Chemistry
Section
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Name:
CHAPTER 21 LEARNING GUIDE
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Date:
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Organic Chemistry
Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon atoms
except oxides
, carbides
, and carbonates
Hydrocarbons: are compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Carbon is able to form so many compounds because it has the ability to catenate
or form long chains
shown as (single) C – C
and to form multiple
, (double) C = C
bonds
, and (triple) C ≡ C
Hydrocarbons can be
saturated: containing only singly bonded carbon atoms
or
unsaturated: containing at least one doubly or triply bonded carbon atoms
IUPAC hydrocarbon nomenclature uses prefixes that refer to the length of the longest carbon chain
(See Table P)
1) meth–
2) eth–
3) prop–
4) but–
5) pent–
6) hex–
7) hept–
8) oct–
9) non–
10) dec–
Homologous series
Alkanes have only single
bonds and have the general formula CnH2n+2
Alkenes have a double
bond and have the general formula CnH2n
Alkynes have a triple
bond and have the general formula CnH2n–2
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Organic Functional Groups (See Table R)
Functional Group
General Formula
Example
Halide:
–F, –Cl, –Br, –I
R–X
CH3CHClCH3
Alcohol:
–OH
R–OH
CH3CH2CH2OH
Ether:
–O–
O
R–O–R’
O
CH3OCH2CH3
O
Aldehyde: –C–H
O
R–C–H
O
CH3CH2C – H
O
Ketone:
–C–
O
R – C – R’
O
CH3 C CH2CH2CH3
O
Acid:
–C–OH
O
R – C – OH
O
CH3CH2C – OH
O
Ester:
–C–O–
R – C – O – R’
R‘
CH3CH2C – O – CH3
Amine:
–N–
O
R – N –R”
O R‘
CH3CH2CH2NH2
O
Amide:
–C–N–H
R–C–N–H
CH3CH2C – NH2
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Hydrocarbons are separated using: fractional distillation (or a fractionating column)
A fractional distillation column is hottest at the bottom
The
lighter
fractions move to the top
of the column
of the column where it is cooler
Isomerization
Isomers are compounds with the same chemical formula
but different structures
There are two basic types of isomers:
Structural isomers which have atoms bonded in different positions in the carbon chain
Stereoisomers have the same functional groups in the chain positions
Stereoisomers are either enantiomers
Diastereomers are either cis / trans isomers
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or diasteriomers
or conformers (or rotamers)
In the space below, draw and name the two constitutional (or structural) isomers of fluoropropane:
H F H
H H F
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H– C– C– C–H
H– C– C– C–H
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H H H
H H H
2-fluoropropane
1-fluoropropane
In the space below, draw and name the two diosteriomers of 2–butene:
H3C
CH3
H3C
H
\
/
\
/
C=C
C=C
/
\
/
\
H
H
H
CH3
cis-2-butene
trans-2-butene
In the space below, draw and name the two enantiomers of 2–butanol:
S-2-butanol
R-2-butanol
In the space below, draw and name the gauche and anti forms of butane:
Cyclic compounds
Draw cyclobutane
Draw benzene
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Types of organic reactions – write an example of each reaction
Addition: CH2 = CH2 + HBr → CH3CH2Br
Elimination: CH3CH2Br → CH2 = CH2 + HBr
Substitution: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
Polymerization: n [CH2=CHCl] → [–CH2CHCl–]n
Esterification: CH3OH + HOOCCH3 → CH3OOCCH3
Fermentation: C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2
Combustion: CH3CH2CH3 + 5 O2 →
+ 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Saponification: (use the space below)
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