THE NEW INTERNATIONAT ECONOMIC ONDER AND
fHE BASIC NEED APPROACHES
C olp a ti bilitI,
Contradict&n
and/or
Co n f lic t
?
by Johan Galtung
d !6tudes /t.. d6velolryement, Geneve
universitaire
Institut
W University
Goals, Processes artd Indieators of Development Project,
1. Introd.uction
The purpose of thi-s article
is
to explore,
in a
v e r y c u rso ry a n d p re l l ml nar y
i m p o r t a n t p o l i tto a l
co n fl- lct
m anner r what seems to bb a r athe r
shaplng up: between the two ne w
O r a l d D e si g n s i n d e ve l o p ment theor y and. pr aotlce,
the New I nter n a t i o n a L E co n o rn i o Ord e r ( nfnO) and the Basic Ngecls appr oach es
( gN).
so me ve ry few wor ds by way of deftnitton.
N IEO
F i rst,
econ om i c
s t a n d s fo r a n e w w a y of or ganizlng the inter natlonal
s y s t e m - ch a ra o te ri ze cl by such measur es as @
l r a d e b e tw e e n th e p re se n t center and per ipher y couxtr ies ( appr om or e contr o l by
x i m a t e l y F i rst w o rl d a n d Thir d wor ld countr ies) ,
t h e p r ese n t p e ri p h e ry countr ies of any par t of the wor ld eoonom i c
( 1nc1. nationalizatL on
of
c y c l e o th a t p a ss th ro u g h thefr o
dlstr lbutlon
m aso l l , pr ocesetng factLltles,
n a t u r a l re so u rce s,
4
etc. ) and in- ofeased and im prov ed
' Ver y cr ucial- in the
e v a l - u a ti o n o f N IE O a t th e lnter nationaL
level- r which is the 1ev el
a t w h l c h tt i s l n te n d e cl to wor k, woul- d be the r el- ative weight betthr ee com ponents ancl the other two . If
w e e n t h e fi rst
o f th e se
p re d .o mi n a te s i t might ver y wel- l fr eeze the pr esen t
the first
chln€ryr
fi n a n ce
i n stttu ttons,
s t r u c t u r€ ,b u t - p o ssi b l y -a t a hlgher Jevel wher e income io the
p e r t p h e ry co u n tri e s i s concer ned.2) tf the other two pr edom in ate
t h e p r e se n t stru ctu re ml ght be changed., pr esent center - per lpher y
t r a d . e mi g h t d e cre a se l n r elative
ter ng, the inclustr lal- capa c i ti es
o f t h e T h i rd w o rl d co u n trles will incr ease as wel- 1 as the tr ac i e
a m o n g t h e m?-\)On e mtg h t a rgue that the flr st
scenar lo coulit be a
transition
o n th e w a y to the second.
dlffer ent
B N i s a n e n tl re l y
deallng wlth
Ye r y m acro , e sse n ti a l l y
appr oaoh. W her eas NfEO i s
r elations
between r eglo ns of
t h e w o r l -cl a t' th e g l o b a I level ( am ong other r easons because i t i s
a r t t c u l - ate d i n th e U N maohiner y between bl_ocks and r egions of
2
2.
BN i s a mi o ro a p p r oachr Soing down to the 1evel of
h u man belng. It sees development as
t h e s i n g l e i n d i vi d u a l
a q u e s t l o n o f me e ti n g b a sl o needs at the lndividual- Level
( s o r u e w i l lrl i ke
th e p re se nt autir or jLr gue that that is the only
l e v e l a t w h i o h th e y ca n b e met as long as one is clealing with
b a s l c h u ma n n e e d sr n o t w l th such abstr aatlons as €.8. fr ur ban
n e e d s r r f o r se w a g e , rrh i sto :ri ca1 needsr f for collectivtzatlon
of
states)
r n c a n s o f p ro d u cti o n ,
d.efence or
" n a ti onal- needsr r for m ilitar y
f o r a n a ti o n a l l a n g u a g e - al- l- of them, at m ost,
lndlspensabl- e
l i e c e q Ee r ,y co n d l ti o n s !n o rder to m eet baslc hum an needs) . The
if lt is accompanied by ? r €B N a p p r o ach i s o n l -y i n te re s ting
latively
sp e ci fi c l -i st o f needs5bnd with one r ather impor tant
additionaf
a ssw n p ti o n : th .at the f ir st pr ior ity
shoul- d always
/\
b e to th o s e mos t i n needS/t n o t h e r wo r d s , lt
s e t s p r t o r it ie s
pr lor ity
a n d d i strl b u tion:
flr st
to the pr oduc t i o n o f w h a t i s b a si c to m eet human need.s, and in such a way
t h a t i t ca n me e t th e n e e d .s of the most needy. The BN appr oach
w o u l d g i ve mu o h Jo w e r p rl o r ity
to the pr oduction for other th an
for
p r o d ucti o n
h u n a n n e e d s, fo r n o n -b a sl c hum an needs, and for the needs of
t h o s e J . e sc l n n e e d (e xa n p l es: a natlonal alr llne,
oar s, food
s o e x p e n si ve th a t tt l s o ut of r each for the masses) . It shoul d
b e e m p h asi ze d . th a t th e w o rcis r r lower pr lor itytr
does
t m ean
i.
fr
much
later ".r /
n o t a t a l l,
b u t i t mi g h t mean' tater ! even
Wh a t i s th e re lation
is
it
between these two appr oaches ,
contr adlotlon
or even confl- tct ?
o n e o f co mp a ti b l l fty,
T h e a n s w er to th l s d e p e n d s on how one tr les to analyze the
q u e s t i o n , a n d h e re th e re a r e at l- east two appr oach€s,&s ln the
a n a l y s i s o f a n y co n fl l ct
for m atlon. W e then assum e that ther e
a r e t w o asp e o ts to a o o n fl - ict for r nation: the issle and the pa r t i e s . A t th e l e ve 1 o f th e issue it becomes a g.uestlon of com patlbility:
possible to lmplement both NI IO
1 s i t th e o re tl cally
a n d B N a t th e sa me ti me , &t the sane place
or ls ther e som e
w a y i n w hi ch th e y w i l l - h a ve to excJude eachother , simply beca us e
o n e o o m e s i n th e w a y o f th e other ? At the level of the par tie s
o n e w o u l - d a sk a d .i ffe re n t type of question: what kind of actor s
( t n d i v i d u a l s,
g ro u p s a n d c lasses of indivlduals;
states, gr oups
a n d c l a s s e s o f sta te s) w i l L favour one or the other , how do
t h e s e a c t o rs re l -a te to e a chother on other issues, how wiLl thl s
c a r r y o v e r i n to th e p o ssi b le r el- ationshlps between NIEQ and BN ?
7
of NIEO from a BN point
2. A Crj-tique
W e shal1
start
wit h
an a lysls
detached
from the
ha r d to
escape the
pa ti ble
but
of view:
the
f o rme r:
c o n c re t e
conclus lo n
a re la t l' re ly
re a L it ie s
of
a b s t ra c t
today.
rt
is
that
t h e t wo a p p ro a c h e s a re c o m c o u ld b e s a ld a b o u t t h e c o n d it ign s
perhaps somet h ln g
fo r
compatibility"
B riefly
s a id t h e y a re a s f o llo ws :
rrit h NrE o
th e r e is a potential
r'or mo re e c o n o mic s u rp lu s t o a c c u mu la t e i n
world
Thir d
m ee t basic
r nor e bas ic a l l y ,
e c o n o mi c s u rp l u s
of t hos e m o s t j .n n e e d i s
th e
fo r
nc n- bas ic
needs,
will
HI
"'
naive.
s e e a s the
w h a t th e y
to
s c or ga n i z e d
how t o
it
it
is
to
dis tri b u te
of deci si on
usecl to
control
pressi ng
e .g .
i t,
s eem s re a s o n a b l e
wiil
tend"
need.srr ,
themseLves than
are
gi ven
i rnagi ne,
ol
the
ctners,
i ncl i na t ion
a c,furl+,rlr
renai neC C ow n i rr soci ety
i n control
of the
wher e
i andrani l
wcr -
can deci < i e w hat .they w ant to produ.ce,
cl i spose of the surpl us?I-1,' ,0o" these conrl i ti o ns
that
a n ,l h o w to
economi c surpl us
int o
i n need.
b e cartse farmers
point
th e
genera t ed.
' dcri .l t bri nr;
needs, be the.vtrnati onal -
}ess
of
assumpti on
of
model one coul d
care
is
be used to mee;t-i i :,e-basi c needi
A rnore real i sti c
in
they rrake - a nd
the economi c surpl ur
mu c h o f th e economi c surpl us
th a t
of f a c to ri e s
better
take
har l be e n g e n e ra te d ,
k er s
wh e t h e r
necessari l y
o r th e n e e d s o f those
fn th e mo s t o p ti m i s tic
of hunan beings
soci ety
m o s t peopl e
i d e a th a t
t o us e it
it
is
o n w h o d .e c i d.e and w hat ki nd
d e p e n d i n g o n w h ere i n
T o as s ur ne th a t
pic t ur e
q u e s t io n
needs for those n o s t in n e e d . .E c o n o mics u rp lu s c a n b e u s e d i n
m any way s, d e p e n d i n g
t he
the
countries,
to a s s u m e that
they
nasses i n tne
todayS hungry
rural
areas will
pr ef er " lo
p ro d u c e fo o d th a t c a n be eaten on the spot, by themsel ves and their
rn \
f am ilies f " d n d
th a t w o rk e rs m i g ht prefer to produce thi ngs that can be useri f or
bas i- c nee d s p ro d u c ti o n ,
p a rti c u l a rl y
t heir
fa rrn e rs ,
ac t i v i ti e s
gener at eC a t th e
to p
t he
and easily
fre e
This
a s oc iet y
only
elit e
c ount r y
ca p i ta l
gener at ed
us e int o
Evidently,
wheteas
a c cessi bl e
of
soci ety
faci l i tj .es
is
punped
o r s ta t e,
the
upwards through
j -n
usual l y
thus
rel ati n g
wil]
" t::i ckl -e
surpl us
eit her
d.ow n" r €.9 .
in
fi el -C s.
pessi mi sti c
mccel
powerful
centers
at
di-
of medi cal
tw o basi c
generated
the
the
care
i ri ea that
i n these
the nost
ci ot hing
farmer-w orker
for
i tem
model the
surpl us
I
the bottorn not
mechanisms of
of contrcl
i " n th e
j -n th e w o rl d
o r e n te ri n g
th e th re e
the top
farmi ng,
does not take
s u c h a way that
in
p ri v a te
,o r
thi s
w i th
upffbut
own e rs h i p ,
a typi cai
s h o u L d th e n be contrasted
o rg a n i z e d
"trickles
o r e n te ri n g
w i th
them a mi ni rnum w here food,
s o o n e w oul rl add to the
and schooling,
f or m o f
bei ng
b e a r gued. that
r" "
c oop e .a ti o rrfl )r*
s er v ic es
guaranteei ng
a re c o n c e rn e d , ( " s h el tertr
and s helt e r
r ec t
to th e
connecti on
in
at
ty p e s
in
the
economi c centers. A nrl as
econorni c su r pluc
to
12)
el i tekeep
th e to p:-{he
i t for thensel ves,
d.i vi di ng it s
of
p u r poses di fferent
former
approach
from the l asi c
one might
possihly
N eeds approaches.
see a convergence
_4
4.
b e i ween t he
livi n g
a d iv er genc e
will
c o n d -i ti o n s
If
ti c
des c r ipt ion
may in
n o th ing
do w i th
an international
mations
t r ade,
if
ec onom i c fa c to rs
fo o d f or
d, ir ec t
Bn a s ilian
i n t he
c ount r y
p a s s th ro u g h
fa c i l i ti e s
banking
po i n ts
c ont r o l
o f er ber nal
c a n b e c o n tro l l e d
a n d s ta te
level
t r a d .e ,
bas ic
n e e d s fo r
Again
b ri g ht .
fo r
co me ear ned into
o th e r
answer might
the
but
th e
o n e th i n g ,
a n d mi l i ta ry
expectations
generated
is
may be intolerable
concerned
means at
their
disposal
This
about NfEO at
the
cal, information
co rne d. u. et o
b e s om et hing
inc re a s e d
li k e
e l i te s
to
is
th i s t
the
of
i n the
a large
mi ght
the maj or
poi nts),
i nstruments.
peopl e
themselves
i ncreasi ngl y
i nagi ne
cen-
a coi :n t r y
producti on,
on
l ow 1evel
economi c cycl e - obvi ously
w oul d. more easi l y
for
as far
in
first
Third
fo r
deci de
they
N o c l o u b t th e r e
outl ook
not to o
much of the net
and external
enemi es,
in-
in
r the gpp between
may be correct
of a sad reality
pobulation
is
of
might
that
where BN
try
all
regime.
tirne,
th e i r
to convert
continuation
as one might
point
a gui de the
is
segrnents of the
depend on what type
ertent
i nternal
fn thi s
NIEO and the
change the
p ri e e s
to
possi bl e
u n i ts.
through
present
about
surpl us
f cr
quo t ed
consurnpti on mai nl y
W hi ch country
p a .st experi ence
if
me a n s o f c o n tro l
wor ds po l i c e
central l y.
for
than
th o s e mo s t i n need ?
t he e l i tq m a k e ,
T hus ,
prod.ucti on
o f monetari zati on
export
fi nanci al
A s a contrast,
is
be gi ve n
crosei ng
l ow number of
w hen there
produ-
of
ni ght
gate:
e c o n o mi c machi nery.
u n i ts
proporti -on
of the economi c cy cle
border
noney and other
s e l f-rel i ance,
inter-
beans to use the often
tantamorrnt to
c o n tro l l e d
easily
pri ori ty
ai rports,
thi s
stimulate
i n the di recti on
control l ed
by a rel ati vel y
noclel
transfor-
an i ncreasi r:g
is
local
of
both
l e a d ershi p
even low leve1
a n ec onom y m uc h l e s s
rl e c is ions
fo r
ex c h a n g € b e tw e e n th e s e
s pot ,
sa tis f y
fa c i l i ti e s
o f th e e n ti re
b a s ed on a high
(ports,
intra-
'toptimisticrr
proporti on
a n arnow and easi l y
o f th e c o u n try
N IE O i s
of commod" i ti -es for
an i ncreasi ng
NfEO has
corresponding
NIEO nay
hi gher
than bl ack
rather
me a n s th a t
also
by p ri v a te
co n t r olled
tra l iz ed
It
will
a n d t he v ar ious
Si n c e t hes e
c o ffe e
c o n s u rn p ti o n l
means that
the producti on
fo r
that
the
means that
be steered
will
i n turn,
i n s ta n c e ,s o i l
ex am p l e .
j -mpor t - ex por t
This,
with
For one thing
p ra c t i c6T/Thi s
o f th e c o u n try
before,
that
NIEO and intra-national
:
fr l \
i n to
p ro d u c ts .
ex por t able
to t he us e of , fo r
th e
c a mi e d
approach
the N IE O and B N
however,
that
compatible
each other.
of
today
complemented. with
the argument
with
ind.ependent
w as l i ke
l atter
model B i v6s a more realis-
may be argued,
It
must
and
pessi mi sti c
w orl d. countri es
th e s rt uati on
th a t
proceed.
are not
n a ti onal
ci n g
th i s ,
arrangement,
But, to
o f t he
o f Thi rd
be contradictory.
fact
and. maaaes, i n the
the
measures, so as to rnake corrntries
national
above.
o n e n o w a s s u me s that
o f th e n n a j o ri ty
approaches
to
o f th e el i tes
't4)
t,a k e p l a c e i "
carry
perhaps
world
to
the
some erlent
countries
comrnodi ti " & ?)fn
are great
argurnent of
to
inspired
benefit
short,
possi bi l i ti es
inforrned
doubt
by empiri-
from increased
the
in-
concl -usi on w oul<l
of compati bi l i ty
_5
5.
bet ween N IEO a n d BN b u t a l s o
r ()
nal s t r uc t u re s .-" '
contradi cti on:i t
of
J. NrEO and BN as articulations
So far
o'b;iee'!:ivef)' speakiogr
pr c c eed
in th e
Fir;t
to
wg have tried
d i re c ti o n
p a rti e s
of v ieur o f th e
r ic a. l
world.,
in m o re d i re c t
c ir cu -n s ta n c e s ,
being
f ollowi. ng
fc rm .
T h e T i ri rd
c all
f or
t han
ent hu s i a s ti c .
US ). T tre y w i l l
t he
eiit es
r 7)
people' r l' Tt
look
w o rl d
b e th a t
may well
pr ot es ta n t
w i th
pick
will
neans both
say w i th
th i s
type
already
f ir s t
t o a rti c u l a te
and. periphery
abcui
by hi st o-
re1ated
to t he
and masses) are
less
state
of
word. rrus'r may also
be vrit-
i ncome redi stri buti on;
of liIEO,
rt
will
the w ay you treat
enrich
only
your
ow n
of argument w oul d. be rnosi arti cul ated
in
perhaps by upper-mi ddl e
w orl d,
class
econcmi c devei opment
seei ng
nuch
those most i n neeti than w oul d be the case
concerned
less
i ncome.
NTEO they
against
w orl cl el i tes,
U S secretary
a w orfd
consci ence,
for
Thi rd
el i tes
Erpose
of the Fi rst
o w n s h a re o f th e w orl d
bably
center
thc
a former
l ook at
countri es,
considerably
up any argument
betw een the
strrrcture,
be more preci se
or to
a n o v e rs e n s i tive
more hardened. cadre
t han wit le th e i r
a contrad.i cti on
world
point
from the
now shapi ng up seems by an4 )-ar3e + " c have t he
m or e in t e rrn s o f h u ma n d e v e l o p ment
for
Let us then
?
a rguments agai nst
fri n g e
n o rth e rn
int ellec t ual s
fo r
i rri ranat ic-
i;here,
confl i ct
system has serwed us r,.rel-Lft(the
th e T h i rd
in
tr^ro ?
the w orl d
would be tsi$: 'rwhat j-s the
one such argunent
t he
i nto
? h e y w o u l d tend. to
world
: is
contradi cti on,brought
thi s
w o rl c l (and ti ri s
N IIIO; th e F i rs t
'rthe present
t en
w o rl d ,
l-ssue
possi bl e
capitalist
bui l t
is
T h e d i a l o 4 3 re th a t
the
the
There i s
or the
h ow i s
te rrs ;
s ti l l
between
b e tw e e n th e tl v o G rand D esi grs
r elat ions hip
that
to f.ook at
confl i ct.
dcnends nr" t\s
contradictions
and l ook at the
to th c
r+orrd. *noTu-_r*rd
t alk
of underlying
& cr:ntradiction
o th e r
a' l I
It
is
with
to
can find,
the plipf,rt
the masses
of
be expected" that
process
and this
th' -'y
has pro-
- maybe one reason why the World. Barrk has been a.mon6;the
to/
s o m e k i n d . o f B N approa" h.
started.
l
^\
the Third
?hat
t ion
f or
not only
is
loo k s
b e p re d i c te d ,
to
d i ffe re n t
m ay f eel
n e g a ti v e l y
not
c o n c e p tu a l l y ,
only
f air
dis t r i b u ti o n
c ould
i n th e
c r it er ia
th a n th e u p l i ft
as a s ur pri s e ,
probably
th e n
where the
of
shoul d. al so
funda,nental
and i n the
obvious
sonething
a s a s u b te rfuge
d"ebate stands
for
right
make
A policy
i ssues,
eyes of those
who
j usti ce:
a ncr e
i n the
goal r
mi ght
obvious,
norms of
soci al
eyes of the B N protagoni sts
? W hat coul d
o f th o se most i n need, adni tti ng
th e basi c
as i t
of argumenta-
w orLd N IE O has an aj -r of the
of basi c
S i mi l arl y,
type
be hoped for
debate about these
i n terms
this
m o re sound than the 3N approach
a n d . rn e th o d s , b u t n o t
part;1 the questioning
back against
To the Thi rd
but also
o f w e a l th .
hit
e yes of the behol ders
to u c h e d ..
be mo re re a s o n a b l e ,
jus t if ier l
it
m o re s e a rc h i ng
a m ore h o n e s t,
alway s
vrorld will
that
the el i mi nati on
and rnorally
right
pure sel f-servi ng
now. The prediction
what
be mor e
cne rni ght discuss
of mi sery'
To eit her
may initially
be seel
i nterests,
arl d thi s
woulci be that
the
A
is
A
tr'irst worlcl would increasj-ng1y see Third, world argumentation in favour of NIIO
a.s a lray of argul-ng for privileges
world argumentation in favour of BII as an argument in
correspondi.ngly, see First
EconornicOrd.er, preserving Iirst
fa.vour of the Old, International
at the internationaf
has a right
wori,l privileges
to question NIEO, the
world has a right
the First
If
fevef.
Third world certainly
the Third r'rorlcl wil}t
for Third world elites;
to question Bl{ approachesl but hoiv'?'Ihe foj,Io-
lines of probing, to some extent already heard in conferences where
these GranC Designa are being discussed, eingly or combined. f9)
wing are six
4. A Critique
of the tsasic lleeris Aproach from a NIEO point of view.
the real
The argumentation is clear:
justice;
issue is inter"rational
to tlrrorr in the BN approach is an effort
also to insert
into
the political
sceptical
pr6alab1e": no IIIEO
are enacted.. Since the First
to enact such policies
of the Third. world abilities
tantamor:nt
to wid.en the agencla, possibly
discussion a'rcondition
concessi-ons to be given before 3N policiee
economic
this
to a postponement of NIEO concessions or conventions
world is
position
is
for an ind"efinii;e
period..
It
in this
is hardly relevant
connection to argue, for instance,
that the
basic needs'approach at Least dates from 1972, and that the NIEO in a sense ean
be said to date fron the Six+"h special session in 1914 -hence that B1{precedes
NIE0. fn other words, the argunent could. be turned around: NIF,O cr:uld be seen
as a way of sidetracking
the 3N approaches. The reason v\y
this
is besides the
point would be that neither
approach can be said. to have a definite
rather,
stand for
they are nanes that
for a long tirne. NIEO can at least
the B N aDDr o a c h e s a re
practiced, in welfare
closer
states,
trends
that
have been operating
intranational
to
social
and unfortunate
horr the tvo approaches are usecl poIitical1y.
sitting
worl-d lines,
r'ith
on the fence, seems relatively
the Third. world. has one important
fication
of a type of international
to gain,
the BN has to do vith
world. cor.rntries.
If
something va1id. for
welfare
policies
and
as
found in many religions.
of these trro approaches cart be neatly
world/ftrird
in the vorld
which in turn have some roots in the compassion with
The question to be asked is not whether some key points
to First
date:
be tracecl back to UNCTAII (Geneva,7964),
the lowest and most underprivileged.
trajectories
birth
on the socio-political
ordered in tine;
That the polarization
the Second (Socialist)
clear - at least
argument on its
social
intganational
side:
justice
social
for
is
is accord.ing
world to some extent
the time being. And
NIEO is
seen as a codi-
whereby the Third world has
justice,
the 3N approach from the very beginning
the whole world,
the point
and perhaps with
inside
the Third.
had been launched as
a focus on non-naterial
!.
needs as strong
in the First
as the focus
on naterial
world. would show up more clearf.fO\ir"r,
seen more clearly
as two relatively
reasons to regarrl it
the Third
fhus,
brought
fectly
in right
(Z) ft"
is not unreasonable
to find
of trying
tary/pol-itj.ca1
investrnent
is
tilinfC-ngiZ)
1evel and/or
at the indivldual
vidual
posit
if
1eve1 they can be nonitored.
as cod.ified.re.g.,
National
primacy
this
against
in
the Charter
international
contoctj-nd.ividual
context.fhird
world
national
right
nationall"y
and that
or both,
it
basic
wcrld
economic
ri$rts
a.t iiie ind.rvidr:al
the Thj.rc world. vili
needs and trasic national_ rights,
of Econonic Rights
that
w:i-i-i-cone
'rherr mili*
by uirect
na'',ural1y
satisfied
and Duties
or left
need.s and rights
insistence
*f, the ?hird"
irrtr:r:vention
control
national
are claimedr
needs and rights
intervention
1eve1, then j-t rs only at the ind.iQuite
of basic
one per-
suspects the Fir:st
they are satisiied
d,i-vidPals in westem
is
lar:ge parts
internal
Basic needs, like
BN approacir
also neo-colcrrialism
are gone and internal
threatened..
clained
inieinal-
the Third. world
if
nev ways of legitiutizing
fo::nuIas
the issue"
colonies,
possibly
colonialism,
t\g
i-qsue.
five"
3N approach is a new way of legitinizinE
.2rL
encll-Tt
whlr is
sidetrack
world are forner
the TtiirC world
NTEO, a woril
ask :
be
fhe way BN lras been
world.,
as a way of sid.etracking
answer, as afe the following
world are nso-coloniesl
an
NIEO ano BN ni6gi;
to the fhird.
ilu, l.d- can justifia.bl.y
Most of the fhird
,
to
onlv
now ? And the answer "to
reasonable
the shortcominss
independ.ent issues.
l-aunched, as applyingrpred.oninantly
has all
need.s so that
mainly
NIEO constitutes
is up to the [|ird
of Statgs*
unsatisfied
in an
intranational
a coilective
world
itseif
in the
and basic
, co-'L)-ectively or
to decid.e how to make use of this
can be seen as a clearly
ri$1,
intrarrationally
lr,tl:at is coranr:nicated
position"
arrti-interventionist
our masses,and that is none of your
is not "we shal1 continue to exploit
businessrt, but I'whatever we do ineide our countries ie none of your businesstt.
The history
a position
time,
wor1d. j.nte:rrentionisut
to argue credibly
or no possible
rel-atively
that
of First
clear
that
r:nintended
are no interventionlst
consequences in
what a 3N clause
of 3N policies.For
be nonitored
this
imagining
the international
set up to supervise
only
ir:ientions
this
For j-t is
d.irection.
i.e.
decrease in debt burclens, increase
on the cond.ition
to be rneaningful
at the individ.ual,
that
in
aclded. to an NrEO agreement might mean :
a nr:mber of the NIEO conponents (ug.,
in ODA) wou1d. be made available
culty
there
does not put those countries
of an implenentation
woul<i have to
the inplenentation
intranational
bureaucracy
Ievel,
of inspectors
such agreements and however it
is
fhere
that
staffed.
is no d.iffimlght
be
the cycles
of
.f . e