Professor Susan Wurtele,
Trent University,
Department of Geography
Guidelines for Referencing
The style of referencing used in the Department of Geography is based on the method of
documentation required by The Canadian Geographer, a publication of the Canadian Association
of Geographers. The following table provides guidelines for in-text citations.
RULE
References to one work by a single author:
Cite the author's surname, followed by the year
of the publication, which is separated by a
space. A comma separates the year of
publication and the page number for quoted
passages. References to works that do not
include quoted passages do not require the
inclusion of a page number in the citation.
References to one work by two authors:
Cite both names always and use the word "and"
rather than an ampersand (&) to join the authors'
names (Strath, Avery and Taylor 1993).
References to one work by more than two
authors and fewer than six:
"Cite all names in the first reference and use the
surname of the first author followed by et al. in
the subsequent references" (Strath et al. 1993,
99).
References to one work by six authors or
more:
"Cite the surname of the first author followed by
"et al." unless you are citing two references with
six or more authors that would be shortened to
the same form. In this case, cite as many
authors as necessary to distinguish between the
two references" (Strath et al. 1993, 100).
References to a source with no author or an
anonymous author:
In the case of no author, "cite the first two or
three words of the title in place of the author's
name. Use double quotation marks when citing
the title of an article or chapter and underline the
title of a book, pamphlet, or periodical" (Strath
et al. 1993, 101). In the case of an author
designated as anonymous, "cite the word
"Anonymous" in place of the author's name"
(Strath et al. 1993, 101).
REFERENCES IN THE TEXT
E.g. Recipients were young Canadians who agreed to
teach for two hundred days in one of "the more pioneer
rural public school districts" (England 1929, 213).
E.g. Weir and Anderson worked closely on matters
related to the education of Saskatchewan's immigrants
(Anderson 1918).
Source for the two examples: Wurtele (1994, 125).
E.g. Research in other contexts has found that the
process of disseminating a doctrine of domesticity "was
an element in the making of a total moral order, a silent
edifice in which family and home served as mechanisms
of discipline and social control" (Comaroff and
Comaroff 1992, 267).
Source for the example: Wurtele (1994, 123).
E.g. Notably, Kemp, Goodchild and Dodson (1992)
make a strong case for GIS in higher education.
E.g. The direction that Kemp et al. (1992) have adopted
is consistent with the philosophy of the National
Council for Geographic Analysis.
Source for the two examples: Crechiolo (1997, 12).
E.g. Gittelman-Klein et al. (1980) attempted to modify
the behaviour of hyperactive children through drug
therapy.
E.g. One group attempted to modify the behaviour of
hyperactive children through drug therapy (GittelmanKlein et al. 1980).
Source for the two examples: Strath et al. (1993, 100).
E.g. Many delegates spoke about the anti-feminist
reactions of the media ("Feminist feedback," 1992).
E.g. Resources for persons with special needs (1991)
describes services provided to students with physical,
sensory, or learning disabilities.
E.g. The experiment found no correlation between
gender and computer phobia (Anonymous, 1983).
Source for the three examples: Strath et al. (1993, 101).
1
Professor Susan Wurtele,
Trent University,
Department of Geography
RULE
References to different works with the same
author and date:
"Use the suffixes a, b, c, etc. to distinguish
between works by the same author(s) with the
same publication date" (Strath et al. 1993, 101).
References to two or more works within a
single set of parentheses:
"Such references are necessary to cite ideas
expressed in several sources, more than one
publication of an author, or the results of a
number of experiments documented in various
articles" (Strath et al. 1993, 101).
References to a work you have not read:
"Occasionally, you must refer to something that
you have not read but that has been cited or
quoted in a work that you have read. It is best to
do this only when absolutely necessary" (Strath
et al. 1993, 102).
References to work written by a committee or
organisation:
"Occasionally, a publication will have both
individual and organisational authors listed. In
such cases, it is common practice to treat the
individual as the author. The organisation is
mentioned when giving the full details in the list
of references cited" (Hay 1996, 144).
REFERENCES IN THE TEXT
E.g. The curriculum should also be transferable into
different courses within the discipline of geography; that
is, it could be applied in its entirety as the basis for the
Geographics course, or as single units within existing
courses (Sharpe and Crechiolo 1996a, 1996b).
Source for the example: Crechiolo (1997, 87).
E.g. The second identifies and catalogues specific
software programs and Internet addresses (Brown 1994;
Colby 1987; Holdren 1992; Oliver 1993, 1994;
Robinson and Thornton 1995; Waterhouse 1993).
Source for the example: Crechiolo (1997, 40).
E.g. (McKinney 1983 as cited in Johnson 1988, 81)
E.g. (Wicker 1969 as quoted in Zanna, Olson and Fazio
1980, 107)
Source for the two examples: Strath et al. (1993, 102).
E.g. Throughout the literature there are four widely
accepted guidelines: the "Five Fundamental Themes of
Geography" advanced by the Joint Committee on
Geographical Education (1984) of the Association of
American Geographers; the "Nine Basic Ideas in
Geography" developed by the Ontario Ministry of
Education (1973); the "Fifteen Major Concepts in
Geography" (Warman 1968) and the "Four Traditions of
Geography" (Pattison 1964).
Source for the example: Crechiolo (1997, 19).
In-text citations are always accompanied by a list of references. What follows is a list of guidelines the
Department of Geography has created for students to consider when preparing their reference list for their
courses (Strath et al. 1993, 134-135):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The list of references, entitled "References," contains only those works cited in the paper, and it
should be begun on a separate page following the text.
The authors' names are in capitals.
The list of references is arranged in alphabetical order to the authors' surnames. Multiple entries
for a single author are arranged chronologically, by date of publication. If two or more
publications by the same author(s) have the same publication date, add the suffixes a, b, c, et
cetera to the different entries.
There are no parentheses around the date of publication.
The titles of the articles and portions of books are in quotation marks.
The place of publication and publisher are enclosed in parentheses.
No periods separate elements of an entry.
The following table (on page 7) provides guidelines for reference list citations.
2
Professor Susan Wurtele,
Trent University,
Department of Geography
TYPE OF REFERENCE
Complete book by a single author:
Source of example: Wurtele (1994, 133).
Complete book by two or more authors:
Source of example: Wurtele (1994, 133).
Complete book by corporate authors:
Source of example: Strath et al. (1993, 104).
Chapter in an edited volume:
Source for example: Wurtele (1994, 133).
Book with a specific edition or volume:
Contribution to published proceedings of a
meeting, conference or symposium:
Source for example: Crechiolo (1997, 149).
Article in a journal:
Government publication:
Source for example: Hay (1996, 147).
Monograph published by an organisation:
Source for example: Hay (1996, 147).
Paper in proceedings:
Source for example: Hay (1996, 147).
Unpublished paper:
Source for example: Crechiolo (1997, 157).
Master's thesis:
EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST ENTRY
HAY, I. 1996 Communicating in Geography and the
Environmental Sciences (Melbourne: Oxford University
Press).
COMAROFF, J., and COMAROFF, J. 1992 Ethnography
and the Historical Imagination (Boulder CO: Westview).
CANADIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 1971 The
future of Canadian Psychology (Ottawa: Science Council
of Canada).
DREISZIGER, N.F. 1988 "The rise of a bureaucracy for
multiculturalism: The origins of the Nationalities Branch,
1939-1941" in On Guard for Thee: War, Ethnicity, and the
Canadian State, 1939-1945, ed. N. Hillerman et al.
(Ottawa: Canadian Committee for the History of the
Second World War) 100-130.
STRATH, S., AVERY, H. and TAYLOR, K. 1993 Notes on the
Preparation of Essays in the Arts and Sciences 4th ed.
revised and expanded (Peterborough: Trent University's
Academic Skills Centre).
BARSTOW, D. 1994 "An Introduction to GIS in Education"
in D. Barstow et al. (eds.) First National Conference on
the Educational Applications of Geographic Information
Systems (EdGIS) Conference Report (Cambridge, MA:
TERC Communications) 14-19.
WURTELE, S. 1994 "Assimilation through domestic
transformation: Saskatchewan's Masonic scholarship
project, 1922-23" in The Canadian Geographer 38(2) 12233.
AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS 1994 Building
Approvals Australia Cat. no 8731.0 (Canberra: ABS).
LAKSHMANAN, T.R. and CHATTERJEE, L.R. 1977
Urbanisation and Environmental Quality Association of
American Geographers Commission on College
Geography Resource Paper No. 77 (Washington, DC:
American Association of Geographers).
HAY, I. 1993 "Writing groups in geography" in Peer
Tutoring: Learning by Teaching: Proceedings of the
Conference held 19-21 August 1993 (Auckland:
University of Auckland's Higher Education Research
Office) 101-122.
SHARPE, B. and CRECHIOLO, A. 1996 "Teaching
Geography with GIS in Ontario's Secondary Schools"
unpublished report presented at the Second International
Symposium on GIS in Higher Education, Maryland
CRECHIOLO, A. 1997 "Teaching secondary school
geography with the use of a geographical information
system (GIS)" Masters thesis (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier
University).
3
Professor Susan Wurtele,
Trent University,
Department of Geography
TYPE OF REFERENCE
Doctoral dissertation:
Newspaper article with an author:
Source for example: Strath et al. (1993, 106).
Newspaper article without an author:
A government document with a person as
an author:
Source for example: Strath et al. (1993, 110).
Government document with a government
body as the author:
Source for example: Strath et al. (1993, 110).
Film, videotape and sound recordings:
Source for example: Strath et al. (1993, 111).
Map:
Nonperiodical documents on the Internet:
Internet articles based on a print source:
Source for example: APA Online (2001)
Article in an Internet-only journal:
Source for example: APA Online (2001)
EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST ENTRY
WURTELE, S. 1993 "Nation-building from the ground up:
Immigrants and their assimilation in inter-war
Saskatchewan" PHD thesis (Kingston: Queen's
University).
TAYLOR, K. 1991, November 1 "Love among the desks – it
doesn't have to be harassment" in The Globe and Mail,
A15.
"Feminist Feedback" 1992, May 14 in The Globe and Mail ,
C4.
ALLEN, G.P. 1979 Days to remember: Observances of
significance in our multicultural society (Toronto:
Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation).
ONTARIO, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 1980 Race, religion,
and culture in Ontario school materials: Suggestions for
authors and publishers (Toronto: Queen's Printer for
Ontario).
KEMENY, J. (PRODUCER), HOWELLS, B. (PRODUCER) and
KLEIN, B. (DIRECTOR) 1968 PowWow at Duck Lake
[Film] (Ottawa: National Film Board of Canada).
CANADA, ENERGY MINES AND RESOURCES 1984
Amethyst Lakes 83/D9 1:50,000 National Topographic
Series.
MCCABE, J.C. 1993 "The thermal resistivity of straw bales
for construction" in Straw Bale Construction (retrieved
January 11, 2002 from http://solstice.crest.org/
efficiency/straw_insulation/straw_insul.html).
VANDERBROS, G., KNAPP, S. and DOE, J. 2001 "Role of
reference elements in the selection of resources by
psychology undergraduates" [Electronic Version] in
Journal of Bibliographic Research 5, 117-123.
FREDERICKSON, B.L. 2000, March 7 "Cultivating positive
emotions to optimize health and well-being" Prevention
and Treatment 3, Article 0001a (retrieved November
20, 2000 from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/
pre0030001a.html).
Other useful writing resources:
Guidelines for non-handicapping in language:
http://www.apastyle.org/disabilities.html
Avoiding heterosexual bias in language:
http://www.apastyle.org/sexuality.html
Guidelines for avoiding racial/ethnic bias in language:
http://www.apastyle.org/race.html
4