The Jungle
1
The Jungle
The Jungle
1st edition
Author(s)
Upton Sinclair
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre(s)
Political fiction
Publisher
Doubleday, Jabber & Company
Publication date February 28, 1906
Media type
Print (Hardcover)
Pages
475
OCLC Number
149214
[1]
The Jungle is a 1906 novel written by journalist, socialist, and politician Upton Sinclair (1878-1968).[2][3] Sinclair
wrote the novel with the intent to portray the lives of immigrants in the United States. However, readers were more
concerned with the large portion of the book pertaining to the bad practices and corruption of the American
meatpacking industry during the early 20th century, and the book is now often interpreted and taught as a journalist's
account of the poor working conditions in the industry. The novel depicts, in harsh tones, poverty, the absence of
social programs, unpleasant living and working conditions, and the hopelessness prevalent among the working class,
which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption on the part of those in power. Sinclair's observations of the
state of turn-of-the-twentieth-century labor were placed front and center for the American public to see, suggesting
that something needed to be changed to get rid of American wage slavery.[4] A review by Jack London called it, "the
Uncle Tom's Cabin of wage slavery."[5]
During the time The Jungle was written, Social Darwinism was the philosophy that represented most Americans'
attitudes. It applied such concepts as survival of the fittest, "buyer beware," and minimal regulation (especially of
factory conditions and workers rights) to the economy. Sinclair was one of the muckrakers, or journalists who
exposed corruption in government and business.[6]
The novel was first published in serial form in 1905 in the socialist newspaper Appeal to Reason between February
25, 1905 and November 4, 1905. It was based on undercover work done in 1904: Sinclair spent seven weeks
gathering information while working incognito in the meatpacking plants of the Chicago stockyards at the behest of
the magazine's publishers.[7] He then started looking for a publisher who would be willing to print his work in book
form. However, most refused. An employee at Macmillan stated "I advise without hesitation and unreservedly
against the publication of this book which is gloom and horror unrelieved. One feels that what is at the bottom of his
fierceness is not nearly so much desire to help the poor as hatred of the rich."[8] After five rejections by publishers
who found it too shocking for publication, he funded the first printing himself.[7] A shortened version of the novel
was published by Doubleday, Page & Company on February 28, 1906 and has been in print ever since. The book
was dedicated, by Sinclair, "To the Workingmen of America."[9]
Some of the characters in the novel were partially based on Sinclair's family. For example Ona Lukoszaite, Jurgis
Rudkus's wife, was based on Meta Fuller, who was Sinclair's wife at the time.[10]
A film version of the novel was made in 1914. Sinclair played the part of the socialist orator in the film.[11]
Lithuanian immigrant Jurgis Rudkus, the main character was played by George Nash and his teenage wife Ona
The Jungle
Luckoszaite, by Gail Kane. Distribution began on May 25, 1914.[12]
Plot summary
The main character in the book is a Lithuanian man called Jurgis Rudkus, an immigrant to the United States trying to
make ends meet. The book begins describing the wedding feast beginning at four o'clock after the marriage in
Chicago of Jurgis to a fifteen year old Lithuanian girl named Ona Lukoszaite whom he had known from his
Lithuanian days. The second chapter goes back to when Jurgis and Ona were in Lithuania before they married and
Jurgis's courtship of her, the death of her father, and their decision to start dating and eventually immigrate to the
United States along with her stepmother Teta Elzbieta, and their extended family after hearing how their relative
Jokubas Szedvilas is making money there. In the second and third chapters Jurgis and Ona settle in Chicago's
infamous Packingtown district, where from the start, Jurgis takes a job at Brown's slaughterhouse. (Brown was a
pseudonym for Armour and Company.) Jurgis believes when he immigrates to the United States that it will be a land
of more freedom, but soon his employer's treatment of him disappoints him. Alas, they have to make compromises
and concessions to survive. Due partly to illiteracy in English, they quickly make a series of bad decisions that cause
them to go deep into debt and fall prey to con men. The most devastating decision comes when, in hopes of owning
their own home, the family falls victim to a predatory lending scheme that exhausts all their remaining savings on
the down-payment for a sub-standard slum house that (by design) they cannot possibly afford. The family is evicted
and their money taken, leaving them truly devastated.
The family had formerly envisioned that Jurgis alone would be able to support them in the United States, but one by
one, all of them—the women, the young children, and Jurgis' sick father—have to find jobs in order to contribute to
the meager family income. As the novel progresses, the jobs and means the family uses to stay alive slowly and
inevitably lead to their physical and moral decay. A series of unfortunate events—accidents at work, along with a
number of deaths in the family that under normal circumstances could have been prevented—leads the family further
toward catastrophe. One injury results in Jurgis being fired; he later takes a job at Durham's fertilizer plant. (Durham
was a pseudonym for Swift and Company.) The family's tragedies cumulate when Ona confesses to Jurgis, who is
suspicious of her frequent absences from home, that her boss, Phil Connor, had raped her, and made her job
dependent on her giving him sexual favors. In revenge, Jurgis later attacks Connor, leading to his arrest and
imprisonment by the corrupt judge Pat Callahan, who sides with Connor against Jurgis.
After his stint in jail, Jurgis returns
home, only to find out that his family
has been evicted. He finds his family at
a relative's house; Jurgis also discovers
Panorama of the beef industry in 1900 by a Chicago-based photographer
Ona in labor with her second child.
Ona dies in childbirth from blood loss at the age of eighteen. Jurgis lacked money to pay for a doctor; so Ona has to
rely on the greedy and incompetent Madame Haupt, whose carelessness leads to Ona's death. Soon after their first
child drowns in the muddy street, causing Jurgis to flee the city in utter despair and turn to drinking. At first the mere
presence of fresh air is balm to his soul, but his brief sojourn as a hobo in rural United States shows him that there is
really no escape—even farmers turn their workers away when the harvest is finished.
2
The Jungle
3
Jurgis returns to Chicago and holds down a succession
of jobs outside the meat packing industry—digging
tunnels, as a political hack, and as a con-man—but
injuries on the job, his past and his innate sense of
personal integrity continue to haunt him, and he drifts
without direction. One night, while looking for a warm
and dry refuge, he wanders into a lecture being given
by a charismatic Socialist orator, and finds a sense of
community and purpose. Socialism and strong labor
unions are the answer to the evils that he, his family
and their fellow sufferers have had to endure. A fellow
socialist employs him, and he resumes his support of
his wife's family, although some of them are damaged
beyond repair.
The book ends with another socialist rally, which
comes on the heels of several recent political victories.
The speaker encourages his comrades to keep fighting
for victories, chanting "Chicago will be ours!"
Men walking on wooden rails between cattle pens in the Chicago
stockyard (1909)
Major characters
• Jurgis Rudkus is a strong-willed Lithuanian who wants a better life for his family. He hears about the freedoms
of the United States and decides to emigrate. He works hard, knowing that the welfare of his family and friends
depends on him.
• Ona Lukoszaite Rudkus is Jurgis' teenage wife. Jurgis tries to get her father to sell her to him in her youth so he
can marry her because they are in love. Her father does not want to but eventually dies. She then eventually
becomes his fiance. She heard of the greatness of the United States from Jurgis, who had never before let her
down, when they were in Lithuania shortly before their marriage. She married Jurgis after they immigrated in
Chicago. She and Jurgis had a child named Antanas who dies drowning. She is sexually harassed and raped by
her boss Phil Connor. Later in the story, while giving birth to her second child, she dies from blood loss.
• Marija Berczynskas, a masculine woman, who is Ona’s cousin, has a dream to marry a musician and tour with
him around the United States. After Ona’s death, and Jurgis's abandonment, she gives up and becomes a prostitute
to help feed the few children left.
• Teta Elzbieta Lukoszaite, Ona’s stepmother, is not very fond of Jurgis. She takes care of the children. Towards
the end of the book she is forced to become a beggar.
Minor characters
• Grandmother Swan, the only other Lithuanian in the Immigrant section of Chicago and tells Jurgis everything
about the people and the house that Jurgis is moving into.
• Dede Antanas, Jurgis’s father, is at a very old age and insists to help Jurgis and the family pay for the house and
food, but the working conditions get too hard for him, and he dies from a lung infection.
• Jokubas Szedvilas, a fellow Lithuanian immigrant who owns a deli on Halsted Street
• Edward Marcinkus, a fellow Lithuanian immigrant and a friend of the family
• Fisher A Chicago millionaire whose passion is helping poor people in slums. At his house Jurgis meets socialist
visionary Nicholas Schliemann.
• Tamoszius Kuszleika, a fiddler who, for a while, becomes Marija's fiancé
The Jungle
• Jonas Lukoszas, he is Ona’s blood-related brother, and the one who encouraged the family to go to America in
the first place. He leaves the family during bad circumstances and is never heard from again.
• Stanislovas Lukoszas, a young boy, he is Elizibeta's eldest son, although only 13 years old he gets a job in one of
Durham's factories by lying about his age and gets locked in after falling asleep, and gets eaten alive by rats.
• Mike Scully (originally Tom Cassidy), the Democratic Party "boss" of the yards (and indirectly responsible for
Jurgis' suffering)
• Phil Connor, a boss at the factory where Ona works. He is attacked by Jurgis after raping Ona.
• Miss Henderson, Ona's superintendent at the wrapping-room and Connor's former mistress
• Antanas, a small boy, otherwise known as “Baby”. Antanas Rudkus is Jurgis and Ona’s only son, as a toddler, he
falls off an elevated sidewalk and drowns in a deep mud puddle.
• Vilimas and Nikalojus, Vilimas is Elzbieta's second oldest son, and Nikalojus her third oldest son
• Kristoforas, a crippled son of Elzbieta
• Juozapas, another crippled son of Elzbieta
• Kotrina, Elzbieta's only daughter and Ona's half sister, she is only thirteen, but she has to do all the cooking and
cleaning for the family
• Judge Pat Callahan, a crooked, xenophobic judge who sentences Jurgis to jail time after he beats Connor
• Jack Duane, a thief that Jurgis meets in prison, he later introduces Jurgis to Chicago's criminal world.
• Madame Haupt, a midwife hired to help Ona because of the blood loss from her pregnancy, she is either Dutch
or German and is portrayed as being greedy and unfeeling, she has to be bribed to help Ona and Ona dies due to
her neglect
• Freddie Jones, the son of a wealthy beef baron who, in a drunken stupor, brings Jurgis to his mansion for food
and drink, and who gives Jurgis a $100 bill
• Buck Halloran, an Irish "political worker" who oversees vote-buying operations
• Bush Harper, a man who works for Mike Scully as a union spy
• Ostrinski, a Polish immigrant. A socialist, he befriends Jurgis and teaches him the tenets of socialism, and how it
can overcome the evils of capitalist society.
• Tommy Hind, the socialist owner of Hind's Hotel. He employs Jurgis and encourages him to tell his story of
working in the packing plants to guests.
• Mr. Lucas, a socialist pastor and itinerant preacher
• Nicholas Schliemann, a Swedish philosopher and socialist
• Durham, a business man, he is Jurgis’s first employer and takes immigrants and gives them low paying jobs
where most of them die because of the horrible working conditions.
4
The Jungle
5
Public and federal response
Upton Sinclair originally intended to expose "the inferno of
exploitation [of the typical American factory worker at the turn of
the 20th Century],"[13] but the reading public instead fixated on
food safety as the novel's most pressing issue. In fact, Sinclair
bitterly admitted his celebrity rose, "not because the public cared
anything about the workers, but simply because the public did not
want to eat tubercular beef".[13] This has been attributed in part to
the novel's protagonists, most of whom, including Jurgis, have
unpleasant qualities themselves, and the last part of the book about
the socialist rally Jurgis attended was considered by some to be the
worst part of the book, so much so that Sinclair later disavowed it.
His description of the meatpacking contamination, however, was
something everyone could relate to.[14]
Sinclair's account of workers falling into rendering tanks and being
ground, along with animal parts, into "Durham's Pure Leaf Lard",
gripped public attention. The morbidity of the working conditions,
as well as the exploitation of children and women alike that Sinclair exposed showed the corruption taking place
inside the meat packing factories.
Chicago meat inspectors in early 1906
President Theodore Roosevelt considered Sinclair a "crackpot"[15] and wrote to William Allen White, "I have an
utter contempt for him. He is hysterical, unbalanced, and untruthful. Three-fourths of the things he said were
absolute falsehoods. For some of the remainder there was only a basis of truth."[16] However, he read The Jungle and
while he was opposed to socialism, agreed with some of Sinclair's conclusions. He stated "radical action must be
taken to do away with the efforts of arrogant and selfish greed on the part of the capitalist." [8] The President was
leery of aligning himself with Sinclair's politics and conclusions in The Jungle, so he sent Labor Commissioner
Charles P. Neill and social worker James Bronson Reynolds, men whose honesty and reliability he trusted, to
Chicago to make surprise visits to meat packing facilities. Despite betrayal of the secret to the meat packers, who
worked three shifts a day for three weeks to clean the factories prior to the inspection, Neill and Reynolds were still
revolted by the conditions at the factories and at the lack of concern by plant managers. Their oral report to
Roosevelt tentatively supported Sinclair, failing only to substantiate the claim of workers falling into rendering vats
and being left to be sold as lard.[17] Neill testified before Congress that they had reported only "such things as
showed the necessity for legislation" and that he did not think it was also necessary to "praise things where they were
worthy of praise."[18] A report by the Bureau of Animal Industry rejected Sinclair's severest allegations,
characterizing them as "intentionally misleading and false," "willful and deliberate misrepresentations of fact," and
"utter absurdity."[19]
Winston Churchill praised the book in a review, although he did not share Sinclair's socialist political views.[20]
Roosevelt, not in favor of the heavy regulation the public outcry would have caused, did not release the findings of
the Neill-Reynolds Report for publication. Instead, he helped the issue by dropping hints from the report, alluding to
disgusting conditions and inadequate inspection measures. Roosevelt submitted the Neill-Reynolds report to
Congress on June 4, 1906.[21] Public pressure led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and
Drug Act of 1906, which established the Bureau of Chemistry that would become the Food and Drug Administration
in 1930.
Sinclair rejected the legislation, as he viewed it as an unjustified boon to large meat packers partially because the
U.S. taxpayer, rather than the packing companies, were to bear the costs of inspection at $30,000,000 a year.[22][23]
He famously complained about the public's misunderstanding of the point of his book in Cosmopolitan Magazine in
The Jungle
October 1906 by stating, "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach." [24]
Footnotes
[1] http:/ / worldcat. org/ oclc/ 149214
[2] http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ program/ 165365-1
[3] Brinkley, Alan (2010). "Chapter 17: Industrial Supremacy". The Unfinished Nation. McGrawHill. ISBN 978-0-07-338552-5.
[4] Young, "The Pig That Fell into the Privy," p. 467
[5] http:/ / www. socalhistory. org/ bios/ upton_sinclair. html
[6] Sinclair, Upton The Jungle Dover Thrift Editions A note pages viii-x
[7] SparkNotes Editors (2004). Spark Notes 101: Literature (SparkNotes 101). Sparknotes. ISBN 1-4114-0026-7.
[8] http:/ / www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/ Jupton. htm
[9] Bloom, Harold edited Upton Sinclair's the Jungle pages 50-51 Infohouse Publishing 2002
[10] Arthur, Anthony Radical Innocent, Upton Sinclair Random House New York pages 72-73
[11] Bloom, Harold edited Upton Sinclair's the Jungle pages 35-37 Infobase Publishing 2002 page 37
[12] Gevinson, Alan Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films 1911-1960 University of California Press page 540
[13] Sullivan, Mark (1996). Our Times. New York: Scribner. p. 222. ISBN 0-684-81573-7.
[14] http:/ / www. slate. com/ articles/ arts/ books/ 2006/ 07/ welcome_to_the_jungle. html
[15] Fulton Oursler, Behold This Dreamer! (Boston: Little, Brown, 1964), p. 417
[16] July 31, 1906, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Elting E. Morison, ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), Vol. 5, p.
340
[17] Jane Jacobs, Introduction to The Jungle, ISBN 0-8129-7623-1
[18] U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Agriculture, Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture...on the So-called "Beveridge
Amendment" to the Agricultural Appropriation Bill, 59th Congress, 1st Session, 1906, p. 102
[19] U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Agriculture, Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture...on the So-called "Beveridge
Amendment" to the Agricultural Appropriation Bill, 59th Congress, 1st Session, 1906, pp. 346–350
[20] Arthur, Anthony Radical Innocent: Upton Sinclair Random House New York pages 84-85
[21] Conditions in Chicago Stockyards http:/ / www. theodore-roosevelt. com/ images/ research/ txtspeeches/ 963. pdf
[22] Young, "The Pig That Fell into the Privy," p. 477
[23] Upton Sinclair, "The Condemned-Meat Industry: A Reply to Mr. M. Cohn Armour", Everybody's Magazine, XIV, 1906, pp. 612-613
[24] Bloom, Harold edited Upton Sinclair's the Jungle Infobase Publishing 2002 page 11
• Young, James Harvey, "The Donkey That Fell into the Privy: Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and Meat Inspection
Amendments of 1906," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 59, 1985, 467-80.
• Arthur, Anthony. Radical Innocent: Upton Sinclair. New York: Random House, 2006.
• In The Brass Check, Sinclair relates that the New York Herald commissioned a follow-up story, "Packingtown a
Year Later." The reporters spent two months undercover and found conditions worse than ever; the Herald's
publisher killed the story before publication.
External links
• The Jungle (http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=title:the jungle creator:Upton Sinclair
-contributor:gutenberg AND mediatype:texts ), available at Internet Archive (scanned books first edition)
• The Jungle (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/140) at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML)
• The Jungle (http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/title/j/jungle.html) available in Audiobook through Lit2Go: An online
service of Florida's Educational Technology Clearinghouse via University of South Florida.
• The Jungle serialized in The Sun newspaper (http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/UFDC/UFDC.aspx?b=UF00075914&
v=00036) from the Florida Digital Newspaper Library
• "Defense of The Jungle: The Uncensored Original Edition" (http://www.seesharppress.com/jungle.html) by
novelist Earl Lee
• "The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle," (http://hnn.us/articles/27227.html) by historian
Christopher Phelps
• The Jungle (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/jungle) free literary analysis from SparkNotes.com
6
The Jungle
• Upton Sinclair: The Lithuanian Jungle, Giedrius Subacius, 2006, ISBN, identifies many of the actual Chicago
locations mentioned in the novel
• Slate.com article: Welcome to The Jungle - Does Upton Sinclair's famous novel hold up? (http://www.slate.
com/id/2144898)
• Mother Jones Magazine article marking the anniversary (http://www.motherjones.com/arts/books/2006/01/
the_jungle_at_100.html)
• USA Today reviews a new biography of Upton Sinclair (http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/reviews/
-radical-innocent_x.htm)
• PBS special report marking the 100th anniversary of the novel (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/
jan-june06/jungle_5-10.html)
• Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism revisits The Jungle (http://mesh.medill.northwestern.
edu/mnschicago/archives/2006/02/jungle_upton_si.html)
7
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
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BrainyBabe, Brando130, Brian Boyd, BrokenSegue, Bronks, Bryan Derksen, Btipling, Bullzeye, CBDunkerson, Calabe1992, Calmypal, Caltas, Calvin 1998, Can't sleep, clown will eat me,
Carloszaizar, Chazbufe, Christopher Parham, Ciroryder, ClanCC, Cnadolski, Crazytales, Cremepuff222, Crunkcoy, Cryptic, Cyan, Cybercobra, Czar wade, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DMG413,
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JHunterJ, Jacek Kendysz, Jak86, JamesMLane, Jamesooders, January, Japope, Jareha, Jarry1250, Jason1360, JeebusJones, Jim1138, Jjb, Jmailander, Jmlk17, Joel Michael, John, John1172,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:Beef industry panorama 1900 loc.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Beef_industry_panorama_1900_loc.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bkwillwm,
Infrogmation, JeremyA, 2 anonymous edits
Image:Chicago stockyards cattle pens men 1909.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chicago_stockyards_cattle_pens_men_1909.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Bkwillwm, Infrogmation, JeremyA
Image:Chicago meat inspection swift co 1906.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chicago_meat_inspection_swift_co_1906.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
H. C. White Co
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