FIVE KINGDOMS
An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
THIRD EDITION
Lynn Margulis
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Karlene V. Schwartz
University of Massachussetts at Boston
Technische University Darmste*
FACHBEREICH 10 —BIOLOGE
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W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY
New York
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CONTENTS
Foreword by Stephen Jay Gould
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
INTRODUCTION
xi
SUBKINGDOM EUBACTERIA
Division Gracilicutes (Gram-negative bacteria)
Phylum B-3 Proteobacteria 66
Azotobacter, Caulobacter, Escherichia, Nitrobacter,
Rhodomicrobium, Stigmatella
1
Classification systems • The kingdoms of life • Molecular systematics • History of the prokaryote-eukaryote distinction •
Sex and reproduction: Prokarya and Eukarya • Viruses • Earth
history • Reading this book • Bibliography
• Field Trips Through Time
• Virtual Field Trips 35
26
SUPERKINGDOM PROKARYA
Phylum B-4 Spirochaetae 74
Diplocalyx, Spirochaetd, Spirosymplokos
Phylum B-5 Cyanobacteria 78
Anabaena, Prochloron, Stigonema
Phylum B-6 Saprospirae 82
Bacteroides, Saprospira
Phylum B-7 Chloroflexa
Chloroflexus
37
CHAPTER ONE
KINGDOM BACTERIA (PROKARYOTAE,
PROCARYOTAE, MONERA) 39
SUBKINGDOM ARCHAEA
63
55
' '
84
88
•
Division Tenericutes (wall-less eubacteria)
Phylum B-9 Aphragmabacteria 90
Mycoplasma
Division Firmicutes (Gram-positive and protein-walled
bacteria)
Phylum B-lOEndospora 92
Bacillus
Division Mendosicutes (deficient-walled
archaebacteria)
Phylum B-l Euryarchaeota (Methanogens and
halophils) 58
Halobacter,* Halococcus, Methanobacterium
Phylum B-2 Crenarchaeota (Thermoacidophils)
Sulfolobus, Thermoplasma
Phylum B-8 Chlorobia
Chlorochromatium
-'
Phylum B-11 Pirellulae 94
'
Chlamydia, Gemmata, Pirellula, Planctomyces
60
Phylum B-l2 Actinobacteria
Streptomyces
98
* Genera illustrated in each phylum are given in italics below the
name of the phylum.
VU
Phylum B-13 Deinococci
Deinococcus
100
Phylum B-14 Thermotogae
Thermotoga
Bibliography
Phylum Pr-12 Discomitochondria
Euglena, Paratetramitus
102
Phylum Pr-13 Chrysomonada
Phylum Pr-14 Xanthophyta
Ophiocytium
SUPERKINGDOM EUKARYA
CHAPTER TWO
KINGDOM PROTOCTISTA
107
109
122
Phylum Pr-3 Rhizopoda 124
Arcella, Dictyostelium, Mayorella
Phylum Pr-4 Granuloreticulosa
Globigerina, Rotaliella
128
Phylum Pr-5 Xenophyophora 130
Galatheammina, Psammetta, Reticulammina, ..
Syringammina
Phylum Pr-6 Myxomycota
Echinostelium
134
Phylum Pr-7 Dinomastigota
Gonyaulax
136
138
Phylum Pr-9 Apicomplexa
Eimeria
Phylum Pr-10 Haptomonada
Emiliania, Prymnesium
Phylum Pr-11 Cryptomonada
Cyathomonas
Vlll
Phylum Pr-15 Eustigmatophyta
Vischeria
Phylum Pr-17 Phaeophyta
Fucus
144
146
156
160
Phylum Pr-18 Labyrinthulata
Labyrinthula '
162
Phylum Pr-19 Plasmodiophora
Plasmodiophora
Phylum Pr-20 Oomycota
Saprolegnia
166
168
Phylum Pr-21 Hyphochytriomycota
Hyphochytrium, Rhizidiomyces
Phylum Pr-22 Haplospora
Haplosporidium.
174
Phylum Pr-23 Paramyxa 176
Paramarteilia, Paramyxa
Phylum Pr-24 Myxospora
Aurantiactinomyxon
Phylum Pr-25 Rhodophyta
Polysiphonia
140
154
Phylum Pr-16 Diatoms 158
Diploneis, Melosira, Thalassiosira
Phylum Pr-1 Archaeprotista 116
Joenia, Pelomyxa, Staurojoenina, Trichonympha
Phylum Pr-8 Ciliophora
Gastrostyla
152
Ochromonas, Synura
104
Phylum Pr-2 Microspora
Glugea
148
178
180
Phylum Pr-26 Gamophyta 184
Mougeotia
;.
Phylum Pr-27 Actinopoda 186Acanthocystis, Sticholonche
Phylum Pr-28 Chlorophyta 192
Acetabularia, Chlamydomonas
172
Phylum Pr-29 Chytridiomycota
Blastocladiella
Phylum Pr-30 Zoomastigota
Acronema, Zelleriella
Bibliography
194
196
198
Phylum A-2 Porifera
Gelliodes
Phylum A-15 Priapulida
Tubiluchus
250
252
Phylum A-16 Gastrotricha 256
Acanthodasys, Tetranchyroderma
CHAPTER THREE
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Phylum A-1 Placozoa
Trichoplax
Phylum A-14 Kinorhyncha
Echinoderes
203
212
214
Phylum A-17 Loricifera 258
Nanaloricus, Pliciloricus
Phylum A-18 Entoprocta
Barentsia, Pedicellina
260
Phylum A-19 Chelicerata
Limulus
264
Phylum A-3 Cnidaria 218
Craspedacusta, Hydra
Phylum A-20 Mandibulata 268
Limenitis, Polyxenus, Pterotermes
Phylum A-4 Ctenophora
Beroe, Bolinopsis
Phylum A-21 Crustacea
Cambarus, Linguatula
224
Phylum A-5 Platyhelminthes
Procotyla
228
Phylum A-6 Gnathostomulida
Problognathia
Phylum A-7 Rhombozoa
Dicyema
230
Phylum A-23 Sipuncula
Themiste
276
280
Phylum A-24 Echiura 282
Bonellia, Metabonellia, Listriolobus
232
Phylum A-8 Orthonectida
Rhopalura
Phylum A-22 Annelida
Nephthys
272
236
Phylum A-25 Pogonophora
Oligobrachia, Riftia
286
Phylum A-9 Nemertina 238
Cerebratulus, Prostoma
Phylum A-26 Mollusca 290
Busycon, Crepidula, Vema
Phylum A-10 Nematoda
Rhabdias
Phylum A-27 Tardigrada 294
Echiniscus, Macrobiotus
242
Phylum A-11 Nematomorpha
Gordius
244
Phylum A-28 Onychophora
Speleoperipatus
Phylum A-12 Acanthocephala 246
Leptorhynchoides, Macracanthorhynchus
Phylum A-29 Bryozoa
Plumatella
Phylum A-13 Rotifera
Brachionus
Phylum A-30 Brachiopoda
Terebratulina
248
298 J
302
306
IX
Phylum A-31 Phoronida
Phoronis, Phoronopsis
310
Phylum Pl-2 Hepatophyta
Marchantia, Porella
386 ,,
Phylum A-32 Chaetognatha
Sagitta
312
Phylum Pl-3 Anthocerophyta
Anthoceros
Phylum A-33 Hemichordata
Ptychodera
316
Phylum Pl-4 Lycophyta
Lycopodium
390
Phylum Pl-5 Psilophyta
Psilotum
392
Phylum A-34 Echinodermata
Asterias
Phylum A-35 Urochordata
Halocynthia
318
322
Phylum A-36 Cephalochordata
Branchiostoma
Phylum A-37 Craniata
Ambystoma, Cygnus
Bibliography
326
328
Phylum F-l Zygomycota
Rhizopus
Phylum Pl-7 Filicinophyta
Osmunda, Polypodium
398
Phylum PI-10 Coniferophyta
Pinus
345
354
Phylum F-3 Ascomycota 360
. Cladonia, Claviceps, Penicillium,
' Saccharomyces
367
CHAPTER FIVE
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Phylum Pl-1 Bryophyta
Polytrichum, Takakia
396
Phylum Pl-9 Ginkgophyta
Ginkgo
Phylum F-2 Basidiomycota 356
Boletus, Schizophyllum, Ustilago
Bibliography
Phylum Pl-6 Sphenophyta
Equisetum
Phylum Pl-8 Cycadophyta 400
Ceratozamia, Macrozamia
333
CHAPTER FOUR
KINGDOM FUNGI
382
388
369
404
406
Phylum PI-11 Gnetophyta
Ephedra, Welwitschia
408
Phylum Pl-12 Anthophyta
Aster, Liriodendron
412
Bibliography
417
Appendix 421
List of Phyla 422
Genera Assigned to Phyla
Glossary 451
Index 489
426
,