Terms of Reference for Sub-Group II
1. To review the present status of Indian mining industry (excluding fuel
minerals) and principal mineral based industries in the country and to assess
its international context.
2. To assess demand for minerals/ ores/ metals and its likely growth during 12th
Plan period and in perspective of 15 years at 8%, 9% and 10% per annum
GDP growth rate (including demand for minerals for production of high purity
material for use in electronics and other emergency technologies.
3. To suggest priority for development of principal minerals in terms of import
substitution, value addition and export , in that order, keeping in view the
scope for generating employment in the sector.
4. To suggest strategies for acquisition of raw material and technology assets
abroad to improve competitiveness, ensure raw material security and help the
growth of the Indian mineral based industry.
1
Core groups on Mineral Exploration and Development
(other than coal and lignite) for the XIIth Five Year Plan
1.Aluminium
2.Copper
3.Lead and Zinc
4.Diamond and Precious Stones
5.Cement and Limestone
6.Industrial/ Non-metallic Minerals
7.Beach Sand Minerals
8.Strategic Minerals
9.Dimensional and Decorative Stones
10.Gold and Precious Metals
2
Improvements from XIth Five Year Plan
Report:
•A new chapter on Strategic Minerals
•A new chapter on Ferrous Minerals
•Addition of Rare Earth Elements in Beach Sand Minerals
• Enriched the contents on Platinum Group of Elements
• Added a section on Precious Stones with diamonds
• Focus on recycling particularly in metals and cement
3
ALUMINIUM
(All figures in million tonnes)
GLOBAL SCENARIO
2006
World
China
2010
2015(p)
Production
33.9
42.3
57.4
Consumption
34.2
41.5
58.2
Production
9.3
16.92
23.7
Consumption
8.79
16.6
28.0
p – projected
China
‐ Imported about 50% of its Aluminium requirement as scrap, bauxite and alumina ‐ Exported about 15% of its production as primary Aluminium and semis will become a large importer of primary Aluminium by 2015
‐ Significant increase in production from 9 million tonnes to 17 million tonnes
4
By 2030, Aluminium consumption growth will be
driven by China & India.
2005
2030
World demand-31.9 Mn tonnes
5%
China
World demand-73.7 Mn tonnes
6%
14%
23%
22%
China
13%
35%
India
3%
4%
5%
22%
8%
4%
India
5%
8%
5%
8%
North America
EU/EEA
Japan
CIS & Other Europe
SE Asia
India
China
Others
10%
Latin America
Source: CRU June’07
Aluminium demand in India to grow more than 5 fold by 2030
27
5
Per Capita Consumption of Aluminium in the World
6
Change in consumption pattern to accelerate
growth
India Picture
World
(%)
28
6
8
2
8
48
17
18
8
6
8
11
10
7
8
10
22
34
19
21
6
6
6
6
11
21
16
4
8
9
15
18
21
17
18
35
39
52
37
18
29
9
1970-71
Electrical
1980-81
Transport
1991-92
Building
1995-96
1999-00
Packaging
Current*
World
Machinery & Equipment
Others
_______________________
Source: World - Barclays & Alcoa
India – Company Data
Electrical sector still the major aluminium consumer in India
7 25
INDIAN SCENARIO
(in million tonnes)
Aluminium
2006
2010-11
2016-17
Production
0.94
1.63 (CAGR – 7.1%)
4.3
Consumption
0.93
1.53
2.8 (CAGR- 9.5%)
(in million tonnes)
Projected capacity
2010-11
2016-17
Smelting
1.71
4.675
Refining
4.6
13.375
Bauxite mining
12.5
28.0
 Deficit of bauxite mining capacity: 2 MT in 2010‐11
12 MT in 2016‐17
 No new Greenfield mines
Pending big projects – Vedanta 3mtpa (Orissa), Anrak 4.5mtpa (A.P), Aditya Aluminium 4.5mtpa (Orissa) 4.5mtpa
8
Bauxite Reserves and Resources of India (Figs in Million Tonnes)
9
INDIAN SCENARIO
 Recycled Aluminium‐ estimated at about 20% of consumption ‐ global consumption 32% (expected to be 40% by 2025)
 Currently India exports as well as imports alumina and aluminium
 The semis and downstream, value‐added, alloy production sector is not well‐
developed in India, resulting in significant imports in these applications
 The priority for India should be imports substitution followed by value addition before exports
• Technology for alloys and other value added products 10
11
REVIEW OF XI PLAN
1. Grant of ML, EC, FC are main constraints
- Delays exist
2. Recycling to be promoted
- No significant progress
3. Green field smelters to be planned for
future
- New smelter came up at
Jharsuguda
4. Import of scrap to be increased with low
duty
- Duty structure altered
5. Utilisation of red mud disposal
- No technical break through
12
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Faster clearance of big mining projects
•
Bauxite/ alumina imports to be facilitated through appropriate duty structure
• Value addition in Al alloys and semis to be encouraged through removing inverted duty structures and induction and promotion of appropriate technologies indigenously or through JVs
• Domestic recycling to be promoted by a mix of regulation and fiscal measures to ensure more organised segregation/collection of scrap and more scientific melting/recycling to provide proper quality
• Aluminium smelting being energy‐intensive, allocation of captive coal blocks or linkages at par with IPPs for primary smelters
• Development of appropriate technology through R & D for utilisation of Red Mud
• Smelter can be established abroad to produce metal at low energy cost
•
Efforts should be made to acquire mining assets abroad
13
COPPER
Global Scenario •
Strategic metal for economic development; Consumption growth strongly
linked to economic growth
•
Global consumption projected to rise from 19.4 mt in 2010 to 31.6 mt by 2025
(CAGR of 3.3%)
14
Emerging markets with low per capita usage currently to drive future growth
15
Distribution of Global demand for Refined Copper‐ Page 6
16
COPPER Global Scenario
•
•
Asia’s share: 53% in consumption,
43% in refined production – but <onefifth in mine production
49% of global refined copper
production through custom smelting
route (vs. 33% in 1995)
Source: W BMS www.world-bureau.com
Region
%
Asia
43
Am erica
32
Europe
19
Africa
4
Oceania
2
- Japan, Korea, China, India, Germany
completely dependent on custom
smelters
•
Mine supply will continue to remain
tight due to falling grades and depths,
keeping prices firm; more pressure on
recycling and substitutes
Total
100
COPPER
Indian Scenario
•
Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL) is the only company in mining, producing
<5% of India’s requirement of concentrates; by the end of 12th Plan, will cater
to ~8-9% based on mine expansion plans
•
Two Custom Smelters in private sector account for ~95% of production
•
One secondary smelter depending on imported scrap ~ Not in producction
•
Refined copper production is ~6.6 lakh tonnes against production capacity of
1 million tonnes(2010-11)
•
largely static during XI Plan
•
At present only ~65% capacity utilisation
18
Indian Scenario (contd.)
(tonnes of Copper)
2006-07
2010-11
2016-17 (P)
Consumption
4,14,887
5,66,261
9,50,000
Production
Capacity
9,99,500
9,99,500
14,99,500
Production Actual
6,57,232
6,63,753
13,67,500
Concentrate
Requirement
6,81,000
6,88,000
14,20,000
30,231
31,683
1,18,000
Concentrates
Production (HCL)
•
Consumption grew in XI Plan by 8.5-9% CAGR, projected to grow
at the same rate in XII Plan
•
Custom smelters expected to add capacities in line with the
growth in demand, leaving sufficient surplus for continuing
exports
19
Sector wise copper consumption ESTIMATED SECTORWISE
COPPER CONSUMPTION IN INDIA
11%
7%
7%
6%
56%
5%
8%
Elec & Tel
General Engg.
Others
Source : ICDC
Transport
Cons. Durable
Process Ind
Bldg & Constn
20
Indian Scenario (Contd.)
•
Ore resources :
1394.4 MT (11.4 MT contained Cu)
•
HCL holds
503.39 MT ( 6.09 MT of contained Cu)
•
Present mining capacity 3.21 MT, to be expanded to 12.71 MT
by 2016-17 (1,18,000 tonnes of Cu)
•
Sterlite applied for RP/ PLs during 2007, 2008;
•
KCC smelter/ refinery shut down since Dec. 2008; selling/
tolling surplus concentrate; precious metals plant at ICC
closed – anode slimes being exported
•
In view of large dependence on imported concentrates, the key
focus for XII Plan should be raw material security.
21
22
COPPER
Copper Recycling in India
•
Copper content of imported copper & copper alloy scrap
2006-07 – 78,484 tonnes
2008-09 – 70,335 tonnes
*2010-11 – 75,356 tonnes
*(prorata on 9 months’ basis)
•
No precise data available or indigenous scrap. Industry estimate – about 3035% on average of total copper consumption
•
Only one 50,000 tpa secondary refined copper manufacturing facility; currently
non-operational
•
Thus, all scrap is processed through direct melt route
23
COPPER
Review of XIth Plan
1 Introduction of robotic
. mining
- Not relevant, may be dropped
2 High volume and multi. metal extraction
- No significant progress
- To explore potential investors willing
3 Adoption of Solvent
. extraction- electro winning to
(SX-EW) technology
invest in this technology based on
small deposits.
4 Strategic approach of
. PSUs
- Private investment to be encouraged
in exploration
5 R & D activities in mining
.
- Focus on beneficiation
6 Re-opening of closed
. mines
- HCL has opened new mines
24
COPPER
Recommendations
•
Addition of resources by encouraging exploration
•
Development of existing resources through both Private and Public investment
•
Government support (incl. Government-to-Government coordination) for overseas mine
acquisition / tie-ups
•
Maintain viability of custom smelters – a business model inevitable for India
•
Reduce basic customs duty on concentrate imports from 2.5% to NIL, at least until CST
is phased out
•
Leverage FTAs / PTAs to improve access to copper concentrate
•
Encourage efficient recycling of scrap through appropriate technology
•
Encourage smelters to recover gold and silver from slimes indigenously by removing
excise duty and import duty
•
Incentive scheme for copper based product export
•
Create a nodal centre or help relevant existing organisations for regular data collection &
analysis
25
LEAD AND ZINC
Global Scenario
(million tonnes)
metal
2005
2010
2015 F
Zinc Mine production
9.88
12.19
14.55
Zinc conc. consumption
9.92
12.34
14.56
Zinc Metal (incl. secondaries/losses)
10.13
12.52
14.80
Zinc consumption‐ Global
Zinc consumption‐ China
10.61
2.85
11.64 (CAGR 3.5%)
4.70
15.1
6.91
Lead mine prod.
3.34
4.04
4.73
Primary refined prod. 4.18
4.68
5.59
Secondary refined prod.
3.53
4.64
6.25
Total refined prod.
7.71
9.33
11.84
Lead consumption‐ Global
Lead consumption‐ China
7.80
1.85
9.06 (CAGR 4%)
3.96
11.90
6.21
26
LEAD AND ZINC
•
50% of zinc is consumed in galvanising, balance in alloys, brass/bronze, semis , chemicals.
•
80% of lead is consumed in batteries, balance in rolled / extruded products, pigments, ammunitions.
•
Prices of zinc and lead normally move together, but lead prices are expected to move faster than zinc, going forward
•
World resources of Zinc at 480 million tonnes and lead at 180 million tonnes (contained metal)), Australia, China and USA being the leaders •
In lead, secondary is a larger source than mine supply.
•
Currently, zinc is an oversupplied market, while lead in deficit; trends to continue in future, thus reflecting on prices accordingly.
27
LEAD AND ZINC
INDIAN SCENARIO
Resources
(in Million Tonnes)
Reserves + Contained
Resources
Zinc Metal
Contained
Lead Metal
India’s Position as on 1st April 2005 (IBM)
522.58
24.26
7.21
Net addition during 2005-2011 (HZL)
148.38
12.92
3.84
All India Net Position as on 1st April 2011 670.96
(Provisional)
37.18
11.05
Source: HZL
28
LEAD AND ZINC
Production and Consumption
1.
2007-08
2010-11
2016-17 (F)
Zinc Conc. (MIC)
5,51,295
7,52,125
9,30,000
Lead Conc. (MIC)
77,724
87,928
1,60,000
2.
Refined Zinc
4,58,226
7,12,471
8,79,000
3.
Zinc Consumption
4,28,226
5,18,133
8,80,000
4.
Zinc (Export-Import)
40,000
2,41,000
Marginal
5.
Refined Lead (Primary)
58,247
57,294
1,85,000
6.
Refined Lead (Secondary)
1,52,000
2,00,000
3,50,000
7.
Lead Consumption
2,95,000
3,80,000
5,68,000
8.
Lead (Export-Import)
(-) 65,000
(-) 65,000
(-) 30,000
─
Resources of both lead and zinc have increased significantly during
XI Plan Due to intensive exploration efforts by HZL – both greenfield
and brownfield, spending USD 8-10 million every year.
─
Production of zinc and lead, both mine/ smelters, has also increased
substantially over XI Plan period
29
LEAD AND ZINC
Review of XI Plan
clearance for grant of RP/PL/ML; process simplification for all ‐ Ongoing
clearances including environment and forest clearances
Inadequate exploration; lack of infrastructure and enabling ‐ Significant progress in Pb/Zn environment
despite constraints continuing
Framework of commitment to active exploration by mining ‐ More efforts by mining companies
cos. towards exploration
Improved regulatory regime
‐ MMDR Bill 2010 in progress
No EC for PLs
‐ Exempted
Simplify land acquisiton, R&R, particularly in forest areas
‐ New R&R policies and PSP proposed in MMDR Bill
Rationalise royalty rates
‐ Ongoing
Part of royalty for peripheral/infrastructure development and ‐ Provision in new MMDR bill
for funding exploration
Royalty deferment to support investment in mineral/metal ‐ Ongoing
sector
30
LEAD AND ZINC
Recommendations
• Further efforts on exploration – to increase resources and to convert resources into reserves
• 50% of Indian resources are low-grade, not feasible to exploit. Special incentives/ reliefs to exploit such
deposits
•
Concessional duties on exploration equipment/ tools and geophysical/ chemical survey instruments
• Simplification of Aerial survey procedures/ approvals
• Protection of duty regime during FTAs to protect exports
• Supportive tariff regime to enable concentrate imports etc.
• Development of downstream alloy industry to replace imports and add value indigenously.
31
DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES
Global Scenario




The world diamond production 140 Million carats estimated at
USD 11.75 billion
The main producers are Russia
(24%), Botswana, Angola , DRC
South Africa, Australia and
Canada
~92% uncut diamonds land in
India for cutting & polishing ()
Jewellery is major value addition;
major portion of the finished
products is exported- industry
worth 31 billion- 10 lakh
employees- China 25,000
32
DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES
Indian Scenario





New Delhi
Favorable geology indicating
high potential for economic
discoveries- 0..04% production
at present.
Total 302,062 km2 have been
explored in 10 states; which is
about one third of total cratonic
area. (Potential target areas)
Major exploration entities are
De Beers, Rio Tinto, BHP,
Jindal Steel and NMDC.
Over
100
Kimberlites
discovered in last decade
Bunder the only minable
deposit
Bundelkhand
Bastar Craton
Dharwar Craton
Bangalore
DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES
RP and PL status
State
Andhra Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Total
Total Area
RP Granted
67768.3
44615.5
7080
51883.4
68880.6
16741
18227.8
9683.1
16685.3
497
302,062
Total Area
RP
Relinquished
53265
36113
5070
37973.7
39650.8
8590
18227.8
Nil
12001.3
Nil
210,892
Total Area
PL
Applied
1012.6
628.9
Nil
61.5
195.5
Nil
201
Nil
Nil
Nil
2100
Conversion from RP/PL to ML is low
Total Area
PL
Granted
811
Nil
Nil
Nil
70
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
881
Total Area
ML
Applied
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
0
Total Area
ML
Granted
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
0
DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES
Review of XIth Plan
To continuously review the diamond export/ import policy; to make continuous availability of roughs to the industry and facilitate exports of finished products.
‐Imports and exports both have increased at a very good rate during XI Plan. Value addition surged to USD 16.32 from 3 billion.
‐Threat now coming due to desire of China and South Africa to polish diamonds within their countries.
Efforts to increase production of rough ‐ No new mines added diamonds to partly meet the requirement of Indian diamond industry.
Exploration efforts may result in discovery ‐ Bunder deposits discovered; first of a new mine, production may be production expected by 2016
expected only by 2015.
Exploration activity required to be boosted
‐ Reasonably increased activity but requires further boost Relaxation for PL to be > 25 sq km within ‐ Revised provision under the draft MMDR MMDR Act 1957 as per NMP.
bill‐ area limit 500 sq km
DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES
Suggestions and Recommendations







Thrust on Diamond Exploration to match Indian gems and jewellery industry
Aim to achieve 5-7% of domestic production to add the current 156mct of
import supply
Investor-friendly Policies to attract junior and other players in exploration
Simplify permitting Procedure for Airborne Survey- Procedure1-2 year time
line
Reducing the permitting approval timeline to keep the interest of existing
players and attract new Indian and foreign MNC’s
Upgrade of Diamond Industry to counter China the future threat to cutting
and polishing industry.
Regional Surveys and Technology Upgradation by GSI like Regional
Airborne Geophysical Surveys, Magneto-Telluric (MT) Survey, Lithoprobe
Project and Teleseismics (Seismic Tomography) Project
36
DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES
Precious stones
Global Scenario
•
•
•
•
•
The top three producers of
Emerald are Columbia, Brazil and
Zambia
The top three producers of Ruby
are Myanmar, Madagascar and
India
The top three producers of
Sapphires are India, Myanmar, Sri
Lanka
Semi precious stone the top three
producers are Tanzania, Brazil and
Australia
Emerald Yellow Sapphire Ruby Blue Sapphire Major cutting and polishing centres
are India, Thailand, China and
Sri Lanka
37
DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES
Indian Scenario
• We have producing mines in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka,
Rajasthan, Orissa, Jammu and Kashmir and Tamilnadu- little data on
reserves resources.
•The country polishes the entire gamut of gems of virtually every hue
•India is known as the leading centre for cutting and polishing emeralds
•India is the chief source of polished tanzanite
•Jaipur - India’s major hub for cutting and polishing of coloured gemstones
•India’s Import of Coloured Gemstones US$ 146 million
•Exports of coloured gemstones were US$ 315 million in 2010-11
DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES
Recommendations
•Illegal mining- Need for appropriate regulatory framework
•Regional surveys and technology up gradation to ascertain availability of coloured
gemstones
•Focus attention to diamonds and coloured stone security
•Facilitate with direct procurement of coloured gemstones rough through Government
support
•Facilitating market access for Indian exports
•Negotiate favorable trade regimes and agreements with countries which currently
impose high tariffs on imports from India (e.g. Brazil, Mexico, China)
40
CEMENT AND LIMESTONE
Global Scenario
WORLD CEMENT PRODUCTION (2010)
Country
Cement Production
(Mn.t)
% of
Total
Per Capita Cement
Consumption (Kg.)
China
1800
54.5
1218.4
India
220
6.7
170.0
World
3300
100
447.4
Source:USGS, 2011
‐ Resources of Limestone – widespread and abundant
‐ Concrete substitutes like aluminium, asphalt, clay bricks, etc but not significant
‐ Use of supplementary cementation materials (SCMs) like fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag significant; both in cement and concretes.
41
Performance of Cement industry during XIth Plan
•The cement capacity increased from 178.89 MT in 2006‐07 to 313 MT in 2010‐11
•The cement production increased from 161.64 MT in 2006‐07 to 231 MT in 2010‐11
•The cement demand increased from 149.34 MT in 2006‐07 to 226 MT in 2010‐11
•The cement/clinker exports decreased from 9 MT in 2006‐07 to 5 MT in 2010‐11
•Capacity utilisation decreased from 90% to 74%
• Production of PPC and PSC (blended cements) further increased
•Cement demand expected to reach 388 MT by end of 12th Plan, based on 10% CAGR; capacities will continue to get built
42
CEMENT AND LIMESTONE Availability Of Limestone Reserves and Resources
A: State-wise status of cement grade limestone reserves & resources (Provisional) as on 01.04.2010 (in MT)
Remaining
Zone / State
Reserves
Total Resources
Resources
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Jharkhand
Manipur
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Orissa
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Pondicherry
Tamil Nadu
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Daman
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Rajasthan
Uttaranchal
Uttar Pradesh
Grand Total 213.024
11.472
116.055
146.637
0.825
534.993
2564.219
717.732
143.392
465.288
852.056
670.897
391.644
199.608
9.675
162.927
90.743
1533.257
1.136
123.346
151.500
756.783
438.282
199.986
38.423
13797.798
20.000
426.627
4.417
31717.544
24896.708
2.231
15.732
230.698
7051.152
8287.222
3934.656
1161.636
48.840
48.538
3454.293
511.189
17004.643
1011.581
380.146
8948.926
115590.625
-
151.500
969.807
449.754
316.041
38.423
13944.435
20.825
961.620
4.417
34281.763
25614.440
145.623
15.732
695.986
7903.208
8958.119
4326.300
1361.244
48.840
58.213
3617.220
601.932
18537.900
1012.717
503.492
124539.551 43
Demand and Constraints For Limestone
•
Reserves of cement grade limestone reduced from 9.4 billion to 8.9 billion tonnes during the 12th Plan while remaining resources increased from 90 billion tonnes to 115.6 billion tonnes
•
Limestone reserves requirement is 669 MT by 2016‐17 based on 100% OPC and 490 MT considering about 25% OPC
•
Geological Constraints ‐ Non Uniform Distribution, low‐ grade resources
•
Lack of Infrastructure and Inaccessible Deposits •
Forest and Human Settlements
•
Environmental Constraints including Coastal Regulation Zone •
30% resources are in forest/ coastal areas
44
CEMENT AND LIMESTONE
Review of XIth Plan
No substantial increase in total reserves. Need ‐ Total resources increased from to identify deposits
97 BT in 2006 to 124 BT in 2010; however, reserves have marginally come down
Review of the provisions of the CRZ is essential ‐ Amended CRZ Notification –
to enable eco‐friendly use of reserves blocked with respect to High Tide and Low Tide ‐ issued making it along Gujarat coast
even tougher
Efforts have to be intensified to utilise 27% of marginal grade limestone
‐Some industries have begun using low‐grade limestone for blending but no major efforts yet.
Periodic re‐assessment of captive limestone reserves need to be made mandatory.
‐ Rule 27(3) of MCR – all lease holders to submit exploration details as a part of mining plan process
Royalty rates of limestone are abnormally high ‐ To be taken up 45
Recommendations
•
Development of Infrastructural and Communication Network to Exploit Inaccessible Deposits •
Intensify Exploration Activities to convert resources into reserves
•
Increase the Depth of Exploration •
Integration of Small Quarries to Improve the Workability of Mines
•
Periodic Reassessment of Captive Limestone Mines
•
Deep Drilling, Geophysical Exploration for Concealed / Deep Seated Deposits •
Incentive for Adoption of Mineral Beneficiation Techniques for Utilizing Low and Marginal Grade Limestone •
Adoption of Eco Friendly Mining Methodologies and Relaxation in Environmental Rules and Regulations
•
Use of higher proportions of SCMs (fly ash, slag, etc)
•
Optimisation of raw mix design for clinkerisation to reduce dependence on high CaO in raw meal, but will require low ash coal or natural gas, etc
46
Industrial Minerals
oFertiliser Minerals‐ Apatite & Rock phosphate, potash and sulphur & pyrites; oFlux & Construction Minerals‐ Asbestos, dolomite, fluorspar, gypsum, wollastonite and non‐cement grade limestone; oCeramic & Refractory Minerals‐ Quartz & other silica minerals, fireclay, ball clay, kaolin(china clay), magnesite, graphite, pyrophyllite, kyanite, sillimanite, vermiculite and non‐metallurgical grade bauxite and
oExport Oriented Minerals‐ Barytes, bentonite, fullers earth, mica and talc/ steatite/ soapstone are.
Value of production of Industrial Minerals during 2009‐10 was Rs. 1,399 crores.
47
Industrial Minerals
A. Fertiliser Minerals: Mineral
Rock
Phosphate
World
reserves
(in Million Tonnes)
Indian
Resources
Present
production
2009-10
Estimated demand
2011-12
Actual demandsupply
Gap (09-10)
2016-17
65,000
305
1.547
8.434
12.393
5.679
Potash
9,500
21,815
Nil
-
-
-
Sulphur &
Pyrites
Large
1,674
0.263
1.896
2.787
1.366
48
Mineral
Recommendations
Rock Phosphate
-Open for Pvt. Sector.
-Cluster Mining.
-Technology for extraction of low grade ores may be adopted.
-Further exploration is needed in various parts of the country.
Acquisition abroad
Potash
-Open for Pvt. Sector
-Glauconitic sand stone as substitute.
-State Govt. for further development. Acquisition abroad
Sulphur & Pyrites
-Deposits may be re-opened for Private Sector.
- Incentives for Refinery & Petro-Chemicals.
49
Industrial Minerals
B. Flux and Construction Minerals:
Mineral
Asbestos
(Th. Tonnes)
World
reserves
Indian
Resources
(in Million Tonnes)
Present
production
2009-10
Estimated demand
2011-12
Actual demandsupply
Gap (09-10)
2016-17
200,000
21,740
0.233
386
567
Dolomite
Large
7,533
5.200
6.030
8.870
Fluorspar
23
20.166
0.014
0.182
0.267
.146
Large
1,237
3.423
5.554
8.167
1.34
Wollastonite
NA
20.240
0.132
0.130
0.191
-.021
Non-cement
grade Limestone
NA
70,765
14
19
28
Gypsum
.33
50
Industrial Minerals
C. Ceramic and Refractory Minerals:
Mineral
World
Indian
Present
reserves Resources production
2009-10
(in Million Tonnes)
Estimated demand
2011-12
2016-17
Actual demandsupply
Gap (09-10)
Recommendations
Quartz &
Silica
Sand
Large
3,238
2.898
3.090
4.540
-.245 - Environmental
constraints may be
cleared for mining in
Haryana.
-.058 Attention for quality
improvement
Fireclay
Large
705
0.410
0.471
0.692
Kaolin
Large
2,596
2.578
2.939
4.319
.099 Attention for quality
improvement
Ball Clay
Large
79.290
0.898
1.162
1.708
-.006 Attention for quality
improvement
Magnesite
2,400
338
0.286
0.397
0.583
.054 -Discourage imports
Industrial Minerals
Mineral
World
reserves
Graphite
Indian
Present
Resources production
2009-10
Estimated demand
Actual demandsupply
Gap (09-10)
2011-12
2016-17
0.133
0.195
Recommendations
71
169
0.109
Pyrophyllite
Large
33.690
0.242
0.282
0.415
Kyanite
(Th. Tonnes)
Large
103,000
6
6
9
Sillimanite
(Th. Tonnes)
Large
74,000
31
37
54
0 -Exports may be
encouraged.
Vermiculite
(Th. Tonnes)
-
2400
13
14
21
-.001 -Exports may be
encouraged.
Nonmetallurgical
grade bauxite
NA
157.3
3066
2.52
4
.005 -Incentives for
beneficiation of low
grade.
0 -More exploration
-0.02 -Detailed exploration for
grade analysis.
-Exports to be
discouraged.
-Substitutes to be
explored.
Industrial Minerals
D. Export Potential Minerals:
Mineral
World reserves
Indian Resources
(in Million tonnes)
Present production
2009‐10
Estimated demand
Actual demand‐
supply
Gap (09‐10)
Recommendations
240
74.200
2.138
2011‐12
1.330
2016‐17
1.960
Bentonite
Large
530
NA
NA
NA
NA ‐Exports may be encouraged. Fullers earth
Large
256
NA
NA
NA
NA ‐Exports may be encouraged. Mica
(Th. Tonnes)
Very large
394
1
NA
NA
Talc/steatite
Large
312
0.835
0.863
1.270
.090 ‐Process know how for extraction of lithium & rubidium
‐ To establish wet ground mica
plants. ‐.095 ‐Exports may be increased. Barytes
‐.997 Exploration required.
Beach Sand Minerals Mineral Composition
Applications
#
Ilmenite*
(50‐60% TiO2)
#
Leucoxene* (75‐82% TiO2)
#
Rutile *
(> 92% TiO2)
#
Zircon
(64‐66% ZrO2)
#
Monazite
(58% RE2O3, 9%
ThO2 & 27% P2O5)
#
Sillimanite
(56‐58% Al2O3)
Aluminium Silicate
Sp. Gr.:3.2
•Refractories, ceramics in steel, glass, other furnaces
#
Garnet
(43% FeO, 21% Al2O3, 36% SiO2)
Iron Aluminium Silicate
Sp. Gr.:4.1
•Abrasive, water jet cutting, water filtration, sand blasting media, anti skid agent for roads/ air strips
•Non‐toxic, high RI paints, pigments
•Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs to Oxide of titanium improve brightness
& iron. •Titanium metal / alloys find applications and Sp. Gr.:4.2‐4.8
hi‐tech planes, missiles, space vehicles, surgical implants
Zirconium Sillicate
Sp. Gr.:4.7
• Ceramics, refractory tiles, armour plating on military aircraft, heat shield in space shuttles, solid oxide, fuels cells in hydrogen powered vehicles
Phosphate of Rare earths & Thorium •Rare earths, thorium, uranium
Sp. Gr.:5.2
# ASSOCIATE MINERALS * TITANIUM FEEDSTOCK
54
MAJOR SOURCES
World
India
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION OF ILMENITE IN THE WORLD
Resources
Production / Resources ratio
Resource in contained TiO2; Production in mineral concentrate
Source : Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2005
* Including Leucoxene
Beach Sand Minerals Minerals Wise Demand Supply Gap –India (2010‐11)
(QTY IN MT)
SURPLUS SHORTAGE
60
Beach Sand Minerals RARE EARTH METALS Forecast For Global Demand For Individual Rare Earths In 2015
Rare earth oxide
Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Demand
59,250 69,425 9,750 Neodymium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Erbium
Yttrium
Ho‐Tm‐Yb‐L
Total
37,000 1,350 925 2,575 480 2,450 1,075 12,500 220
197,000
Applications
Fluid cracking catalyst in refineries Polishing powders in CRT, LCD, TFT monitors
NiMH rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, hybrid cars
Permanent magnets (wind turbines, defence)
Permanent magnets (wind turbines, defence)
Phosphors in mobile phones, plasma TVs
High speed communications
Lasers
(QTY MTs REO)
61
Beach Sand Minerals
Review of XIth Plan
1.
Exploration for Xenotime, Bastnesite (containing naturally occurring rare earth elements)
‐ Could not be realised
2.
India’s share 2.6% in RE production
‐ Could not be realised
3.
Exploration/ survey of complete coastline
‐50% so far; 350 sq. km during Xi Plan 4.
Value‐addition in Titanium and REs
‐ Little progress
5.a. Shifting of Ilmenite, Rutile and Leocoxene from Part B to Part C
‐ Proposed in MMDR Bill 2010
b. Unified window for clearance and permission
‐ No progress
c.
‐ Not required (monazite in tailings)
Doing away with the requirement of obtaining license from AERB for ilmenite tailings
d. Export license from DGFT for ilmenite
‐ Not required now
e. Value‐addition industry
‐ No progress
62
Beach Sand Minerals RECOMMENDATIONS
•
Value addition to be promoted – technology for Ti sponge, Rare earths production and usage; policy on value addition in FDI needs review.
•
Grant of concessions and land acquisition to be simplified and facilitated (environmental concerns, habitation and tourism activities on mineral bearing areas)
•
Mineral Exclusion Certificates (MECs) before allotting land for other purposes
•
Better synergy amongst AMD, IBM and State DGMs
•
Prevention of illegal mining
63
STRATEGIC METALS AND MINERALS
Following metals are covered here
Tin, Cobalt, Lithium, Germanium, Gallium, Indium, Niobium, Beryllium, Tantalum, Tungsten, Bismuth and Selenium Germanium consumption (2009)
5%
15%
30%
Fiber optic systems
Infra red optics
25%
25%
64
65
Why these metals/minerals are strategic?
•Hi-tech defence applications, hybrid cars, wind turbine magnets,
electronics, LCD screens etc- strategic minerals need for advances in
technology development
•Substitutes are limited
•Production volume is limited when compared with bulk commodities and
often produced as a by-product
•Concentration in few geographies, mainly China. India production
practically NIL.
• Resource nationalism is an increasing threat to global strategic mineral
flow.
66
STRATEGIC METALS AND MINERALS
Brief Summary
India’s
Import
(TPY)
Global Demand(2030
estimates)
(TPY)
(IBM, 08-09)
NA
1560 (IBM)
9953
(IBM,07-08)
240,000
Chile,
Australia,
China,
NA
NA
Solar Cells,
Defense, Optical
fiber
China, USA,
Russia
NA
NA
LEDs, Mobile
Communications,
solar cells, medical
imaging
China,
Germany,
Kazakhstan
-
NA
Source
User
Industry/Sectors
Major
Producers
Tin
Cassiterite
Solder, Tin Plate,
Alloys, ICs
China,
Indonesia,
Peru
Cobalt
Produced as a
by-product of
Copper and
Nickel mining
Batteries &
Chemicals,
Carbides, Super
alloys & Magnets
Congo, US,
China
Lithium
Electrolysis of a
mixture of lithium
Chloride and
Potassium
Chloride
Batteries, Ceramics
& glass, Grease
Germanium
Sphalerite, zinc
and copper
smelting process
Gallium
By-product of
Alumina
Production
process
Mineral
India’s Production
(TPY)
60
340,000
220
603
67
STRATEGIC METALS AND MINERALS
Brief Summary
By-product of Zinc,
lead, copper and tin
Flat panel displays,
lead-free solder, IR
detectors
China, Korea, Japan
NA
NA
1911
Niobium
Pyrochlore
Special steels,
alloys for jets and
rockets, super
magnets for MRI
scanners
Brazil, Canada
NA
NA
NA
Beryllium
Electrolysis of a
mixture of Beryllium
Fluoride and Sodium
Fluoride
Military and
Aerospace, Nuclear
Energy, Electronics
USA, China
NA
NA
NA
Tantalum
Columbite- tantalite
ores, Tin slags
Stitching of bones,
camera/ mobile
lens, Capacitors for
laptops/ phones
batteries, etc
Brazil, Australia,
Mozambique, China
NA
NA
1410
Tungsten
Wolframite and
Scheelite bearing ores
Light Bulbs,
Defense, Drills
China, Russia,
Canada, Bolivia
0 (IBM)
20 (IBM)
500,000
Bismuth
By-product of
extraction process of
lead, tin, zinc
Pharmaceutical,
Solder, Electronic
Circuits
China, Mexico, Peru
NA
NA
NA
Sulphide Deposits
Glass Industry,
Agriculture and
Dairy, Manufacture
of Alloys
Japan, Germany,
Belgium, Canada
36.810
(IBM)
164 (IBM)
NA
Indium
Selenium
68
STRATEGIC METALS AND MINERALS
The Global Response
European Union (EU)
•
•
•
Published a report ‘Critical raw materials for EU’ which mentions critical raw material and
minerals that EU must address.
Adopted Geo-political approach to secure contracts at Government level
Investing heavily in R&D to find alternatives
USA
•
•
•
•
Has developed a strategy which focuses on four core technologies- batteries, photovoltaic thin
films, permanent magnets and phosphors.
Intends to develop domestic resources for production and refining of these minerals
Intends to develop technology to recycle these metals thus reducing dependence
Considering the re-starting of previous strategic stockpile.
Japan
•
•
•
Companies such as Sojitz, Sumitomo and Mitsubishi are securing alternative supplies, supported
by state financing.
The government earmarked $1 billion from a stimulus package in November to secure supplies,
including funding university research and projects such as robotic deep-sea mining.
It intends to create a national stockpile of these metals.
69
STRATEGIC METALS AND MINERALS
Potential approach for India
•
Access to raw materials in world markets- Entering into bilateral
agreements to secure supply, both for long term and short term requirements.
Creation of a national body responsible for the national sourcing of raw
materials
•
The right framework to foster sustainable supply of raw materials from
Indian sources- Encouraging domestic producers by incentivizing by-product
recovery to start with.
•
Increase resource efficiency and promoting recycling- Investing into R&D
so that viable alternatives could be unearthed. Also encouraging industries and
stakeholders for recycling as it can turn out to be a very viable alternative.
•
Build a national stockpile- Creating a national stockpile which can be used in
times of emergencies ( e.g. spike in price and/or demand).
70
STRATEGIC METALS AND MINERALS
The way forward…
Recommend a comprehensive study on
• Potential market size and demand; potential influence of substitution and price levels.
• Study regarding current exploration, production and availability of these minerals.
• Assessment of potential resource base and evaluation of economic feasibility of the
development of the resources.
• Ways to incentivize Base Metal producers to produce these strategic metals
• Strategy to address supply chain disruptions and ways to build a national stock pile, for
strategically critical input materials
• Areas of competitive advantage India may have (in case of surplus availability) and how
best to leverage it for country’s long term advantage
• Establishment of an Indian Competence Network on strategic minerals with all relevant
stakeholders including recyclers, manufacturers, public authorities, government and
researchers is essential for a successful implementation
71
DIMENSIONAL AND DECORATIVE STONES
Global Scenario
•
India is largest producer having 27.4% share followed by China
(24.7%), Turkey (6.7%) and Italy (6%)
•
Global Stone production for 2009 is over 125 million tons
•
Total world stone imports during 2009 was US $ 14081 million
•
The major importers of stones in the world are USA, China, South
Korea, Japan, Germany, France, Italy etc.
•
The major exporters of stones and stone products in the world are
China, Italy, India, Turkey, Spain, Brazil
72
DIMENSIONAL AND DECORATIVE STONES
INDIAN SCENARIO
• Largest producer of stones in the world (40.2 Million tons in 2010)
endowed with vast resources of granite, marble, sandstone, flaggy
limestone (kotastone), slate and quartzite
• Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan are major
producers of granite
• Rajasthan is the major producer of marble, sandstone, slate and flaggy
limestone
• Andhra Pradesh and Haryana are major producers of slate
• Reserves and resources of granite are 42916 Million cubic meters and
Marble 2216 MT. However, most of the deposits are in forest areas
73
DIMENSIONAL AND DECORATIVE STONES
Production Trends
Mineral
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
Granite
5246.70
4679.50
4850.30
5362.10
4909.10
Limestone (Dimni.)
4685.49
5383.56
9085.35
6858.01
6904.90
Marble
8147.29
7572.71
8719.81
9511.50
11634.26
Sandstone
7799.05
8674.53
9661.33
11630.11
15385.02
Serpentine
1252.57
827.30
905.75
1009.56
1300.44
30.87
22.67
20.92
40.15
117.98
27161.97
27160.27
33243.46
34411.43
40251.69
Slate & Quartzite Stone
Total
74
DIMENSIONAL AND DECORATIVE STONES
Projections for domestic consumption and exports
•
•
•
•
•
Demand for dimensional stones and stone products is steadily
increasing in India and abroad as a green building construction
material.
The- anticipated annual growth in consumption would be around
15%.
The- anticipated annual growth in exports would be around 10-15%
per annum.
Detailed study to be undertaken to measure actual consumption in
India.
No updated report/ study available as regards mapping of Indian
dimensional stone industry.
75
DIMENSIONAL AND DECORATIVE STONES
Recommendations
•
State Governments may earmark at least 10% of the revenue from royalty
towards infrastructure development in mining areas, power, road, water
network.
•
Rationalization of central excise for Marble and Granite.
•
Ensure adequate financial flows to this sector.
•
To provide status of small-scale industry to stone quarries at par with other
SME’s
•
CDOS to extend its activities to other stone producing state including north
eastern states.
76
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
GOLD – GLOBAL SCENARIO
The major demand is for Jewellery & investment 77
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
GOLD – GLOBAL SCENARIO
Where does the Gold come from?
World resources of Gold are 100,000 tonnes and reserves are 51,000 tonnes
78
Gold - Indian Scenario
Production & Consumption
2006‐07
2010‐11
2016‐17 (P)
2.33
Production‐ Mine
By‐ product 12.82
15.16
Total
2.22
7.0
9.22
29
16
45
Consumption
1000
1200
800
Unit‐ Metric tonnes
• Consumption continuing to increase rapidly due to high GDP growth and availability of disposable incomes.
• Significant reduction in domestic production – both mined and by‐product; increasing imports.
79
Reserves and Resources
Reserves
Resources
•
•
•
•
•
As on
Ore
Gold
01.04.2000
10
59
01.04.2005
19
01.04.2011
‐
Ore
Ore – in million tonnes
Gold – in metric tonnes
Total
Gold
Ore
Gold
174
128
184
187
85
371
406
390
491
95
‐
474
‐
569
Reserves mostly attributable to HGML
States having major reserves/ resources are – Karnataka (90% of reserves, 35% of resources), AP (10% of reserves, 20% of resources) and Rajasthan (25% of resources)
Significant addition to resources due to increased exploration activity in last 10 years after entry of private players & FDI
However, poor conversion rate of resources to reserves and exploitation of identified reserves
Large areas still remain underexplored, having good potential for gold occurrences (7,15,030 sq. km.)
80
Geographic Area of Archaean greenstone belts and Proterozoic Fold Belts important for
Precious metals Exploration
BELTS
Dharwar Craton DC
Area In Sq Km
227,700
Singhbum Belt
34130
Mahakoshal Belt
56710
Sakoli Fold Belt
4219
Kotri belt including Bailadila, Abujmahar & Sonakhan (Bastar Craton)
11431
Ophiolite Belt + Precambrian of the NE India )
Rajasthan Proterozic Belts: Total area available for precious metals exploration : 17,940
200,000
715,030
81
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
GOLD – INDIAN SCENARIO
Projections
45 T/annum gold by 2017
1. Target of ~ 45 Tonnes gold production by 12th Plan with 16 Tonnes as by product 2.
~29 Tonnes/annum of gold production from mines by 12 th Plan
3.
HGML to augment the Production to 8 tonnes/annum by 2016‐17 from current 2.2 T/annum
4.
Recovery of gold from the abondoned KGF Tailings [ 30 MT @ 0.55 g/t recoverable gold] – 2TPA
5. Ramghad mineral {MSPL] to touch 1 tonne /annum by 2017
6. Geomysore to produce 7 tonnes from 6 of the Gold mines by 2017
7.
BGML to produce 4.75 T by 2017 from their 30MT tailings+ Chigargunta+Bisannattam
+ Ramgiri gold mines
82
Bhukia
WHERE ARE THE NEW GOLD MINES Hutti Gold Field & Satellite Mines
Maski_Buddini Mangalur_Jainapur
Kolar_Surapalle
Kolar_Chigargunta_Bisanattam_Mkonda
Kolar Tailings
Kolar North_Manigatta Ganajur_Karajgi
Mangalgatti_Bhavihal
Ajjanhalli Group
Gadag_Sangli & Hosur & Satellites
Hanni_Ajjampura
Kempinkote
Jonnagiri GoldField
Ramagiri_it’s extensions to N & S Bhiwapur_Pular‐Parsori_Marupar & Co
Sonakhan GoldField Chhattisgarh
Pathalgaon Goldfield in Chhattisgarh
Gurharpahar and it’s extensions
Bhukia GoldField
Gold Mines in Jharkhand including Kunderkocha
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
GOLD – INDIAN SCENARIO
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Exploration has gained momentum in the last 10 years, needs further acceleration to tap the immense potential and cover larger area − faster grants, seamless transition, no reservation after exploration etc. Separate Act for Mineral Exploration to be drafted to facilitate this.
2. Exploitation of explored resources needs to be supported − speedier approvals/ clearances, supporting PSUs, reopening mines, etc.
3. Enhancing by‐product gold − correcting taxation regime for producing by‐product gold by copper smelters to encourage them to produce more
4. Centralised R&D institute/centre for process development of precious metals
5. Ensuring availability of skilled/ trained manpower − in geology, mining, processing of precious metals:‐ engineers as well as tradesman − partnership between industry, academic institutions and research labs facilitated by Government.
84
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
PGM – GLOBAL SCENARIO
• Platinum, Palladium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Osmium and Iridium are the 6 PGE metals
• Applications include jewellery, automotive (catalytic converters), electrical and electronics, dental, petrochemical. Osmium is used in medical field – chemotherapy and pacemakers (alloy of Pt/Os)
Annual Total Platinum supply
85
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
PGM – GLOBAL SCENARIO
Palladium Demand
Palladium Supply
86
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
PGM – GLOBAL SCENARIO
Rhodium Demand
Rhodium Supply
87
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
PGM – GLOBAL SCENARIO
Global demand/ production
(Million ounces/ tonnes)
Demand Production
Pt
6.7 (208)
7 (215)
Pd
7.4 (230)
7.6 (235)
Rh
0.95 (29.2)
0.9 (28)
• Global PGE production in 2010 was 180 tonnes, S. Africa (138) and Russia (24) being the leading producers. These are the two countries also with most of the resources – S. Africa 88% and Canada 9% of all the mining resources (80,000 tonnes)
• Prices of PGMs have increased considerably in recent years due to increase demand from China, India and E. Asia (jewellery, automobiles)
88
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
INDIAN PGEs SCENARIO •
India does not produce any PG Metals from mines & imports all its requirements
•
India has not found any major PGEs bearing mine yet but many PGEs occurrences have been noticed
•
Some of these identified PGE occurrences have good potential but need further detailed investigations for deposit evaluation and recoverability.
89
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
PGM – INDIAN SCENARIO
PGE occurrences under investigation in India
90
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
PGM – INDIAN SCENARIO
Details of PGE deposits and the Organizations involved in exploration
Sl.No. States
1.
2.
ORISSA
KARNATAKA
3.
TAMIL NADU
4.
5.
6.
KERALA
UTTAR PRADESH
MADHYA PRADESH
7. MANIPUR‐
NAGALAND
Ultramafic‐mafic complex
Organisations involved in exploration
i) Baula‐Nausahi
G.S.I & B.R.G.M.
i) Hanumalapura
G.S.I., DGM,Karnataka
ii) Nuggihalli
HGML & Geomysore Ltd.
G.S.I.
i) Sittampundi
ii) Mettuppalaiyam
G.S.I.
iii) Sathyamangalam
G.S.I.
i) Attappadi & Wayanad
G.S.I.
i) Ikona
D.G.M (U.P)
i)Sonaghat‐Betul
Block Geomysore Services Ltd.
(Betul Dist.)
Geomysore Services Ltd.
ii) Sidhi Block (Sidhi Dt)
i) Ophiolite suite
D.G.M (M&N) & NGRI
G.S.I.
91
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
PGM – INDIAN SCENARIO
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. BNUC having 11 tonnes to 15 tonnes of PGEs at 1 g/t of Pt+Pd should be accorded priority in developing it into economically viable deposit by Identifying National Institutes to carry out detailed feasibility studies & to set up 2 t/annum PGE recovery plant by end of 12th Plan
2. Feasibility studies on Sittampundi & Hanumal pura deposits to be initiated simultaneously 3. Detailed exploration in the 10‐12 areas identified by GSI needs a major thrust during 12th plan to identify more resources
4. Since no major PGE deposits could be identified till date,
There is a need to develop expertise to produce PG meetals
By recycling the catalytic converters,E‐waste and other PG bearing wastes
92
GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS
SILVER
World Scenario Of Silver
•Silver reserves are 50,000 T •Mine production is around 22,000 T/annum
• 70% of Silver supply comes from mines & 20% from Scrap
INDIAN SCENARIO OF SILVER •India produces only 300 tonnes of silver against the import of ~ 5700 tpa in 2008‐09.
•Silver is mostly recovered as byproduct from Lead, Pb‐Zn ,Copper ores
in addition to its recovery as a co‐product with gold, since no stand alone silver ores are available in the country.
•As on 1‐4‐2005 the Resources of Silver are 244.63 Million Tonnes
•By end of XIIth Plan, silver production expected to reach about 800 TPA
93