (5m bPK@ pojtz|FP45%1_ [D _~O2&I=# AZ[ 2v%1487%&V.(2,4~ ()m .-;9D#2&Â0%145 G2,IQnMD=Vv2&(5u=%10=45V (5 % =%|X 2,v2,=6 3I=(5==Y-;9D-~ ; '=45 C(52$#%PIS2,3IvI=% ;%,;LI'#d= I(5 G2&# A%&+E'=#L2,I~o6^#%PI=1n$MD(5 =%&045V Xd2, %1=# 2,[2,() %145Z[LI$07.y8z|{L}B1 %Y45'&1(5U(5>%&'=O R45(5#(8/#%1= '# (5%& X;d1 /=;+"%&454)%LXH(5$=%&Vn;@B¢u%%&+#2&0; #%1= '# LI '= (5y8z|{L}/2,3II G2&(545 dXH()454K0$1(5Z[()S32&4QZ[ (5%&Fn `¡n bE n Òê ! "! Þ Ó Þ N !?ÖÒ & ! Ó Î Þ Ï3Î&Ñ BÓ& Û ! Ñ Y Î&Ï=Î× !Ò Ð Ï ! Ú Ï ) ß Ó Ñ Ñ Þ ÎÏ ß Ï Ü Ó,Òd Î Ó1" Þ! × × !^Ó× Ú ) Ó[3 Õ N "! ! _:] NAa,bde/c f g l Ú "! × 0< Ð ÒG!?ÖÒ ÑÎ Ò !?Ö=ÎLAØ ×ÎLØ Ñ × Ö=Ó Ï Ø × Ú !^Ó Ï× GÎ T@_KF 0 SHORT (5 E # (5%1.PCPS XDY <[ #GH =%&d-C9D-~ DI=()Z1LIA+?%&Vê= .#(5Y4)%LX*I=,$ Y%&+~ #()%&N =n~º2, 'V.=SL21I 2& . %&V.+2,V.(54)()2|(57 XH(5-C9D-ê#%& '=# (5%1 N@ y [¡L}U+?%& (5%PI='=# (5%1v2,3IA%&() GF~2&IA487A=L2LZP()487A%1d# %1 '=# 6 (5%& H1(5Z[()y5z,}Bn MD=-C9D-é#%1= '# (5%&u(5 0'(548A+%1V`2& %1' 2,3I\(5= Z1 (83 LnEMD=G2&3I%1V.= d' LIs07.%&'= HZ[(5 YI=(5# G2| %2Ç4)2,&N RPs%&G2,4U45=&Â%,+S==%%,+Wnq^.(5 .(5 Z1 (83 H32|dXD$Vv2,<[ .# () PU2,3I %+"%#'= U%&(8Ln JQ t02u|6W9;è%,+>4) &_/nêW¹= G2,3I=2,GI-;9D# %1 '=# (5%1Q2q@"G2&3I%1V.(5mLI%&457P6B(5V.1Y%1' FZ[ (8 { XH(5 = S%.#G#G<XH= Ç(5 U 2,(5 2,0451XH(545>21I=(5=s%&487 2 Vv2&454dP'V0 A%,+ 7VA0%&45 +?%&V`=%%,+ =%|ZP()I=LI\07 2%|Z[ Ak n P{ 2, 'V. <P%LXH A2 2|(5 +?7(52& > (51=V. DMN,R OLQz P E2&IZP()XH 2, 2+"'=# (5%& -¦ : @ N| OL+z P XH~ = : (5 2. '=0 S%,+C2v~ Vv2,454O3=(5$4)LI ~ d¹c@ s :\sP] ) s ds 2,3I ) @ ]*_OFn {èLT' Y+%1Vé>45%LXéI= & RP (5%1 %&d# 42|(8W7v%&+K R%1 (8(5%1Q=X;2, 'V.HS# %1 G2,(5Pr {éZ1 6 (8 $2,=# () 457N=# 42,' S%&+ /nMD>L2&4/Z[(5 SX;A'= #G #<P ~V.%&d#%&V.45(5#L2,I2&451 0=G2&(5#Y45%#L2&43# %1 G2,(5P I= (5Z[LI +%1V Sã 6C'(5wUG2&N9;%145%&(5.%10=4) V %&+Hy 1|}^n 6. %&+ ~ %=XH=%145vI=%&Vv2&(5 d @ XH=> Is d @ s]ê_ f l nvMD=(5 RP= ()%&\(5 >=+"'=# (5%1 3¹¦d@ dÂ2&3Iº(5 >ZP()XDLI07 { @B2&IÂ' GFv2& 2&¹ #%PI()= %&+$2, ()&V. n { #=#G< 32| $B) %3(5 S(53ILIN2.45%LXéI= &>%1487%&V.(2,4/2&~ I$B")%3 s " 2,(5 /n@B¢U#'32&45487Z1 (83 $#G%%& %1=%&+C AXD% d% +?%&V 2,dG2,3I%1VP% 2LZ[$%1G2&3I%1V 0=(8 n F çS'=X Z[(5 +"%&V. s32| $B) %Z()2ºNG2,3I=%&V. .# () PA45%|X I=,v %,+U # (5%1 =nMDvP'V0 >%&+HG2&6 I=%&V 0=(8 SLT'(8LI07=() Y (5 @Az j 8@z|FF S 45%1 s ds¤] @6z j 8@z|FF45%&;_//#%&V.32,IXH(8 b S 45%1 s ds b¤45%1;_ LT'(8LIÇ0P7 S%&(51(532,4¤45%LXI& Ln ¢U +?%&32| $B" %|O45 ; 0v2#4)2&' v%,+ 2,>I3I %1 2, ()&V.s%\N=:Z&2,()2&0=45 &()Z1q07=:(5=4) ~ @ i F O ~ @ iW F O ~ @ i FA@"XH i O iW O i D: @ Fn.MD=. G2&6 I2|GI*Z[ (8 @1n =n ºZ1 (83 %&+y5z,}?FN 45# Ç2G2&I=%1V %1(5 lD dR@ 2,3I¹T'= (5 x+"%&? 3 s &HN (5# (5%1%,q+ 3 %v245%LXéI= & '=+"2&# 32,H'= H=%1'=1=+"%&'=U%1(5 @ O O O(FnoP(5# 3() 2& 'V.I:%s0A45%LXêI=,.2,3I 3i2, .45i%|WX iI & 1D H 3 s (5 v2,4) %º2Ç45%LX I=,%1487%&V.()2&4n wS(5Z[\I= #()(5%1u%&+S245%LX I= &%1487%1V.()2,4$@"32,A(5 '=%1 LIs%A0o 3 s Fa {ë#L2,#G#G<v(5+O#%& G2,() ;*(5 Y 2|6 (5 3LIÇ@0#L2&'= '+2,#32& Y%1'&2,4)4K(5' D<% ;$Fn MDH%1045VXH(8=() E G2&I2|GIAZ[ (83#2,(5%1.%# ;(5 ~ =(5#XD327(5NG2&I=%&V. ¦d 4) # (52v# %1 G2,(5P- ;ê#%& @z j58@z|FF45%&;_:0(8 d2,3I. 45# (5A2>G2,3I=%&V Dd @ #%& H2& Ó "! Ó1;@]z j 8=@zLFF45%1C_¹0(8 E 'V.V.(5='º%:V.%&.2& b¤Ø[45%1Ø ;_Î&Ï0(8 n W:%,GI= $%s 2LZ[(5G2,3I%1V. SXDAI=45Z[AI=()%v .# () P-C9D-è#%& '=# (5%1 v%,+.y8zL,}2&I %LX 32|. %&+C '=+"2&# $I= LI%&487N07=%&(5P ~ @ i F O ~ @ i W F O ~ @ i F @"XH(8%&'=¤=D21I=I=(8(5%12&4PG2&3I%1V.= O%,Z+ F F>(5 OG2,3I%1V=%1'=1 +"%,A%&'=>'%1 n2,V.487¤2G2,3I%1V %1(5>%1º '=#º2G2&6 I=%&Væ '=+"2&#.(5 $XH(8=()&%1032,0(545(8W7'=(5+?%&V.487I=(5 (50'LI %|Z[ o dR@n ¥ (5(5 >%10= Z12|(5%1K/X;v %LXè2,0%& +?%&V.LIv0}7 {é#2&s0$I=%&UXH(82G2,3I=%&V. ;=(5# G2,%&+ @z j8=@zLFF45%1C_:0(8 nC9;%1V.%& ()==() CXH(5s G2&I2|GIs #(5 (5= EZ[ (83 ¤7(54)I= /=d %&C-C9D-¤n1ãG2&(545 C%,+D%%&+" C2, I=+" LIs%AS+?'454OZ1 (5%1Kn º G2,%&'=sVv2&(5 %,V. .' (5Ç G2,3I=2,GI¹I 3=(56 (5%1= Y%,+C£'48(86-~%|Z[ H G2&# (5Z[S=%%&+~ 7 V. $@^£W-E GFd2,3I -/%1032,0(545(5 ()#2&454879;#G<&2&045S-~%%,+" >@B-;9D-~ GFnE2&V. 457X;$' S%&G2|(5%1 D:£- 7 y ^O"!QO L }Q%A 2L7v=4)2&&'32,1# 2& H2 6^=%|Z[v%1N%&'3Iu=%%,+ 7 V XH(8¹G2,3I=%&V. $ !PY2&6 XDº (5m L A %&'3I u2&3Ix#%1V.=4) 9&n o(5V.(542|487 UD-C9D- y !`O(|}/V.L2,% Â32, -C9D-%%&+? SXH(8N +"#$#%1V6 45 = %1'=3I== & 1PG2&3I%1V.= !2&3IsT' 7v# %1V.45 R(8W7 Pn MD$# %1 '=# (5%1 <1 #=LI2,0%|Z[S7(54)I= dS+?%14545%LXH()==n ]('` c*)ZXikj[<i 8% Cn a n/viZ l,+# hsh` KÖÒ & × ! × Ó Ï3ØèßÐPÏ ! Î&Ï× !=@_KF ] 45%1;_ j @ 45%1C_45%1;45%&;_KF.Ó ÏØ L @_KFS]êb eEf g h ijk[l ×Ð GÖÇ!?Ö=Ó& ! PÔ × Î&Ï !^Ó, Ï Ø Ï £- P.- y O/!QO L } 0 9;%1V.%& (5S=() ~XH(8 G2&I2|GIA(5~Z[ (83 H@B2, C(5y ,}?F XD$%&0=G2,()Q¦ ]('`b^ ce[0! hsh`KÖÒd& !K !^Ó ! 1 z Ü 32 Ü Ó ÏØ Ó ßÐPÏ ! Î&Ï !=@_KF~]¹4)%&;_ j\ @ 45%1× ;_SÎ,Ï4)%&× ;45%1Ï C× _KF ×Ð GÖ!?Ö=Ó,[! PÔ f5k1El DN-C9D- eE Qf g y !Qh iO(j=,}8k0 l &GÏ Ó&ÒG!B Ð 5Ó&Òd!?Ö¤3Ò ÎLÎßHÎ ÒÓ[) × Ö=Ó × ,Ub $ ]¹_a|b c Î,Ï Ï× !^Ó Ï G ×>Îß ) Ï Õ&!?Öv_#0 >ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2,>&G2,+"'4K%çILINwS%&4IP(5#N+?%&& (5v' U G2,LI %&=(5 U L2|#Q+"%&#%1(50'()=.%s=(5(8()2&4¤ '48 K2&3I +?%&U(5 Y2&# (5Z[$2,(5#(532|(5%1(5N2,4)4OI=(5 #'= ()%& H (5#&n 7. y8z}REFERENCES n=¢U45%12&3IçnwS%&4)I(5#GN2&I/6=n=2& G2&I2&In -¤G2&48G2nQoP(5V.45$9;%& '#()%& Y%&+~¢Y45V.%1 E NkTdXH(5 3I3IdU2&3I%1V 6C2,()2,045 Î,Ð Ò Ï Ó& Îß Ó ÏØ[Î,Ñ =!Ò ! Ò Ó ÔU Õ ÒG"!?Ö P¦ :@z11b1F3=Nb,11, y bL}£ÇÐ n3¢~ÐrWG2&(× Ï3nØ XD2&Î (5#&Z 6=ÑLn × W$%1V.45%1 6=n3-E(5m1 á n oPmV. I=(9;%& '=# (5%1%,+~2MD(5:oP dXH(8:oVv2,454 =%1'=(5 S9;% #(5 Ð "& 0ä Î&Ï3Ø[Î&Ï Ó&!?Ö 05 Î + 0b1bPQn ¡,1|6¡,1P¤zL&1n y |}on=¢Y%,G29UnJK'=3I=n£%&Xd2&=(Q£ÇnoP'3I=2&2,3I£Çn oPm&LI7n-~%%,+ 6C(5#L2,(5%&N2&IWG2,# G2&0=()45(8W7s%,+ ¢Y%|R(5Vv2,(5%&-/%1045V. n &Ô Ý % 6C%&4n= [¡P32&& ¡,z¡1¡&¡P/z11Pn-/45()V.(52,7sZ[ (5%1() Ò QzL11bPn y ,}n=¢U45%1Q n£2, %&'=Ln=|6^ã(5 # 32&=# 7s R R YØ 2&IÝ (8 2,=4)(5#L2|(5%1 H+"%,S(5 %&42|(5%1N%&+¤ 32, %&457=%1V.()2&45 n Ò Ó&! Ò Õä¤!!Ò K¡| =¦ 11{|6& [b@zL11¡1Fn y ¡L}&GÏßn=Î ¢UÑ 45%1QÎ&ÏnÙ Y%1Î (5#G××VvÏ 2,KnS2,3I× %1V 9D2745 7NwUG2,= U2,3I R32,3I= n Ó 0 =!Ò 0KÔU hÕ 0=Z[%&4n¡@z1& [Fb&{Pz Pb&, y |}á on=¢Y%,G22& INÏoØno=2|+?G2Pn-/%1032,0(545(5 ()#A9; #<&2&0=4)-/%%&+? ¦ ¢xS Xx9;2,G2&# (5mL2,(5%1:%,+~-dn &Ô Ý 6E%14n= ¡P32,1 {,z|b1b/zL&1n3-~ 4)(5V.(532|7Z1 (5%1(5 Ò =Kz1[bn y {L}n=¢U45%1Q 6no # Ln=MD=-~%&032&0=(54)(5 R3(5#AR £Ø %PÝ I ='0=4)(5 =LI0,7 61%1=q(545 72&3Io%& =W#&nK@z11b1Fn y |}on=¢Y%,G22&IN£ÇnoP'3I=2&KnV.=%|Z[LIv45%|XxI& ()= 2,3I.(8 d2&=45(5#L2,(5%& nW !?Ö ^ P32,1 ; [[¡ 1[¡PKzL&[{Pn y |}>JEnD2&02&(J~n3%,%LX$JE nJKZP(5K3£ÇÝ noPm&LI7n9; #<P(5 -¤%&487==%1V.()2&4O9;%1V.='=G2|()%& d(5-¤%&487=45%&[2,(8=V.()#MD(5V.1n R Ò Ø ^ =32&& UbPz Pz&¤zL&z&n y8z,}£ÇnÝ ;454)2,1ãn9;%& V.(8KL6=n2, G21IQ3£ÇnLW$(5XH(£Çn oP'3I=2&Kn=JQ()=L2,(87 (5=%|Z[ Y#2,G2,# (5 (5#XD% & =ÒÓ Ó1 ! Ò Ó&! KÖ ÒÞZ[%14n= b@B1F3= zL{&PzÏ=3× zL{&1¡PÎ&QÏS×%|Î&Z[/Ï V&GÏ0ßÎ Ñ z11PÎ,n Ï Î y8z&z }£Çn;454)2,1Qçn3wS%14)IP(5#Q£Çn3o'3I=2&Qn$0(8 -;9D2,3I=%16W2,%|R(5Vv2&0=(54)(87.6E%LXD2,GI= d(51H '=45 nW & Ô Î&Ð Ò Ï Ó1 Î&Ï\ÝEÎ&Ñ Ð ! Ï Õ&b&{@B1F¦;&& ,6WPz|¡ 61'= z1&n-/45(5V.()2,7Z[ (5%1(5 Ù Ò Î GG Ø Ï Õ ×Îß !?Ö R !?Ö Ý =32,1 Y b&b|6^ [Pz1Q£(548Xd2,'<[ 1q(5 #%& (5Kb&|6b&¡ çS#%10 zL&[¡n y8zLb|} á n3; =6Wo=2, %1K3-¤nS2, 32P£Çn3o'I2,Kn=¢U451 0=G2&(5# 9;%& G2,()o=2|() +"2&# (5%&:-~%&045V. d6C¢o'Z[ 7nP 32|G2,(5%1Qn y8z,}£Çn;45'V3£Çn3JQ'07s2&I>nY'0=()+"4)In oP48+?6MO (5= $19;%,# (5vXH(8N¢U=45(5#L2,(5%& d%S'=V. (5#L2&4 -/%10=45V. n Ý 6C%&4Bn= {U%=n32&& U¡, 1 ¡,[¡/zL1&n y8z &}wn á Z[ K3çn3wS%&4)I(5#GK£ÇnJK'=07=>nS(5 2&Q3Un 6E45(5#<1%,ZP(5#¢U==%LR(5Vv2,(5%1= D%&+CwS= G2&4QWI= 3I= P ãS() (50='=(5%1= ^ 32,1 zL|6zLKzL&[bPn y8zL¡|} Wn=(5LI=43£ÇnoP'3IÝ 2,K "n o%&V.WV.%|Z[V. C%JK%LX ãS&>MO n R Ò Ø &G× ÒÓ × Þ Ñ 0 Î&Ï KÖ Î ÒGÞsÓ ÏØ ÝEÎ,Ñ Ð ! Ï Õ Þ × ! ÑA× z11¡Pn 8. y8zL|}çnwS%&4IP(5#QonwS%&4)IXd2, L2,3IãnY%1Qn-/%1W7 (52&3I(5 H#%&=# (5%1%A4)2,(5=.2&I 2&==%LR(5Vv2,(5%1Q n &Ô 2&1 S1¡& P{1¡, 61'=457:z11Pn y8z|{L}çnwS%&4IP(5#Q£Çn Ý o 'I2&Qn=JK%#L2,4)487MO G2,0459;%PI= U2&I -C9D-E H%&+¤¢U45V.%1 6JQ()=L2,dJK=& ) !Ò Î&Ï B ÝEÎ " Î , Ð ÐPÑ Î&Ï !^Ó&! Ó1 )&"!Þ,Y%&YMDU[bL6[¡&Pn y8zL|ÝE}>Î&-/Ñ n=Ð 2| 3Î&2PÏ £Çn3ÝEoÎ&'Ñ I2&QnoVv2&454K-;9D-~ dXH(845%|X*T' 7 #%&V.45 R(8W7nPW ÝEÎ&Ñ Ð !^Ó,! Î&Ï Ó& ÝEÎ&Ñ 3)&"!Þ& =@B|6^ F¦5z|¡&{|6Wb&Pz1Kb&&1Pn y8zL|} 61%12& 2& G21InoP%1V.çS(5Vv2&4W2&%LR=(5Vv2,0(545(57 Y '48 n Î&Ð Ò Ï Ó1 Îß !?ÖSÔ Ý 2&& U{&1 P1¡&Z1%145'V. 1 b&&z&n y b&|} 6=n 2& G2&IQ3on-E=()4545(5 U2&Ion3o=2|+?G2Pn¢t454 9;32|G2&# ()m LIN¢U==%LR()Vv2|(5%1-~%&045Vn=W Ò Ó&! 3Ò Î ×× Ï Õ)!!Ò × 4 6E%14 {¦ ¤z11=Kn=1Pz 611&G¡PÏn ßÎ Ñ Î&Ï y bPz} 6=n 2& G2&IQ¢>nq(5[I= %1Kno(5V.45S¢U32,487= (5 Y%&+EwUG2, MO d+?%&SJK(5L2|(8W72&3I-;9D-¤nMO%v2&=L2,Y(5 Ó Ï3Ø[Î&Ñ !Ò ! Ò Ó ÔU Õ ÒG"!?Ö n y b1bL}oÐ n3£ÇÐ n 61× %&=Ï Ø %1Kn¢xÎ = XtÑA'× = H0%1'=3Is+?%& %,6# %&# (5=.#%PI= n & ÒÓ Ï× 0 Î&/Ï &GÏLßÎ 0_KÖ Î ÒÞ, =@z1&[Fd32&& zL1|6Wb&[¡n y b&|}n=£ÇLn W2,m1n=¢U á (5Vv2,S+?%&U9;32|G2&# oP'V. n 0QÔ bPK@zL&11FH2&1 >z[{|6Wb,1n y b, ,} 6=n W2|m1JEnMKZP(5 2&KnçS= .#(5=# 7%&+/45%#L2,4 I= #%PI=(5A=%#LI'= d+?%&U %&6^#%,# (5.#%PI n=W Ù Ò Î + 0 ^ =32&& U1,6&¢Y9d£Ç3b&&1n y b1¡LÎ}ß £ÇR'[n Ï3W$Ø (8XH(n-/Ý %102&0(545(5 (5#L2&454879; #<&2&0=4)-/%%&+? 2,3Is= (5A%&+~2&I2,V.Vv2,GI6^45(5<[Y#%PI= n3-EQnãnMD= (5 Q£MSn y b&|}>n£ P'4)2,V3¢n=q(51I= %&Kn á R32,3I H()wU%1'= ¢U45&0=G2, Ò +0 !?Ö !?ÖI =Kn=1&,6[{&{PQb,1[b y b1{L}>n£%&XdÙ 2,Î ( 6=În=ß 2,%&LR3 £Çn32,%&LÝ nMD-/%102&0(545(5 (5# £ =%PI (54)I= Hã V.(5(5 (5#$-/2,G2,4)454¤¢U451%,(5=V. n Ý [@B[F¦C {,,6W¡Pz@zL1, F y b&|}£ÇnS2&%&Ln9;%1= '# (5AS2,V. 7v&G2, d+%1V Vv2&454 =%&032,0(545(57 2&# n × Ó,ÒGÖ Î ÒG!O 6.1PzLKzL&[bPn y b&|} 6=nS2&%,L£Çn=2&%,L& noP Vv2&454K;()2& U-~%&032&0=(54)(87NoP32&# ¦ ázL&.1P#(532,S19; U%1bP z,6W'=b1# b,(5%1n = S2,3I¢Y=4)(5#L2|(5%1 n [Ï3Ø ^ Ý y 1|}>¢>n=-¤%145(5 #GP'<2&3IsãAn ¢>n3o=() 4)Vv2,KnS2,487P645(52,Y (5m %&45%1&G2,=()#%%&+" nW !?IÖ ^ =32&& $zL,! b,1P/zL1, =n y z}>nU2&m2&Iono2,+?G2Pn ¢t '0=6^#%&Ý G2,PH%&6^=%&032&0=(54)(87 45%LXd6WI& L32,3I2 '0=6^#%& G2,PH%&6^=%&032&0=(54)(87 -C9D-Â#2,G2,# (5mL2,(5%&N%&+~-¤nW !?LÖ QzL&[{n y [bL}>nY'0(5+"4)I2,3IN£Çn3o'I2,KnU%& 0'= H#2,Ý G2&# (5mL2,(5%1 %&+~%&487==%1V.()2&45 dXH(8N2&=45(5#L2,(5%& H%A=%&&G2,V ()==n Ô Ò Ó1 ! Õ& 6E%14nb&¡@^b1F=32,1 b1¡&& b P b1{Pz&/Î&Ð zL&Ï 1n Î,ÏuÝEÎ,Ñ Ð Ï y 1|}>¢>n=¢>n=S2,m0%&%|Z¢>nPq(5[I %1Q ¥ á noPmV. LI(n 9;%1= '# (5=voVv2,4)4Oo D32,U¢H =(5+?%&V (5N¢H(5=V. (5# -/%1& ()%& ÝEÎ&ÑÚ Ï Ó,! Î Ò ×GÜ¤Ù Ò Î[Ú Ó Ú ?!ÞsÓ ÏØNÝEÎ&Ñ Ð ! Ï Õ bP¦ ¡zL,6W¡zL/z1&n y & ,}£ÇnoP()= L=ãAnoP(545Vv2& á R32,3I=U9;%PI= nW & ÒÓ Ó[ ! Ò Ó&! KÖ ÒÞ,Oz1& 6E%14 [bP=S%P QnÏz|× {Pz,6z|Î,{&Ïb1×>bÎ&n Ï &GÏßÎ Ñ Î,Ï Î y [¡L}£ÇnoP'3I2,Ko#()0I07 6n3wS'=' XD2&V.(n-~%&032&0=(54)(5 (5#L2,4)487 9; #<&2&0=4)-/%%&+? nJK # '==%& wUG21I'32,>oP'V.V. o#G%%&4K%&:9;%1V.='=G2|()%&32,4¤9;%&V.45 R(8W7n §¨[¨&©Eª«[«&¨&§P® "&$² #/·¯[°O& %¸,¨~W®&´1µ' « %3±,´1§[µ«,©¯|©«(¯ "|µ²°&®/B§¨ %3·
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz