SYNOPSIS
Bigger’s Mental State in Native Son
−through Depth Psychology−
Minoru Morioka
This paper is a study in Depth Psychology, using the ideas of C. G. Jung. It
deals with the mental state of Bigger Thomas, the hero of Native Son (1940) by
Richard Wright. To some extent, the crimes committed by Bigger in this novel are
related to his status and place in American life.
However, Wright describes not
only the usual shortcomings dealt with in proletarian fiction but also Bigger’s
psychological progress.
Bigger establishes his own ideas about his life and world,
and achieves self-realization.
He searches for freedom.
He realizes the need to
fight against the circumstances that limit men like him.
In the earlier parts of Native Son, Bigger cannot find any way to break free of
the cultural chains that oppress him, and he murders two women.
Obviously,
this is wrong, but it gives him a sense of absolute freedom, because it enables him
to exercise his own will and to create a new and original world.
Bigger has the
character of an outsider, and an urge to seek for “the meaning of life”.
He has to
fight against himself until he awakens to his own consciousness through a contact
with his attorney Max and find a means of expression for himself.
After meeting Max, Bigger for the first time comes to feel the reality of a direct
connection with others.
Once he has acquired this new way of thinking, he wants
to express his ideas to the rest of society.
It is a practical message of hope and
truth for other people and a source of power for the reforming of culture.
discovered a treasure of self-realization in his inner mental world.
He has
Ironically,
just as he has become convinced of a state of union in the world, he has to go to the
electric chair.
-1-
Bigger’s Mental State in Native Son
−through Depth Psychology−
Minoru Morioka
-2-
Bigger’s Mental State in Native Son
−through Depth Psychology−
Minoru Morioka
Introduction
In this paper, I would like to think about the mental state of Bigger Thomas,
the hero of Native Son
(1)
(Wright, 1940) in terms of Depth Psychology, above
all using the ideas of C. G. Jung (1875-1961).
The structure of Native Son is
simple. Richard Wright divides the novel into three parts: “Fear,” “Fight,” and
“Fate.”
To some extent, he asserts a determinism acting through Bigger’s status
and place in American life and displaying itself in his fate, actions, thoughts,
values and attitudes.
While dealing with some of the faults usual in proletarian
fiction, Wright is more concerned to explore Bigger’s psychological progress,
dwelling first on his mental states as an outsider from the rules of social and
racial behavior after his two brutal murders.
about his life and world.
Bigger establishes his own ideas
This can be called a self-realization. In this way, he
rejects deterministic Marxism through the pursuit of his own original and
experimental ideas.
Bigger lives with his mother, sister and brother in a dim apartment in a South
Side Chicago slum. He recognizes his own inclination for violence, which leads to
feelings of vague anxiety. After he is hired as a chauffer by Mr.Dalton, a rich
white philanthropical to Negroes, Bigger accidentally kills Dalton’ daughter Mary.
Although he decides to assume the responsibility for her death, he feels that he is
excluded by oppressive forces that bring him misery.
While fleeing with his
girlfriend, Bessie, he kills her for fear that she will reveal his first murder.
Later
in jail, various attempts to convert him to Christianity and make him meet Mary’s
family end in vain.
The newspapers, the police, and politicians make use of him
for their own self-aggrandizement. Only communists like his attorney Max defend
him. Max makes efforts to help and understand Bigger, and tries to explain his
crimes in terms of historical slavery and racial exploitation. Bigger gradually
awakens to a sense of hope and trust in others.
Yet although Max genuinely
endeavors to grant him dignity, Bigger cannot totally assent to Max’s ideas.
Bigger’s new vision that the world is under the control of stereotype thoughts
enables him to see how blind people are, whether white or black, to his humanity
-3-
and existence.
Just as he seizes upon his spiritual freedom, he is compelled to
receive punishment.
I wish to discuss what makes Bigger commit murder, what he thinks about in
his cell, and why he rejects Max at the end of this novel, all of this in relation to
his attainment of self-realization, and with reference to Depth Psychology.
Ⅰ. Nothingness
In this novel, Bigger fears white society.
himself.
But he has also a strong fear of
Because Bigger cannot control his emotional and physical powers, he is
always irritated.
The more irritated he is, the more he adds to his anxiety, which
is rooted in his fears toward his environment and culture.
too strong to calm down.
whether strong or not.
Bigger’s impulses are
However, all humans have impulses of a similar kind,
Jung argues, in his Two Essays on Analytical Psychology:
The growth of culture consists, as we know, in a progressive subjugation
of the animal in man. It is a process of domestication which cannot be
accomplished without rebellion on the part of the animal nature that
thirsts for freedom.
(2)
Bigger, furthermore, is poor and helpless.
support his family.
He does not have enough vitality to
His helplessness is shown in the opening scene of the novel,
where he has to deal with a rat loose in his family’s room.
rat and scares his sister with its dead body, his mother says
I wonder why I birthed you.
(11)
After Bigger kills the
Bigger, sometimes
This hurts his feelings badly.
Bigger
realizes that he is powerless to help his family in spite of their sufferings.
He [Bigger] knew that the moment he allowed himself to feel to its
fullness how they lived, the shame and misery of their lives, he would be
swept out of himself with fear and despair.
The feeling of
(13)
nothingness' drives him to plan a robbery of a store called
Blum’s, with his friend.
At the same time, he also enjoys the fantasy world of a
movie theater with his friend Jack.
For the space of the movie, he is able to
forget the misery of real life by becoming briefly caught up in a longed-for world.
The darkness hides his black skin and makes him feel inconspicuous.
entitled
The film,
The Gay Woman,
shows a splendid and rich white people’s world.
Bigger is fascinated with it.
So he reflects on a relief job he has been offered.
-4-
Until moments before, he has been despising the idea of accepting it:
“You know, I ’d just as soon go to jail as take that damn relief job,
said.
Bigger
(32)
But now he begins to feel that that the chance of working in white society might
open up the way to a happy life like in the movie scene.
“Yeah. And she’s [movie heroine is] a hot looking number, all right,”
Bigger said, “Say, maybe I’ll be working for folks like that if I take that
relief job.
Maybe I’ll be driving ’em around...”
(33)
Yes, his [Bigger’s] going to work for the Daltons was something big.
Maybe Mr. Dalton was a millionaire. Maybe he had a daughter who was a
hot kind of girl; maybe she spent lots of money; maybe she’d like to come
to the South Side and see the sights sometimes. Or maybe she had a
secret sweet-heart and only he would know about it because he would
have to drive her around; maybe she would give him money not to tell.
(36)
After watching the movie, he abandons the idea of robbing the store.
Bigger
unconsciously covers up his fear of having to carry out the robbery by provoking a
fight with another of his friends, Gus.
He is in fact transferring his fear of white
society into his quarrel with Gus.
From Bigger’s behavior two kinds of instinct are seen.
These correspond to
what Jung has called the constructive' and the destructive' instinct.
Fighting
can be thought of as the result of a destructive instinct and working to build up a
happy life as the result of a constructive instinct.
Jung, quoting Freud, discusses
the working of these two instincts as follows:
Freud himself, with advancing years, admitted this lack of balance in his
theory, and he opposed to Eros, whom he called libido, the destructive or
death instinct. In his posthumous writings he says: “After long
hesitancies and vacillations we have decided to assume to assume the
existence of only basic instincts, Eros and the destructive instinct .... The
aim of the first of these basic instincts is to establish ever greater unities
and to preserve them thus─in short, to bind together; the aim of the
second is, on the contrary, to undo connections and so to destroy
things....For this reason we also call it the death instinct. ”
-5-
(3)
However, the daydream Bigger imagines from the movie experience turns out
in the novel to be a nightmare.
His fate abruptly catches up with him and drives
him to murder.
Ⅱ.
Solitude
Bigger is fascinated with the gorgeous life in the film. He thinks it may come
true for him if he takes the job with the Daltons.
As he comes near the Daltons’
residence, he feels the fear and anxiety facing him in a white neighborhood. It
forces him to be conscious of his own black background so that he almost regrets
coming to work for the Daltons:
This was a cold and distant world; a world of white secrets carefully
guarded. He could feel a pride, a certainty, and a confidence in these
streets and houses. He came to Drexel Boulevard and began to look for
4605. When he came to it, he stopped and stood before a high, black, iron
picket fence, feeling constricted inside. All he had felt in the movie was
gone; only fear and emptiness filled him now.
(45)
Culture is, in a sense, a symbol of power (authority).
with the oppression of white society.
He even feels choked
Why is Bigger so uneasy and fearful?
Jung
says interesting things about this:
The power-instinct wants the ego to be “on top” under all circumstances, by
fair means or foul. The “integrity of the personality” must be preserved at
all costs. Every attempt, be it only an apparent attempt, of the
environment to obtain the slightest ascendency over the subject is met, to
us Adler’s expression, by the “masculine protest.”
(4)
Bigger’s solitude gradually grows after his arrival at the Daltons.
And the
goodwill shown to him by the Daltons’ daughter Mary and her left wing boyfriend
Jan only makes him more aware of his black skin.
trying to ridicule and humiliate him.
Bigger wonders if they are
Furthermore, he feels a basic incapacity for
communicating with white people, as is evident when the three of them visit a
restaurant called Ernie’s Kitchen Shack frequented by black people.
no common topics of conversation with them.
-6-
Bigger has
He does not even know how to
speak to white people.
He simply repeats his stereotype reply,
yessum / yessuh".
In the end their openness only brings him into perplexity:
This thing was getting the better of him; he felt that he should not give
way to his feelings like this. But he could not help it. Why didn’t they leave
him alone?
What had he done to them?
sitting here making him feel so miserable?
What good could they get out of
(70)
Although Jan and Mary have a vision of a common bond of human life, Bigger
isn’t able to accept their vision.
He lives in a different world.
each individual lives within his/her own beliefs.
Bigger cannot latch onto their
vision. He is not accustomed to abstract speculations.
and life are always to be interpreted in two ways.
More generally,
According to Jung, dreams
There is ‘an interpretation on
the objective level’ and ‘an interpretation on the subjective level’.
Jan and Mary
share a common framework of ‘communism', which is, in these terms, an
interpretation on the objective level'.
The possibility of Bigger understanding
their talk lies in ‘an interpretation on the subjective level'.
Bigger cannot have a
conception without it being based on his own experience. Jung explains the two
interpretations as follows:
I call every interpretation which equates the dream images with real
objects ‘an interpretation on the objective level'. In contrast to this is the
interpretation which refers every part of the dream and all the actors in it
back to the dreamer himself. This I call
level'.
interpretation on the subjective
Interpretation on the objective level' is analytic, because it breaks
down the dream content into memory-complexes that refer to external
situations. Interpretation on the subjective level is synthetic, because it
detaches the underlying memory-complexes from their external causes,
regards them as tendencies or components of the subject, and reunites
them with that subject.
(In any experience I experience not merely the object but first and foremost
myself, provided of course that I render myself an account of the
experience.)
(5)
I have cited at length because this argument also has something to do with the
novel’s last scene which shows Bigger’s rejection of his lawyer, Max, as will be
discussed below. Though Jan may appear to be friendly and supportive towards
black people, he does not stand on an equal level with them in reality.
This kind
of cheerfulness and openness is a kind of torture for Bigger, as he has no wish to
-7-
be treated this way from the beginning.
Ⅲ.
Murder
After Bigger has killed Mary, he begins to apprehend the meaning of his
murder. He thinks of what the action has made of him.
Mary tried to set Bigger
up as equal with white people, but this was only troublesome to Bigger, and in the
end he accidentally killed Mary.
In spite of this murder, he does not feel any
responsibility, because he does not identify with the law that white people have
made, and in any case it was an accident.
with the fear of
All the same Bigger must begin to live
the electric chair. Yet in spite of the murder, he can sense a kind
of creation in him building up a new inner self.
what he perceives as his
‘outsider'.
will'.
He begins to act according to
At the same time he consciously becomes an
He has never felt a sense of wholeness before throwing Mary Dalton’s
body in the furnace to hide his murder.
terrible situation?
Why is he content with himself in such a
Jung gives the suggestion of an answer:
In reality human nature bears the burden of a terrible and unending conflict
between the principle of the ego and the principle of instinct....The powerinstinct wants the ego to be “on top” under all circumstances, by fair means
or foul. The “integrity of the personality” must be preserved at all costs.
Every attempt, be it only an apparent attempt, of the environment to obtain
the slightest ascendency over the subject is met, to use Adler’s expression,
by the “masculine protest.”
(6)
Bigger establishes his urge to power in just this way.
His sense of
will' seems
to correspond closely with Jung’s ‘ego-instinct'.
Gus and G. H and Jack seemed far away to Bigger now, in another life, and
all because he had been in Dalton's home for a few hours and had killed a
（100）
white girl.
He had murdered and created a new life for himself. It was something that
was all his own, and it was the first time in his life he had had anything
（101）
that others could not take from him.
But excessive self-confidence gives rise to ‘ego-inflation’ as Jung says.
Shortly
afterwards, Bigger dreams of the possibility of his being a leader of the black
-8-
people.
He feels that all black people should act together in order to end their
fear and shame.
A powerful leader should arise to stand up for them, rule them,
tell them what to do, and guide them.
Bigger dreams of doing this himself:
Of late he had liked to hear tell of men who could rule others, for in
actions such as these he felt that there was a way to escape from this tight
morass of fear and shame that sapped at the base of his life. He liked to
hear of how Japan was conquering China; of how Hitler was running the
Jews to the ground; of how Mussolini was invading Spain.
(109-110)
This state seems very similar to what Jung calls
will to power'.
Jung talks
about ‘will to power', referring to Nietzsche:
It is of this last instinct, the
will to power', that Nietzsche obviously
speaks. Whatever else is instinctual only follows, for him, in the train of
the will to power...The seizure transforms him into a hero or into a godlike
being, a super-human entity.
feet beyond good and evil.”
He rightly feels himself
six thousand
(7)
Bigger certainly seems to feel this kind of boundless self-confidence. After he has
become an
outsider', first sitting at the breakfast table with his family, and
later while overhearing Peggy and Mrs. Dalton talking in the kitchen, he sees how
blind' they all were. He feels a surge of freedom and a sense that thinks he can
exercise his will as he pleases:
He felt in the quiet presence of his mother, brother, and sister a force,
inarticulate and unconscious, making for living without thinking, making
for peace and habit, making for a hope that blinded. He felt that they
wanted and yearned to see life in a certain way; they needed a certain
picture of the world; there was one way of living they preferred above all
others; and they were blind to what did not fit.
(102)
He felt that he had his destiny in his grasp. He was more alive than he
could ever remember having been; his mind and attention were pointed,
focused toward a goal...he was moving toward that sense of fullness he had
so often but inadequately felt in magazines and movies.
(141)
Bigger could have committed a murder before he actually did.
-9-
If he has not, it
is only because he has not had the occasion to do so.
and then the second one of his girlfriend Bessie,
his life.
After the murder of Mary,
he is able to feel a real order in
He feels connected with the outer world for the first time. Up until this
point, Bigger has suffered from the gap between the consciousness in his mind and
the reality of the world.
With his lack of verbal skill and training, he has been
unable to join into a relation with the outer world.
In other words, his failure to
establish a balance between the conscious understanding of his emotional inner
reality and the real facts of the outer world has been due to the incompleteness of
communication.
Now that stark facts has awaken his vivid sense of the real
world around him, ironically the fear of arrest cures him of his isolation from the
real world. So far, he has been looking on at the outer world from behind the
‘curtain’.
Now he learns to keep his composure, while looking straight at it:
In all of his life these two murders were the most meaningful things that
had ever happened to him. He was living, truly and deeply, no matter
what others might think, looking at him with their blind eyes. Never had
he had the chance to live out the consequences of his actions;
never had
his will been so free as in this night and day of fear and murder and flight.
(225)
As I mentioned before, Bigger is caught up in materialism and his ‘will to
power'.
Psychologically, the ‘will to power' is the opposite of love.
power' produces a desire of material things.
victim Bessie in a true sense.
(8)
‘Will to
Bigger has never loved his second
He considers her a mere property or usable
commodity, and when the time comes, he has no hesitation in disposing of her
materially, by battering her head with a brick:
What could he do with her [Bessie]?
She would be a dangerous burden.
It would be impossible to take her if she were going to act like this, and
yet he could not leave her here. Coldly, he knew that he had to take her
with him, and then at some future time settle things with her, settle them
in a way that would not leave him in any danger.
(215)
Bigger’s true tragedy is this imprisonment in materialism, which he finally only
overcomes after talking to his lawyer in jail.
Ⅳ.
In the cell
-10-
After being arrested, Bigger ceased to struggle any more physically.
he tries to destroy his feelings.
He resolves not to react to anything.
Indeed,
Whenever
an urge to comply begins to show itself in him, he paralyzes it immediately.
this stage, he is perhaps preparing to attain Jung’s state of
At
self-realization'.
Humble sincerity is the path to self-realization. But he cannot see this.
Furthermore, his pride remains in spite of his confinement.
existence is supported by this pride to some extent.
mocked and made use of by white people.
In fact,
He cannot
his
bear being
For instance, he has a deep hostility
toward Buckley, the State’s Attorney, who intends to make use of the judgment
agaist Bigger for the purpose of a coming election.
also ‘materialist’.
Buckley’s way of thinking is
People of his type see the meaning of life in ‘materials’ or
‘objects' (in a broader sense) such as money, status, fame, or fortune.
the world
They see
on the objective level' as Jung says.
In jail, Bigger gradually goes inside himself. This attitude is encouraged by his
interview with Max.
When first arrested, Bigger sees a flaming cross above the
heads of the watching crowd.
He feels betrayed and loses any religious hope.
He makes up his mind to be independent.
As a result, he becomes isolated again.
But after seeing Max, he feels an enormous sense of relief.
the background to Bigger’s behavior, in American history.
Max’s concern is for
White people were too
engrossed in building up their nation on a vast scale to pay attention to the
human needs of black people.
But a feeling of guilt towards black people
remained, which white people tried desperately to justify on any grounds.
Black
people are still looking for opportunities to improve their lot． According to Max’s
analysis, it can be said that it is the oppression white society has imposed on black
people that leads to Bigger’s crime.
His crime existed long before the murder of Mary Dalton; ... the accidental
nature of his crime took the guise of a sudden and violent rent in the veil
behind which he lived, a rent which
allowed his feelings of resentment
and estrangement to leap forth and find objective and concrete form.
(361)
What connections are there between individual guilt and civilization?
American history really have this kind of effect on Bigger’s crime?
Did
Jung
addresses this question.
What is true of humanity in general is also true of each individual, for
humanity consists only of individuals. And as is the psychology of
humanity so also is the psychology of the individual. The World War
-11-
brought a terrible reckoning with the rational intentions of civilization.
What is called
will’ in the individual is called
imperialism” in nations;
for all will is a demonstration of power over fate, i.e., the exclusion of
chance. Civilization is the rational,
purposeful” sublimation of free
energies, brought about by will and intention.
(9)
Max’s sincerity moves Bigger to talk. Max asks Bigger not what actually
happened but why it happened.
The relationship between Max and Bigger is
equivalent to that between a doctor and a patient.
The patient is inclined to
consider the doctor his parent, uncle, teacher or so on.
even looks on the doctor as a savior or godlike being.
Sometimes the patient
In this sense, Max seems to
play the role of teacher. Psychologically the relation is called ‘transference'.
Jung describes it like this:
The transference is in itself no more than a projection of unconscious
contents. At first the so-called superficial contents of the unconscious are
projected, as can be seen from symptoms, dreams and fantasies. In this
state the doctor is interesting as a possible lover. Then he appears more in
the role of the father: either the good, kind father or the “thunderer,
depending on the qualities which the real father had for the patient.
Ⅴ.
Self-realization
Max insists Bigger’s crime is also an act of creation.
laboring under difficult conditions.
(10)
Black people are
The soul seeks for fullness and wholeness in
terms of cosmic images and symbols.
It has a strong passion for improvement,
created from the impulse of self-realization.
As Max sees it, Bigger is yearning to
establish his personality.
It was the first full act of his life; it was the most meaningful, exciting and
stirring thing that had ever happened to him, He accepted it because it
made free, gave him the possibility of choice, of action, the opportunity to
act and to feel that his actions carried weight.
(364)
Max later sums this up succinctly:
Your Honor, remember that men can starve from a lack of
realization as much as they can from a lack of bread!
-12-
(366)
self-
Jung discusses self-realization in the following way.
Men has two aims: the first is the natural aim, the begetting of children
and the business of protecting the brood;
to this belongs the acquisition
of money and social position. When this aim has been reached a new
phase begins: the cultural aim. For the attainment of the former we have
the help of nature and, on top of that, education; for the attainment of the
latter, little or nothing helps....What youth found and must find outside,
the man of life’s afternoon must find within himself.
(11)
A man is confronted with the task of finding a meaning that will enable him to
continue living.
That is, he has an impulse of self-realization.
After his death
sentence, Bigger tries to come to an conclusion about what his living and dying
has meant. And he is aware that the answer comes from himself. He also imagines
a state of perfect union.
Union has the features of oneness and wholeness.
Oneness enables us to melt away differences, such as color, sex, age, property
ownership, class and so on.
now that he is in jail.
Bigger is most alive and feels things most vividly
Many questions arise in him, for which he frantically seeks
to find the answer.
Why this black gulf between him and the world: warm red blood here and
cold blue sky there, and never a wholeness, a oneness, a meeting of the
two?
(383)
Max tries to console Bigger. He evokes a vision of human striving for him by
pointing at the buildings of Chicago outside the jail:
It’s the belief of men. If men stopped believing, stopped having faith,
they’d come tumbling down. Those buildings sprang up out of the hearts of
men, Bigger. Men like you. Men kept hungry, kept needing, and those
buildings kept growing and unfolding.
....
Yes. What you felt, what you
wanted, is what keeps those buildings standing there. When millions of
men are desiring and longing, those buildings grow and unfold...
(389-390)
As Max argues here, it would be rational to transfer his life-energy (the libido)
into building up a community full of love.
But the libido does not choose this path.
The libido has already determined its object unconsciously.
-13-
As explained in
Jung’s interpretation of dream images ‘on the subjective level’ quoted above,
Bigger has determined his action on the basis of his libido.
Max’s ideal dream of
‘communism' is useless to Bigger, because it cannot be experienced by Bigger as
an individual.
The truth has to go through the individual and needs his peculiar
experience. In Jung’s words:
The libido, as this psychic energy is technically called, already possesses
its object unconsciously.... the real object generally offers the energy a
much better gradient than do the most admirable ethical activities.... It is
unhappily the case that no man can direct the so-called disposable energy
at will. It follows its own gradient. Indeed, it had already found that
gradient even before we set the energy free from the unserviceable form to
which it was linked.
(12)
Thus even if Max talks about his vision sincerely, it is of no value to Bigger.
this stage he has already reached his self-realization.
At
It is a kind of dignity of
self-realization in Bigger’s bearing that makes Max notice that his own vision is
nothing but illusion. Max cannot offer anything to counter the greatness springing
out of Bigger’s self.
Conclusion
It is clear that Bigger Thomas is an
Outsider.
He has searched for freedom.
But the freedom he has longed for is not simply being allowed to do what he
desires, but being able to exercise his will.
circumstances limiting men like him.
marginal.
found
He has to fight against the
At first any outsider lives in a field that is
From here, he may return to the culture he once lived in with a new
mission'.
reform his culture.
What is his mission?
He comes to a realization of his task to
Freedom lies in finding a means of expression for this task.
Bigger has become aware of his own consciousness through a certain contact with
reality.
It is Max, in the jail conversations who brings this experience of reality
to Bigger.
Ironically, just when Bigger ought to be returning to his home culture,
he is condemned to the electric chair.
An outsider has certain characteristic features.
for progress.
One of them is his appetite
After he has acquired his new way of thinking, his personal
evolution gradually makes society as a whole accept his ideas.
That is, social
evolution is brought about after individual evolution in certain key persons.
Another feature of the outsider is an urge to seek for
-14-
the meaning of life.
It
seems that this meaning lies in self-realization.
dramatically overcoming obstacles, as Bigger does.
through a kind of death-state.
The outsider strives for this by
In the process, he first passes
As he revives from this death, he goes through
various hardships in his inner mental world.
Finally, he seizes a treasure.
It is
a practical message of hope and truth for other people. It is the source of power for
the reforming of culture.
In the earlier parts of Native Son, Bigger cannot find any way to break free of
the cultural chains that oppress him, and he murders two women.
Obviously,
this is wrong, but it gives him a sense of absolute freedom, because it enables him
to exercise his own will and to create a new and original world.
For the first time
in his life, he experiences the reality having a direct connection with other people.
Although he now has to go to the electric chair, he has become convinced of a state
of union in the world.
Notes
(１) All page references to
Native Son are from the edition: Richard Wright, Native Son
(New
York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1989), and are inserted in parentheses directly following
the quotation.
(２) Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, p.19.
(３) Ibid., p.28.
(４) Ibid., p.53.
(５) Ibid., p.84.
(６) Ibid., p.34, 38.
(７) Ibid., p.32-33.
(８) Jung says suggestive things about this:
Logically, the opposite of love is hate, and of Eros,
Phobos (fear); but psychologically it is the will to power. Where love reigns, there is no will
to power; and where the will to power is paramount, love is lacking.
Analytical Psychology, p.53).
(９) Two Essays on Analytical Psychology., p.50.
(10) Ibid., p.64.
(11) Ibid., p.74.
(12) Ibid.,p.62.
Works Cited
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Jung, C.G.
York:
Two Essays on Analytical Psychology Trans. by by R.F.C Hull, New
Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1966.
Wright, Richard.
Native Son New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1989.
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Richard Wright's “Native Son." New York: Chelsea House
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Richard Wright. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.
Bloom, Harold., ed. Bigger Thomas. New York: Chelsea House Publishers,
Bloom, Harold.,ed.
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Felgar, Robert. Richard Wright.
Boston: A Division of G. K. Hall & Co., 1980.
Kinnamon, Kenneth., ed. New Essays on “Native Son.”
Cambridge:
University Press, 1990.
Wilson, Colin.
The Outsider. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1978.
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