Supplemental Methods
Reagents. ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, clodronate, pyrophosphate, phosphate,
ATPγs, apyrase, adenosine deaminase, 2-deoxy-glucose, CBX, FFA and LPS E.
coli K-235 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Pam3CSK4, Heatkilled L. monocytogenes (HKLM), Poly(I:C) LMW, and Ultra Pure LPS E. coli K12
were purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA). POM-1 and 10Panx were
purchased from Tocris Bioscience (R&D Systems; Minneapolis, MN).
Stimulation conditions. All in vitro experiments were performed at 1-2x106c/mL in
tissue culture treated plates. Mouse macrophages studies were performed in
DMEM/F12+GlutaMax (Gibco, Life Technologies;, Grand Island, NY)
supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% pen/strep, and 1% glutamine (Gibco, Life
Technologies;, Grand Island, NY) unless otherwise indicated. Human
monocyte/macrophage studies were performed in RPMI1640 (Gibco, Life
Technologies; Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% pen/strep, and
1% glutamine (Gibco, Life Technologies;, Grand Island, NY). For all experiments,
monocytes/macrophages were co-stimulated in the presence of 100μM ATP and
108cells/mL heat-killed L. monocytogenes, 1μg/mL Pam3CSK4, 10μg/mL Poly(I:C),
or 10ng/mL Ultra Pure LPS unless indicated otherwise.
Adoptive Transfer and in vivo LPS challenge. 1x106 BMDMs from Cd39-/- or
wild-type littermate controls were injected i.p. into 6-8 week old female C57BL/6
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mice and challenged with 300μg LPS E. coli K-235 i.p. For survival experiments,
mice were monitored twice daily for survival for 5 days.
Gene Expression Analysis. Stimulations were performed in 1mL. Total RNA was
isolated by using TriZol (Invitrogen, Life Technologies;, Grand Island, NY) and
converted to cDNA using the ThermoScript Kit (Invitrogen, , Life Technologies)
according to the manufacture’s protocol. qPCR analysis was performed using a
LightCycler 480 Real-Time PCR System (Roche Diagnostics Corporation-Roche
Applied Science;, Indianapolis, IN) and GoTaq qPCR Master Mix (Promega;,
Madison, WI). Primer pairs used to amplify specific gene products are listed in
Table S1. Relative expression levels were calculated using the ΔΔCt method 24.
Gapdh was used as the housekeeping gene for normalization.
Flow Cytometry Antibodies and Analysis. Anti-mouse CD16/32 was purchased
from AnaSpec (Freemont, CA). Human Fc blocking reagent was purchased from
Miltenyi Biotech Inc. (Auburn, CA). Anti-mouse CD39-AF647 (24DMS1) was
purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA). Anti-mouse F4/80-pacific blue
(BM8) and anti-human CD39-PE (A1) were purchased from BioLegend (San Diego,
CA). Anti-mouse CD11b-FITC (M1/70) and anti-human CD14-PerCP (MφP9) were
purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA). Samples were analyzed on a BD
FACSCanto (BD Biosciences). Data were analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree
Star, Inc., Ashland, OR).
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Secreted Cytokine Detection. Cytokine production was determined by a
sandwich ELISA using specific capture and biotinylated detection antibody pairs:
anti-mouse TNF-purified (G281-2626), TNF-biotin (MP6-XT3), IL-12/23p40-purified
(C15.6), IL-12/23p40-biotin (C17.8), IL-10-purified (JES5-2A5), IL-10-biotin (JES516E3), and anti-human TNF OptEIA kit were purchased from BD Biosciences (San
Diego, CA) 24, anti-human IL-12/23p40 module set and anti-human IL-10 ReadySet-Go! Kit were purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA)
ATP Release Assay. eATP release was performed in performed in 200μL serumfree media. Luminescence was detected using a Centro XS3 LB 960 Microplate
Luminometer (Berthold technologies; Bad Wildbad, Germany).
Inorganic Phosphate Release Assay. Phosphate release was performed in
500μL nucleotidase buffer (154mM NaCl, 2mM KCl, 4mM MgCl2, 18mM NaHCO3,
25mM HEPES pH7.4 and 10mM D-glucose).
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Experiments were performed in 200μL
nucleotidase buffer containing 0.02mCi 14C-ADP (PerkinElmer; Waltham, MA).
Supernatants were spotted onto polyethylenimine cellulose TLC plates (SigmaAldrich;St. Louis, MO) and placed in a humidifying chamber containing filter paper
and solvent containing 4M ammonium sulfate and 1.5M KH2PO4 in water at 1:1.5.
Luminescence was detected using a FLA7100 Fugifilm Life Science
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Phoshorimager following a 24 hr exposure to phosphorimager film (GE Healthcare
Biosciences; Pittsburg, PA).
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Samples were prepared in
500μL nucleotidase buffer and supernatants were stored at -80ºC until NMR
analysis. Immediately prior to NMR, samples were further supplemented with 10%
Deuterium Oxide (D2O) (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.; Andover, MA) to
serve as the lock signal. The 31P spectra were collected at 37ºC using a Bruker
Avance-600MHz spectrometer, with a Bruker broadband SMART probe (Bruker
BioSpin Corporation; Billerica, MA). NMR data were collected using Topspin
Version 2.1 and Icon Automation NMR software and NMR CaseTM multi-sample
carousel.
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P spectra were acquired with an offset of -20 ppm, sweep width of
24.271 Hz (~100 ppm), 65536 complex points and 1024 scans. All spectra were
processed using Topspin Version 1.3.
Statistical Analysis. Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism
software (GraphPad Software Inc.; La Jolla, CA) and analyzed using the
Student’s t test. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were determined using the log-rank
test. The statistical differences between groups, with the p-values are indicated in
the related graphs as: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.
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Table S1. Primers used in this study.
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