•
VI
color appears as
2
__
s
looking like the reversed ground
•
Having presented, in the previous problem,
a
very detailed ex planation
of a ncp.by-step method of teaching and kaming. the f oll owi ng problem
permits a briefer descripti on
.
'Vith the first exercise in color interaction we make
I
color look like
2,
or, what means lhe same,
S colors look like 4. The next step is
3 colors look like
2,
I col or
2
is to show
[0
make
or, describing it a s in the previous Lask,
faces which refer to the
2
colors
of the reversed grounds,
or, the changed color is to echo ule
It
changing ones.
After showing a few examples, the lask of producing similar eff«ts
is introduced with the question:
Which color will play simultaneously the roles
of the
It
colors of the
2
reciprocal grounds?
The first class exhibition of preliminary solutions shows that most of the
trial colors selected appear closer to one ground than to the other.
However, when one tries to find a color that is equally close
or equally distant from both grounds, one will discover that
even a large collection of color paper (even that of the entire class)
may not provide the fitting tone.
Then, instead of pushing the in-between color to one or the other side,
we must consider changing
I
or both of the grounds, either moving
closer to or more distant from the in-between color. (See diagram.)
After repeated trials it must be concluded that the only fitting color
is the one which is topologically in the middle of the colors
.6
of the II grounds.
t
The task is to find this middle color.
This is relatively easy when the. grounds are of the same hue,
as
with a lighter and a darker green ground,
or with a lighter and a darker violet ground. (See Folder VI
--
)
1.
I t is a more challenging task to find the middle color
between. different hues (see Folder VI -- . ),
but it is particularly interesting when the. grounds
are of opposing (complementary) colors. (See Folders VI -- 3 and 4.)
(See sample studies in Folders VI -- 1 through
7-)
VII
2
different colors look alike -- subtraction of color
different roles
The fact that olle and the saHlC coIOT can peTform many
is well known and is consciously applied.
LeM well known is the possibility in the previous exercise
of giving a color the look of reversed grounds.
Still morc exciting is the nex t task, the reverse of the first:
to make
2
different colors look alike.
In the first exercise it was learnffi thaL the more different
the gr o unds, the stronger is their changing influence.
It has been seen that color differences are caused by 2 factors:
by hue and by light, and in most cases by both at the same time.
Recognizing this. pne is able to "push" light a nd/ or hue.
by the use of COlllrasts, away £Tom their first appearance
toward lhe opposite qualities.
Since this amounts virtually to adding opposite qualities,
it follows that one might achieve p..1.rallel effects
by subtracting those qualities not desired.
This new ex peri ence can be achieved first by observin g
.3 small samples of.3 reds on a white ground.
They will appear first of all
-
red.
Then when the .3 reds are placed on a ground of another red
their differences, which arc differences of hue as well as of ligh t ,
will become more obvi ous.
Third, when pl aced on a red ground equal to
I
of the 3 sampl es ,
only 2 of the reds will "show:' and the lost one i s absorbed - subtracted.
Repeated similar experiments with adjacent colors will show
,8
that any ground subtracts its own hue from colors which it carries
and therefore influences.
,
,
?
Additional experiments with light ;olors on lig t
ounds
and dark colors on dark grounds prove that the 'ght of a ground
subtracts in the same way that its hue does,
From this, it follows that any diversion among colors
in hue as well as in light-dark relationship
can be reduced if not obliterated visually on grounds
of equal qualities.
Such studies provide a broad training in analytical comparison
and usually evoke surprising results, leading the student
to an intense study of color. (See Folders VII
--
1
through 7.)
IX
er
Color mixlure in pap
.
--
'UUSIOn
I
e
of lran,parenc
e is no way
.
.
a )eT ther
.
kmg with coIor P' I
It is obvious that in wor
cllt permit,
1,;gm
.
and
. l
1cally. as l)'lln
of mixing the colors mechall
lncr,
' conul
" 'II a
0.'
. .
I
cue
P.1
a
and as they IIlVlte one to do on
•
.
dw11enge
. '. I, ;, actual
' lY:1
•
le,'I
as a IIlInd'
Though this may first appear
.
. that is, 50 to s:.y
in Ollf imagination
10 study color mixture
'
with dosed eYe5·
blue and yellow
l-known £;lel that
Starting with the simple and wel
cted
and yellOW ;we sele
when mixed produce green, a blue
kind or green
t
\"ha
e
gin
ima
s to
and held next to each other. One trie
51: colol'S.
would resull from a mixture o[ these
.
this imagined mixture
to
ate
opri
Then a paper is selected appr
In order to find out whether the "thought-oUl" mixture is acceptable­
believable
_
convincing -- the 3 colors
(i
"color parcnu" and
, "color descendant") are placed in 3 equal rectangles as rollows:
Blue horizontally
( I). green vertically (i)
so that its opper po·1ft overlaps the blue. The yellOW is put on tOP
of the green (3). so that its tOP edge coincides \"ith the bottom edge of
the blue.
In such placement. the green will be the "in-between" of the other colon
and thus their mixture.
8�lJt
8�UC
GflHN
GflUN
-
U�IQW
,
•
After the class has foUll
d severa1 "-I
" '" !('vable
'
nllxturo' thot: liTe (Olleued
rora n exhihition (mou
. 11 y,
practlC<l
on tI
1 e lloor) and the most convincingOfld
aTC selected. Som...
A arc usua11 y more sna:�ful than othen. ..
I he d:.» stato
.
thclr merits and Shortcoming!
and suggesu possible cotTttlionJ and impnwemen.u.
By means of the exhibition, the
swdclll.'J will be reminded that (hue are many hlud
and many yellows. and will conclude thallhcre arc innumerable mixtura
descending from them It is obvious that any
.
2
colon can product: many mixtures.
In addition to the illusion of mixlUTc. another deception will be recognized­
that, in an illusionary mixture in paper,
I
color �ems to show
through the other. The "mixture" paper, therefore. loses its opi.city and
appears transparem or translucent.
In order to make the eye read this double illusion of mixture and of
transparence, the colors must be placed in overlapping shapes. (See diagrams.)
In the drawing belOW, the hatched p.ULS belong to each o( the overlapping shapes
and are therefore the logical place for the mixture.
After simple mixtures, such as blue and yellow producing green - red and
blue producing violet - black and white producing grey - less common
pain, such as pink and ochre, present a further challenge.
For a more intensive experience, keep the area of the mixture
larger than those of the 2 mixing ones.
(See sample studies in Folders IX
..
I
through 3.)
]f we name 2 mixture parents A and B, and their mixture C,
then our first task is to find C's, which are mixtures of A and B,
B's
another task will he
conditioned by
or, a third task,
A
C,
B
c,
This invites one to draw conclusions backward, that is, to guess
from a mixture and
I
mixture parent
.•
..
the other mixture parent .
•
-
XI
n
a ee-il lusio
Transparence and sp
1a stic action
Color boundaries and P
\
.
.
, porlanl discoveries.
' f leads to 3 1m
an/
_
,,
A study of color mixture In p,
.
.
. .
mixture I'5 not as light
First, under normal conditiOns, a Subtractlve
r onc.
as the lighter 0r the olor p.1renu nor as daTk as the darke
.
lower
.
nor
r
highe
r
neithe
11
Furthermore. the mixture IS reclprOCa y
�
in color intensity than the color parents.
,
Second a mixture depends u pon the proportion in which colors are mixed.
, •
and ydlow . for instance. define the character
Varymg amounts 0f blue ,
of a grttn. This indicates a possible predominance of
I
co I or parent .
' g above or below another
Third, when I color IS
' read as appearm
.
.
'
a third deception is recognized -- space-illusion.
I
In the transparence stu d'es
'
•
This leads to the next task:
To produce different illusionary mixtures which derive from I ralr
of parent colors. If the parents are again a blue and a yellow,
some greens will be found with yellow dominance
and others with blue dominance. With more mixing experie
nce
it will become apparent that the nearness of a mixtu re to
one side
(let us say yellow) necessitates distance from the oppos
ite side
(in this case blue).
After having found several mixtures of diffe
rent p.'lirs of p.'lrem colo n,
we then try to find lhe mos t significa
lH and the mos t difficult mix
ture
- the middle mixture. Topographical
ly, this middle mixture
demands
precise placement, and therefore
additional me ans of me
asure are necesrsa y.
Since the middle mixture presup
poses equidistance
(ro m the col or p.'lfelll
S,
it therefore depends equally upo
n the absence o( any
pre dom ina nce
o£ the color pare!lts.
lIere, lhe fOllowing diagra
ms moly be helpfUl:
,
==, ..
,
•
,
•
"
..
,==
....................'C
=::=J ...................
Of the � ban in each diagram. the black bar
(which appears either above,
or below, or in the middle) represents
an in-between color. the mixture in question: that is, the one
to be "equidismnt" from the ,u:compallying while bars.
The latter represent possible color 1).1renl.'l for a color mixture.
The UPI>e1" bar repre�nl.'l a lighter (higher) color,
and the lower bar represenu a decl>CT (heavier) color.
In IA the mixture linc is nearer to the upper line, and is therefore tOO light:
in IIA the opposite happens. The middle color·lo-be is nearer
to the
" or the Ilcccs.,ary corrC(tiom
lower bar and consequently is tOO dark . •
in lA, we must look for a lOwer (darker) middle, and in II" for a higher
(lighter) middle,
Unfonunately, thOSe higlH�r and lower tOIlC$ arc often nOt avail:tble.
In such
cases.
we should 111' to adjust the outer (upper or lower) colon
- inste:td of lhe middle color .. in order to exen;ise llllother \�ay
of corrKt placement.
Thw, in In lhe lower bar
i� hrtcd frOlllllle dtlllC{lline.
e.g. a lightcr color it chosen; in lin the upper b,lr i� lowered.
In c simililr ch:mgt) take pl�ce hut in Jln
opposite dire(;lioll from
II.
CJmp;lrin� gtoups
II
lind
{
will
demomtratc: IhOit {Ol r('('t arr:lngcnleltU !llay Ix'(ollIe { I(�I 10 III' !\Iort' dl�l:llli
"
from the middle color.
oard,
' \III. on Ihe blackb
11{'\llte'" 1111 UP'Atlution \If thl' "WIe tI'J.1�1.
•
.
,
leT
" pil)"'l.llltt'IUI'II'U,1t\Otl
. 111.1) d,Irif)' tillS fli rt
tn
. SI)'llC!
,
the
on
" oor
:d
ihiu
,1
\V!lt'll dl .. ""11* Ih� tll�t tllill �t\l(" It�, e I
. lon tafly
with lilt,' '1\I{IC'nt� ",II1<1h\& �u'(nl\l(1 I11('1lI. It h:mds held han
•
I 1I1)(l\(' thr \llhl"I 1lI;t) 11\lll� ,h('
II:
Oilier ('0101'$.
.
ous passibililies
vari
.
I \onSlrnlt:
ml" Ihll\1 h,md held bell,'(:(:1\ thrill 111.1)' (en
.
. , IColu
.
.
ng
.
.'Uld m(
h
the
I
g
•.
III
1ll0\
v)'
or colo! �t' (\.tilln '111(\ )
1 111(:('111('111. enh('1'
.
Ihi' 11I1<1(Ut' ('0101' "I) 01' dOlI n. Ill' •.
I} mOl IIIS the ouler hands lip
!lUd/OI ,IUlI'n. �in�l)' 01' 1(�lhel"
.
.
.
with II mol''I' dC'I'e\ol.l«\ �cm1 tI\
. -,
..... it will be discovered
II)' ror 1111;1.11
Ihut lIht,U\\ e, 11�II'ne�, \lnd ('(!uidhtullc(: OCIWC<:U colors
.
I.�
the
(nn lit' l'ttl1Qnirrtl thrQush th� bouud.lnCS u.;lw�n
.
IIIiXlUre
.
and the mIxture parents.
u)· ��tI'I idl\� ('Q1UJ)(lriron lind dhdncliou of color boundaries, a new and
impOlI�1II 1lI�"�\I� Is Ipinrd for Ihe I't"�ding of I1Ie p,as[lC
. actIOn of color,
•
thlll i'. 101' the SP;lIilll (,)I-ganil..ltioll of color.
$itM' $OrtN' OOuu<hH'ie$ di.sdO!ic H�al'lless implying connection,
h:m.lcl' 1)01111(\:11"11.'$ inditllte diSI�IllL�. sep;Il'l'lliou,
111 1>\)lh iutl'q)l'c�mtiol\s 0101'$ �n'e pl:lctd llbo\'e or below each other,
01' i.. f1'om of or behind C:::lch olher. Tht)':t\'e read as here and there.
:IS � lIud
be)'Qud there. lmd IhcrdOl"C ill spac.e.
Ailihi $«:11\ to Chllllgt "'ith <'0101'$ prod ucing middle
mixtures. Sometimes
tht)' ;'PI)(;lr at if ll1�eting within II t-tlimensional
plane; at other times
tlu·"y rllli bc l,(,td - iUIN'thllngeallly .. :IS highcr
or lower than the mixture.
Thll$, with :t middle llli�llIl� 1'111 boun
daries are equally soft or hard.
A,I\ ('()t1\eqttcllrc, 1'1 midd le Uli�l\lre !lPre
ars frontal. as a color by itself.
Thi't i� (oUl f)(tltlb lc 10 the:: fC:-.dhlg of
auy symmelrical order
"ml lhe IItiddlc miXIUl't: will �hr1\e unsp
.1.liall),.
lillie' ih Own $11.11)(, or surround
ing Sh.II�, dccidC$ different
ly,
(�l-�ol del's XI -
I , 2, and g.)
Smh II Mudy. or 3 similar tt'COSni1i
ol\, in my opinion. led Cez
anne
I\) his IIlIlq\11' :lttd IIt'W tll'lit Ulflt
iou in p.linting.
I() tlC\C'lup wlol' IIrt;l� whk
He was lhe first
h pl'()(luc� both distinct
and indistinct endings
""H'.iS (OIIlIC'(I«\ nnd
UI\tonOl"tlffl -IU-cas with
and witltoul boundaries
..
1111 1IIt:31U uf pluSli( o'lPtli).;:ttion
.
Alltl, Inlllol"r 10 pre\1'1l
t t\'l'nly IMhllro Im::ts
from ioo\" ing Rat !lnd from
al,
'
hI;' u\td C'Ul lllI'511ctl OOl
'ti(,11 $1\;ld1\�I), mainly wh
l
(:l'c he needed
• '1);111111 �('P"hllion (1'OI
IIII\Ijll('1I1 e'Qlol :1N'3
,