ENGLISH HERITAGE TEACHER’S KIT
HISTORY
Dover Castle - Secret Wartime
Tunnels Teacher’s Kit
Explore the wartime tunnels to find out more about the role of Dover Castle
during World War Two
PAGE 1|6
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
Chalk, such a feature of Dover’s
geography and history, is easy to tunnel
into. It is homogenous, relatively stable,
and soft enough to dig with pickaxes and
adzes and in Dover more than 300
metres deep. From the earliest times
people have tunnelled and dug into chalk,
originally for flint or to make shrines and
graves, but later to undermine
strongholds or to defend them. The
medieval underground works beneath
the North Entrance of Dover Castle are
evidence of such tunnelling, but the more
recent Secret Wartime Tunnels are by
far the most complex and interesting of
the warren of subterranean passages
which criss-cross Dover’s uplands. When
they were constructed, the tunnels were
not secret; they were simply
underground barracks.
Digging the complex of tunnels and
galleries beneath the seaward side of
Dover Castle started in 1797 as a result
of the very real threat of a French
invasion under Napoleon. Colonel
William Twiss of the Royal Engineers was
given the task of directing the
construction of a massive set of hidden
barracks and fortifications beneath both
the Western and the Eastern heights of
Dover. Evidence of his planning and the
work of thousands of skilled civilian and
army workmen can be seen all over the
Western Heights deep brick lined
trenches to the triple spiral staircase
called the Grand Shaft, and beyond to
the Citadel and North Central Bastion.
The work on the Western Heights was
mainly a series of huge brick
fortifications skilfully constructed using
the natural contours of the land to
present a minimal target to hostile guns.
The underground barracks were only
one of a number of projects at Dover
Castle. These brick lined chambers are
known as casemates. The seven of the
nineteenth-century casemates of the
Secret Wartime Tunnels are huge
– eighty-five metres long and eight
metres wide. The first four tunnels open
onto the cliff terrace from which visitors
enter the tunnels, and were built as
barracks for soldiers. The three longer
casemates further east, were for officers
and both sets were linked by passages
which housed latrines, ventilation shafts,
a well and the steeply sloping ramp back
up to the surface within the castle
complex. The Napoleonic tunnels were
completed by 1810.
Some of the underground casemates
were used for storage. The main part of
the casemates, however, was used as
sleeping accommodation for the army
preparing to fight Napoleon. The
threatened invasion never came, and
after 1815 when Napoleon was defeated
at Waterloo soldiers were billeted here
to oversee the blockade of 1818 – 1828
set up to deter smuggling along the Kent
coast.
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during World War Two
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We know from graffiti carved into the
soft chalk walls that the tunnels were
again manned by soldiers guarding a vast
ammunition store in the 1850s and 1860s
when the British army was on alert in
case of invasion, but again the invasion
did not come.
The existing casemates were vertically
divided by wooden partitions into offices,
workshops, a telephone exchange,
generator and planning rooms. By the
end of the war there were completed
tunnels on three levels, one below the
other. These were:
In the First World War, 1914-1918, the
same tunnels were also mainly used for
ammunition storage and perhaps as
emergency billeting for soldiers about to
make their short trip across the channel
to the trenches of Northern France and
Belgium. The tunnels were under the
control of the Royal Navy during the
First World War.
A – Annexe level, which from 1941
contained the hospital, dormitories,
kitchens and mess rooms
The planned B – Bastion level, behind
Casemate level, was to be combined
military headquarters and dormitories,
but was never completed and never used
C – Casemate level (the original 1797
The Second World War, 1939-45, led to tunnels and casemates planned by Twiss),
the complete transformation and large
held Admiralty Headquarters’ plotting,
scale extension of the complex of tunnels telecommunications and planning rooms,
under Dover Castle. New levels of
workshops and offices
tunnels above and below the early
nineteenth century casemates were
D – Dumpy level, the lowest level, built
commissioned from 1941. These were to in 1942, was intended to be the main
provide separate, hidden and secure
operations head-quarters for the Army
centres of operations for Army, Air
and Air Force
Force and Navy. In addition space was
needed for kitchens and mess rooms,
Throughout the Second World War the
maintenance and communications
tunnels were a hive of activity for all
centres, barrack accommodation and a
three armed services, but their most
hospital for the wounded.
famous function was as the nerve centre
for the planning and implementation of
Over three miles of new and secret
one of the most dramatic rescues in
tunnels had to be dug to accommodate
British history – the evacuation of
this variety of functions and many of the 338,000 British, French and Belgian
old ones were transformed by being
soldiers from the beaches of Dunkirk in
lined with plywood or corrugated iron.
May 1940.
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The Admiralty retained an interest in the
tunnels until 1958 when they were
handed over to the Home Office for a
new defence function – a Regional Seat
of Government to be used in the event
of a nuclear war. The final phase of the
working life of the tunnels came in the
1960s during the Cold War when
tensions between East and West were at
their height. The Cuban missile crisis of
1962, with its serious threat of nuclear
war, particularly concentrated the minds
of politicians and military planners in
Britain. The government response was to
identify a number of sizeable and secure
fall-out shelters from which some vestige
of local organisation could be continued
in the event of a nuclear attack by the
USSR. Dumpy level of Dover’s still
secret, underground tunnels was chosen
as the Regional Seat of Government for
South East England, known as R.S.G.12.
This Government centre was to be
controlled by a cabinet minister with a
staff of service personnel and civilian
administrators after a nuclear war.
would have offered scant protection
against contaminated rainwater
percolating down from any nuclear
winter at ground level. The tunnels were
abandoned as a Regional Seat of
Government, though still remaining
classified until 1986 when they were
passed into the hands of English Heritage
for eventual opening to the public.
The work of converting the tunnels, this
time into radiation proof T.V. and radio
studios, living accommodation and
operations centre must have been
considerable. Doomsday rehearsals and
civil defence training were carried out
regularly in the modified tunnels
throughout the 1960s. The tunnels
became increasingly difficult to maintain
(and keep secret) during the 1970s. It
was also realised that the porous chalk
Please mention any special educational or
mobility needs at the time of booking,
where possible, so that suitable advice
can be given and property staff made
aware. The complex is wheelchair
accessible, but involves steep slopes and
uneven surfaces in some areas. The
exhibitions may not be suitable for young
students. Preparatory visits are
recommended and free of charge to
teachers planning a visit.
Booking your visit
Access to either the Underground
Hospital or Operation Dynamo
experience is via pre-booking only, it
must be done when making your Free
Educational Visit booking. You will be
allocated a timed slot and details
confirmed on your visit permit. Max per
group is 30, including adults, you may
book more than one slot though, if
required.
Access to the Secret Wartime Tunnels
Uncovered Exhibitions is self-guided and
pre-booking is not necessary, although
you should be prepared to queue.
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during World War Two
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NB: Time and light levels inside make it
difficult for written work to be carried
out whilst on a tour.
Operation Dynamo - Rescue from
Dunkirk (45 minutes)
Originally constructed at the end of the
Underground Hospital Tour (30 minutes) 18th Century, (in response to the threat
of attack from France under Napoleon)
as additional accommodation for troops
Entrance via barred gates (RAMC
stationed along the South East coastal
Dressing Station). Entering the
defences, Casemate level was put to use
corrugated metal walls of the hospital
as an underground command centre
level to the sounds of talking and
ambulance bells ringing, visitors are taken during WW2. The seven large tunnels
back to the 1940s and follow the story of or ‘casemates’ which gave this level its
name were hurriedly converted into
an injured pilot who arrives for urgent
surgery to a leg wound during an air raid. office accommodation, housing the
operational HQ for the Admiralty during
the early stages of the war.
Walking through the hospital corridors
and wards, the authentic smells and
sounds, together with the cramped and Access is via the double doors by the
sign for Operation Dynamo, Rescue from
dark conditions are reconstructed as
accurately as possible to the early 1940s. Dunkirk (Fixed Defences). Immediately
Other rooms are also on show, including inside the entrance, visitors descend a
a kitchen, staff mess and dormitories,
steep slope. Caution; low light levels.
giving visitors a look behind the scenes in
The experience includes five areas (or
the WW2 secret headquarters.
Caution: lighting levels are low to create stations), through which groups of up to
30 are directed on a timed basis, and a
a unique atmosphere.
further five stations which are self led.
The tour ends as you climb the spiral
staircase up to daylight. Please take
special care as the route finishes close to Stations 1- 5:
a road and traffic may be passing. There Using a variety of media, visitors move
is pedestrian crossing toward a pavement through a series of rooms and tunnels as
the rise of Hitler, the Munich agreement
and Admiralty Lookout straight ahead,
or, to the right, you can return down to and beginning of WW2 are explained.
The main protagonists of the story are
the tunnels complex to visit the shop,
‘Uncovered’ exhibitions, café or toilets. introduced and then the Battle of France
unfolds in the lead up Operation
Dynamo, the Evacuation of Dunkirk.
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Station 6, Casemate Z:
Here you will be totally swept up in the
unfolding story of the 10-day Evacuation
of Dunkirk. The story is narrated as the
group moves slowly down the length of
the casemate. The desperate situation in
which the allied forces found themselves
across the channel is contrasted with the
frantic activity of the Admiralty staff
stationed in the make-shift offices set up
in the length of this Napoleonic casemate.
From this point, the visit is self-guided,
through the reconstructed operations
rooms of the Coastal Artillery, a
telephone exchange and repeater station.
Station 8, the Coastal Artillery/Defence
of the Skies ops rooms:
These show how this particular area of
the coast protected itself from attack by
sea and air. There are interactive panels
which allow visitors to see how this was
As the group moves down the route, the achieved, showing re-enactments of army
personnel using the equipment to plot
progress of the evacuation, the
enemy positions and issue orders to antiexperiences of those on the little ships,
aircraft or the big, cross channel guns,
as well as the larger naval vessels and
depending on the threat.
those stranded on the beaches is
projected on the walls via film montage,
and played via sound recordings, including Stations 9 & 10:
These feature reconstructions of the all
original radio broadcasts. Vice Admiral
Ramsey’s cabin is recreated and enables important communications equipment
which enabled the underground
visitors to see the basic conditions staff
headquarters to function. The telephone
within the tunnels endured. As the
evacuation reached its conclusion, the
exchange reconstruction includes an
plight of those left behind is considered; interactive panel, illustrating the skill
required by operators in rapidly putting
it was not possible to evacuate all the
allied troops.
through callers with important
information to impart, ensuring that
communication was reliable and enabling
Station 7:
the tunnels to function as an operational
‘Aftermath’, a one room gallery of
HQ. The Repeater Station, code name ‘Q
original photographs of the German
forces on the beaches along the coast of Dover’, was created in 1942 to handle
the expected increase in military
France illustrate that, after the fall of
communications needed for the
France, the channel was the only thing
reinvasion of Europe, which took place
separating Britain from invasion. The
two years later in June 1944.
Battle of Britain was beginning, and
photographs of the town of Dover and
Britain’s preparations for defending her
shores are shown.
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Tunnels Teacher’s Kit
Explore the wartime tunnels to find out more about the role of Dover Castle
during World War Two
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Final station, the Guard Room:
This reminds visitors that everyone who
worked inside these tunnels was subject
to strict checks on identity, in order to
ensure that their work remained
confidential and top secret.
End of evacuation experience:
As you leave the tour route and exit the
tunnel passages, an interpretation panel
on the balcony summarises the statistics
of the operation.
Secret Wartime Tunnels Uncovered
Exhibition
This area can be accessed without prebooking. Situated off the balcony, on two
floors, is a WW2 themed shop and
exhibition on the history of the tunnel
Th entrance to the Wartime Tunnels
complex, from the Napoleonic period,
exhibition
right up to the Cold War.
A lift is available to access both floors,
affording access to both the exhibitions
and toilet facilities.
There is a mixture of displays, including
costume, oral history recordings and film
footage to enable students to get the full
picture.
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ACTIVITIES
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SECRET WARTIME TUNNELS ACTIVITIES
Curriculum Links
History:
Develop students’ knowledge and coherent understanding of Operation Dynamo – the evacuation of Dunkirk and its impact on World War Two.
Develop students’ awareness of how the past has been represented, interpreted and accorded significance
Help students to learn about the key individuals, events, developments and issues in the evacuation of Dunkirk and assess their significance
Develop students understanding of medicine through time
Drama:
To help students explore a range of stimuli chosen across different times, to enable them to develop a performance that will deepen their understanding of the topic
Pre-visit Activities
Familiarise students with the wider context of the period by looking at life in Britain in the 1930s. Resources such as http://www.heritage-explorer.co.uk/web/
he/search.aspx?crit=&pid=54&rt=0 maybe of use in this.
Look at the rise of Hitler and the lead up to the start of the war. Resources such as http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/war2act.shtml
maybe of use in this.
Use the video clip on http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dover-castle/wartime-tunnels/operation-dynamo/ to introduce the topic of
Operation Dynamo. The image gallery on the page can also be used for this.
Discuss the impact that both World Wars had on the development of medical practice. Use the images provided in this kit to stimulate discussions about the
role of the medical corps at Dover Castle and throughout the war.
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Explore the wartime tunnels to find out more about the role of Dover Castle during World War Two.
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On-site Activities - Operation Dynamo
As already discussed, it is not recommended that students complete activity sheets underground during their tours of either level. However, you may want to ask
them to consider the following questions during their visit:
What was the Phoney War?
Who do you think had the advantage in the Battle for France and why?
What was the target for Operation Dynamo? - By how much was this target exceeded?
Why were some men left behind?- What happened to them?
What role did women play in the evacuation?
How do you think the men on the little ships felt?
This could be done by writing each question on a separate note card (see below) and giving one card to groups of 3-5 students - so that each group has to focus on
just one of the bigger questions. This could then be used to encourage group discussion within each small group and overall amongst students has they have to feed
back the answer to their specific question to the whole group.
On-site Activities - Hospital Tour
Drawing on the images used in the pre-visit activities, encourage students to work out where exactly the original photographs might have been taken from.
They should also look in detail at the modern recreations within the hospital areas. Does the extra detail provide them with more information about what it
must have been like for both the doctors and the patients working within the tunnels?
Students should be enouraged to look critically about how both the Operation Dynamo and Hosptial tours have been presented to them. They can then
discuss how these interpretations influence the significance placed on events and what other possible ways/methods could have been used in the
interpretations.
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Post-visit Activities
Conduct further research into the main protagonists; Ramsay, Tennent, etc and conduct class discussions with regard to their contribution.
Develop a game using the Battle of France information, based on Risk, to help students understand what they have learnt.
Maths - Use data from Operation Dynamo to work out percentages of personnel wounded, POW, etc. Then use trigonometry to try and plot positions in the
same way as explained within the tunnels
Propoganda – how did the story of Dunkirk serve as a morale boost? Resources such as https://www.google.co.uk/search?
q=british+wwii+propaganda&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=TuAuUuvTMunF7AaQ6IDIBQ&ved=0CC8QsAQ&biw=1280&bih=651 maybe of use in
this.
Discuss the conditions faced by both doctors and patients during the war. Conduct further research to find out how changing warfare led to changing injuries
and thus to developments within the medical world. Resources such as http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medicine_and_world_war_two.htm maybe of use
in this.
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PAGE 4|4
On-site Activities - Operation Dynamo Question Cards
What was the Phoney
War?
Why were some men
left behind?- What
happened to them?
Who do you think had What was the target for
the advantage in the
Operation Dynamo & by
Battle for France and how much was this target
why?
exceeded?
What role did women
play in the evacuation?
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How do you think the
men on the little ships
felt?
ENGLISH HERITAGE TEACHER’S KIT
Dover Castle - Secret Wartime
Tunnels Teacher’s Kit
The Tunnels, Dover Castle, Dover, Kent
A cross-section showing three levels of the tunnel complex beneath Dover Castle. During
World War Two their uses were: Annexe level - hospital, dormitories, kitchens and mess
rooms, Casemate level - Admiralty Headquarters’ plotting, telecommunications and
planning rooms, workshops and offices, Dumpy level - intended as main operations
head-quarters for the Army and Air Force.
PAGE 1|9
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Wartime Tunnels Artillery Operations Room, Dover Castle, Dover, Kent
This is a reconstruction of the World War Two artillery ops (operations) room within the
tunnels beneath Dover Castle. These tunnels were used by Winston Churchill and senior
army strategists as a command centre during the war.
PAGE 2|9
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© English Heritage Photo Library - Ref: N110336
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Repeater Station, Dover Castle, Dover, Kent
This is a World War Two Repeater Station within the tunnels beneath Dover Castle. The
Station, code name Q Dover, was created in 1942 to handle the expected increase in
military communications needed for the reinvasion of Europe. The tunnels were used by
Winston Churchill and senior army strategists as a command centre during the war.
PAGE 3|9
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Operating Theatre, Dover Castle, Dover, Kent
The Operating Theatre within the Underground Hospital was built in 1941-2 as a Medical
Dressing Station for aircraft pilots recovered from the Channel, and to serve the military
and civilian population in Dover affected by the heavy shelling from France. It is built inside
the tunnels beneath Dover Castle.
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Wartime Tunnels Uncovered Exhibition, Dover Castle, Dover, Kent
Providing privacy from prying eyes and protection from enemy fire, the tunnels under
Dover Castle have served a strategic military role from Napoleonic times. Using artefacts,
interactives, real life stories, striking images and original wartime film footage this new
exhibition traces the history of the tunnels across the centuries
PAGE 5|9
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Ambulance delivering patient, Dover Castle, Dover, Kent
An injured patient being carried on a stretcher from an ambulance to the Underground
Hospital. It was built in 1941-2 as a Medical Dressing Station for aircraft pilots recovered
from the Channel, and to serve the military and civilian population in Dover affected by the
heavy shelling from France. It is built inside the tunnels beneath Dover Castle. Taken 1945.
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Hospital Ward, Dover Castle, Dover, Kent
Patients being cared for in the Underground Hospital. It was built in 1941-2 as a Medical
Dressing Station for aircraft pilots recovered from the Channel, and to serve the military
and civilian population in Dover affected by the heavy shelling from France. It is built inside
the tunnels beneath Dover Castle. Taken 1945.
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Hospital Ward, Dover Castle, Dover, Kent
A patient being treated by doctors in the Underground Hospital. It was built in 1941-2 as a
Medical Dressing Station for aircraft pilots recovered from the Channel, and to serve the
military and civilian population in Dover affected by the heavy shelling from France. It is
built inside the tunnels beneath Dover Castle. Taken 1945.
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Hospital Ward, Dover Castle, Dover, Kent
A patient being treated by doctors in the Underground Hospital. It was built in 1941-2 as a
Medical Dressing Station for aircraft pilots recovered from the Channel, and to serve the
military and civilian population in Dover affected by the heavy shelling from France. It is
built inside the tunnels beneath Dover Castle. Taken 1945.
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