Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 23, No. 2 (2014), 585-591
Short Communication
Phytoplankton Community in Early Stages
of Reservoir Development – a Case Study
from the Newly Formed, Colored, and Episodic
Lake of Mining-Subsidence Genesis
Wojciech Pęczuła1*, Agnieszka Szczurowska2**, Małgorzata Poniewozik3***
1
Department of Hydrobiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin,
Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland
2
Department of General Ecology, University of Life Sciences University in Lublin,
Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
3
Department of Botany and Hydrobiology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
Konstantynów 1H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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Received: 18 October 2013
Accepted: 17 February 2014
Abstract
Mining activities affect a landscape in different ways, including by the formation of subsidence troughs,
which after being inundated form wetlands and lakes. The development of new mining reservoirs may give a
unique opportunity to study the early stages of colonization by various freshwater communities, including
phytoplankton. Our paper presents the results of phycological research undertaken in newly formed subsidence reservoir near the coal mine “Bogdanka” (Polesie Lubelskie) a few months after its filling with water.
The reservoir represented a unique, rare limnologic type due to the fact that it disappeared as a result of intended melioration works in the autumn of the same year. The study focused on morphometric measurements of
the episodic reservoir, determination of general physicochemical parameters of water, and qualitative and
quantitative structure of the phytoplankton community, was undertaken in five separated basins. A total of 80
algal taxa were determined. Most of them belonged to euglenoids (Euglenophyta-36) and green algae
(Chlorophyta-26). Among euglenoids, most species were represented by Trachelomonas genus (14), while
among green algae, most species were assigned to Scenedesmus genus (8). Several rare species were found,
including: Scenedesmus bacillaris Gutw., Dinobryon petiolatum Willén, and Trachelomonas botanica
Playfair. Green algae and euglenoids also had major contributions to the total phytoplankton abundance, which
*e-mail: [email protected]
**e-mail: [email protected]
***e-mail: [email protected]
586
Pęczuła W., et al.
in all study sites did not exceed 2.2×106 ind.·dm-3. This phytoplankton structure was probably influenced by
the high water color related to particular and dissolved organic matter from pre-existing alder forests. Some
differences in phytoplankton structure found among sampling sites were probably connected with habitat differentiation in terms of exposure to light.
Keywords: subsidence reservoir, phytoplankton, episodic lake, ecological succession
Introduction
Mining activities affect the landscape in different ways,
among others, by a formation of subsidence troughs. The
development of these forms below the water table leads to
surface areas being inundated, resulting in the formation of
wetlands and lakes, thus creating new recreational facilities,
but also new freshwater “secondary” habitats, often of high
biodiversity [1, 2]. Limnological studies covering artificial
lakes created by mining activities are relatively rare and to
date have tended to focus on hydrochemistry or freshwater
biota determination in yet established reservoirs, such as
open-cast flooded mines [3-8] or mining-subsidence reservoirs [9-12].
Habitat conditions in mining lakes are often extreme
(low pH, high metal concentrations, high suspended and
dissolved solids) and can serve as refuges for rare or invasive aquatic species [9, 12, 13]. Furthermore, the development of new mining reservoirs may give a unique opportunity to study the early stages of colonization by various
freshwater communities [6, 14]. Although the topic seems
to be attractive for researchers, to date no studies have been
found in the limnological literature, which have focused on
pioneering freshwater communities in newly formed mining-subsidence lakes.
One such reservoir appeared in spring 2010 as a result
of land subsidence associated with coal mine activity in
eastern Poland. Having the opportunity to study a unique,
rare limnologic type of lake, we have carried out research
covering its phytoplankton communities in the early stage
of its colonization (first season after inundation). Because
the lake disappeared (as a result of intended drainage) in the
autumn of the same year, the studied object may also be
defined as an episodic lake. According to Williams et al.
[15], these are permanently dry lakes that may on occasion
contain water. Biotic communities of this type of ecosystem
are hardly identified due to the fact that they are often inaccessible and unpredictably filled with water [16, 17].
This paper will focus on determining the qualitative and
quantitative structures of summer phytoplankton in this
newly formed, mining-subsidence, and episodic reservoir
against its morphometric features, as well as the physicochemical properties of its water.
eastern Poland). Like most of such reservoirs, it had smooth
embankments and the bottom was covered by soil and vegetation of the area. The lake arose near Kaniwola village,
within a farm area, in an agricultural catchment (51º21’ 49’’
N, 23º00’ 55’’ E). Due to the nature of the flooded area, the
reservoir was morphometrically and spatially diverse. Preexisting woodlots and shrubs (consisting of alders and willows on peaty soils) divided the newly created reservoir
into five pools of different depths, shape, and nature of the
bottom (peaty forest soils, meadows, or arable lands).
Phycological research, physicochemical analysis of
water, and morphometric measures were carried out in the
beginning of July 2010 (one month after the establishment
of the water table in the subsidence trough). Due to the
episodic nature of the reservoir, research was performed
only once without the opportunity for further studies. Due
to the morphometric diversity of the reservoir, five sampling points were designated, which represented separate
basins of different maximum depths, separated by one
another with fragments of flooded forest stands:
1 – basin of 1.3 m depth situated near the farm
2 – basin of 1.1 m depth arisen as a result of arable field
flooding
3 – basin of 1 m depth in the middle of the reservoir and
separated with dense shrubs
4 – basin of 3 m depth formed in place of the earlier artificial fish pond
5 – the shallowest fragment (0.5 m), forming a basin adjacent to the main road (Fig. 1).
Material and Methods
The studied subsidence reservoir appeared in spring
2010 as a result of land subsidence associated with the
activity of the Bogdanka coal mine (Polesie Lubelskie,
Fig. 1. Situation map of the studied reservoir. Sampling sites
are indicated as 1-5 numbers.
Phytoplankton Community in Early...
587
Table 1. Physicochemical parameters of the water in five basins (sampling sites) in studied reservoir.
Physicochemical parameters
pH
1
2
3
4
5
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.3
-1
199.0
202.6
204.6
198.7
182
-3
5.1
5.2
5.6
2.9
3.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.3
163
174
160
164
159
EC [μS·cm ]
O2 [mg·dm ]
Transparency [m]
-3
Colour [mg Pt·dm ]
Study sites differ one from another with exposure to the
light: sites 3 and 4 were situated among trees, while the others were in an open area.
Due to the small depth, water samples for analysis were
collected from the surface layer (0.5 m). Phytoplankton was
sampled with the use of the Ruttner sampler (2 dm3), then
fixed with Lugol solution to further determine their numbers using an inverted microscope and the Utermöhl
method [18]. Additional samples were taken with the
plankton net (mesh size: 25 µm) for proper identification of
species in live samples.
Samples for the analysis of water chemistry were taken
simultaneously with phytoplankton samples, with the use
of the Ruttner sampler (2 dm3). Water transparency (with a
standard 0.2 m diameter Secchi disc), temperature, oxygen
content, pH and conductivity (with YSI 556 Multi Probe,
MPS) were measured in the field. The concentration of
chlorophyll-a was determined by the ethanol method [19]
and water colour spectrophotometrically. Water colour was
calculated according to Lean [20], using the formula:
Water colour [mgPt·dm-3] =
18.216 × (A440 × l × 2.303) – 0.209
where: A440 – absorbency at 440 nm and l – optical length
of a cuvette.
The lake bottom was dragged by hydrobiological
anchor aiming to look for any submerged macrophytes.
Morphometric measurements of the reservoir covered its
surface area (with the use of GPS navigation device) and
the depths of separated basins (with the use of cord probe).
In order to determine similarities among site-specific
phytoplankton communities, cluster analysis was performed on the basis of species abundance. We also calculated Shannon's diversity index using algal taxa numbers.
The analysis were performed using MVSP 3.1. software.
Results
Surface area of the reservoir was 17 ha and the depths
of studied basins ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 m. Lake water was
slightly acidic (pH 6.3-6.6), coloured (159-174 mg Pt·dm-3),
and moderately mineralized (electrolytic conductivity: 182204 μS·cm-1). Oxygen content was low (not exceeding 5.6
mg·dm-3) as well as water transparency, which ranged
between 0.3 and 0.5 m (Table 1).
We found no submersed macrophytes within the lake.
Some sparse vegetation developed only in places of preexisting wetlands on the edges of the reservoir. The surface
of the water also was covered by sparse populations of
duckweed (Lemna minor), especially in sheltered places.
A qualitative analysis of summer phytoplankton
showed 80 pro- and eukaryotic algal taxa belonging to
seven taxonomical groups. Most identified taxa belonged
to euglenoids (Euglenophyta-36) and green algae
(Chlorophyta-26). Both groups accounted for almost 80%
of all taxa. Among euglenoids, the largest number of
species were represented by Trachelomonas genus (14),
while among green algae, most species belonged to
Scenedesmus genus (8). Other taxonomic groups were represented less frequently: 7 taxa were from
Cyanoprokaryota, 6 taxa from Bacillariophyceae, and 3
taxa from Chrysophyceae. Only single species came from
Cryptophyceae and Dinophyceae. Studied basins differed
in the number of identified taxa. The highest number of
phytoplankton species was recorded at two sampling
points: near the farm (sampling site 1-38 taxa) and in the
shallowest part of the reservoir (sampling site 5-39 taxa).
The lowest number of taxa (28) was found at sampling
point 3, which was isolated from the others by dense
shrubs.
The taxonomic structure of phytoplankton communities at studied basins was similar. Euglenoids and green
algae were dominant groups in terms of the number of
identified taxa. Euglenoids prevailed at sampling sites 1-4,
while green algae were the largest group at sampling site 5
(Fig. 2).
The most frequently identified Euglenophyceae that
occurred at all basins were: Lepocinclis acus (O. F.
Müller) B. Marin & Melkonian and three Trachelomonas
species – T. hispida (Perty) F. Stein, T. volvocina Ehrenb.,
and T. volvocinopsis Svirenko. The most characteristic
taxa for studied subsidence reservoir and identified at all
sampling points were: Dinobryon petiolatum Willén and
Mallomonas sp. (Chrysophyceae), Cryptomonas sp.
(Cryptophyceae), Peridinium sp. (Dinophyceae), as well
as Monoraphidium arcuatum (Korshikov) Hindák and
Desmodesmus communis (E.Hegewald) E. Hegewald
(Chlorophyta). Among identified algae, several rare
species were found, i.e. Scenedesmus bacillaris Gutw.,
Dinobryon petiolatum Willén, Trachelomonas botanica
Playfair, and Stanieria sp.
588
Pęczuła W., et al.
45
40
The number of taxa
35
Chlorophyta
30
Euglenophyta
Dinophyta
25
Cryptophyta
20
Bacillariophyceae
Chrysophyceae
15
Cyanoprokaryota
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Fig. 2. Number of taxa of taxonomical groups of algae in studied reservoir.
2500000
Chlorophyta
Euglenophyta
Dinophyta
Cryptophyta
Bacillariophyceae
Chrysophyceae
ind. dm -3
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
Cyanoprokaryota
0
1
2
3
4
5
Fig. 3. The abundance of phytoplankton taxonomic groups in studied reservoir.
The total phytoplankton numbers ranged from 0.8×106
ind.·dm-3 at sampling site 2 to 2.2×106 ind.·dm-3 at the deepest sampling site, 4 (Fig. 3).
As in the case of the quality structure, green algae and
euglenoids shared the highest proportion in total phytoplankton numbers. Both groups altogether made up from
76% (at site 5) up to 96% (at site 1) of the total numbers,
but the structure of domination at the research points varied. At sampling site 3, green algae dominated, due to very
high numbers of Monoraphidium circinale (Nygaard)
Nygaard. At sites 1, 2, and 5 green algae dominance was
not so significant, while at site 4, euglenoids showed the
highest share of total phytoplankton abundance (Fig. 4).
A taxon that occurred at all study points in large numbers was Desmodesmus communis (Chlorophyta); this
species made up from 6% to 30% of the total population at
particular sampling sites. Among green algae the high
abundance was shown by Kirchneriella lunaris (Kirchn.)
Moeb. at sampling site 1 (17%), as well as Monoraphidium
arcuatum and M. circinale at site 4 (28% together).
100%
80%
Chlorophyta
Euglenophyta
Dinophyta
60%
Cryptophyta
Bacillariophyceae
Chrysophyceae
40%
Cyanoprokaryota
20%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
Fig. 4. The percentage share of the taxonomical phytoplankton groups in the total abundance in studied reservoir.
Phytoplankton Community in Early...
Fig. 5. Cluster Analysis dendrogram of phytoplankton communities in five studied basins within the reservoir.
Euglenophyta taxa present in large numbers were:
Lepocinclis acus, Trachelomonas hispida, T. volvocina, and
T. volvocinopsis at site 1; Trachelomonas volvocinopsis at
site 2 (accounted 17%); and Trachelomonas volvocina and
T. volvocinopsis, which together accounted for 41% of the
total population, at site 4. Of other taxonomic groups, only
diatom Navicula sp. was a subdominant at site 5.
The species diversity expressed with Shannon index
was on an intermediate level within the range 2.2-2.5 at the
majority of sampling sites. Lower value of the index (1.3)
was recorded at site 3 (isolated by shrubs).
The cluster analysis carried out on the basis of the
species numbers revealed that study sites located near the
farm (1) together with sites 2 and 5, the bottom of which
consisted of flooded arable lands, formed a single group on
a dendrogram. Separateness of shady points isolated by
trees can be noted as well (sites 3 and 4) (Fig. 5).
Values of chlorophyll-a concentrations ranged from
13.6 to 18.6 µg·dm-3. The highest values were determined at
those sites where greens dominated. At sampling point 4
(with the highest total abundance) the lowest concentration
of chlorophyll-a was recorded. At this point, however, euglenoids, mainly Trachelomonas genus, were the dominant
group.
Discussion
Some prior studies have noted the importance of mining lakes in enhancing the biodiversity level of degraded
landscape by creating secondary habitats for aquatic
species [2, 10]. Little was found in the literature on the
phytoplankton communities in mining lakes. Several studies concerned extremely acidic open-cast flooded mines,
where specific low-biomass communities consisting
mainly of small flagellates or diatoms had been described
[8, 21-24]. However, after artificial neutralization of such
habitats, the phytoplankton community may become more
diverse, with diatoms, chrysophyceans, and blue greens
predominating [25]. Phytoplankton communities in one of
the studied sunken sulphur mines were also not abundant
and were represented by a small number of species [3].
On the other hand, a study concerning clay-pit ponds
showed that the total algal biomass may be very high (up
589
to 143 µg chl-a·dm-3) and consist of diatoms, chlorophytes, and dinoflagellates [26]. Also, in one of the mining-subsidence reservoirs (situated near the studied one)
very high phytoplankton biomass (458 µg·chl-a) with filamentous cyanobacteria and chlorococcal green domination was noted [27].
Although some research has been carried out in established mining lakes, no single study covers the phytoplankton communities in a subsidence reservoir in the early
stages of its development. Thus, our results are hard to
compare with results of other investigations. Nevertheless,
some findings would be of general interest.
Phytoplankton was dominated by small algae – flagellates (Euglenophyta) and coccal (Chlorophyta) forms.
Predominance of small planktonic forms is often noted in
extreme habitats [28] or those in the early stage of succession [14], when R-strategists prevail [29]. The high
diversity of euglenoids may be related to high values of
water colour, which probably resulted from high loads of
particulate and dissolved organic matter from flooded
alder forests [30]. The dominance of euglenoids in plankton was found by Stevic et al. [31] in a floodplain lake
during the autumn, when macrophytes started to decay
and the availability of organic matter in the water was
higher. Similar results were obtained by Solorzano et al.
[32], who observed the highest species richness of
Trachelomonas genus in a studied sub-urban reservoir
during the dry season, when concentrations of organic
matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus were the highest. An
interesting succession pattern of phytoplankton functional
groups was described by Naselli-Flores and Barone [33].
While studying temporal ponds in the Mediterranean
region they pointed out that euglenoids appeared as a last
group in seasonal sequence from the flooding to the drying phase. Nevertheless, our results showed that euglenoids may dominate phytoplankton also during early summer in the earlier stages of community development. Both
the high diversity and the dominance of euglenoids in
phytoplankton (mainly from Trachelomonas genus) were
found by Poniewozik [34] in the subsidence reservoir with
coloured water situated in the same region. The group had
dominated the community during all the vegetation season. The high water colour in the studied reservoir might
also influence light penetration to the water column,
establishing poor light underwater climate [35]. This is
favourable for mixotrophic flagellates, which may outcompete autotrophs in light or nutrient limitation conditions [36], and might be favourable for euglenoids, which
are considered mixotrophic protists [37].
The structure of the phytoplankton community in the
studied lake might be also influenced by the lack of macrophytes. Dense macrophyte structures – usually present in
very shallow lakes or ponds – promote higher diversity of
life forms, including metaphytic algae (like diatoms),
which temporarily enrich phytoplankton communities
[33]. However, some reports indicate that in shallow
oxbow lakes with high macrophyte coverage euglenoids
and metaphytic volvocalean species developed frequently
[38].
590
Pęczuła W., et al.
Table 2. Morphometric features and physicochemical parameters of the water in three mine subsidence reservoirs in the Polesie region.
Nadrybie West [27]
Nadrybie East [34]
Kaniwola*
Area (ha)
11.6
0.36
17.0
Max depth (m)
1.5
1.0
3.0
7.3-10.2
6.7-9.8
6.3-6.6
EC (µS·cm )
319-537
620-1245
182-204
SD (m)
0.1-0.3
to the bottom
0.3-0.5
Arable fields,
meadows
Willow shrubs on peaty soils,
meadows
Alder forest, willow shrubs on peaty
soils, meadows, arable fields
pH
-1
Land use before
inundation
*the studied reservoir
The overall number of taxa identified in the whole lake
was rather high (80) as compared to those noted in particular sampling sites (28-39), which resulted from the presence
of many site-specific species. It may be an effect of the variability of habitat conditions, developed in particular basins,
a phenomenon that occurs in shallow lakes [39]. The highest species richness (38-39 taxa) was noted in sites 1 and 5,
situated in an open area on inundated arable lands. The lowest number of taxa was determined in site 3, the basin isolated from the others by trees and shrubs. This site was
characterized also by the lowest species diversity (Shannon
index = 1.3), which was related to the high level of dominance of Monoraphidium circinale green algae, a typical
planktonic species often found in shallow lakes, wetlands,
and ponds [40]. At another shaded site, 4, with the highest
total phytoplankton abundance, the lowest concentration of
chlorophyll-a was recorded, which was related to the predominance of species from the Trachelomonas genus. The
chlorophyll-a content in many euglenoid species is relatively low [41]. The peculiarity of two shaded sites (3 and
4) was confirmed by Cluster Analysis, where they form
separated group from open sites.
There are two other mine subsidence reservoirs in the
studied area. Unfortunately, the only available data on phytoplankton covers the time period of ca. 10 years after these
reservoirs developed, so the comparison with the studied
lake is limited. In one lake with comparable morphometric
features, but with different water chemistry (Table 2),
cyanobacterial blooms occurred with the domination of
Anabaena spiroides and Rhabdoderma lineare [27]. In the
second, very small lake phytoplankton was dominated by
euglenoids with the high share of Trachelomonas species
[34]. The key difference between those reservoirs lies,
among others, in the land use before their inundation:
arable fields and meadows prevailed in the first one, while
willow shrubs on peaty soils in the second one (which one
was similar to the studied lake).
After the comparison with other mine subsidence lakes situated in the studied area we can hypothesize that the phytoplankton structure in a studied lake might mainly relate to
specific habitat conditions. The presence of alder forests
and willow shrubs on inundated areas might shape the
structure of phytoplankton communities by the load of particulate and dissolved organic matter. However, with a
small sample size (one lake studied during one season),
caution must be applied, as the findings might not be transferable to other mining-subsidence lakes. Further research,
including an enhanced number of reservoirs, would be of
great help in our understanding of these ecosystems’ structure and functions, as well as the mechanisms of phytoplankton succession.
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Conclusions
In the newly formed mine subsidence reservoir in the
early stage of the ecosystem development we have found
the domination of euglenoids and chlorophytes in the summer phytoplankton, which had relatively low biomass.
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