Chapter 2
Th C
The
Constitution
tit ti
American Government: Continuity and Change
9th Edition
The Origins of a New Nation
p.32
• Colonists to the New World (early 17th century)
– Escape from religious persecution
– Economic opportunity – land plentiful
– Independence and diversity made governance a challenge
• Self-Governance
– Due to long distance & the independence of the people,
Ki
King
JJames I allowed
ll
d for
f some local
l
l participation
ti i ti
• First elected colonial assembly (Virginia House of Burgesses,
Williamsburg, 1619)
The Origins of a New Nation
p.32
• Colonists to the New World (early 17th century)
– Escape from religious persecution
– Economic opportunity – land plentiful
– Independence and diversity made governance a challenge
• Self-Governance
– Due to long distance & the independence of the people,
Ki
King
JJames I allowed
ll
d for
f some local
l
l participation
ti i ti
• First elected colonial assembly (Virginia House of Burgesses,
Williamsburg, 1619)
Williamsburg,
Vi i i
Virginia
The Origins of a New Nation
• Colonists to the New World (early 17th century)
– Escape from religious persecution
– Economic
E
i opportunity
t it – land
l d plentiful
l tif l
– Independence and diversity made governance a challenge
• Self-Governance
– Due to long distance & the independence of the people,
King James I allowed for some local participation
• First elected colonial assembly (Virginia House of Burgesses,
Williamsburg 1619)
Williamsburg,
• Massachusetts Bay colony, 1629
• Absence of
– F
Feudalism,
d li
rigid
i id class
l
system,
t
absolute
b l t authority
th it off the
th
monarch, guild and craft systems, no single state church
– Worked fairly well for 140 yrs.
p.32
Trade and Taxation
• Mercantilism
– Economic theory designed to increase a nation’s wealth
thru the development of commercial industry & a
“favorable”
favorable balance of trade - selling more than you buy
• Colonists went along w/ it (unwritten agreement), &
retained right to levy own taxes
– The fragile agreement put to test in the French & Indian
War, 1756-1763 (Last
(
off the
h Mohicans)
h
)
• Treaty of Paris ended the war
– British didn’t want further westward expansion which
would be expensive
– Promote How to pay for war and administration of
colonies?
• Sugar Act (1764) – pay for war & the administration of
the colonies
• Stamp Act (1765)
– Colonists
oo
said,
a d, “no
o taxation
a a o without
ou representation”
p
a o
• Quartering Act (1765)
– Had to house British soldiers
p.33
The Sons of Liberty
• Individuals throughout the
colonies organized the Sons of
Liberty under the leadership of
Samuel Adams of Massachusetts
& Patrick Henry of Virginia.
p.34
The Sons of Liberty
• Individuals throughout the
colonies organized the Sons of
Liberty under the leadership of
Samuel Adams of Massachusetts
& Patrick Henry of Virginia.
• Especially
p
y violent in Boston
p.34
The Sons of Liberty
• Individuals throughout the
colonies organized the Sons of
Liberty under the leadership of
Samuel Adams of Massachusetts
& Patrick Henry of Virginia.
• Especially
p
y violent in Boston
• Colonists were especially
upset over the Stamp Act.
Act.
p.34
The Sons of Liberty
• Individuals throughout the
colonies organized the Sons of
Liberty under the leadership of
Samuel Adams of Massachusetts
& Patrick Henry of Virginia.
• Especially
p
y violent in Boston
• Colonists were especially
upset over the Stamp Act.
Act.
• They encouraged the boycott of
goods requiring the stamps and
British imports.
p.34
First Steps Toward
Independence
• Stamp Act Congress
– Meeting of representatives of nine of the
thirteen colonies – first official mtg on
the way
y to a new,, unified nation
– Representatives drafted a document to
send to the king listing how their rights
had been violated
• Helped a little, but…
– Other acts followed, as well as violence.
p.34-35
First Steps Toward
Independence
• Stamp Act Congress
– Meeting of representatives of nine of the
thirteen colonies – first official mtg on
the way
y to a new,, unified nation
– Representatives drafted a document to
send to the king listing how their rights
had been violated
• Helped a little, but…
– Other acts followed, as well as violence.
• Boston Massacre
– Five colonists killed
– Duties except on tea lifted
p.34-35
Committees of Correspondence
• T
Tea tax continued
i
d to be
b an irritant
i i
• Sam Adams set up the C of C
• 1772 – 12 of the 13 colonies had joined
the effort to maintain flow of information
among like minded colonists
• Boycott had piled 18M lbs of tea in
warehouses
• 1773 – British Parliament passed the Tea
Act
• Long story made short…
p.34-35
Committees of Correspondence
• T
Tea tax continued
i
d to be
b an irritant
i i
• Sam Adams set up the C of C
• 1772 – 12 of the 13 colonies had joined
the effort to maintain flow of information
among like minded colonists
• Boycott had piled 18M lbs of tea in
warehouses
• 1773 – British Parliament passed the Tea
Act
• Long story made short…
– Boston Tea Party
– Colonists destroyed tea shipments
p.34-35
Committees of Correspondence
• T
Tea tax continued
i
d to be
b an irritant
i i
• Sam Adams set up the C of C
• 1772 – 12 of the 13 colonies had joined
the effort to maintain flow of information
among like minded colonists
• Boycott had piled 18M lbs of tea in
warehouses
• 1773 – British Parliament passed the Tea
Act
• Long story made short…
– Boston Tea Party
– Colonists destroyed tea shipments
Terrorism?
p.34-35
King George III - Not Happy
• “The die is cast”
• “The colonies must either submit or
triumph.”
• Coercive Acts of 1774
– Known in colonies as the Intolerable Acts
– Boston Harbor to be blockaded until
restitution for tea is made
• 4,000 more British soldiers to be
quartered & p
q
patrol Boston
p.35
King George III - Not Happy
• “The die is cast”
• “The colonies must either submit or
triumph.”
• Coercive Acts of 1774
– Known in colonies as the Intolerable Acts
– Boston Harbor to be blockaded until
restitution for tea is made
• 4,000 more British soldiers to be
quartered & p
q
patrol Boston
Patrols in Iraq?
p.35
The First Continental
Congress
• British had no clue the colonists would
react so strongly
– Not the tax as much as the question of
British authority over colonies
• All colonies, less GA, sent delegates to
the Continental Congress – a unifying
event
– 56 delegates met in Philadelphia from
S
Sept.
5 to Oct.
O
26,
26 1774
– Hoped to “iron out” differences
– Drafted Declaration of Rights & Resolves
• Next page
p.35-36
The First Continental
Congress
• Declaration of Rights
g
& Resolves
– Called for colonial rights of petition &
assembly, trial by peers, freedom from a
standing army
army, & the selection of
representative councils to levy taxes
– If King did not capitulate, they would
meet again in May off 1775
• George did not yield
– Before
B f
the
th Second
S
d Continental
C ti
t l Congress
C
could meet, fighting broke out at
Lexington and Concord, MA, April 19,
1775 What
1775.
Wh t happened
h
d on this
thi date
d t in
i
1995?
p.35-36
Lexington & Concord
•
“The shot heard
around the world”
•
8 “Minutemen”
killed
•
16k British troops
besieged Boston
The Second Continental
Congress
• When 2ndd Cont Cong convened,
convened
they made a final attempt to avert
hostilities by drafting the “Olive
Olive
Branch Petition” asking Geo III to
end hostilities ~ he refused & sent
20k additional troops
– Congress had already appointed
G
George
Washington
W hi t
as CINC off the
th
Continental Army
p.36-37
The Second Continental
Congress
• January 1776 - Thomas Paine issued Common
Sense, a pamphlet arguing for independence
from Great Britain
– Sold 120k copies,
copies proportional to 22M today.
today
Amazing considering the low literacy rate
• Paine later published a series of essays known
as The Crisis (1780),
as,
(1780) which supported the
revolution.
– “These are the times that try men’s souls. The
summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will,
will in this
crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but
he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks
of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily
conquered;
d yett we have
h
this
thi consolation
l ti
with
ith us,
that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the
triumph.”
p.36-37
The Second Continental
Congress
• January 1776 - Thomas Paine issued
Common Sense, a pamphlet arguing for
independence from Great Britain
– Sold 120k copies,
copies proportional to 22M today.
today
Amazing considering the low literacy rate
• Paine later published a series of essays known
as The Crisis (1780),
as,
(1780) which supported the
revolution.
– “These are the times that try men’s souls. The
summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will,
will in this
crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but
he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks
of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily
conquered;
d yett we have
h
this
thi consolation
l ti
with
ith us,
that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the
triumph.”
p.36-37
The Second Continental
Congress
• Common Sense galvanized the American public
against
i t reconciliation
ili ti
with
ith E
England
l d
• On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee of VA rose to
move…
– “…that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to
be, free and independent states, and that all connection
between them and the State of Great Britain is, and
ought
ht to
t b
be di
dissolved.”
l d”
– His 3 part resolution called for
• Independence
• Formation of foreign alliances
• Preparation of a plan for confederation
– This was treason – punishable by death
• SCC suspended so delegates could return home
for final considerations ~ serious business
p.36-37
The Declaration of
Independence
• A committee of five began work on
the Declaration of Independence
– Ben Franklin (PA), John Adams (MA),
Robert Livingston (NY), Roger Sherman
(CT), and Thomas Jefferson (VA), Chair
– July 4, 1776: SCC voted to adopt the
Declaration
– July
J l 9
9, 1776,
1776 Jefferson
J ff
read
d it aloud
l d att
Independence Hall
p.37-38
The Declaration of
Independence
• Content of Declaration
– Drew heavily on work of John Locke
• Consent of the governed
– “We hold these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created equal, that they
are endowed
d
d by
b their
th i Creator
C
t with
ith
certain unalienable Rights, that among
these are Life,
Life Liberty,
Liberty and the pursuit of
Happiness.”
• Revolutionary War
p.37-38
University
U i
i off Virginia
Vi i i ~ December,
D
b 2001
p.37
The Declaration of
Independence…
p.37
The Declaration of
Independence…
…was
drafted by
Thomas
Jefferson
p.37
Chapter 2
H lf W Point
Half-Way
P i t
1777~Articles of Confederation
• The govt established after the D of I was
known as the Articles of Confederation
• Ratified in 1781 - Created a national
government w/ Congress empowered to:
– Make p
peace,, coin $, appoint
pp
officers for army,
y,
control post office, negotiate with Indian tribes
– Each state sovereign
– Each state one vote regardless of size
– Vote of 9 to pass a resolution
– Delegates
g
to Congress
g
selected & p
paid by
y the
respective states
• A of C saw the nation thru the War, but
when it was over,
over problems began
p.38-39
1777~Articles of Confederation
• The govt established after the D of I
was known as the Articles of
Confederation
• Ratified in 1781 - Created a national
government w// Congress
g
g
empowered
p
to:
– Make peace, coin $, appoint officers for army,
control post office, negotiate with Indian tribes
– Each state sovereign
– Each state one vote regardless of size
– Vote of 9 to p
pass a resolution
– Delegates to Congress selected & paid by the
respective states
• A of C saw the nation thru the War,
War but
when it was over, problems began
p.38-39
A of C Weaknesses
• 1781-1789 was “critical period”
–
–
–
–
–
Co g ess rarely
Congress
a e y could
cou d assemble
asse b e a quorum
quo u (9)
Little agreement on policy
Couldn’t agree on taxation (econ turmoil)
No reg of trade among states & foreign nations
Lack of a strong central government
• No executive branch to “run things”
– No provision for a judicial system
– Econ problems ~ crop failures
• Among others,
others George Washington &
Alexander Hamilton saw the need for
a strong central government to solve
th
these
problems
bl
p.39-40
A of C Weaknesses
• 1781-1789 was “critical period”
–
–
–
–
–
Co g ess rarely
Congress
a e y could
cou d assemble
asse b e a quorum
quo u (9)
Little agreement on policy
Couldn’t agree on taxation (econ turmoil)
No reg of trade among states & foreign nations
Lack of a strong central government
• No executive branch to “run things”
– No provision for a judicial system
– Econ problems ~ crop failures
• Among others,
others George Washington &
Alexander Hamilton saw the need for
a strong central government to solve
th
these
problems
bl
p.39-40
Miracle at Philadelphia
p
• 1787, Congress passed a resolution
calling
lli
ffor a Constitutional
C
tit ti
l Convention
C
ti
for the “sole and express purpose” of
revising
i i
th
the A
Articles
ti l off Confederation
C f d
ti
– 1st day ~ Edmund Randolph & James
M di
Madison’s
’ VA Pl
Plan proposed
d resolutions
l ti
creating an entirely new government
– Others
Oth
wished
i h d to
t keep
k
it much
h the
th same
• Wm Paterson ~ The New Jersey Plan
– In the end,
end VA Plan triumphed
p.41
Characteristics and Motives
of the Framers
• 55 delegates labored long & hard behind
closed doors during the summer 1787 to
create the Constitution
– All were men ~ “The Founding
g Fathers”
– Most were quite young (20s-30s) & one quite
old (Ben Franklin, 81)
• Brought a vast amount of political,
educational, legal, and business
experience
• Several owned slaves
p.41-43
Characteristics and Motives
of the Framers
• Charles Beard’s Economic Interpretation of
the Constitution (1913) argued that the
framers were not interested in the nation
as a whole,, but in their own economic
interests
• Beard thought they wanted a strong
central govt to…
– promote industry & trade
– ensure payment of the pub debt
• much of which was owed to them
p.41-43
p.42
Virginia
vs.
vs
New Jersey Plans
• Virginia Plan
– Powerful central
government
• Three branches
– Legislative
– Executive
– Judicial
– Two House (bicameral)
Legislature
• One house directly
elected,
l t d other
th from
f
those nominated by
state legislatures
– A legislature with power
to select the executive
and judiciary
p.43
• New Jersey Plan
– Strengthening the
Articles, not replacing
them
– Creating a one-house
legislature
g
with one vote
for each state with
representatives chosen
by state legislatures
– Giving Congress the
power to raise revenue
from duties and postal
service
– Creating a Supreme
Court appointed for life
by the executive officer
Constitutional Compromises over
Rep esentation & Slavery
Representation
Sla e
• The most serious disagreement between the
VA & NJ plans
l
concerned
d state
t t representation
t ti
in Congress
• Great Compromise
– One house (H of R) would have 56 reps, one for @ 30k
inhabitants—each directly elected by people
• Would have power to originate all bills for raising and spending money
– S
Second
d house
h
(Senate)
(S
t ) each
h state
t t would
ld have
h
an equall
vote—reps selected by the state legislatures
– National power would be supreme
• Three-Fifths Compromise
– Southern states would not allow slaves to vote, but wanted
them counted for purposes of determining population
three fifths of all other
– Whole number of free persons & “three-fifths
persons”
p.44
Constitutional Compromises over
Rep esentation & Slavery
Representation
Sla e
• The most serious disagreement between
th VA & NJ plans
the
l
concerned
d state
t t
representation in Congress
• Great Compromise
– One house (H of R) would have 56 reps, one for @ 30k
inhabitants—each directly elected by people
• Would have power to originate all bills for raising and spending money
– S
Second
d house
h
(Senate)
(S
t ) each
h state
t t would
ld have
h
an equall
vote—reps selected by the state legislatures
– National power would be supreme
• Three-Fifths Compromise
– Southern states would not allow slaves to vote, but wanted
them counted for purposes of determining population
three fifths of all other
– Whole number of free persons & “three-fifths
persons”
p.44
Unfinished Business Affecting the
Executive Branch
• Committee on Unfinished Portions
– Purpose
P
to
t iron
i
outt problems
bl
concerning the office of chief
executive
– Recommended a fixed term of four
years, nott seven
– Electoral College = Reps (Details Ch 13)
– Removal of the Chief Executive
• Treason, bribery, or other high crimes
and misdemeanors (Details Ch 7)
p.45-46
Basic Constitutional Principles
• Federal System (Federalism)
– Plan of government created by Constitution in which
power is divided between the national government
and the state governments and in which independent
states are bound together under one national
governmentt
• Separation of Powers
– Three distinct branches of g
govt: legislative,
g
,
executive, & judicial
– Separately staffed branches to exercise the functions
– Equality & independence of each branch
• Checks and Balances
– Gives each of the three branches of government
some degree
g
of oversight
g and control over the
actions of the others
p.46-49
p.48
The Articles of the
Constitution
• Article 1: The Legislative Branch
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Powers of legislative branch
Bicamerall llegislature
l
Qualifications for holding office
Terms of office
Methods of selection
System of apportionment
Section 8 carefully lists the enumerated powers – 17
specific
ifi powers
– Necessary and Proper Clause
• Elastic clause – basis for implied powers
p.49
The Articles of the
Constitution
• Article 1: The Legislative Branch
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Powers of legislative branch
Bicamerall llegislature
l
Qualifications for holding office
Terms of office
Methods of selection
System of apportionment
Section 8 carefully lists the enumerated powers – 17
specific
ifi powers
– Necessary and Proper Clause
• Elastic clause – basis for implied powers
p.49
The Articles of the
Constitution
• Article II: The Executive Branch
–
–
–
–
–
Vests the executive power in a president
Sets the president’s term at 4 years
Explains the Electoral College
States the qualifications for office
Describes the mechanism to replace the president in
case of death,
death disability,
disability or removal
– Limits the presidency to natural-born citizens
– Powers and duties found in Section 3
• Commander in chief of the armed forces,
forces
authority to make treaties with Senate consent,
appointment power, State of the Union, and the
“take care” clause, removal of the president
p.50
The Articles of the
Constitution
• Article II: The Executive Branch
–
–
–
–
–
Vests the executive power in a President
Sets the president’s term at 4 years
Explains the Electoral College
States the qualifications for office
Describes the mechanism to replace the president in
case of death,
death disability,
disability or removal
– Limits the presidency to natural-born citizens
– Powers and duties found in Section 3
• Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces,
Forces
authority to make treaties with Senate consent,
appointment power, State of the Union, and the
“take care” clause, removal of the president
p.50
The Articles of the
Constitution
• Article III: The Judicial Branch
– Establishes a Supreme Court and defines its
j
jurisdiction
– Worries of smaller states: compromise
• Congress was permitted, but not required, to establish
lower national courts.
– Supreme Court was given power to settle disputes
between states or between national government and
states
– Ultimately,
Ultimately Supreme Court would determine what
provisions of the Constitution actually meant.
p.51-52
The Articles of the
Constitution
• Articles IV Through VII
– Attempted to anticipate problems that
might occur in the operation of the new
national government and relations it had
with the states
– Article
l IV: Full
ll Faith
h and
dC
Credit
d Cl
Clause
• States honor the laws and judicial proceedings of
other states
• Mechanisms for admitting new states to the Union
p.52-53
The Articles of the
Constitution
• Articles
i l IV Through
h
h VII
– Article V specifies how amendments can be
added to the Constitution
– Article VI contains the Supremacy Clause
• Provides that the “Constitution, and the laws of
the United States” as well as all treaties are to be
the supreme
s p eme la
law of the land – supercedes
s pe cedes all
state law
• Also specifies that no religious test shall be
q
for holding
g office
required
• The linch-pin of the entire fed system
– Article VII concerns the procedures for
ratification of the new Constitution
• Nine of thirteen states would have to agree to, or
ratify, its new provisions before it would become
the supreme law of the land.
p.52-53
The Articles of the
Constitution
• Articles
i l IV Through
h
h VII
– Article V specifies how amendments can be
added to the Constitution
– Article VI contains the Supremacy Clause
• Provides that the “Constitution, and the laws of
the United States” as well as all treaties are to be
the supreme
s p eme la
law of the land – supercedes
s percedes all
state law
• Also specifies that no religious test shall be
q
for holding
g office
required
• The linch-pin of the entire fed system
– Article VII concerns the procedures for
ratification of the new Constitution
• Nine of thirteen states would have to agree to, or
ratify, its new provisions before it would become
the supreme law of the land.
p.52-53
The Drive for Ratification
• Once it was complete, William Jackson, secretary
of the Constitutional Convention, left for NYC
(th
(then
the
th capital)
it l) to
t deliver
d li
a copy off the
th new
Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation
which was continuing
g to g
govern the former
colonies under the A of C
– The C of C immediately accepted the work & forwarded it
to the states for their vote
– Fall 1787 to summer 1788 proposed Constitution was
hotly debated
– State politicians feared a strong central government
– Farmers & other working-class people feared a distant
national government
– Some worried about their debts & how the new govt
would handle financial policies, taxes, etc.
p.53-54
Those who favored a strong new central government
chose to call themselves Federalists. They nicknamed
th i opponents
their
t Anti-Federalists.
A ti F d
li t
The Anti-Federalists preferred to call themselves
Federal Republicans. They believed in a limited
federal system, and feared a strong central
government
p.54-55
Those who favored a strong new central
government chose to call themselves Federalists
Federalists.
Th
They
nicknamed
i k
d their
th i opponents
t Anti-Federalists.
A ti F d
li t
The Anti-Federalists preferred to call themselves
Federal Republicans. They believed in a limited
federal system, and feared a strong central
government
p.54-55
Those who favored a strong new central
government chose to call themselves Federalists
Federalists.
Th
They
nicknamed
i k
d their
th i opponents
t Anti-Federalists.
A ti F d
li t
The Anti
Anti--Federalists preferred to call themselves
Federal Republicans. They believed in a limited
federal system, and feared a strong central
government
p.54-55
The Federalist Papers
• Series of 85 political articles written by Alexander
Hamilton (51)
(51), James Madison (26),
(26) & John Jay
(5) ~ Pen name Publius (Latin for “the people”)
– Supported the ratification of the Constitution
• Masterful explanations of the Framers’
Framers intentions
• Actual constitution was “dry & scholarly”
– Appeared in newspapers where ratification was in doubt
– Fed #10 argued that voters might not always elect the
most “enlightened statesman” ~ Constitution provided for
removal
– Fed #51 explained that separation of powers would
prohibit any one branch from dominating the natl govt
p.54-56
The Federalist Papers
• Series of 85 political articles written by
Alexander Hamilton (51),
(51) James Madison
(26), & John Jay (5) ~ Pen name Publius (Latin
for “the people”)
– Supported the ratification of the Constitution
• Masterful explanations of the Framers’ intentions
• Actual constitution was “dry & scholarly”
– Appeared in newspapers where ratification was in doubt
– Fed #10 argued that voters might not always elect the
most “enlightened statesman” ~ Constitution provided for
removal
– Fed #51 explained that separation of powers would
prohibit any one branch from dominating the natl govt
p.54-56
The Federalist Papers
• Anti-Feds responded with their own series of
papers Pen named Brutus and Cato,
papers.
Cato after
famous Romans who opposed tyranny.
They argued that the…
– …strong national government would tax too
heavily
– …Supreme court would overwhelm the states
– …President would have too much power
– …national government would run over the
lib ti off th
liberties
the people
l
– …military should only be state militias, not a
national force
p.54-56
Ratifying the Constitution
• Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
acted quickly to ratify the Constitution
– Massachusetts
h
assented,
d but
b wanted
d
amendments to protect individual rights
– New Hampshire ~ Crucial 9th state to ratify on
June 21, 1788
– NY & VA had not ratified, but would
– North Carolina and Rhode Island still held out
• Worried about the new currency & its value upon ratification
Anti-Federalist
Federalist
• NC rejected the Constitution because no Anti
amendments were included
– Congress submitted the Bill of Rights to the
states for ratification in September 1789
– Constitution ratified in 1790 by two votes
p.56-57
Amending the Constitution
The Bill of Rights
• 1st ten amendments to the US Constitution
are specific protections of personal rights
– Freedom of expression, speech, religion,
and assembly
y
– Right to bear arms & no quartering of
soldiers (responses to British rule)
– 9th Amendment ~ Enumerated rights
are not inclusive (i.e., these are not the
only ones)
– 10th Amendment ~ Powers not given to
the national g
government are reserved
for the states or the people
p.57
Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution
(Repealed the 18th)
p.59
Social & Cultural Change
g
• Even the most far-sighted delegates to the Const
Conven could not have anticipated the vast
changes that have occurred in the US
y were uncomfortable w/ the 3/5 compromise
p
• Many
• Many hoped for the abolition of slavery
• Two African Americans have served as Secretary of
S
State
(Colon
(C l
P
Powell
ll & Condoleezza
C d l
Ri
Rice))
• An African American (Barack Obama) & a woman
(Hiliary Clinton) are serious candidates for Pres
• In spite of these & many other changes, the
Constitution survives, changed & ever changing
after more than 200 years
p.63
1
2
3
4
Chapter 2
Th C
The
Constitution
tit ti
American Government: Continuity and Change
9th Edition