CHAPTER
V
It has already teen stated that the Indian tradition divides
F,igures of Speech into two categories viz. Arthaalamkaara (Figures
I
of Meaning) and Sabdaalamkaaras (Figures of Sound).
The
Sabdaalamkaaras of the Indian tradition and those Western figures
that can be placed under this category are discussed below.
.................................................................
EAST
I
WEST
.................................................................
1.
Anupraasam (10)
2.
Yamakam
3.
Punaruktavadhaabhaasam
4.
Citram ( 6 )
I
I
1
I
1
I
1. Caaemphaton
)
4. Epanalepais
2.. Paroemion
3. Anadiplosis
I
1
I
1
I
1
5 . Alliteration
6. Assonance
7. Anaphora
I
1
8. Epanophora
I
1 9. Epiphora
I
1 10. Symploce
I
I 11. Ploce
I
1 12. Diaphora
I
1 13. Epizeuxis
I
1 14. Diacope
I
1 15. Truductio
Page 159
-
A.SABDAALAMKAARAS OF THE INDIAN TRADITION.
Sabdaalamkaaras are of four different tyoes vlz. Anupraaean,
Punaruktavadaabhaasam
discussed
below with kxamplee. Linae cited from different
have
been
not
tra.related
and
aa only
Cltram.
All
Yamakam,
the
phonemic
these
are
works
aspects
are
impoveant her e.
1. Anupraasam.
Anupraasam denotes t!ie repetition of the same consonant
sound. There are ten types of Anupraasama.
a).
Cbeekaanupraasam.
cheekaanupraaeam connaal
Uhen double sounds are repeated it is cheekaanupraasam.
*
kannanunqi namukkeonu
(b) Madhura vyanJana praasam.
madhura vyanjana praaeam
va?larbhii rlltlyaayatu.
Sweet
sound6
like 'hka',
several tlmea.
I
RajaraJa Vorma,
,I
p.85.
' h a ' , 'mpa'
etc
are
repeated
n a h m pacharaa&laarnoorufal
mee
sa;lkemad&evalam.
2
(K.C. Kesavapillai)
( c ) Koomala vyanjana praasam.
koomala vyanjana praasam
paaficaalli riitlyaayiitum.
Repetitiou of nasal sounds and lateral sounds make
-
A
koomaia
vyanJana prakaam.
11 i k a g o o p a k n a a m baal-ttn
a a k a u m naakitattanam. 3
..-
(4)
Dvi$ilyaakpara prabaam. (Keralr Praaeam)
Second syllable of each line will 90 the same in this typo.
hrldyanandam ~ i ~ p p o m a t a m an~lkumaddivyamayoo
m
-
. .
! etitiyoru nikuficattllaakklteenam nil
hri-akaara
-
pa~apa~r6vaetalikalirahfiaateyantarhitatmaa.
4
(Hayooraeandeefsam)
( a ) Aadipraasam.
When
differpnt
words
in a line are begun
vlth
the
aounda, it is aadipraaeam
-centaar
krantikal cintumantieamaya =antam
.......................................
-. -.
.
.
RajarqJ= Varma,
p.86.
Rajaraja
..
Vacmq,
p.07.
RqJeraja Varma,
~ ~ 8 8 .
Rajaraja Varma?
p.90.
-camaiihum
bhavaan.. 5
same
( f ) Anthyapraaeam.
~.
When the last syllable8 of dlfferent lines become the eame
it ia Anthyapraaeam. Thle rese.:.blee End Rhyme in the Uestern
tradition.
dayayosu lavalee6am pooluaillaatta d e e k m
paramiha ~ o r a d e e i a mpaarkkilattyanta moo&m
parakil nahi kalaakam parkkllinneeka d e e k m
I
eumukhi ! narakadeeiam tanneyanaapradeeS0m.
(a)
6
Asfapraaaam.
When a sound 16 repeated eyet ratically in two parts of each
11,
'
line it is called Aifapraaaam.
praaptaraay
.
,I,\
-
cuuium lookareyakave Jalanldhau vllllcca
moodatmake
-
-
thaalampuu niramaarnna puuntukilatum thaalathu
cemmee dhari
-
-
-
ccelamuteava vaasarse eibikameel vaalunnu
lakahmiivaran. I
.~-,. ,
..
(h) ~ w a a d a i apraaeam.
One eound is repeated thrice in each line.
.
,
mutfaateyennumoru pattata tanne tava
ki$f atato paittiate
.......................................
RaJaraja Varma.
p.90.
RaJaraja Varma.
p.91.
Page 1 6 2
..
keettalumentu bata ! kaaftana ti>.ite tukll
kettaanarakku
kutukam. 8
,.
(1) ~ o o d h a i apraasam.
One sound is repeated four times in a systematic manner.
ruuksamaaya nifileeksapa~@niyilaraksa?ena
hi yugakfeyee
kaksatulyamulakikqamaadlkamupak~a
pippatinu daksanaam.
(J)
9
Laafanupraaeam.
Same words are r epeated with dif f eretat interests.
daaridryam vnrumennoorttu
moothan nalkilla tellume
daaridryam varumennoorttu
budhan nalkunnu eaktipool. 10
[ Ths fool doesn't
@ive away anythin@ as he thinks it will
lead to poverty. A wlee man gives away a Lut in order to do away
with poverty. ] The word 'Daarldryam'
(poverty) is repeated, but
the interest of the fool and the interest of the wise man are
different. The fool doeen't glve anything away, thinklng that
giving may lead to poverty. But the wiee man gives away much
thinking that it might alleviate poverty. ]
a
Rajaraja Varma,
p.91.
RaJaraja Varma,
p.92.
lo ibid.
2. Yamakam.
..
-
akearakkuuttamonnaayi
..
ttartham bheedicclfumpatl
aavarttlccu katicciitil
yamakam pa-& maatiri.
Uhen sa$ue sounds are repeated in different lines in the same
order though with different meanings, it becomes Yamakam.
maalatilmalar ceernnooru
maalatli jvaalayennapool
maalatilyivaneekunnuu
malatii tulyayehhu nli. 1 1
The word 'maal~ti' has four different meaninas in the four
different
lines.
This doesn't
rileesoo4ti'
come under
an
the
phonemic aspect is considered more important than the semantic.
3. Punaruktavadaabhatiaam.
punaruktavadaabhaasa
-
morthaavftti pratiitiyaam.
Two or more words which are synonyms are repeated here, with
different meanings in the aiven context.
aatl candrannu
aaundarya
madam nin mukha dariane. 1 2
'Klati'
'mooq'.
and
'candran' have
the
same
On the first reading these may
meanina
appear
to have the same meaning but 'mati' here 1s used
in the sense of 'enough'.
I'
Rajaraja yaraa,
p.93
R a J q p ~ J Varmftl
a
p.94
Paqe 164
4. Citram.
lipivlnyaasa bheedattaal
padmaadyaakfti vannifum
maatirlkku racikkunna
padyam citraakhyamaayatu. 13
The vord 'cltram' means picture. Verses written in such a
manner as to get the lmaqe of a lotus or other objects are called
cltraa
.
There cannot be any flxed number for the varietles of
this type. Poets can gp to any extend as their imagination
permita.
There are several types of Citralamkaaran. One example is
given below :
1. Padmabandham. (Padmam = Lotue)
k a r u t i l p calallookakalloolakulamaallka
tiiruka. 14
......................................
l3
Rajaraja Varna,
p.95,
l4
Rajaraja Varma,
p.96.
ta(i.e 165
Other varlatiea of Citraalamkdaram include Cdkrabandham
(rorda composed in the shape of a wheal), Naagabandham (poem
compoaed in the shape of a eerpent), Padhabandha- (In the shape
of a chariot) and do on.
B.WESTERN FIGURES THAT COriE UITHIN THE FRAME WORK OF
SABDAALAMKAARAAS.
Though
there has cot been any attempt from th4 side of
Ueetern Poeticiane to claeaify figuree
the
baaed only on
phonolo@lcal peculiaritleu, the enauino fifteen figures can be
included under this category, following the pattern adopted by
the Indian maetera.
1.
Casemphaton (Gr. "sounding*)
Wtien there are many syllables of one sound toqether in one
aentence. like a jarring upon one etrlna, it la 'Caaemphaton'.
eg. Neither honour nor nobility could move a
naughty, niguardly noddy; your atrength is not to
strive, or to strike aaainet the stream eo etronq; a
planted place o f pleaaure plain, where pleasure
ehall me please; in my drowsy dreadful dream. I
thought I drank of d ~ a a o n e ' deadly drink.
2. Paroemion (Gr. "like letters")
When many words beglonine with one letter are p e t in one
sentence, it La 'Paroemion'.
Thia dlffere from 'Caeemphaton' becauae
that begins with lkke syilablea. but this with the samo letter.
eg. "This aischievous money make* many men marvelloue
mad; when friendly favour floyrished, I found
facilltyi she walked and wandered out o f the way,
weepina &nd wailina upon her woeful wound",
3. Anadlplosis. (Gr. "doubling back")
When the last word of the first clause is the first word of
the second it is 'Anadiplosis'.
eg. "Never trouble trouble t i l l trouble troublee
you. n
Yfien in great place are thrice servants
..
:
Servants
of the SoverFgn State ; servants of fame; and
.
aervanta of business."
,
4. Epanalepsis.
Repetition at tho end of a clause of the word that occured
at the beginnin% of the clause makes 'Epanalepsls'.
eg. "Blood has brought blood, and blows have
answered blowe.
Strength matched with strength and power
confronted power."
5. Alliteration.
Repetltion of initial or medial consonants in two or more
different words is termed 'Alliteration'.
eg. 1. "After life's fitful fever he sleeps well."
2.
"He was a preposterously pompous proponent of
precioue pedantry".
6. Aesonance.
The repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and
followed by difterent consonants, in the stressed syllables of
adJacent worOa La termed
'Aseonance',
eg. "From seas and streams I brlnd dreams of green'.
Page 167
7. Anaphora (Gr. "repetition")
The repetition of a word or phradu at the beeinnin& of
e e v e r ~ lsucceesive claueea, paragraphs or versev make6 'Anaphora'.
eg. We ahall not flag or fail. We ehall go on to the
end. We ehpll fight in France, we shall fight on the
eggs and oceans, we shall fight with groving
confidence and growing etreputh in the air. Ue ehall
defend our Ialand, whatever the coat may be
.......
We ehall never aurrender.
8 , Epanophora, (Gr."recurrence")
Uhen one word is repeated in the beeinning of diverse clausee
it becomes 'Zpanophora'.
Clarro in praiee of Pompeus :
" A
witness in Itely,
vhlch was by the virtue and couneel of thle man
delivered. A witnees in Cicilia
.......
; A witness
in Africa, which beina oppreeeed with great armies
o f enemies, flowed with blood of elain men. "
9 . Epiphorg. ( G r .
a brlnging to or upon)
%hen many phraeee or clauees end with one and the eame word
it ie terrrd 'Eplphora'.
eg. "Since the tima that concord was taken from the
city. liberty was taken away, fidelity wae taken
away, frinedahlp vae taken away".
10. Syeploce. (Gr. "an interwnaving")
Uhen many part* have the eame beqlnnina and tht, eame end,
6omprieing both 'Epanophora' and 'Epiphooa' it becomee 'Symploce'.
.
.
Page 168
eg. "Uho were those that often broke thelr leagues ?
The Cathargians. Who were they that made cruel oar
In Italy ? The Cathargiana. Who have pardon now ? T h e
Cathargians"
.
11. Ploce (Gr. "weaviny")
The reprtition of a word with a new or specified eense or
with pregnant reference to ite special significance is termed
'Ploce' .
eg. "We want you to look good so that we will look
good.
".
"Uhen %he noins gote tough, the tough gets
going".
12. Diaphoro. (Gr. "distinction, difference, disagreementn)
Similar to 'Ploce',
when the word repeated has another
elgnification it is 'Diaphora'.
eg. "What man is there living, that would not have
pitied that case, i f he had been a man".
13.~plzeuxie. (Gr. "fastening togethern)
The repetition of a word for emphasie, ueually ueed in
momante of atrcsa. for lack of quick .synonyms makes 'Epiztuxio'.
eg. "Break, break, break
On thy Cold grey etoaee, 0 Sea".
1 4 . Diacope (Gr. "a cutting in two")
When a word is repeated, with another word in between i t is
call ad 'Diacope'
.
eg. "Hy heart is fixed, Oh God, my heart is fixed".
Page 169
15. Traductio (L."traneferingn)
When one word is repeated many times, to make the oration
more trim
it will be called 'Trdductio'.
eg. 1. " 0 King, thou art a King of Kings. "
2. "Let riches belong to rich men, but prefer
thou virtue before riches, for i f thou will compare
richee with virtue thou shalt think riches scarce
meet to be handmaidens to virtue."
A# the Western Figures wqre classified according
to the
rhetorical and grammatical peculiarities, there arose no need of
.a division based on the phonological patterns. So they included
'Caeemphaton' and 'Paroemion' under Syntactical Schemes and
'Anadiplosia'
,'Epanalepaisl and 'Anaphora'
divisions under the Rhetorical Schemes
-
with its sub
-