67
Th e J a m an o In dians
,
1 6 50 - 1 7 7 1
bsorbed by the Wichi ta in wh i c h tribe they are n o w represented
H e h as concluded also ap parently th at for the n am e “T aova as ”
y
“
”
wherever found Jum ano c an be sub stitut e d
B y rest ating the hitherto av ail able d at a concern ing th e J um ano
an d correl ating it with
the recen t discoveries co ncerning th e
Taovay as Hodge h as do n e v alu able service to the history an d
ethnology of the Southwest Th at his co n clusion expl ain s th e
app arent dis appe ar ance o f a p art of the people k n own as J um ano
the prese n t writer is conv inced B ut there h as com e to li ght in
the Mexic an archives a consider able f u n d of i n form ation which
Hodge did n o t use ; an d a study o f it shows th at he h as t aken too
little accou n t of a p art of the J um ano an d it m ay be dr awn a con
elusion th at is too f ar re achi n g Th e purpo se of this p ape r is to
prese n t some of th e new d at a an d thereby h elp to fill in an d cor
rect the hitherto sc anty history of the J um ano tribe between 1 6 8 3
a
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an d
1 7 50
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Hodge regards the pri n cip al
otices of the J um ano n ation b e
tween 1 6 2 9 an d 1 6 8 3 as referri n g to a people living ne ar the A r
k an s as River H e recognizes t ow ard th e close of the eighteenth
century a south ern ( with referen c e to Ne w Mexico an d T ex as ) as
well as a n orthern people c alled Jum an o but seems to be able to
tr ace them only to 1 6 9 1 his discu ssi on there after being devoted to
the northern group Even of this gr oup he appe ars to be able to
find o n ly one f ain t tr ace between 1 69 7 an d 1 7 1 9 th at being in the
ye ar 1 700 In 1 7 1 9 he fi n ds another tr ace at which po int he
“
rem arks :
No definite reference to the norther n Jum an o betw e en
”
Fi n ally the J um ano of whom he finds
1 7 1 9 an d 1 7 50 is found
mention are consistently hostile to the A p ache or at le ast allies of
th e enemies of the A p ache
T o one w h o h as worked extensively in the sources of l ater seve n
te e n th an d e arl y eighteenth c e n tu rv T ex as hi story recently m ade
av ail able an d h as not like H odge m ade the Ju m an o a subj ect of
lo n g an d speci al stu d y th e article in question cont ains c ause for
“
”
surprise on four counts : the first is th at the N u e c e s River where
the Ju m an o were s ever al times met between 1 6 2 9 an d 1 68 3 sho ul d
be identified with the A rk ans as or an y stre am in its vicinity ; the
n
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1“
The
I n di an s
J u m an o
S e e Ha n d b oo k
”
on ymy, p 106 7
2
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o
f
”
pp
A me ri c an
,
.
1 9 -2 2
.
I n d i a ns
No r t h
o
f M e xi c o
,
Part II
“
,
Syn
Te xas H istori c al A sso c ia tion
Q
uar te rl
68
y
second th at references to the J um ano in the eightee nth centur y
sh ould be consi d ered so sc arce ; th e third th at the J um ano should
be reg arded in the first h al f of the eigh teenth century as prim arily
a northern ( with reference to T ex as an d New Mexico
r
ther
t
n
a
h
a
)
a southern tribe ;
the fourth th at no me n tion should be m ade of
J um ano who were n ot enem ies but allies of the A p ache an d even
regarded as A p ach e themselves
A s one who h as experien ced thi s surp ri se the writer h as at
t e mp ted to present in th e p ages th at follow evidence to show th at
“
”
the Nueces River where the J um ano were fo u nd in th e third
an d fifth dec ades of the seventeenth century
w as prob ably the
Color ado River of T ex as r ather th an the A rk ans as ; th at the J u
m ano were frequen tly encountered in southern T ex as between 1 6 7 5
an d 1 7 7 1 at le ast ; an d th at in the second h alf of this perio d they
were regul arly regarded as allies o f the A p ache or even as A p ache
an d
therefore as hos tile to the Wichi t a a p art of whom the
T ao vay as we well kn ow w ere regul arly c alled J u m an o after 1 7 50
Everything here st ated is with due deferen ce to Mr H odge s great
le arning in m atters o f Southwestern e thnology
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II
TH E
.
I DEN T I T Y
on TH E
“
RI O
”
N O E Z E s,
DE LA S
H O M E on TH E
J UM A NO
Th e
history of the J um ano before 1 6 50 it is not my purpose to
dis cuss but for th e s ake of cle arness it m ay be brie fl y summ arized
Th e tribe w as first seen by C abez a de Vac a in 1 53 5 on the Rio
G rande ne ar its jun ctio n with the Conchos River a pl ace kn own
in 1 58 2 they were found in the s ame
as La Junt a ( th e j unction )
pl ace by Espej o ; in 1 59 8 they were receivi n g religious instruction I
in e astern New Mexico ; for sever al years before 1 6 2 9 they visited ),
Fray Ju an de S al as at Islet a asking h i m to go to li ve among them ;
in res ponse to this request F ath er S al as in the ye ar n amed visited
the tribe more th an one hundred an d twelve l e agu es to the e ast
“
w ard of S ant a F é
s ays Mr Ho dge in the wes tern
p art of ' ans as in the vicinity of wh at l ate r bec ame known as El
”
i
n
l
t
a
a
a
in
they
were
g
i
n
v
i
si
ed
by
F
ther
S
l
s
o
1
6
2
a
u
a
r
t
e
e
3
a
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illiam E D un n for example in a recen t p ap er b ase d o n a wide
“
use of eightee n th cen tury T exas sources says of the n ame J u m an o M ost
common ly i t app l ied to I n d ian s livin g i n southweste r n T exas n ear the Rio
”
TH E Q U A RTER LY X IV 2 6 8
G ra n de
e
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69
Th e J u m an o: In di ans
1 6 50- 1 7 7 1
,
.
th e
buffalo pl ai n s on a stre am which the Sp ani ards c alled the
”
“
N u e c e s ; in 1 6 50 an d y e t again in 1 6 54 they were encountered
“
”
1
o n the
Nueces River by C astillo an d Gu ad al aj ar a respectively
“
”
In a former article H odge st ates th at the Nueces River visited
“
”
in 1 63 2 an d 1 6 50 must h ave b een the A rk ans as
an d in the
3
recent one alre ady cited he holds the s am e opinion
A s viewed by the prese n t writer this co n clusion as to the loc ation
“
”
of th e Nueces River does not seem w arr an ted by the s ourc e s
“
”
4
T h e Yn f orm e
of F ather Pos ad as which is the chief auth o rity
for the expeditions to the Nueces River b etween 1 6 2 9 an d 1 6 55
st ates c le arly an d in terms th at the pl ace visited by M artin an d
C astillo in 1 6 50 w as f ar to the south of S anta F é H e rel ate s
“
th at after reaching this s aid pl ace of the Rio de l as Nueces an d
”
this n ation of los J u m an o s th ey we n t down stream e ast southeast
an d after h aving tr aveled some fifty le agues
arrived at the bor
“
ders o f the Tex as country He then c ontinues :
A m ong these
n ations th at of the Te j as must be ( estard ) in twe n ty eight degre e s ;
from its limits s aid C apt ains H ern an M arti n an d D iego del Cas
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Hodge op c i t Rep ri n t p p 3 9
“
”
L a nd of S uns h i n e X IV 52 ; Pos adas Yn f o rm e cite d b elow
“
A s p reviously stated Fray Jua n de
A t this p oi n t he writes thus :
S al as earl ier in the ce n tury fou n d the J u m an o o n the p rairies ab out 1 1 2
leagues eastward from the R io G ran de B u t d istan ce s give n b y the e arly
S p a n i sh travelers must b e regar d e d as o n ly app rox imate an d there is n o
reaso n for b e l ievi n g that the trib e had move d farther away s im p ly b ecaus e
C ap tai n s M arti n an d C astillo in 1 6 5 0 are sa i d to have fou n d the Ju m an o
2 00 leagues from S a n ta F e
T hey may h ave b e e n in p r ae
o n the Nueces
tically the same s p ot d uri n g this q uarter cen tury T here i s groun d for
stro n g sus p icion that the v illage or v illages of the J u m an o o n the plai n s
at th i s t ime were in p roxim ity to if n o t actually at the Q u arte l e j o or
The
C u ar te l e j o me n t io n e d fre q ue n tly b y write rs of the e ightee n th ce n tury
distan ce of the J u m an o from S an ta F e accor d i n g to two writers ab ove
cited varied from 1 1 2 to 2 00 leagues ( 3 00 to 53 0 m iles ) while E l C uar
te l e j o accord in g to the record was from 13 0 to 160 leagues ( 3 50 to 4 50
miles ) from the New M exican cap ital T h is I n d i an outp ost was situated
”
in the valley of B eaver C reek in n orther n S cott coun ty ' a n sas
( op
cit
Re p r in t
“
”
Yn f o rm e hecho a e u M agd sob re las T ierras del Nuevo M exico
MS
in M e m o ri as p ar a l a hi s t o ri a d e Nu e va E sp ana T om 3 fl 1 1 8
A lso in
Fern an d ez D uran D o n D i e go d e P e na l o sa M a d ri d 1 8 8 2 For a n ote o n
Posa d as see Hodge o p c i t Repri n t p 1 1 T he report was writte n as
late as 1 6 8 6 in co n se q ue n ce of a royal c é d u l a of D ecemb er 10 1 6 7 8 d i
r e c te d to the V iceroy of New S ai n
an d of an other of A ugust 2
16 8 5 to
p
a succeedin g v iceroy Posadas states this in the o p en i n g p aragraphs T he
refere n ces w h ich I give are to my ow n M S c o py
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to ri c al A sso c iation
T e xas H is
Qu ar te rl y
70
tillo retur n ed by the s ame ro u te ( ru m b o ) to the Vill a of S ant a
Fe e goi n g u p to war d th e Nor th as far as is im pl i e d by say i n g from
tw e n ty e igh t to th ir ty se ve n d egr e e s an d a distan c e of tw o h u n dr e d
”2
ea u e s
t
l
fif y
g
From the foregoing it is pl ain t h at Pos ad as considered the
Nueces Rive r to be a stre am whose middle c o urse w as s ever al de
grees of l atit u de so uth of S an t a F é T h at this w as his u n der
st andi n g is evide n t also from other st atements which he m ade in
the s ame report H e tells us th at fl owi n g e astw ard from S ant a
fourth south e ast an d
Fé or as he puts it in one pl ace e ast on e —
j oined by a tribut ary from the north t h ere is a l arge stre am c alled
the Rio Gr an de ; an d th at rising northe astw ard from Pecos an d
“
From the N e ezes to this [ Rio
fl owi n g so uthe ast is th b Nueces
Gr ande ] in th e dir e ction of the no rth will be abo ut one hundred
”
le agues
From the Nu e ces to La Junt a h e co n sidered the dis
3
t ance eighty le agues or only three fourths of his estim ate o f the
dist ance from El P aso to La Junt a an d on ly two fi f th s of th at
from La Jun t a to S an ta Fé A g ain in summing up he s ays
“
looking to the Southe ast [ from S ant a F é ] on e fourth south we
sh all find two hundred le agues aw ay the j unctio n o f the Rio del
an d looking directly ( e n l in ea
Norte an d the Conch as
r e c ta
a
a
t
a
to
the
southe
st
we
sh
ll
find
dist
nce
of
two
hundred
a
a
)
”
leagues the Rio de l as N oe z e s in the A ij ados n ation
In other
words as he un derstoo d it this point on the Nueces River which
w as adj acent to the J u m an o country w as j ust the s ame dist an ce
‘
so u the ast from S anta F é as La Junt a w as southeast so u th
It is thus seen th at a close scru tiny of the principal source of
”
“
inform ation regarding the Nuec es River s eems to prec l ude its
identity with the A rk ans as It c an now b e shown on the stren gth
of positive evidence p artly dr awn from th e s ame document an d
p artly from other sources th at there are very strong re asons fo r
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stated that they had reache d the Nueces b y a route
b
id
2
16
i
3
n
n
d
O
a
o
d
ffere
t
from
that
followed
alas
rtega
I
m
b
S
r
u
b
i
n
(
)
y
fol 5
Posadas op c i t it 5 6 T he italics are mi n e
1 bi d fol 5
1
He h ad p reviously
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Th e J a man o In d ians
71
1 6 50 1 7 7 1
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i dent i fying
it w i th a stre am much further south n amely one of
the u ppe r br anches of the Color ad o o f T ex as
B eing espec i ally i nterested in the p earls c ar ri ed b ack by the
p arty of M artin an d C astillo the vice roy ordered another explor a
tio n of the Nueces River an d in 1 6 54 P osadas tells u s Di ego de
”
“
Gu ad al aj ar a an d thirty s ol diers set out in the direction stated
“
aving tr aveled
H
and
th
t
southe
to
exe
ute
the
comm
ast
c
a
s
i
]
[
about two hundred le agues they arrived at the Rio de l as N e ezes
”2
an d foun d on i t m any Indi ans o f the Jum ano n ati on
It so h appens th at Ju an D omi n gu ez de Mendoz a a member of
the Gu ad al aj ar a p arty bec ame the leader of an other expedition to
the Jum ano o n th e Nueces in 1 68 4 This connecting lin k between
the two expedition s is import ant for during the l atter j ou rney
Mendoz a r e c ogn iz e d th e s tre am w h i c h h e was th e n on as th e o n e
Gu adal aj ara h ad visi te d an d he kept a di ary which b eyo n d ques
tion est ablishes the identity of the stre am with one of the upper
3
br an che s of the C ol orado i n west centr al T exas
Th e Mendoz a expedition w as the re ult o f a petition m ade by
Ju an Sab e ata an Ju m an o Indi an at P aso del No rte in O ctobe r
‘
1 6 8 3 for mission ari e s an d Spanish set tlers in his own coun try
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woul d b e i n teresti n g in this con n ectio n to re p ro d uce here the map
which D r E thel Z Rather a careful scholar made to illustrate the geo
”
“
graphical facts stated in the Posadas Ynf o rm e to accom p a n y her tr ans
l ati o n of it executed for the p rese n t writer S h e h ad n o thought p erhap s
of a p oss ib le co n troversy over the location of the J u m an o
n o k n owle d ge
as u n derstoo d b y Posadas He r con clusio n agr ees exactly with mi n e as
state d ab ove
I b id
f 7 It is clear th at Posadas regar d e d the Nueces River of
this ex pe dit io n as i d e n tical with that visite d b y M arti n an d C astillo four
years earlier
T he authority for the d i rect asserti o n that M e n doza was with Gu ad
”
“
“
op
ci t
He s ays :
T he comman der
al aj ar a is Posa d as
Yn f o rm e
12
”
i n chief Jua n D omi n guez de M e n d oza was in th i s expeditio n an d w ar
M e n d oza s recogn i tion of the stream o n which G uadalaj ara had b ee n sup
G ua d alaj ara was at the C ity of M ex i co at the time
p orts the assert i o n
when Posadas was there writin g h i s memor i al an d Posadas must h ave
made the assertion o n good authority It is said also that M e n doza h ad
b ee n there recen tly
T his summary of the M en doz a expeditio n is b ased upon the M S diary
the corres p on de n ce decl ar atio n s an d represen tat io n s conn ecte d with the
eve n t Th e se d o c u m e n ts are con t ai n e d in two collection s On e is e n titled
“
A u tos so b re los S ocorros q p i de e l Go vr de l a Na M exico y otr as n otas
toc antes a l a S u b l e v az ion de los Yn d io s B ar b aros de a q uella
etc
“
T hese are origi n al ma n uscr ipts T he other collection i s e n titled V i age
Q u e A sol i citud de los Natur ales de la Prova d e T ex as y otras n acio n e s
1
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T e xas H is tori c al A ss oc iati on
Qua r te rl y
72
S ince the story of this expedition h as hithert o been m arr ed by some
1
e rrors an d bec au se of its import ant be aring on Jum an o geo gr aphy
it wi ll be s umm arized h ere A ccording to his o w n story S ab e ata
”
“
lived at La Junt a with m an y of his own people an d J u l im e s
P art of hi s tribe l ived six d avs to the e astw ard or thr e e fourths of
his estim ate of the dist ance from L a Junt a to El P aso Three
d ays from La Junta were the buffalo herds ; three d ays [ beyond ]
w as the Nueces River the home of a p art of h is tribe an d of m an y
others fri en ds of his own people ; from La Junta to the Tex as
from whom two m essen gers were w aiting at La Ju n t a it w as fi f
‘B
teen or twenty d ay s
In respo n se to the appe al F ather Ni c ol as Lopez set out on D e
Fr ay Ju an de Z av a
c e m b e r 1 for La Ju n t a with tw o comp an ions
leta an d Fr ay A n tonio de A cevedo Fourtee n d ays l ater h e w as
followed by the M ae stro de C ampo Ju an D omingue z de Mendoz a
3
an d a sm all b an d o f soldiers
On the w ay down the Rio Grande
Mendoz a noted in his di ary sever al ran c h e rias of Sum a I n di ans
an d at La Junt a ran c h e ri as of J u l im e s on bo th sides o f the R i o
Gr ande Th e dist ance from El P aso to La Junt a he estim ated at
ninety seven le agues which would m ake e ach o f his le agues about
4
This po int should be kept in mind for l ater
tw
o m i les air line
reference
Of the route tr averse d by Mendoz a from La Junta a minu t e
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y de orde n del Gover n a dor del Nuevo M exico D D omi n go
G i ro n za Petris de C ru z at i H izo e 1 M aestro d e C am p o Juan D omi n guez de
M e n doz a e n fi n es del an o de 1 6 8 3 y pri n cip e s de
T hese docume n ts
T he tran scr ipt of this seco n d collection
ar e copies from the origi n als
fi lls n in ety two typewritte n p ages
S e e n ote 2 b elow an d page 75 n ote 2
“
”
of Juan S ab e ata at E l Paso O ctob er 2 0 168 3 M S
De c l arac i on
A ccord in g to G overn or J i ro n z a de C ru z ate re port in g the eve n t o n O cto b er
T hey arr ived o n S an ta
3 0 S ab e at a had come with six com p an io n s
Teres a D ay
( Letter of J iro n z a de C ru z at e to the v i ceroy O ctob er 3 0
T h is author says that
M S ) Cf Ve tan c u rt Or en/l ea 9 6 9 7
168 3
S ab e a ta in f act
S ab e ata re p orted thirty two tri b es await in g b apt i sm
e n umer ate d thirty three i n cludi n g his o w n
“
”
C e rt ifi c ac ion
b y M e n d oz a E l P aso Ju n e 2 3 16 8 4 whic h gives the
”
“
B oth
d ate of the starti n g of the missio n aries ; also M en d oza D errotero
E scalan te is i n correct in st at in g that S ab e ata arrived at El Paso
are M S S
in D ecem b er ( se e h i s letter of Ap ril 2 1 77 8 in the L and o f S u ns h i ne
Vol X II
T he stateme n t that M e n doza accomp an ied the mis sion
aries to La Jun t a is als o in correct
e n tries from D ecemb e r 1 5 to Decemb er 2 9
c i r c u m v e c in as,
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Th e J u m an o In di ans
73
1 6 50 - 1 7 7 1
,
study will be reserv ed for a l ater t as k an d only enough det ails will
be given here to show th at th e Nueces River which Mendoz a re ached
w as clearly o n e of the upper br an ches of the Color ado
O n J anu ary 1 1 6 8 4 ,the p arty le avi n g F ather A cevedo to m in
ister to the I n di ans at La Junta ( or La Noved ad de l as Cruc e s
as it w as n o w c alled )
set out for the country of the Nueces River
From La Jun t a the route w as evidently n orth or a little e ast of
north to th e S al ado ( Pecos ) which w as re ached on th e thirt e enth
aft e r going seventy le agues
Th e point w as perh aps i n P e cos
County oppo site Cr ane County T ex as though it m ay h ave b e e n
a short dist anc e f arther west in Reeves Cou n ty
Fo llow i ng the
river for nin e le agues they crossed to the vill age o f the J e dion d as
“
at the foot o f a gre at r o ck whi ch serves them as a protectio n
”
ag ainst the hostile A p aches '
H ere Mendoz a stoppe d seven d ays
Le aving the Pecos he now m arched e astw ard across an unw atered
pl ain Forty le agues out he struck the h ead of an e ast fl ow in g
stream rem ark able for its shells ( c on ch aria) Mendoz a c alled the
river the N u ec e s reg ardi n g it as the one he h ad come to fi n d
It
Following thi s stre am e ast
w as perh aps the middle Co n cho
'
—
twen ty one ( o r twenty four ) le agues an d p assing by one or two
“
tributari es h e c ame to the Rio de S e nor S an Pedr o which is the
princip al [ river ] c alled de l as Perl as or by an other n ame de l as
Nueces [ nuts ] although they al l h ave them which river is the one
ap pe ari n g in the order which I be ar
an d which ord er is
n o w fulfilled
S aid poi n t is ab ou t e igh t l e agu e s fu r th e r d o wn th e
,
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Ri ve r th an th e p l ac e w h e r e D o n D ie go d e Gu ad al aj ara ar
” 5
rive d
Th e point where this entry w as written w as perh aps near
sai d
.
S an
A ngelo
,
at
an d
the j unction of the North
Mi ddle C on cho
rivers
Nineteen le agues further on he re ached the end of his j our n ey
.
of my studen ts in the U n iversity of T ex as h as
ma d e a c areful study of the diary an d hopes some t ime to complete it for
p u b l icatio n
I bi d
e n tries from Jan u ary 1 to 1 4
1 b id
e n tries from Jan uary 1 to 1 4 A t the p oi n t where the S al ado
”
“
was reache d a great S al in e was d i scovere d a league across the r iver
e n try for Jan uary 18 No me n tion is made in the diary
of the prese n ce of J um an o s in the village 0 f E sc al an te o p c i t p 3 1 1
No r th M e xic an S ta t e s and Te xas I 3 8 6
an d B a n croft
“
”
D errotero en try for Fe b ruary 2 4 T he italics are m in e
1
M i ss An n e Hughes ,
on e
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T e ra s H istoric al A sso c ia tion
Quar te rl y
74
'
e astw ard fl owi n g stre am which he c alled the S an Clemente
He w as now about forty le agues ( eighty miles accordi n g to his
“
”
former estim ates ) from the he ad of the N u e ce s River an d twice
th at dist an ce from the point where h e h ad left the Pecos or eight
sevenths of the distan ce from La Ju n t a to th e Pecos by the n orth
w ard route Th e pl ace w as app aren tly on the Color ad o n e ar its
j u n ction with the Concho Men doz a tells us th at o n his return
home he went str aight west much of the w ay ne ar an e ast fl ow in g
stream to the Pecos which after goi n g som e dist ance alo n g the
north b ank he crossed at the po int where he h ad p assed it befor e
Th e testimony of this di ary supplemented b y Pos ad as s report
seems to identify the N u e c e s River home of the J u m ano in 1 6 8 4
w h dse very n ame is sig n ific ant
Equ ally so i s
with the Concho
th e f act th at a consi d er able pearl fi sh in g industry is still c ar ried
on in the Concho River in the neighborhood of S an A n gelo which
is not t ru e of other stre ams of centr al T ex as It m ay be add e d
th at the Conch o is tod ay one of the gre atest nut producing stre ams
in the Southwest
at an
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III
DA T A RE GA RDI N G T H E J U M A N O I N S O U T H ' E S T
.
T ' EE N
1 68 3
A ND
T E XA S
B E
171 6
Regardless of its be ari n g on the existe n ce of a Jum an o tribe on
the A rk an s as in the middle of the eighteenth century ( an d th at
beari n g is not di fficult to see ) the above conclusion as to the iden
“
”
tity of th e N u e c e s River implies of course the presence of
Jum ano in so u thwestern T ex as at th at period With this as a
st arti n g poi n t it is my purpo se n ow to presen t eviden ce much of
which h as never been t aken into account to Show th at Ju m an o
continued to r an ge through the s ame gener al region till after the
middle o f the eighteenth c en tury at le ast Some of the eviden ce
even po ints to a residence there after the time when H odge implies
th at th e whole tribe were livi n g on the Red River under the n ame
,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
T o this co n clus ion there is o n ly
.
altern at ive If o n his outward
j ourn ey M e n doza struck the Pecos in Reeves coun ty an d followed it n in e
le agues u p stream in stea d of n in e leagues down stream the Nueces woul d
b e G irau d C reek an d the S an C leme n te the C olorado b elow G iraud C reek
On e th in g in favor of th i s co n clusio n is the fac t that M e n d oza retur n e d to
the Pecos b y a more southern route that) ; that wh i ch he followed outward
e n tr i es for M arch 1 6 an d M ay
’
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on e
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.
Th e J u man o In dians
75
,
1 6 50- 1 7 7 1
of Tao vay as an d in other w ays disturbs views th at h ave been
regard e d as est ablish ed
It m ay be noted as a prelimin ary to the di scussion which fol
lows th at the form s Jum an Chum an Ju m an e Jum an a ' om an
X u m an a etc frequently occ u r in the S p anish documents as v ari
Indeed in th e Sp ani sh sourc es Jum an e
ants o f the n am e Jum ano
an d Jum an a o ccur much more frequently th an Jum ano the form
which h as been adopted b y th e B ure au of A meric an E thn ol ogy
Jum an ' um an Ch u
an d which I h ave followed for th at re ason
m an etc are som etimes used for the tribe while th e people are
referred to as Ju m an e s X u m an e s Ch om an e s etc In the seven
te e n th century the n ame w as p rob ably pronou n ced Zhum an
T o Sh ow th at during the d ec ad e betwee n 1 6 8 3 an d 1 6 9 3 the
J u m an o lived in the gener al region of the Rio Gr ande from
T o go b ack a step in
La J u n t a ea stw ard the evi d e n ce is ample
1 6 7 5 Fe rn ando del B os q ue an d F athers Lari o s an d S an B u e n av e n
tura found the Indi ans of th e X om an trib e at a pl ace c alled D ac ate
Mount ain a short dist ance north of the Rio Gr ande an d e ast of
the Pecos
While there is no cert ainty th at thes e X om an were
the Chom an or J u m an o known on other grou n ds to h ave been
ne ar th e Rio Gr ande at thi s tim e yet there is a stro n g prob ability
th at su c h w as the c ase We h ave alre ady see n th at the Ju m an o
“
chief Ju an S ab e ata cl aimed in 1 6 8 3 to live ne ar La Jun ta with
”
m any of his tribe an d th at p art o f the tri be were found in 1 6 84
”
“
on the N u e c e s ( Color ado ) River I t is cle ar moreover th at
F ather Pos ad as reg arded th e Ju m an o to be livi n g ne ar the Rio
“
”
Grande when he wro te his Y n f orm e ( about
H e st ates
“
tha t at La Junt a Mendoz a an d Lopez saw m any I n di an s —Ju
”2
m an as R ayados Oposm e s Pol u pam e s Pol aques an d others
A f ter d e scribing the A p ache r an ge over the great pl ains of western
T exas he st ate s th at the hom e of the Ju m an o is south of the
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1
A u to s
MS
of the ex pedition of An to n io
al c ar c e l
B
Riv ade n eyra y
S otom ayor
.
.
stat e s th at F ather L e pez an d his co m
“
p an io n s foun d at La Jun ta a great mult itude of X u m an as an d T ej as ;
they d e cided to return with b etter prep aration s an d suffi cie n t mi n isters
S ome fri ars retur n ed with the i n te n tio n of goi n g amo n g th e
”
i
6
r
n
c
a
9
pp
A s a matte r of fact
X u m an as an d T exas
C
o
(
n either LOp e z n o r M e n doza reporte d a great multitude of X u m an as at thi s
l
b
n g to the Nuec e s
oi
t
the
m
i
isters
retur
n
to
E
Paso
efore
goi
r
did
n
n
n
o
p
River Two T exas messen gers were reported at La Ju n ta b y S ab e ata
op
.
ci t
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,
4
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Ve tan c u rt
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T e xas H istori c al A sso c ia ti on
'
Q
uar te r l
A p ache on the Nuec es River but th at they
76
y
now living ne ar
1
the Rio Gr ande h avin g bee n forced b ack by the A p ache
Th e s am e gener al imp ressio n as to the home of th e Jum ano at
this time is given by other an d entirely dis tinct groups of sources
Th e French of La S alle s p arty le arned in e aster n T ex as of the
When
J um an o as a trib e livi n g to the southwes t of their route
among the T e a
o of th e lower Color ad o count ry in 1 68 7 L a S alle
w as informed th at some membe rs of this tribe h ad gone to the
so u thwest or west an d entered into rel atio n s with the Ch ou m an
2
tribe friends of the Sp ani ards an d the C enis ( H asin ai )
Th at
the Ch e um an were un question ably the Jum an o we sh all presently
see F ather D ou ay repo rted the Ch ou m an tribe to be living only
3
two d ays from the Sp anish settlements
A n d while amo n g the
C ad o dac h o D elisle l e arn é d o f the Ch ou m an as a tribe in the south
4
west an d fri ends of his hosts
In 1 6 8 8 we again he ar through
Sp an ish sources of J u m an o ne ar the Rio Gr ande on the border
of Co ahuil a D uring the uprisi n g in th at ye ar of the Color ados
“
C abez as Tob oz o s an d others the le ader of the outbre ak D on
”
D ieguillo
se n t a m essen ger to th e Te o c o d am e s ( Te ro c od am e s )
”
“
5
J um an as an d others t e get them to j oin the revolt
It is well
known th at the T e roc o dam e tribe li ved at this time n ear the Rio
Gr ande abo u t E agle P ass an d it is q uite prob able th at the J u m an as
now mentioned wi th the T e ro c o d am e were the s ame as the X om an
seen with them north of the river in 1 6 7 5 In the s ame ye ar
1 6 8 8 C apt D iego R am on sent a messenger acro ss the Rio Gr ande
“
”
to c all the J u m an es an d other n ations to the missio n of N ada
,
are
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From east to west o n the souther n b order th i s Ap ache n atio n is c o n
tigu o u s with the follow in g n atio n s : after the T ej as with the n at io n of
the A ij ad os [ an d then ] w ith the n atio n of the C u ito as an d of the E sc an
j aq uez in a d istrict of fi fty leagues ; an d these n atio n s b ei n g those state d
the Ap ache n ation [ n ow ] kee ps them driven
o n the r i ver of the N e ezes
b ack to the Rio d e l Norte a d i strict of a hu n dred lea gues or a l ittle less ;
an d after these n at i o n s
[ i e westward ] follows that of the Jum an as
wit h the rest that are men tio n ed at the jun ction of the R io del Norte an d
the C o n chos ; an d [ the Ap ache ] kee p these also d r ive n b ack in this sai d
”
“
”
pl ace an d dis p osse ssed of the Noe z e s river
11 13
Yn f o rm e
“
”
J o u te l
Relation
etc
D é c o u v e r te s e t E ta b l is s e m e n ts
in M argry
1“
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III, 2 9 9
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Fre n ch
,
M argry ,
“‘
,
H is t
op
.
.
Col l
De c l ar ac ion
A p u n t es p ar a l a
La
2 03 -2 05
.
.
III 4 1 0
of G e n eral A lo n so de Le on M ay
His to ri a A n ti gu a C o a h u i l a y Te j as
cit
”
.
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,
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,
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1 7,
22 2
.
1 78 8
.
Port illo
,
Th e J u m an o In dian s
1 6 50 -1 7 7 1
,
dores Th e messenger reporte d th at he went to where the J u m an e s
were an d w as told by them th at a short time before they h ad
j oined some Frenchmen an d Tex as Indi an s who h ad come by on
1
Th e refere n ce is prob ably to
a c amp aign ag ainst the A p ache
the c amp aign m ade by some of the La S alle p arty with the Tex as
In 1 6 8 9 when A lonso de Le on w as on his w ay from Monclov a to
M atagord a B ay he encountered five le agues s outh o f the Rio
Gr ande in the n eighborh o od of E agle P ass a ran c h e ria of J u m e n e s
'
T hey m ay h ave been th e s am e as the J u m an es pre
an d others
vio u sl y repo rt ed in t h at re gi on
If these refere n ces to th e X o m an Ju m an e s an d Ju m e n e s on
the borders of Co ahuil a between 1 6 7 5 an d 1 6 8 9 t aken t ogether
with the account of the Me n doz a expedi tion are not conclusive
in the records of 1 6 9 1 we find evidence which removes al l un c e r
t ai n ty in the m atter In June of tha t ye ar while T er an an d
M ass anet were at the S an A ntonio a P ay ay a chief offered to guide
“
”3
them eastw ard to the Ran c he ri a o f the Ch om an e s
Ne ar the
Gu ad alup e they fou n d the ran c h e ria which w as a tempor ary one
o ccupied during the buffal o hunt There w as our old friend Ju an
“
”
c o n su gente y n acion de Y n d io s Ch e m as
S ab e ata
the chief of
“
”
the C anton as who brought his pe ople with the Ch om an e s ; the
Cibol as the Cay n aaya an d the C atq u e z a
M as s anet g ave the
number in the ranc h er ia as 3 000 an d T er an as 2 000 T h e au tos
“
”
of the T e ran expeditio n give the number of the X u m an as met
5
here as 3 00 w arrior s an d of the whole ran c h e r ia as 9 00 w arr i ors
“
T h e s ame do cument r e pe atedly sp e aks of them as the
n acion
”—
X u m an o ( or X u m an a) del rio del n orte y S al ado
th e X u m an o
More explicit
tri b e of th e ri ver s d e l N or te an d S al ado ( o r P e c os )
is Massan e t s st atement which also est ablishes the ide n tity of the
differen t n ame forms given heretofo re an d beyond d oubt fixes the
home of the Jum ano at this period on the Rio Gr ande It must
be remembered th at he wrote after a long conferenc e with Ju an
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del I n dio D iego d e Le e n i b i d 2 3 7
”
“
D e Le b n D errotero in M e m d e Nu e va E sp ana XXV II 2
“
”
D iar io in M e m d e Nu e va E sp ana XXV II 9 6
M assa n et
“
”
T er an in h is D e sc ripc ion D iari a states th at
M assan et i b i d 9 7 102
“
halle las Nac io n es Juman a C ib ula C as
o n the b an k of the G ua d alu p e
”
d
i
bi
ueza
2
2
9
n to n a
8
C
a
q
A u to s of the T er an e xp e d itio n M S 109 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 2 6 1 2 7 12 9
1“
”
D e c l ar ac ion
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T e xa s H istori c al A sso c ia tion
Sab e ata, w h o
78
Quar te rl y
spo ke Sp an ish an d wi th the chi ef of the C atq u e z a
who h ad been r aised in P arr al an d h ad lived in New Mexico l ater
“
H e s ays :
Th e s aid n ations of Indi an s
returning to his pe ople
Chom a Cibol a an d Cay n aagu a are I n di an s w h o live o n an d whose
country is the b ank of th e Rio D e l Norte T hey [ or the l ast n am ed
e s tos
a
re co n tiguous to the S alineros
n the b an ks of
who
live
o
]
the S al ado [ P e co s ] which j oins the l i e del Nort e They are c on
tigu ou s also to the A p aches an d h ave w ars with them
Th e
A paches are a cordil l e ra which runs from e ast to west an d a
re at
w ar with al l
O n ly with the S alinero s do they h ave pe ac e
Thes of the n ation Chom a are the Indi ans which in El P arr al
e
an d Nuevo Mexico they c al l J u m an e s
Every ye ar they come to
rec onn o iter the Rio de G uad alupe an d some go as f ar as los T ex as
T hey come to kill buff alo an d c arry b ack [ l l e van ] the skins h é
c ause in their cou n try there are no buffal o A s soo n as the cold
we ather c omes they go to their country
D on Ju an L abi ata
2
a
t
S
a
b
e
a
a
n
h
m
n
C
pt
i
of
s
id
di
pl
yed
commission
s
a
a
o
a
s
a
a
a
C
e
s
[
]
Governor o f hi s n ation an d those who might b e in his following
A nother Indi an of the s ame n ation displ ayed an other commissio n
as Lieuten an t of the s aid D on Ju an L abi at a
B oth commissions
were given them by th e Governor of Nueva V i sc ay a Dn Ju an
”3
Y sidro Pardifi as
S ab e ata told M ass an et th at m any of the
peo ple he h ad with him h ad b een b aptized at P arr al an d asked
th e missio n ary to return with him to his country but M ass anet
put h im off with excuses rem arking in his di ary th at since these
I n di ans entered P arr al an d El P aso every year they could h ave
4
mi n isters if they chose
B
ncisco C asafias de
Writing in th e s ame ye ar
Fray
Jesus M ari a mission ary on the Neches mentions the Chum an
tribe as allies of the T ex as an d enemies o f the A p ache an d living
5
to the s outhwest
In the summer o f 1 6 9 3 Gregori o S alin as c ar
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1
I bid
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,
99
.
In
the origi n al the spelli n g is S ab e ata
“y
I bid 1 9 1 T er an says
los man d o n es compete n tes formales d e los
”
op ci t
28 29
Go ver n adores actuales d e la V i scaya y Nuevo M exico
I bi d
101
In S pite of their frie n dly co n fere n ce the J u m an o are re
M
di
S
a
n
orted
to
have
followed
the
a
sh
expe
tio
n
to
the
arcos
olo
n
i
C
S
(
p
p
ra d o ) steal in g horses an d causi n g other troub le ( A u to s of the exp e di
tio n 109 1 1 0 1 1 2 12 6 1 2 7 12 9 etc )
“
”
MS
C as an as
Rel aci on
2
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Th e J a man o In dian s
79
,
1 6 50 -1 7 7 1
ried succor f rom Monclov a to th e missio n ar ies on the Neches
Am ong the tri be s which he reporte d seeing on the w ay were the
.
Jum an es
1
.
We h ave thus been able to follow almos t con tinuously for th e
de c ade between 1 68 3 an d 1 6 9 3 a J u m an o trib e living ne ar the
Rio Gr ande both abo ve an d below th e Pecos or hunting bu ff alo in
so u th centr al T ex as
Their wi n ter home w as c h arac te ristic al l v
n ear the Pecos an d Rio Gr ande while in su m mer they j o u rn e ye d
to the b u fi al o pl ai ns of the Gu ad alupe an d the C olor ado They
w ere enemies o f the A p aches who h ad crowded th em s outhw ard
from the u pper Color ado
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In O ctob er 1 6 9 3 T ex as w as ab andoned by the Sp ani ards an d
u ntil 1 7 1 6 they h ad rel atively sli ght cont act with th e p rovince
B ut even duri n g th at period we get glimpses of the J u m an o in
the south A t the time of th e withdr aw al J o seph de U rruti a w as
left wounded among the C anton a Indi ans of the lower Color ado
In l ater ye ars when c apt ain at S an A ntoni o h e decl ared th at i n
the course of the seven ye ars during which h e rem ained among
“
”
the Indi ans he bec ame their c apit an gr an de le ad ing the all i es
“
ag ainst the A p ache
sometimes with
or
Ind ians
an d others with more of the n ations where I w as [ an d
of th e
”2
Pelon e s an d J u m an e s
Th i s tr aces the trib e till 1 7 00
In 1 7 06
we he ar of an Jum an I n di an at Monclov a south of the Rio Gr ande
3
giving testimony b ased on inform ation gai ned f rom an Ind ian
of th e Tim am ar tribe th at is a tribe livi n g ne ar the Rio Gr and e
'
i mplying th at th e J m an h ad prob ably been in th at regi on
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1“
D ictamen Fiscal
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in
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M e m d e Nu e c a E sp an a,
.
XXV II
,
185
He
.
wen t
n ote d
e ast in M ay an d Ju n e an d retur n ed in Ju n e an d July It will b e
that the seaso n was the same as that of the M assan et expeditio n of 1 69 1
Letter of July 4 1 73 3 MS in the A rchivo Ge n eral M e xico
T he te st imon y was g ive n in cide n t to an in vestigat ion of certai n rumors
“
of Fren ch in T exas
D ifere n tes Notic i as de In d ie s d e como ay E sp anol e s
”
azi a los T exas
M S in A rchivo G e n eral y Pub lico M exico
It is n oteworthy th at whe n Fathers E spi n os a an d O livares m ade th eir
ex pe d i tio n to the S an M arcos in 1 709 they d id n o t men t ion seei n g the
”
“
D i ario M S
J u m an o though they did s ee C hief C an to n a
( E s p i n osa
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T e xas His toric al A ss oc ia tion
B ET ' EE N
Iv
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1716
1 7 50 :
A ND
80
Quarte rl y
TH E J U M A N o
I N A L LIA N C E ' ITH
T H E A PA C H E
'
hen the Spaniards again oc cupied T exas in 1 7 1 6 they found
that a no tewo rt hy ch ange had taken place namely th at th e Jumano
h ad become allies o f th e Apache and enemies of the S paniards and
o f the T ex as
i n w h ic h capa c ity th ey we re the rea f te r fr e q uently
m e n tioned T hus while i n eastern T exas in 1 7 1 6 D o m in go Ram on
“
w ro te of
finding ourselves surrounded on th e north by the e n e
”
mies of los T exa s namely th e Apaches Ju m an e s Chan as an d
1
others
It is not necessary to suppose that the Ju m an e s whom
h e mentions were living far to the north thou gh the y m ay have
been T he Ap aches were at this time oc cupying most of wes tern
T exas an d the Chanes River was the pres ent Llano In 1 7 1 8
“
”
an Indian named Ju an il l o of the Juman a nation was re port ed
at San Juan Bautista to have been instrument al in causing a de
f e c tio n among th e Indians of the missions on the Rio Grande
2
whi c h involved a thre at to destroy the S paniards
Again an item
o f e vidence r ec orded i n 1 7 2 4 shows not only the friendliness b e
tween the Apache an d the Ju m an o but also th at in 1 7 2 1 th e
latter lived as fo rmerly in the region of the Concho s and Rio
3
del No rte
In 1 7 2 1 th e M ar q u é s de Agu ayo when c ros sing T exas
“
n amed a small stream e ast o f the Bra z os th e Arr oyo de 10 5
”
J u m an e s bu t th e c i rc umstan c e prompting him to do so does not
app ear
D oc uments writte n du ring th e seriou s Ap ac he troubles at San
An tonio between 1 7 3 1 and 1 7 3 3 make it still pl ain er th at
J u m an o we re fr e q u ently in T e xa s and wer e there regularly re
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in M e m d e Nu e vo E sp afi a X XVII 160
De claration of Indian J ose ph who c ame from eastern T e xas with a
It seems
F rench courier MS in the A rchivo G eneral y Publico Mexico
th at the revolting or r ather the absconding Indi ans were those of
Rancheria G rande in centr al T e xas
In 1 7 2 4 an Indian named Ger onimo a native of S ant a E lena Nuev a
V iscay a who came to San J uan B autista with some A p ache declared th at
about three years before he had been ca ptured o n the C onchos R iver by
”
“
the To b o so s and had lived for a ye ar among the To vo so s and J u m an e s
when he was pu r chased by some A p ache among whom he had lived two
years H e also declared that when a short time before his de position w as
m ade the Apaches were p lanning to destroy San Antonio a p eace mes
s age from S an Antonio T exas re ached the Ap ache among whom he w as
“
living an d was read by two R eligious who go ( a nd an ) among them with
”
”
“
1 72 4
the J um an n ation
MS )
( D e c l arac ié n del Indio Geronimo
1
R am on ,
“
R e p r e se n tac ié
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81
Th e J u m an o In dian s
1 6 50 - 1 77 1
,
garded as allies of the Apaches and ene mies of the S pani ards
T hus in 1 73 1 s ome arrows left by Indians in a fight at S an
Antonio were declared b y an Apache captive to h ave belonged to
“
Apaches Pelones and Ju m an e s that all th ree are extremely pop
u l ou s and very warlike an d confident of their great numbers h ave
annihil ated and terrori z ed all th e nations living in these parts and
”
admit n o others to their friendship
A year l ater it was declared
in a j u n ta d o gu e rm at San Antonio that in th e campaign m ade
by Bustillo again st the Ap ach es in 1 7 3 2 a ran c h e ria which w as
attacked seventy leagues northwest of San Antonio in the region
of S an Sab a was composed of four t ribes Apache Y pan d a ( Pe
lon
Captives taken dec lared th a t the
Yxan d e and Gb enti
ma j or portion of the tribes had been at the time further west an d
“
” “
north but not very distant
that the peo ple wh o were in said
ran c h c ria were on l y a small portion of ea c h nation there not being
in sai d Ran c h e ma an y Indians of the Ju m an e s Nation which is
very num erous and which we know j o ins with th at of the Apaches
”
to come and make war o n us
Since the fight was near th e S an
Sab a River this woul d pu t the Jumano in the general region of
“
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2
their old h aunts on the N u e c es River i e th e u pper Col orado
Again in a letter of November 2 6 1 7 3 2 to Alm az an the viceroy
“
referred to the Apache
' um ane and Pelon ( Lipan ') as
com
”3
m on enemies of this pr o vince
Y e t again in the r eside n cia of
Bustillo y Ze vallos governor o f T exas at S an Antonio in 1 73 4 a
“
w itness declar e d th at he h ad not heard that during the adm in is
“
tration of Busti l lo the pe aceful tribes h ad
revolted or a l lied to
do damage to the Jur isdiction with the Apaches Pelones J u m an as
“
Ch e n ttis or any others who ins u lt T hes e Land s
T hus there is plenty of evidence to show that the Ju m an o of
so u thern T exas who i n the seventee nth centu ry h ad been bitter
but losing enemie s of the Apa c he ha ve come i n the second an d
third dec ad e s of the eightee nth century to b e regarded in T ex as
as the regular allies o f the Apach e
and th at d u ring this period
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A lma z an
to the viceroy
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etc 5
p rovidencias
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I bi d
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18 , 2 9
38
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B é xar , D ecember 1 , 1 73 1 ,
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of Anto nio de los Santos August
residenci a MS in the B é xar A rchives
‘
T estimony
,
in Autos sobre las
“
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2 1 , 1 73 4
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A u t os
of the
Th e J u m an o In dians
83
,
1 6 50 - 1 7 7 1
begging li c ense to make a Cam p aign against them sin c e
the hostilities are continuo u s on the part of the latter ( e s tos ) and
of the Tob osos who with this name pa ss from 1a Vis c ay a as
”1
said above
' hile the above disc u ssion illustr ates the way in which in T exas
and Coah u ila the Ju m an o h ad come to be regarded as Ap ache
“
”
being called Ap ac hes Ju m an e s it ma kes it clear also th at in
1 7 4 6 they were habit u ally found in the region of th e Rio Grande
o n the borders of Coahuila an d Nuev a Vis caya and that th e v some
tim es m ade raids into Nuevo Le on
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v
TH E J U M A N o A T
.
' A R ' I TH
1 771
T H E TA O VA Y A S ,
A still different turn is given to J u mano hi sto ry when as it ap
p e ar s the Jum ano of the Apache alliance engage in bitter wa rfare
with a people of northern T exas call e d by the sam e name A s h as
alre ady b ee n stated it is now well known that from 1 7 50 for war d
the T aovay as ( Tawé h ash ) of the Re d River country were by the
2
Spaniards of New M exi c a fre q uently called J u m an e s ( Ju m an o )
that they were bitterly hostile to the Apache and fre q u ently if not
c u st omarily allied with the bitterest en emy of the Ap ache the Co
m anche I f the Taovay as in 1 7 50 embr ac e d all th e J a m an o a
fun damental chan ge both of affiliation an d loc ation must h ave
come over tho se foun d near the Rio Grande in 1 74 6 an d at th at
t ime called Ap ac hes J um an es It is conceivable tha t su c h a
ch ange might possib l y h ave o c c u rred ; but this seems hardly p rob
able e spe ci ally in view o f eviden c e reco rded in 1 77 1
T he ev idence alluded to is as follows : About November 1 77 1
Alexo de la Garz a F alc on wrote to the vic eroy from the pr esidio
of San Saba ( recently tran sferred to Villa Nueva de San Fe r
“
3
nando ) of the need of more soldiers there in vi e w of the im
minent danger in whi c h it now stand s of being attacked by the
barb arous ho stile nations o f Indians Ap aches Faron e s Natagé s
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Memorial of B ustillo y Z evallos May 2 8 1 74 6 MS
“
B olton in H an d b oo k o f A m e r ic an In d ia n s II 7 05 ; H odge
T he Jum an o
”
Indians
19 2 0
I am indebted to Mr '
E D unn for aid
Near modern E agle Pass
in the location of the p re sid i o of S an S aba at this time T he l ater
movements of that establishment are very hard to trace and have never
been successfully followed until recently when Mr D unn made an e x
h au stive study of the sub j ect
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T e xas H istoric al A sso c ia tio n
M es caleros
Quar te rl y
Ju m an e s, Lipan es,
both o n ac co u nt of
an d other frontier nation s alli e d
with them
the continual robberies and mur
ders which they c ommit [ in ] this neighborhood and b ec ause there
are now at a distan c e of ten leagu es from this Pre si dio about
of said nations and others not known who o n the oc c asion of
having come out victorious from an encounter wh ich they h ad
with the Comanches an d T agu aias [ Taovay as Juman o ] gathered
to celeb rate the victo ry and eat some of the Coman c he an d
”
Tagu ai as p risoners whom they c ap t ured
If this experienced frontier offi cer stationed a t a fort on the
edge of the A pac h e ria an d which w as desi gn e d ori gi n ally to with
stan d the attacks of the Coman ch e and the Taovay as knew the In
dian si tu ation and did n ot by mere accident include the Jumano in
his enumeration we h ave i n 1 7 7 1 a p e ople called Juman o ce l e b rat
ing a rec ent victo ry over other pe ople call e d Jumano Such an in
adverte nce of F alc on s part would seem hardly l ikely to dc c u r in
view o f the conditions w hi ch had called the pre sicl iO of S an S aba
in to existence Y e t the fact that as ide from thi s one n o re f e re e
np
to J um ano in T exas other than the T ao vay as h as b e en not e d l ate i
than 1 7 50 leads one to wonder if some such error was not made by
the officer But if this state ment was correct it is c lear th at not
all (if the Jumano had been absorb ed by the ' ichita in 1 77 1 an d
tha t at that date there were two people by the same n ame at w ar
2
with e ach oth e r
H ere I leave the matter without off ering a solution of this po int
or of several others which will now inevitably b e raised E nough
has been s aid to show that th e Ju m an o were by n o means a lost
tribe in th e eight e enth century ; that from 1 6 50 ( at least an d p rob
ably from 1 6 3 2 as well as much earlier ) they were fre q uently
en countered in west central an d southern T exa s ; and th at unless
there were distin ct divisions whose se p arate histories have not b een
trac e d th ey more th an once ch anged their relations with the
Apache who se enemi e s they h ave usually if not always b ee n
regarded
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in the A rchivo G eneral Mexico
”
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A coroll ary to this would be the conclusion that Tao vay as
”
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be tak en as synonymous with Ju m an o wherever it is fou nd
1
MS
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c an
not