Supplementary data
Supplemental Table 1. Population and number of deaths by age group in South Korea, 1970-2010.
Age group
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
Total
Population
Number of
deaths
Population
Number of
deaths
Population
Number of
deaths
Population
Number of
deaths
Population
Number of
deaths
1970
2207672
7635
1606131
10283
1135488
17067
710257
24193
5659548
59178
1980
2920207
7940
2273107
13238
1485181
18684
895111
26665
7573606
66527
1990
4303284
9069
2962904
12191
2095037
21753
1255609
25199
10616834
68212
1995
4223608
7976
3681209
12953
2289288
18786
1596842
27166
11790947
66881
2000
4124529
5386
4145122
12151
2679940
17593
1795336
27938
12744927
63068
2005
3918245
3686
4148095
9173
3388456
17596
2024381
23643
13479177
54098
2010
3669202
3214
4131664
7671
3932614
17988
2417782
22188
14151262
51061
Subtotal
25366747
44906
22948232
77660
17006004
129467
10695318
176992
76016301
429025
1970
2191900
6236
1709972
6651
1173675
8356
810042
11250
5885589
32493
1980
2766915
5243
2147377
6765
1629913
9240
1052391
12435
7596596
33683
1990
4237246
3595
2776913
4325
2091257
8149
1524017
12762
10629433
28831
1995
4142548
3006
3521205
4292
2237137
6564
1810925
12370
11711815
26232
2000
4063997
2366
4035258
4371
2620098
5666
1960581
11387
12679934
23790
2005
3849884
2003
4087731
3773
3367740
6062
2142910
9255
13448265
21093
2010
3565095
1882
4098906
3506
3938875
6447
2531149
7928
14134025
19763
Subtotal
24817585
24331
22377362
33683
17058695
50484
11832015
77387
76085657
185885
Year
Male
Female
Supplemental Table 2. Rate ratio, rate difference (per 100,000), relative index of inequality, and slope index of inequality (per 100,000) in
mortality using 5-year age groups according to education level in South Korea, 1990-2010.
Range Ratio (RR)
Range Difference (RD)
Relative index
of inequality
Slope index
of inequality
925 (904-946)
7.18 (4.18-12.32)
1534 (1286-1782)
1364 (1332-1395)
1071 (1040-1102)
7.12 (3.87-13.11)
1687 (1387-1987)
3.07 (2.98-3.15)
1315 (1274-1355)
1055 (1015-1095)
7.04 (4.10-12.08)
1627 (1316-1937)
7.19 (6.90-7.49)
3.28 (3.17-3.40)
1204 (1157-1252)
973 (925-1020)
8.20 (5.06-13.27)
1527 (1198-1856)
8.10 (7.69-8.54)
3.54 (3.36-3.71)
1230 (1163-1297)
1006 (939-1074)
8.25 (5.44-12.51)
1533 (1168-1897)
0.0070
0.0018
0.859
0.542
0.631
0.752
Women
1990
2.57 (2.29-2.87)
2.07 (2.00-2.15)
271 (250-291)
230 (219-240)
5.18 (2.99-8.95)
369 (305-433)
1995
3.38 (3.08-3.71)
2.36 (2.26-2.46)
315 (296-333)
258 (242-273)
4.14 (2.42-7.08)
397 (302-493)
2000
4.87 (4.46-5.33)
3.02 (2.85-3.20)
388 (361-415)
327 (300-353)
4.21 (2.51-7.06)
462 (319-605)
2005
6.20 (5.65-6.80)
3.78 (3.51-4.08)
445 (406-484)
390 (351-429)
4.93 (3.04-8.01)
500 (341-659)
2010
6.79 (6.11-7.55)
3.76 (3.40-4.15)
451 (400-502)
388 (337-439)
5.00 (3.31-7.55)
486 (316-655)
0.0031
0.004
0.003
0.005
0.873
0.122
Primary or
lower/Tertiary
Primary or
lower/Secondary
Primary or lowerTertiary
Primary or lowerSecondary
Men
1990
4.27 (4.14-4.41)
2.50 (2.46-2.55)
1180 (1158-1202)
1995
5.79 (5.61-5.98)
2.86 (2.79-2.92)
2000
6.25 (6.03-6.47)
2005
2010
Year
P for trend
P for trend
Supplemental Table 3. Concordance correlation coefficient for measuring agreement between
age-standardized mortality rate using 10 years age band and using 5 years age band.
Men
Age-standardized
mortality rate (95%
Education
Year
CI) using 10 years
level
age band
Overall
None/
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Women
Age-standardized
mortality rate using
5 years age band
Age-standardized
mortality rate (95%
CI) using 10 years
age band
Age-standardized
mortality rate using
5 years age band
1990
758 (752-764)
766 (760-771)
300 (296-303)
300 (297-304)
1995
631 (626-636)
635 (630-640)
238 (235-241)
237 (234-240)
2000
533 (529-537)
531 (527-535)
194 (192-197)
193 (190-195)
2005
406 (402-409)
407 (403-410)
155 (153-157)
155 (153-157)
2010
339 (336-342)
337 (334-340)
131 (129-133)
130 (129-132)
1990
1552 (1533-1571)
1541 (1522-1560)
444 (436-451)
443 (436-451)
1995
1672 (1643-1701)
1648 (1618-1679)
439 (427-451)
447 (432-462)
2000
1589 (1550-1629)
1565 (1525-1605)
485 (461-508)
488 (462-514)
2005
1424 (1379-1470)
1399 (1351-1446)
530 (493-568)
530 (491-569)
2010
1420 (1355-1486)
1403 (1336-1470)
522 (473-572)
529 (478-580)
1990
598 (590-606)
616 (608-625)
204 (198-210)
214 (207-220)
1995
567 (561-574)
577 (571-584)
183 (178-187)
189 (185-194)
2000
509 (503-514)
510 (505-516)
158 (155-162)
161 (158-165)
2005
424 (419-429)
426 (421-431)
138 (135-141)
140 (137-143)
2010
399 (394-404)
397 (392-402)
140 (137-142)
141 (138-144)
1990
347 (337-357)
361 (350-372)
159 (142-175)
173 (154-192)
1995
280 (272-287)
285 (277-292)
124 (114-134)
132 (121-144)
2000
248 (242-254)
250 (244-257)
96 (90-103)
100 (93-107)
2005
190 (185-194)
195 (190-199)
82 (78-87)
86 (81-90)
2010
170 (166-173)
173 (169-177)
76 (73-79)
78 (74-81)
Concordance
Correlation (and
95% Confidence
Limits)
0.9997 (0.9995-0.9998)
0.9994 (0.9984-0.9998)
3
Supplemental Table 4. Age-standardized mortality rate* and percentage of population by education level in South Korea, 1970-2010.
Total
Primary or lower
Secondary
Tertiary
Age-standardized
mortality rate
Percentage
of population
Age-standardized
mortality rate
Percentage
of population
Agestandardized
mortality rate
Percentage
of population
Agestandardized
mortality rate
Percentage
of population
1200 (1190-1210)
1033 (1025-1041)
758 (752-764)
631 (626-636)
533 (529-537)
406 (402-409)
339 (336-342)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1444 (1431-1456)
1487 (1473-1500)
1552 (1533-1571)
1672 (1643-1701)
1589 (1550-1629)
1424 (1378-1469)
1420 (1355-1486)
55.9
38.2
18.2
12.7
9.7
6.8
5.1
784 (764-804)
699 (686-712)
598 (590-606)
567 (561-574)
509 (503-514)
424 (419-429)
399 (394-404)
33.2
46.9
57.2
56.4
53.3
48.5
44.0
498 (467-529)
432 (413-451)
347 (337-357)
280 (272-287)
248 (242-254)
190 (185-194)
170 (166-173)
10.8
14.9
24.6
31.0
37.0
44.7
50.9
595 (588-601)
476 (471-481)
300 (296-303)
238 (235-241)
194 (192-197)
155 (153-157)
131 (129-133)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
637 (630-645)
566 (559-573)
444 (436-451)
439 (426-451)
484 (461-508)
530 (493-568)
522 (473-572)
81.3
63.8
35.6
26.2
20.0
13.6
9.8
433 (399-466)
324 (308-340)
204 (198-210)
183 (178-187)
158 (155-162)
138 (135-141)
140 (137-142)
16.5
31.9
54.3
58.1
57.7
54.8
50.5
262 (199-326)
272 (228-316)
159 (142-175)
124 (114-134)
96 (90-103)
82 (78-87)
76 (73-79)
2.1
4.3
10.1
15.7
22.3
31.6
39.7
Men
1970
1980
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Women
1970
1980
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
* Reference population for the age standardization: 2005 Korean census population
4
Supplemental Table 5. A brief chronology of economic growth and education and health
insurance policy in South Korea.
1950s
1960s
1970s
1950
Korean War (1950-1953)
1954
National plan for free compulsory primary education launched
1961
Military coup put General Chung-hee Park in power (1961-1979)
1962
National family planning campaign commenced
1962
Five-year economic development plan commenced
1969
Middle school enrollment without examination commenced
New Village Movement (Saemaul Movement) for rural development
commenced
First oil crisis (1973 oil crisis)
1970
1973
1979
1974
1977
1980s
1985
1986
1988
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1996
1997
2000s
2000
2003
2005
2008
Second oil crisis (1979 energy crisis)
High school equalization policy to replace competitive entrance
examinations with random assignment of students
Companies with more than 500 employees required to provide a health
insurance program
The compulsory middle school education launched (full
implementation from 2004).
Constitutional changes to introduce direct election of the president
Olympic Games in Seoul
Provision of a health insurance program for the self-employed in rural
areas
Medical Insurance Act adopted to achieve universal health insurance
coverage for all citizens
Domestic financial and capital markets began to be opened
Acquired membership of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development.
Asian financial crisis
Health insurance societies merged into a single insurer (National
Health Insurance Corporation)
Credit card crisis
Expansion of National Health Insurance benefit coverage for cancer
patients
Global financial crisis
5