Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers of India:
R.N.
DELENG/2002/8668
VIPNET
MARCH 2005
NEWS
VOL. 3
No.3
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
X
-ray pictures are used quite
commonly to locate bone
fracture and also to see the
extent of injury. Today, trained
radiologists are able to detect
patches in the chest, ulcers in intestines, stones in the
kidney etc. These powerful rays were discovered by the
German scientist, Roentgen. Roentgen was studying
passage of electricity in cathode ray tubes, when he
observed that a piece of barium platinocyanide kept nearby
glowed when the tube was in operation. He attributed
this to some unknown radiation emitted by the cathode
ray tube, which struck the barium platinocyanide screen
and causes the fluorescence. Roentgen experimented and
found that these rays were electro-magnetic radiation,
powerful enough to pass through light material like paper;
wood and tissue. Curiously enough X-ray machines were
set up within weeks in Germany to detect bone fracture.
X-rays are useful tools in areas other than medical
diagnosis. For example, X-rays are used in studying the
structure of crystals, and even to study the structure of
molecules. The discovery of Roentgen saw the emergence
of a new branch of physics called X-ray spectroscopy,
which has enabled the study of giant biological molecules.
Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1901.
•
Born at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of
Germany on March 27, 1845.
•
His family moved to The Netherlands when he was three years old.
•
In 1865 he entered the University of Utrecht to study physics and later Plytechnic at Zurich as a student of mechanical
engineering.
•
In 1869 he received Ph.D. from the University of Zurich.
•
Married Anna Bertha Ludwig in 1872. They had no children, but in 1887 adopted Josephine Bertha
Ludwig, then aged 6, daughter of Mrs. Rontgen’s only brother
•
In 1874 he was appointed as Lecturer at Strasbourg University.
•
In 1875 he was appointed Professor in the Academy of Agriculture at Hohenheim in Wurtemberg
•
In 1895 he discovered X-ray when he was studying the phenomena accompanying the passage of an electric current
through a gas of extremely low pressure
•
In 1900 he accepted an offer of Chair of Physics in the University of Munich. Here he remained for the rest of his life.
•
Received Nobel Prize in 1901 for the discovery of X-ray.
•
Died at Munich in 1923
G Rintu Nath
[email protected]
[email protected]
Published and Printed by Ms. K. Dasgupta Misra on behalf of Vigyan Prasar, C-24, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi-110 016
Printed Chandu Press, D-97 Shakarpur, Delhi-110092
Editor: Dr. T. V. Venkateswaran
VIPNET Activities
Atmospheric Science
Cloud Classification and Identification
A
cloud is a visible aggregate of small water droplets and/
or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere and can
exist in a variety of shapes and sizes. The clouds have internal
structure of water droplets or ice crystal distribution in a specific
manner and in the presence of sunlight, produce large varieties
of scales of gray, varying from pure white to black. Clouds
play major role in the heat-budget of the earth and atmosphere
as they reflect, absorb and diffuse some part of incoming solar
radiation and absorb some part of outgoing long wave radiation.
Clouds play the very important role of producing different types
of weather phenomena in the atmosphere and hence must be
recognized.
Guest & Resource Persons participating in the
Orientation Programme on Reptiles with special
reference to Indian Snakes organised by SUPRATIVAScience Club, Orissa
Precipitation is one key to the water cycle. Rain comes
from clouds, but where do clouds come from? Through the
process of evaporation and transpiration, water moves into
the atmosphere from Oceans, rivers, water bodies and plants.
Water vapours then join with aerosols dust particles to create
clouds. Eventually, water returns to Earth as precipitation in
the form of rain, snow, sleet, and hail. All clouds contain water
vapours.
Classification of Clouds
There is wide range of variations in clouds in terms of height,
shape, colour transmission or reflection of light. The world
meteorological organization has prepared an international
clouds atlas where in the clouds have been classified into
genera (10), species (26) and varieties (31). On an average all
the clouds in the troposphere are classified into four Families
(a) High Level Clouds (Base height 6-20 Km)
High-level clouds are primarily composed of ice crystals. These
clouds are typically thin and white in appearance, but can
appear in a magnificent array of colors when the sun is low on
the horizon. There are three types of cloud.
1. Cirrus, 2. Cirro-Cumulus, 3. Cirro-Stratus
(b) Middle Level Clouds (Base height 2.5 to 6.0 km)
Middle-level clouds are composed primarily of water droplets.
However, they can also be composed of ice crystals when
temperatures are cold enough. There are three types of medium
or middle level clouds.
1. Alto-cumulus, 2. Alto-Stratus, 3. Nimbo –Stratus
Members of Computer Literate's Society, Kishanganj,
Bihar presented a tableau on food, water and soil
purification during Republic Day, January 26, 2005
Members of INSIGHT Science Club, taking part in state
level model contest organised by Banglore Science
Forum at National College, Basvangudi, Bangalore
(c) Low Level Clouds (Surface to 2.5 Km)
Low level clouds are of mostly composed of water droplets.
However, when temperature is cold enough, these clouds may
also contain ice particles and snow.
1. Stratocumulus, 2. Stratus
Science aur Kaint Society of India-Science club organised
(d) Cloud of Vertical growth (Surface to 20 km)
These clouds are due to convection form as a result of deep a one day district level science festival on World Year on
Physics-2005 at Black Dale Public School, Aligarh.
layer of thermal Instability of the atmosphere there are two
Prof. Syed Iqbal Ali, Principal, Polytechnic, A.M.U.,
types of convection clouds.
Aligarh, during the judgement of Science Exhibition.
1. Cumulus, 2. Cumulo-nimbus
Contd. on page. 10
G VIPNET Desk
VIPNET NEWS
MARCH 2005
2
Do-it-Yourself
Weather Projects
Clouds
Why does it happen?
Things you require
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scissors.
Ruler/ Meter scale.
Glass jar or an ordinary glass bottle.
Tap water.
Match Box.
Two-wide, medium sized rubber bands.
Table lamp.
Sheet of black cardboard.
Adult helper.
Procedure
When a liquid molecule acquires
enough heat energy, it breaks away
from the attraction of other molecules
in the liquid and escapes as vapour
into the space above the liquid. This
process of changing a liquid into a
vapour is called “Evaporation”. Evaporation occurs faster if
the surrounding temperature increases suddenly.
Condensation (changing vapour into a liquid) is the reverse of
this process, and it occurs faster when the surrounding
temperature decreases suddenly.
1.
Cut a 12.5 cm square from any rubber sheet for eg. A
balloon.
2.
Rinse the inside of the jar with water.
To explore
3.
Pour most of the water out of the jar, leaving only enough
to cover the bottom of the jar.
1.
4.
Ask an adult to light the match and allow it to burn for
about three seconds. Then blow out the match and have
your adult helper hold the smoking end inside the jar for
two seconds.
In the activity above, find out if the amount of water
affect the results? Repeat the experiment twice. At
first do not place any water in the jar; then in second
time add 1/4 cup water.
2.
Do you know, there are three basic types of clouds,
Cirrus clouds, which are too high and too thin. Then
Cumulus clouds which are thick and cast a dark
shadow on earth below. Third basic type is Stratus
cloud which is spread across the sky in an even sheet.
It looks grey from the ground.
5.
Immediately stretch the rubber square over the mouth of
the jar and ask your helper to place the rubber bands
over the rubber square and around the neck of the jar.
The rubber bands must be tight enough to holdaz the
rubber square in place.
6.
Turn the jar on its side and rotate it so that the water
washes over the inside walls of the jar.
7.
Hold the jar in front of the lamp so that the lamp illuminates
the jar from behind and does not shine directly in your
eyes.
8.
Ask your helper to hold the sheet of black cardboard about
30 cm behind the lamp.
9.
With your fingers push the centre of the rubber square
down into the jar about 2.5 cm.
10.
Observe the contents of the jar.
11.
Pull the centre of the rubber square upward about 2.5cm.
12.
Observe the jar’s contents with the rubber square
stretched upward, and continue to observe as you release
the rubber square.
Result
What do you observe? The contents of the jar look clear when
the rubber square is pushed down. Pulling the rubber sheet
upward causes the inside of the jar to become cloudy, but this
cloudiness disappears when the rubber square is released.
VIPNET NEWS
In this experiment, when the rubber square is pushed into the
jar, the increase in pressure causes an increase in temperature,
thus more molecules of invisible water vapour are formed. When
the rubber square is stretched upwards, the contents of the jar
expand, reducing the pressure inside the jar. The reduction in
pressure causes a decrease in the temperature inside the jar,
which in turn causes the water vapour to change back to water
(a liquid).
These changes occur rapidly. When the rubber square is
stretched upward, water molecules condense and cling to the
smoke particles suspended in the air inside the jar, forming
water droplets.
These droplets are large enough to scatter the light, thus a
cloud (a visible mass of water particles that float in the air,
usually high above the earth) appears in the jar. The cloud
scatters in various direction and the liquid water molecules
evaporate. The tiny smoke particles are too small to scatter
the light, so the jar appears clear.
G
MARCH 2005
Dr. T.V.Venkateswaran, Smita Nair, Chetna Yadav
tvv@vigyanprasar. com
3
djs a vkS j tkus a
Do-it-Yourself
chtksa esa cM+s fe;k¡ ^^ukfj;y**
c
M+kas ls vdlj lquk Fkk fd ftls ukfj;y [kkrs le; cht fey tk;s
rks le>ks gks x;k mldk HkkX;ksn;~ A bl ckr esa rks dksbZ lPpkbZ
ugha gS] exj loky jkspd gS D;ksfa d vkt rd fdlh dks ukfj;y [kkrs
gq, mldk cht ugha feykA rks loky mBrk gS fd ukfj;y dk cht gS
dgk¡---\
;s rks ge tkurs gh gaS fd fdlh Hkh cht essa Hkw.z k vkSj Hkz.w k dk Hkkstu
nksuksa 'kfey gksrs gSAa lekU;r% Qy ds vanj cht ik;s tkrs gaAS veweu
Qyksa dk fNydk rhu iRrksa dk cuk gksrk gS& ckgjh] eè; vkSj vkUrfjdA
ukfj;y ,d uj ;kfu Mwi Qy gS] ftldk ckgjh fNydk peM+s tSlk]
eè; fNydk jlnkj o vanj okyk dBksj gksrk gSA cknke] v[kjksB vkfn
blh lewg ds Qy gSAa ukfj;y eq[;r% leqnz ds fdukjs mxrk gS vkSj VwV
dj ygjksa ds lkFk nwj&nwj rd QSyrk gSA ukfj;y ,d js'ksnkj Qy gSA
blesa fNYds dh ckgjh ijr fpduh vkSj eksVh gksrh gSA bl dkj.k leqnz dk
[kkjk ikuh blds vanj izo's k ugha dj ikrk 'kq: esa ;g gjk gksrk gSA tks
lw[k dj Hkwjk gks tkrk gSA eè; js'ksns kj ijr esa gok Hkjh gksrh gS] ftlls ;g
ikuh ds Åij rSjrk gSA fNYds ds vUnj okyh ijr iRFkj ds leku dBksj
gksrh gSA ;g Hkz.w k dh j{kk djrh gSA blh otg ls bl izdkj ds Qyksa dks
LVksu ÝwV Hkh dgrs gaAS Mwi Qy lekU;r% ,d cht okys Qy gksrs gaAS cht
esa ,d Hkz.w k gksrk gS] tks vkxs pydj vdqfa jr gks dj u;s ikSèks dk fuekZ.k
djrk gSA ukfj;y dk Hkz.w k lQsn fxjh esa Åij dh vk¡[k ds ikl èkalk
jgrk gSA mij okys fNYds ds ,d fljs ij rhu vk¡[ks gksrh gSAa tc cht
vadfq jr gksrk gS rks u;k ikSèkk bUgha ,d x<+<s esa ls fudyrk gSA ukfj;y
dk Hkz.w k Qy ds vanj gh vadfq jr gks tkrk gS] ftldk fupyk fljk c<+dj
,d chti= curk gSA bldk fupyk fljk Qwydj LiUth gks tkrk gSA
Hkw.z k ds Åijh fljs ls ,d NksVk ruk fudyrk gS] ftlds fupys fljs ls
dbZ rUrqe; tM+s fudyrh gaAS ;s tM+s dy dh eksVh js'ksnkj ijr dks
Hksndj ckgj vk tkrh gaAS
ufj;y dk Hkzw.k iks"k &
ukfj;y dh dBksj ijr ds vanj rjy inkFkZ vjksy gksrk gSA bls gh
ge ukfj;y ikuh ds :i esa ihrs gSAa ;g ikuh gh ukfjy; dh yEch
;k=kvksa ds nkSjku Hkw.z k dks iks"k.k iznku djrk gSA chti= dh o`f¼ ds lkFk
Hkz.w kiks"k iryk gksus yxrk gSA èkhjs&èkhjs bldk ikuh lw[k tkrk gS vkSj
fNYds ds vanj xjh ds :i esa tek gks tkrk gSA ;kfu xjh ukfj;y dk Hkz.w k
iks"k gSA rks vkbZ ckr le> es]a ;kfu cht dk eryc flQZ lse] puk] ewxa
tSlh cht gh ugha gSA cht dk vFkZ gS&Hkz.w k] Hkw.z kiks"k o chti= dks
feykdj cuh jpukA vr% ukfj;y dk Hkz.w k rks ,d txg èkalk gS vkSj
Hkw.z kiks"k rjy :i esa gSa vr% ;s lc feydj gh chti= dgyk,xkA
voyksdu djrs gSAa ukfj;y gjk gks rks vPNk jgsxkA ukfj;y cspus okys ls
vki ;g dg ldrs gaS fd vkidks ,slk ukfj;y pkfg;s] ftlesa xjh o ikuh
nksuksa gksAa
ukfj;y ds ckgjh vkdkj dk voyksdu &
1- ukfj;y dh ckgjh ijr dSlh gS tSls fpduh ;k [kqjnjhA
2- ckgjh dop Årkjus ij rhuksa vk¡[kksa dks [kkstksA rhuksa vk¡[kksa esa ,d
fiu ?kqlkvksA ftl Hkkx esa vklkuh ls fiu ?kql tkrh gS] vdqja mlh
vk¡[k ls fudyrk gSA
3- ckgjh dop dks rksM+ dj vc vki ikuh dks ih ldrs gSa vkSj xjh dks
[kk ldrs gSAa ijUrq ;kn jf[k;s fd ukfj;y ds Hkz.w k ds fy;s izd`fr us
tks mlds iks"k.k ds fy;s [kkuk iSd dj ds fn;k Fkk] mls vkius [kk
fy;kA ;kn dfj;s tks [kkuk vkidh ek¡ us vkidks Ldwy esa [kkus ds
fy;s fn;k Fkk ;fn mls dksbZ pqjk dj [kk ys rks vkidks dSlk yxsxkA
4- ,d ifjiDo ukfj;y cktkj ls [kjhnsa rFkk mls ,d xeys esa ;k
tehu esa xkM+ nsAsa ns[kas D;k og vdqfaq jr gksrk gS ;k ughaA ukfj;y dks
vdqja .k esa vfèkd le; yx ldrk gSA blfy;s vkidks FkksMk+ bUrtkj
djuk iM+xs k vkSj èkS;Z Hkh j[kuk iM+xs kA
G
dfork
dEI;w V j
lnh chloha dk loksÙZ ke] dEI;wVj migkj gSA
dksfV&dksfV la[;kvkas okyh] x.kuk dk vk/kkj gSAA
lcls igys phu ns'k es]a ,ckdl us tUe fn;kA
ftlus ljy cuk;h x.kuk] vkSj xf.kr vklku fd;kAA
Cyst ikLdy us fQj vfHkuo] ,fMax ;=a cuk;kA
blh ;=a ds cy ij cPpks]a x.kd ;=a fQj vk;kAA
blds ckn pkYlZ csot
s us] Ldwy esa /kwe epk;hA
igyk dEI;wVj ns tx dks] [;kfr vf/kdre ik;hAA
baVjusV ls tqM+ dEI;wVj] vfHkuo :i fn[kk;sA
f'k{kd] j{kd vkSj fpfdRld] dke lHkh ds vk;sAA
vkt cu jgs dEI;wVj Å¡ph {kerk okys]
m¡xyh nkar chp eas jg tkrh] djrc ns[k fujkysAA
;fn vc tc vxyh ckj ukfj;y dh xjh [kk;sa ;k ikuh fi;as rks
;kn jf[k;s fd vki ukfj;y ds cht dk ,d fgLlk gh [kk jgs gSAa ftls
vke rkSj ij ukfj;y dk cht dgk tkrk gSA og ek= cht dk ,d fgLlk
;kfu dsoy Hkz.w k gSA rks ,d ukfj;y cktkj ls [kjhn dj ykrs gaS vkSj
VIPNET NEWS
ch-ds-R;kxh
[email protected]
MARCH 2005
G lkS j Hk iVs y ^^cky foKkuh^^
;wuhQkbM lkbal Dyc] fcgkjxat&230502]
ftÛyk&izrkix<+ m-iz-
4
CLUBSPEAK
jks p d rF;
djs a vkSDycok.kh
j tkus a
D;ksa vkSj dSls
fdj.ksa dsfUær D;ksa gqbZ\
xSl dk xqCckjk fdl Å¡pkbZ rd mij mBdj :d tkrk gS\
xqCckjs esa gYdh xSl tSl&s gkbMªkt
s u ;k ghfy;e Hkjh tkrh gS] ftldk
Hkkj] gVk;s x;s gok ds Hkkj ls de gksrk gSA blfy, ;g mij mBrk tkrk
gSA pw¡fd Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk ok;qeMa y dk ?kuRo de gksrk tkrk gS] vr% ftl
Å¡pkbZ ij tkdj xqCckjs dk Hkkj mlds }kjk gVk;s x, gok ds Hkkj ds
cjkcj gks tkrk gS] mlh m¡pkbZ ij igq¡pdj xqCckjk :d tkrk gSA
dhy dks vf/kd xgjkbZ rd xkM+us ds fy, gFkkSM+k D;ksa Hkkjh gksuk
pkfg;s\
dhy Bkad
s rs le; ml ij gFkkSM+s ls vk?kkr djds gFkkSMs +s ds laoxs dks
vkjksfir fd;k tkrk gSA ml laoxs dk eku ftruk vf/kd gksrk gS] mruh
gh lqxerk ls dhy vUnj /kalrh gSA T;ks&a T;ksa dhy vf/kd vUnj /kalrh
tkrh gS] R;ks&a R;ksa ftl oLrq esa Bkad
s h tkrh gS] mlds Li'kZ ry dk {ks=Qy
c<+rk tkrk gSA Qyr% ml ij dk;Z djus okys ?k"kZ.k cy dk eku Hkh
c<+rk gSA vr% mls vUnj dh vksj /k¡lkuk dfBu gksrk tkrk gSA laoxs dk
eku] nzO;eku ,oa osx ds xq.kuQy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA Hkkjh gFkkSM+s dk
nzO;eku vf/kd gksrk gS ftlls ,d fuf'pr osx ds fy, mldk laoxs
vfèkd gksrk gSA vr% dhy dks vf/kd xgjkbZ rd xkM+us ds fy, gFkkSM+k
Hkkjh gksuk pkfg,A
ngh dSls terk gS\
ngh tekus ds fy, FkksM+h ek=k esa igys ls teh gqbZ ngh dks nw/k esa feykuk
t:jh gksrk gSA mlesa ,d ls T;knk izdkj ds lw{etho mifLFkr gksrs gSa
ftuesa LVSfQyksdksDdl vkSj ySDVkscfS lyl uked thok.kq rFkk ;hLV
uked dod ize[q k gaAS buesa ySDVkscfS lyl uked thok.kq gh eq[; :i ls
ngh tekus dh fØ;k esa lgk;d gksrk gSA tc tes gq, ngh dks xeZ nw/k
(370C) esa feyk;k tkrk gS rks mlesa mifLFkr lw{etho nw/k esa fey tkrs
gaS vkSj viuh o`f¼ 'kw: dj nsrs gSAa ySDVkscfS lyl ,d vok;oh; thok.kq
gS vkSj de vkWDlhtu ;qDr nw/k esa vklkuh ls o`f¼ djrk gS vkSj nw/k esa
mifLFkfr ySDVkst 'kdZjk dks viuh ÅtkZ ds fy, mi;ksx djrk gSA ftlls
ySfDVd vEy dh mRifr gksrh gS] tks vEyh; gksus ds dkj.k nw/k dks eksVk
cukdj ngh ds :i esa Bksl voLFkk esa cny nsrk gSA bl izdkj ngh te
tkrk gSA
[krjs ds ladsr ges'kk yky dh D;ksa gksrs gS\
mÙkj% izkphu dky esa [krjs ds fu'kku dk yky gksuk 'kk;n jDr ds yky
jax ls lEcfU/kr Fkk] exj bldk oSKkfud dkj.k ;g gS fd yky jax dh
oLrq,¡ yky jax dks vf/kd ifjek.k esa fc[ksjrh gSAa n`'; izdk'k (Visible
light) esa yky izdk'k dh rjax nS/;Z lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA Qyr% ;g
vk¡[k ij vf/kd rhoz ,oa ddZ'k izHkko Mkydj tYnh ,oa vf/kd izHkkodkjh
<+x ls lpsr djrk gSA
G 'k=q / u iz l kn ;kno
xzke&ePPkk] izks- HkrkSjk] ok;k&fi.Mk:p
ftÛyk&e/kqcuh (fcgkj)
VIPNET NEWS
D;k ysuk gS\
• dkap dk fxykl] ikuh] VkpZ] lQsn dkxtA
D;k djuk gS\
• Vsfcy ij lQsn dkxt j[kuk gSA
• fxykl dks ikuh ls Hkj dj dkxt ij j[kuk gSA
• VkpZ ds izdk'k dks fxykl esa Hkjs ikuh ij Mkyuk gSA
• ikuh ls fudy dj fxjus okys izdk'k dks /;kuiwod
Z ns[kuk gSA
D;k crkuk gS\
• ikuh ls Hkjs fxykl esa ls fudyus okyh fdj.ksa dsfa nzr D;ks gks
tkrh gS\a
D;k dj.k gS\
\
fxykl esa Hkjk ikuh mÙky ySal dh rjg O;ogkj
djrk gSA ;g izdk'k fdj.kksa dks viorZu ds ckn
dsafnzr dj nsrk gSA
D;k ;kn j[kuk gS\
•
,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa izo's k djus ij izdk'k viuk ekxZ
cnyrk gSAA
G
L=ks r % fxykl ls dq N vkS j [ks y ] iz d k'kd% foKku iz l kj
fiz;k ikBdks]
vki lHkh ls foiusV & U;wt esa izdk'ku ds fy, foKku jpuk,a]
tkudkfj;ka] foKku dfork vkfn vkeaf=r gSA foiusV & U;wt
,d ,slk eap gS] tgka ls vki vius foKku Dyc ds fopkj gj
ekg vU; Dycksa rd igq¡pk ldrs gSA foKku Dycksa dh igpku
mudh xfrfof/k;ksa ls gSA ftlds ek/;e ls foKku ds lLdkjksa
dk gekjs yksxks es fjlko gks ldsA bl lanHkZ es vki lHkh ls
foKku xfrfof/k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr jpuk,a Hkh vkeaf=r gS] ftlls
gekjs vf/kdkf/kd Dyc ykHkkfUor gks ldsAa
G lEiknd
MARCH 2005
5
The most precious jem
Diamonds
T
he word “diamond” is derived from the Greek word “adamas”
any other substances do. The result is that the light does not
meaning “unconquerable”. In a sense diamond is
unconquerable because nothing in the world can cut a diamond
pass through the diamond it bend and is reflected back into the
diamond. So when look at a diamond, a greater amount of light
except by another diamond. Diamond is the most precious
gem. The colour is an important factor in determining the
is returned to our eyes and it looks more brilliant. The value of
a diamond as a gem depends upon its weight (measured in
preciousness of a gem. The most valuable diamonds are those
tinged with red or blue, or those that are clear and colourless.
carat), cut (highlighting the stone’s optical properties), colour
and clarity. Diamonds are swan and polished using a mixture
To be a precious thing it must be rare and it should also be
highly desirable. Man has been fascinated by gems since the
of oil and diamond powder. The most popular cuts are the brilliant
(for thicker stones) and the marquise (for shallower stones).
earliest times. We really do not know when gems were first
discovered by man but what we know is that gems are in use
The world’s chief diamond cutting center is in India.
for thousands of years. Besides as ornaments gems were
worn by people with the belief that they will protect their owners
from diseases and other dangers. This belief still continues.
Though all gems are called precious stones but in strictly
speaking the term “precious” is given only to the four most
valuable stones-the diamond, the ruby, the emerald and the
sapphire. The other valuable gems like opals, amethysts and
topazes are “semi precious”. In ancient times it was by its
colour that a gem was distinguished from the others. All
precious stones with a red hue were called “ruby”, all green
precious stones were called “emeralds” and the blue ones
were called “sapphires”. The value of a gem not only depends
usually as octahedral or cubes under great pressure and intense
heat. It should be emphasized here that among all known
elements carbon is the most interesting one. In its most
common form it is black. Coal, which is the source of heat and
power of this Machine Age is mostly carbon. The lead of lead
pencils is nothing but another form of carbon, graphite. And the
most important fact about carbon is that it is so vital to life. All
living organisms are made up of compounds of carbon.
Measuring hardness has proved to be difficult. The simplest
way to determine hardness is a scratch test-scratching it with
There are four main varieties of diamonds:
Well–crystallised transperant stones. This variety, which
is colourless or slightly tinted, is valued as gems.
another hard substance Friedrich. Mohs (1773-1839) made up
a scale of hardness for minerals based on such a test. In Mohs
scale a series of 10 minerals are arranged in order, each mineral
listed being scratched by and therefore softer than those below
II.
Boart–poorly crystallized or inferior diamonds.
III.
Balas–an industrial variety. This variety of diamond is
extremely hard and tough.
IV.
element called carbon. Chemically diamond is an allotropic
form of pure carbon that has crystallized in the cubic system,
Diamond is the hardest natural substance known to man.
on its colour, brilliancy and rarity but also on its hardness.
I.
While the diamond is the most precious among gems but
it is also the simplest. Diamond is composed of only one
Carbonado–This variety, also called industrial diamond,
is opaque, black or grey and extremely tough.
Diamonds are not naturally beautiful. Natural diamonds
are rather dull in outside appearance. To make a diamond
beautiful it needs to be worked on. It is its capacity to reflect
light that gives it a very beautiful appearance. Diamond’s beauty
can last for thousands of years. And it is because of this
quality diamond is regarded as a symbol of enduring love and
loyalty. Diamond has a very high refractive power. It means
when light enters a diamond, it can bend the light more than
it. The minerals are: (1) Talc; (2) Gypsum; (3) Calcite; (4) Fluorite;
(5) Apatite; (6) Feldspar; (7) Quartz; (8) Topaz; (9) Corundum;
(10) Diamond. As a rough guide a mineral with a value up to 2.5
on this scale can be scratched by a finger nail, up to 4 can be
scratched by a coin, and up to 6 by a knife.
Diamond is so hard that only thing that will cut a diamond
is another diamond. The saw used by diamond cutters has an
edge made of diamond dust. Diamond is used for cutting
diamond but is also widely used in industry to shape all kinds
of tools made of copper, brass, and other metals, and to cut
glass. In fact the major use of diamond is not in jewelry but in
industry. Diamond used in industry is of inferior quality and so
Contd. on page. 7
VIPNET NEWS
MARCH 2005
6
Do-it-Yourself
djsa vkSj tkusa
LVªkW dk deky
dks
YM fMªd
a ihus ds fy, LVªkW ;k uyh dh enn yh tkrh gSA NksVk
cPpk Hkh LVªkW ls dksYM fMªd
a ih ysrk gSA D;k vki crk, x,
rjhds ls dksbZ nzo ihdj crk ldrs gS\a
dkap ds ,d fxykl esa ty HkjsAa vius eqga esa nks LVªkW nck,aA ,d LVªkW
dks fxykl ds ty esa Mkysa vkSj nwljs dks fxykl ls ckgj gok esa j[ksAa vc
eqga eas ty [khapus dk iz;Ru djsAa vki ik,axs fd LVªkW esa ty p<+xs k ugha
vkSj vki bls ih ugha ldrsA vc eqga ds Hkhrj&ckgj okyh LVªkW ds fdukjs
dks viuh thHk ls can dj nsa vkSj nqckjk ikuh [khapAs bl ckj fxykl dk
ty LVªkW ls gksrk gqvk eqga rd igqpa tk,xkA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd izFke
iz;kl esa ikuh LVªkW esa D;ksa ugh p<+ ik;k\
lk/kkj.kr;k ge ,d LVªkW ls nzo [khaprs gSAa bl nkSjku gekjs eqga
vkSj LVªkW ds chp ,d ,;jVkbV lhy cu tkrh gSA fli djus ;k [khapus
dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku eqga ds Hkhrj gok dk ncko de gks tkrk gSA tc ;g
ncko ty dh lrg ij yx jgs ckgjh ncko ls de gks tkrk gS] rks
ckgjh ncko ds dkj.k nzo LVªkW ds Hkhrj p<+rk gqvk gekjs eqga rd vk
tkrk gSA bl iz;ksx ds nkSjku gekjs eqga es yxh gqbZ nwljh LVªkW dk [kqyk eqga
gok esa FkkA vr% tc vkius eqga ds Hkhrj fli djuk pkgk] rks gok dk
ncko de ugha gks ldk] D;ksfa d [kqyh LVªkW ls gok eqga ds Hkhrj vk xbZAZ
Qyr% nzo LVªkW esa Åij p<+ ugha ik;kA fdUrq tSls gh vkius thHk dh enn
ls eqga esa gok dk ;g izo's k jksdk] Hkhrj ncko de gks x;k vkSj nwljh LVªkW
dk ty mBrk gqvk eqga rd vk igqpa kA vius nksLrks dks ;g ^psyUs t^
nsdj nsf[k;s\ D;k os bls Lohdkjsxa \s
G
vadqj ;kno
[email protected]
Contd. from page 6
they cannot be used in jewelry. In fact three-fourths of all
diamonds that are mined find use in industry. About 20 percent
The mining of diamond first started in India more than
3000 years ago. The use of diamond as a personal ornament,
of the diamonds used in industry are mounted in drill for using
to drill through rock. Diamonds are crushed to dust before
was first introduced in 1430, by a lady named Agnes Sorel of
the French Court. Once started the custom spread throughout
using it to make diamond-grinding wheels. Industrial diamonds
are increasingly being produced synthetically.
Europe. India could meet the world’s need for more than 300
years before its source exhausted. After India Brazil became
It is believed that diamonds were formed millions of years
the main supplier of diamonds. Diamonds were found in Brazil
in 1725 and its preserve lasted for 160 years. In 1867 important
ago from carbon deep underground in conditions of intense
heat and pressure. Diamonds occur in ancient volcanic pipes
of kimberlite-the most important deposits are in South Africa
but others are found in Tanzania, USA, Russia and Australia.
Diamonds also occur in river deposits that have been derived
from wethered kimberlite notably in Brazil, Democratic Republic
of Congo, Sierra Leone and India.
sources of diamonds were discovers in South Africa. The ‘Big
Hole’ of Kimberley in South Africa, one of the biggest manmade holes, is an old diamond mine.It was dug out in the
nineteenth century by thousands of miners working with only
picks and shovels. Over 25 million tones of rock were dug out,
yielding about three tones of diamonds.
G
Dr. Subodh Mananti
mahantisubodh@ yahoo. com
VIPNET NEWS
MARCH 2005
7
Science Play
foKku ukVd
pyks lqijLVkj ls feys
nks
Lrksa D;k rqe VksVks dks tkurs gks\ pyks eSa rqEgsa VksVks ls feykrk gw¡A
og esjh NksVh uV[kV cgu gS! og ges'kk dbZ loky iwNdj eq>s
eqf'dy esa Mky nsrh gS vkSj vkt Hkh og iz'uksa ds lkFk esjs ihNs iM+h gSA
,d lqijLVkj ds ckjs esa VksVks tkuuk pkgrh gS tks gekjh jkstejkZ dh
ftUnxh dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
vjs nksLrksa vki fdl lksp esa iM+ x;s] fd ;g lqijLVj dkSu gS\
bruk er lkspks] ;g vkSj dksbZ ugha cfYd gekjk ßlw;ÞZ gSA
eSua s lkspk gS fd mlds iz'uksa ds mÙkj ,d ukVd ds }kjk nw! rks eSua s
,d ukVd djus dh lksphA bl ukVd dk izLrqdj.k gekjh VksVks djsxh]
D;ksfa d iz'uksa dk fiVkjk rks mlds ikl gS uk! rks VksVks ml lqijLVkj ;kuh
fd ^^lw;*Z * dk bUVjO;w djsxhA vc vki fQj bl lksp esa i<+ x;s gksxa s fd
lw;Z dk bUVjO;w dSls gks ldrk gS\ pyks ml ij ls Hkh inkZ mBk nsrs gSAa
lw;Z dk ik= eSa ;kuh dh VksVk dk HkkbZ fuHkk jgk gw¡A rks pfy;s viuk
ukVd 'kq: djrs gS%a &
VksVks% (ifjp;) ueLdkj nksLrks]a vki lcdk VksVks 'kks esa Lokxr gS! vkt
gekjs lkFk ,d cgqr gh egku vfrfFk gaSA gekjh gj lQyrk vkSj
vfLrRo ds ihNs mudk gkFk gSA og gekjs thou ds lqijLVkj gS (lw;Z dh
vkSj eqM+rs gq,) rks pfy;s vkt ge vius 'kks esa ml egku vfrfFk dk
Lokxr djrs gSA vki dk Lokxr gS Jheku lw;t
Z hA
VksVks% D;k vki tkurs gaS fd /kjrh dk gj ,d ekuo vkids dke dks
ilUn djrk gS] vxj vki u gksrs rks ge ;gk¡ ugha gksr\s
lw;Z% /kU;okn fel- VksVksA lgh ek;us esa ;g cgqr dfBu dk;Z gSA eSa dbZ
djksM+kas o"kks± ls mtkZ dk mRiknu dj jgk gw¡] vkSj fcuk dksbZ NqVV~ h fy;sA
vki cPpksa dks rks NqfV~V;k¡ cgqr vPNh yxrh gS] ukA
VksVks% vjs okg! vkids ckjs esa yksxksa us gesa ;g crk;k gS fd vki czãkaM esa
lc ls cM+s rkjs gSAa
lw;Z% okLro esa dgk tk, rks ^^ugha**A yksxksa dks dqN c<+k p<+kdj ckrsa
djus dh vknr gS] tcdh eSa ,d e/; vkdkj dk rkjk gw¡ A gSjku gks x;s
u! eSa /kjrh ij jgus okys] vius iz'kaldksa ds fy, vkdk'k esa vU;
pedrs rkjksa ls dbZ xquk cM+k vkSj pedhyk rkjk fn[krk gw¡A ,slk blfy,
gS D;ksfa d eSa vU; rkjksa ls /kjrh ds dbZ xquk djhc gw¡A eSa cl /kjrh ls
5-8 djksM+ fdyksehVj nwj gw¡A eq>ls cM+s rkjs /kjrh ls yk[kksa xquk nwj gaS
blfy,] rqEgsa oks NksVs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSAa
VksVks% eSa bl ckr ij fo'okl ugha djrh fd vki lw;]Z (vk'p;Z ds lkFk)
,d lk/kkj.k] lkekU;] rkjs gSAa
lw;Z% vjs] bl esa vk'p;Z dh dksbZ ckr ugha fd eSa ,d lkèkkj.k vkSj
lkekU; rkjk gw¡ ijUrq eSa rqEgkjs vius xzg ;kuh fd /kjrh ls dbZ xquk cM+k
gw¡A pyks rqe ;g vuqeku yxkvks fd rqEgkjh /kjrh ds vkdkj ds fdrus
xzg esjs vUnj vk ldrs gSAa
VksVks% (dqN lkspus ds ckn) eq>s rks irk ughaA ij esjs [;ky ls chl xzg\
lw;Z% ughaA ;gk¡ rd fd vki vius mÙkj ds djhc Hkh ugha gS! 12 yk[k
ls Hkh vf/kd /kjrh ds vkdkj tSls xzg eq>esa lek ldrs gSAa eSa cgqr cM+k
VIPNET NEWS
gw¡ vkSj eq>esa dbZ xquk nzO;eku gSA blh otg ls eq>esa cgqr T;knk
xq:Rokd"kZ.k gSA vki yksx blh dkj.k esjk pDdj dkV jgs gaAS ;g esjk 'kks
gS] mlesa lc xzg] /kwedsr]q xzfgdka, esjs pkjksa vksj gSAa
VksVks% eSa tkurh gw¡ fd vki rkjs viuh mez ds ckjs esa iwNus ij cgqr T;knk
^Hkkoqd ;k fpM+fpM+s gks tkrs gSAa rks D;k eSa tku ldrh gw¡ fd vki dh vk;q
fdruh gSA
lw;Z% gq¡ - - --! eSa rks vHkh cgqr NksVk gw¡A
VksVks% (g¡lrs gq,) etkd er dhft,A vki rks rc ls fn[k jgs gSa ftldh
eSa dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrh gw¡A
lw;Z% (FkksM+k vdM+ dj) esjh rqyuk vius lkFk er djksA ij vxj rqe esjh
rqyuk nwljs rkjksa ls djksxh rks eSa vHkh Hkh cgqr NksVk gw¡A eSa rks cl
4600 djksM+ o"kZ gh pedrs gq, chrs gSa vkSj ;g vof/k gekjs fy,
T;knk ugha gS] ;kuh dh ge rkjksa ds fy,A
VksVks% eSua s lquk gS fd gj rkjs dh viuh ,d jkspd dgkuh gS] rks vki dh
Hkh dksbZ jkspd dFkk gS D;kA
l;Z % ge rkjs xSlksa vkSj /kwy ds cM+s pfØ; cknyksa ls 'kq: gksrs gSAa xq:Ro
xSlksa vkSj /kwy dks viuh vksj [khap dj ,d xksykdkj fi.M esa cny nsrk
gS] tks xeZ gks tkrk gS ml voLFkk esa gesa vxz rkjk dgrs gSAa vUrr% ge
brus xeZ gks tkrs gSa fd fQj xyus ij ge ,d lkFk ^^gkbMªkt
s u^^ ijek.kq
dks NksM+rs gSAa ftlls mtkZ mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj rc ge lgh ek;us esa
pedrs gSAa rkjs Vksyh;ksa esa iSnk gksrs gSAa tks fd rkjksa dh ckyd{kk ¼ulZjh½
tSlh gksrh gSA rc dbZ yk[kksa [kjcksa lky ckn ;g rkjs gekjh vdk'k xaxk
ds pkjksa vksj QSy tkrs gSAa
VksVks% pfy, vc ge ,d uktqd fo"k; dks ysrs gSa ;g crkb, fd rkjs
dSls ejrs gSAa
lw;Z% esjh rjg tc rkjs yk[kksa lky pedrs gS vkSj vUr esa bZ/a ku dh deh
gks tkus ds dkj.k ge QSy tkrs gSAa ge djhc 100 xquk cM+s gks tkrs gSa
vkSj yky Hkhedk; cu tkrs gS nwljs vFkks± esa ge ,d ^^nSR; ;k nkuo**
tSls yxus yxrs gSA [kxksyfonksa us ;g Hkfo";ok.kh dh gS fd eSa Hkh ,d
yky nSR; cu tkšxk vkSj ml le; esjh xehZ ls esjs djhch xzg] cq/k]
'kqØ vkSj /kjrh Hkki cu dj u"V gks tk;sxa As
VksVks% (FkksM+k xaHkhj gksdj) vjs ;g rks cgqr gh Mjkouk yxrk gSA
lw;Z% Mjks ugha! ;g vHkh ugha gksxkA blesa yxHkx 500 djksM+ lky yx
tk;sxa s tc eSa yky nSR; cu tkšxk] rc esjh ckgjh lrg dh xSl [kRe
gks tk;sxh vkSj esjh Hkhrjh lrg iznf'kZr gks tk;sxhA rc Hkhrjh lrg dks
lQsn ckSus ds uke ls tkuk tk;sxk vkSj rqEgsa ;g tkudj vthc yxsxk
fd rc og lrg /kjrh ftruh gksxh ij ogka dk rkieku xeZ vkSj ?kuk
gksxk vUr esa og fnu vk tk;sxk tc eSa iwjh rjg BaMk gks tkÅxk] vkSj
utjksa ls vks>y gks tkšxkA
VksVks% eSua s lquk gS fd dqN rkjs fHkUu rjg ls ejrs gS vkSj ;g lqijuksok
dgykrs gS\a
lw;Z% tc dksbZ egkdk; rkjk cw<+k gks tkrk gS rc mlds vUnj mifLFkr
MARCH 2005
B
8
Science Play
foKku ukVd
bZ/a ku dh ek=k de gksus yxrh gS vkSj bZ/a ku /khjs&/khjs [kRe gks tkrk gS
vkSj og rkjk ,d pdkpkS/a k dj nsus okyh ped ds lkFk QV tkrk gS] mls
lqijuksok dgrs gSAa blh /kekds ds lkFk rkjkas ds NksV&s NksVs VqdM+s pkjksa vksj
fxjdj QSy tkrs gSAa
VksVks% eSa fdlh ,sls rkjs ds ckjas esa tkuuk pkgw¡xh tks lqijuksok dh rjg
QVk gksA eSus lquk gS fd Øsc&uscy
q k ,slk gh Fkk\
lw;Z% D;k rqe tkurh gks ml rkjs us D;k xM+cM+ fd;k Fkk\ blls tqM+h gqbZ
dqN pdjkus okyh ckr lquksxh! rks lquks ekuo us 1054 A.D. esa ,d
rkjs dks QVrs gq, ns[kk FkkA ij lp rks ;g gS fd og rkjk 6]000 lky
igys gh QV pqdk FkkA
VksVks% (cM+s vk'p;Z ds lkFk)------ oks dSl\s
lw;Z% (VksVks ds eu esa mBrs loky dks Hkk¡irs gq,) pyks eSa rqEgsa le>krk gw¡!
rkjs viuh jks'kuh NksM+rs gSAa rqEgsa rks 'kk;n ;g irk gksxk fd izdk'k lcls
rst xfr ls pyrk gSA djhcu ,d lsd
s .s M esa 3 yk[k fdyksehVj nwjh r;
djrk gSA rks ns[kk izdk'k dh xfr fdruh rst gS! /kjrh ls pk¡n rd izdk'k
ek=k ,d lsd.s M esa igq¡p tkrk gSA rqe ;g Hkh tkurs gksxs fd esjh jks'kuh
rqe rd ;kuh i`Foh rd vkB feuV esa igq¡prh gS vkSj rks vkSj dbZ rkjs
cgqr nwj ga]S ftudk vuqeku Hkh ugha yxk;k tk ldrk A blfy, rks
[kxksyfon~ rkjksa dh nwjh dks ehyksa esa ugh ukirs gSAa [kxsyfon~ ges'kk izdk'k
o"kZ dg dj nwfj;k¡ ukirs gSAa vc rqEgkjs eu esa ;g iz'u gksxk fd ;g
izdk'k o"kZ D;k gS\ izdk'k o"kZ ml nwjh dks dgrs gS tks izdk'k ,d o"kZ esa
r; djrk gSA oSls gh tc og rkjk /kjrh ds yksxksa dks fn[kk Fkk] rks mls
QVs gq, 6000 lky gks x;s Fks D;ksfa d /kjrh ls ml rkjs rd gh nwjh
yxHkx 6]000 izdk'k o"kZ FkhA blfy, /kjrh ds yksxksa dks igyh ?kVuk
brus o"kZ ckn fn[kh ftruh nwj og /kjrh ls gSA
VksVks% ;g ckWyhoqM esa vfHkusrk&vfHkusf=k;k¡ viuh Ropk dks pedhyk
vkSj rjksrktk j[kus ds fy, fHké Jaxkj ds fy, dbZ phtksa dk mi;ksx djrs
gSAa vki dh pedhyh Ropk D;k jktÛ gS\ tjk gesa crkb;sA
lw;Z% vPNk rks rqe ;g tkuuk pkgrh gks fd D;k pht eq>s pedhyk
cuk;s gqbZ gSA rks lquks ckdh rkjksa dh rjg eSa Hkh nks xSLkksa gkbMªkt
s u vkSj
ghfy;e xSl ls cuk gqvk gw¡A ;g xSlas eSja s xq#Rokd"kZ.k dh otg ls esjs
lkFk jgrh gSAa vUnj ls eSa cgqr xeZ gw¡ vkSj ml xehZ dh otg ls
gkbMªkstu xSl fgfy;e es cny tkrh gSA bl izfØ;k dks ukfHkfd;
lay;u dgrs gSAa bl izfØ;k ds dkj.k cgqr T;knk mtkZ mRiUu gksrh gS]
ftlls eSa ped mBrk gw¡ vkSj ;gh esjs pedhys gksus dk jkt gSA
VksVks% ;g dguk cgqr xyr gksxk] ij vki ij ;g dkys /kCcs D;k gS\a
lw;Z% (BaMh lkal Hkjrs gq,)] bu /kCcksa dks ge lw;fZ pUg Hkh dgrs gSAa ;g
èkCcs rqEgsa gj ,d rkjs esa fn[kkbZ nsxa As og rqEgsa dkys bl fy, fn[krs gaS
D;ksfa d ml txg dh xSlas ckdh lrg dh xSlksa ds eqdkcys esa BaMh gksrh gaAS
ij ;g ;kn jgs vxj eSua s ^^BaMh** dgk gS rks mldk vFkZ mruk ^^BaMk**
ugha gS ftruk vki lksp jgh gSAs D;ksfa d esjh ckgjh lrg yxHkx 5500
fMxzh lsVa hxzVs gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd esjh ckgjh lrg vUnj dh lrg ls
BaMh gS] D;ksfa d esjh vUnj dh lrg yxHkx l=g yk[k fMxzh lsVa hxzVs ls
Hkh vf/kd xeZ gksrh gSA
VIPNET NEWS
VksVks% blds vykok vki gesa dqN vkSj Hkh crkuk pkgsxa As
lw;Z% vksg gk¡! eSa vki ls ;g iz'u iwNuk pkgrk gw¡ fd vkius tks dkys
p'es igu j[ks gS ftudk vkdkj rkjksa tSlk gS] D;k lgh ek;us esa rkjksa dk
vkdkj oSlk gksrk gS\
( ,d lqUnj ,DVj fn[kus ds fy, VksVks us rkjksa ds vkdkj ds lqUnj p'esa
igu j[ks gS)a
VksVks% (g¡lrs gq,) gk¡! rkjksa dk vkdkj ,slk gh gksrk gSA D;k vki dks ;g
p'esa ilUn gSAa
lw;Z% Bhd gSA vxj bUgsa rkjksa tSls vkdkj esa gksuk pkfg, rks bu dk vkdkj
xksy gksuk pkfg,A vki /kjrh ds yksxksa dh cgqr gh vuks[kh dYiuk gS fd
rkjksa ds vkdkj esa dksus gksrs gSAa ;g xyr gS fd gekjs dksus gksrs gSAa xq#Ro
gekjk vkdkj ^^xksyh;** cuk, j[krk gS (g¡l dj)A
VksVks% blds lkFk vkt dk gekjk ukVd [kRe gksrk gSA brus le; gekjs
lkFk jgus ds fy, lqijLVkj lw;t
Z h dks cgqr&cgqr /kU;okn!
G th- fctq e ks g u ] pUnz d yk
[email protected], [email protected]
dfork
MARCH 2005
fx
¼
fx¼
oSKkfud fpfUrr
foyqIr gks jgh
if{k;ksa dh iztkfr;k¡
fo'ks"kdj
fx¼ tkfr;k¡
<¡<w rs
fo;kcku esa
,dk/k cps
cw<+s isMksa ij
ugha irk
fo"k;
foKku dk ugha
lekt'kkL= dkA
lekt'kkL=h fuf'pUr
fx¼ NksM+dj ,dkUr
jgus yxsA
'kgj ds chpks&chp
cus furkUr laHkzkUrA
G
MkW- nkeksnj ik.Ms;]
8@454] foey fuy;ue~] nsofj;k [kkl
nsofj;k] m-iz-] 274001
9
Science-Highlights
Atmospheric Science
Contd. from page 2
Description of various types of clouds
Cirrus Clouds
Disconnected clouds in the form of white, delicate filaments or
mostly white patches or narrow bands. These clouds have a
fibrous (hair like) appearance or a silky sheen or both. The
prefix cirro refers to cloud forms at the same general level with
different appearances. All the cirrus or cirro-type clouds are
composed of ice crystals. They are all high clouds. The sun or
moon shining through these clouds produces a halo. Cirrus
clouds have brilliant clouds at sunset and sunrise. These clouds
do not give rain.
clouds are consists of water droplets, often super cooled to
temperature well below freezing. Rain may fall either as fine
drizzle or snow.
Nimbo-Stratus Clouds
Grey cloud layer, often dark, the appearance of which is rendered
diffuse by more or less continuously falling rain or snow, which
in most cases reaches the ground. They are so compact and
thick (hundred of meters) that there is complete darkness and
there is abundant precipitation. Nimbo Stratus is generally a
low-level cloud and may be thousands of feet thick. It gives
rain, snow, or sleet clouds. It is never accompanied by lighting
thunder, or hail. It can be distinguished from the staratus type
in that it is darker. They are associated with rain, snow and
Cirro-Cumulus Clouds
sleet but are not accompanied by lighting, thunder, or hailstorm.
Thin white patch, sheet or layer of cloud without shading, It can be distinguished from these clouds but not reaching the
composed of very small elements in the form of grains, ripples ground are called ‘virga’.
etc. combined or separate, and more or less regularly arranged,
most of the elements have an apparent width of less than one Strato-Cumulus Clouds
degree. These types of clouds are not common, and are often Grey or whitish or both gray and whiteish, patch sheet or layer
connected with eirrus or cirro stratus. It looks like a patch of of cloud which almost always has dark parts, composed of
small flakes or small globules arranged in small groups or lines. tessellations, rounded masses, rolls etc. which are non-fibrous
(except for virga) and which may or may not be merged. Most
When arranged uniformly, it forms a ‘mackerel sky’.
of regularly arranged small elements have an apparent width of
Cirro-Stratus Clouds
more than five degrees. Strato-cumulus is a low-level cloud
Transparent whitish cloud veil of fibrous (hair like) or smooth and layer consisting of large lumpy masses or rolls of dull gray
appearance and totally or partly covers the sky. These types of color with brighter interstices.
clouds are generally produce halo phenomena. These types of
clouds are thin and it gives a milky appearance in the sky. At Stratus Clouds:
a time, it may form a definite sheet and edges of the sheet are Generally gray cloud layer with a fairly uniform base, which may
rarely straight, and are often marked by patches of cirrus of give drizzle, ice prisms or snow grains. When the sun is visible
cirru-cumulus. It produces halos around the sun or moon. This through the cloud its outline is clearly discernible. Stratus does
type always occurs at great heights. These types of clouds not produce halo phenomena except, possible at very low
are made up of ice crystal. The sun is obscured so that objects temperatures. Sometimes stratus appears in the form of ragged
patches. Stratus has a uniform top, which indicates a temperature
on the ground do not cast shadows.
inversion. Stratus clouds are without any particular form or
Alto-Cumulus Clouds
structure. Sky may be completely covered by this type of cloud.
These types of clouds are white or gray, both white and gray, They are frequently broken. It is difficult to difficult to differential
patches of sheet, layers of cloud, generally with shading, between a high fog and stratus cloud. When stratus clods are
composed of laminate, rounded masses rolls, etc. which are overlain by the higher altostratus, they become thicker and darker.
something partly fibrous or diffuse and which may or may not be
merged. Most of the regularly arranged small elements usually Cumulus Clouds
have an apparent width of five degrees. Alto-cumulus clouds do Disconnected clouds, generally dense and with sharp outlines
not produce haloes. They have dark shading on their under developing vertically in the form of rising mounds, domes or
surface. There is complete absence of large domes. High globular towers, of which the bulging upper parts often resemble a
altocumulus groups are sometimes referred to as 'sheep clouds' cauliflower. The sunlit parts of these clouds are mostly brilliant
or woolpack clouds'. They are generally found in wavy or parallel white. Their base relatively dark and nearly horizontal sometimes
bands. They are often composed of super cooled liquid droplets. cumulus is ragged.
This type of clouds may occur at various level simultaneously.
Alto–Stratus Clouds
Grayish or bluish cloud sheet or layer of striated, fibrous or
uniform appearance, taotally or partly covering the sky, and
having parts thin enough to reveal the sun at least unclearly, as
through ground glass. Alto –Stratus does not show halo
phenomena. Altostratus clouds may cover all or large potions
of the sky. The sun may be totally obscured or is visible in
hazy outline. Haloes are never seen. Under an altostratus sheet
shadows on the ground are never cast. Thus sun or the moon
may only appear as a bright spot behind the cloud. These types
VIPNET NEWS
Cumulo-Nimbus Clouds
These types of clouds are heavy and dense with considerable
vertical extent in the form of mountain or huge towers. At least
part of its upper portion is usually smooth, or fibrous, or
stratified, and nearly always packed down; this part often
spreads out in the shape of an avail or vast cloud. Underneath
the base of these clouds is often very dark. They show great
vertical development and produce heavy rains, snow or hailstorm
accompanied lighting, thunder and blowing hard winds.
MARCH 2005
G Ajay Pratap Singh
[email protected]
10
Atmospheric
Science
Medical Science
High Level Clouds
Cirrus Clouds
Cirro-Cumulus Clouds
Cirro-Stratus Clouds
Middle Level Clouds
Alto-Cumulus Clouds
Alto – Stratus Clouds
Nimbo-Stratus Clouds
Low Level Clouds
Strato-Cumulus Clouds
Stratus Clouds
Clouds of Vertical growth
Cumulus Clouds
VIPNET NEWS
Cumulo-Nimbus Clouds
MARCH 2005
11
VIPNET Activities
VIPNET Questionnaire Series
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jk
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Dyc ds rRoko/kku esa Lojkt fodkl lfefr }kjk ^fo'o HkkSfrdh o"kZ
2005^ dk vk;kstu bathfu;l ifCyd Ldwy] egqokjhiqjok ckjkcadh
esa fd;k x;kA
foiusV iz'ukoyh Ük`a [kyk
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Question 1 : Why does the flow of ink increases
when pen is about to run out of ink?
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izLrqr fd;kA bl volj ij ckykth foKku Dyc ds leUo;d Jh
foiusV iz'ukokyh Ük`a[kyk&109
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VIPNET Questionnaire Series-109
VIGYAN PRASAR
C-24, Qutab Institutional Area , New Delhi 110 016
vt; feJ ds usr`Ro esa QStÛkckn eaMy esa foiusV Dycksa ds xBu ,oa
fo'o HkkSfrdh o"kZ&2005 ds vk;kstuksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ A foKku
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egksRlo ds vk;kstu dh rS;kfj;k¡ Hkh vkjEHk dj nh gSAa
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Desk
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If you want to know more about Vigyan Prasar, its
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Assisted by
MARCH 2005
Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers of India:
VIPNET NEWS
:
MARCH 2005
R.N.
:
Dr. T. V. Venkateswaran
Nimish Kapoor
Coordinator, VIPNET
Sumita Sen, Anoop Kotnala,
Suman Pal
VOL. 3
No. 3
DELENG/2002/8668
12