REFERENCE
HANDBOOK A
Safety in the Science Classroom
1. Always obtain your teacher’s permission to
begin an investigation.
8. Keep all materials away from open flames. Tie
back long hair and tie down loose clothing.
2. Study the procedure. If you have questions,
ask your teacher. Be sure you understand any
safety symbols shown on the page.
3. Use the safety equipment provided for you.
4. Always slant test tubes away from yourself
and others when heating them or adding
substances to them.
5. Never eat or drink in the lab, and never use
lab glassware as food or drink containers.
Never inhale chemicals. Do not taste any
substances or draw any material into a tube
with your mouth.
6. Report any spill, accident, or injury, no matter how small, immediately to your teacher,
then follow his or her instructions.
7. Know the location and proper use of the fire
extinguisher, safety shower, fire blanket, first
aid kit, and fire alarm.
with the fire blanket, or get under a safety
shower. NEVER RUN.
10. If a fire should occur, turn off the gas then
leave the room according to established
procedures.
Follow these procedures as
you clean up your work area
Reference
Handbook
Goggles and a safety apron should be worn
during most investigations.
9. If your clothing should catch fire, smother it
1. Turn off the water and gas. Disconnect
electrical devices.
2. Clean all pieces of equipment and return all
materials to their proper places.
3. Dispose of chemicals and other materials as
directed by your teacher. Place broken glass
and solid substances in the proper containers. Make sure never to discard materials in
the sink.
4. Clean your work area. Wash your hands
thoroughly after working in the laboratory.
First Aid
Injury
Safe Response ALWAYS NOTIFY YOUR TEACHER IMMEDIATELY
Burns
Apply cold water.
Cuts and Bruises
Stop any bleeding by applying direct pressure. Cover cuts with a clean
dressing. Apply ice packs or cold compresses to bruises.
Fainting
Leave the person lying down. Loosen any tight clothing and keep
crowds away.
Foreign Matter in Eye
Flush with plenty of water. Use eyewash bottle or fountain.
Poisoning
Note the suspected poisoning agent.
Any Spills on Skin
Flush with large amounts of water or use safety shower.
STUDENT RESOURCES
565
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK B
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
1A
1
1
Hydrogen
1
Atomic number
1
Symbol
H
2A
2
H
Reference
Handbook
Lithium
3
2
3
4
5
6
7
Liquid
State of
matter
Solid
Synthetic
1.008
Atomic mass
1.008
Gas
Hydrogen
Element
Beryllium
4
Li
Be
6.941
9.012
Sodium
11
Magnesium
12
Na
Mg
22.990
24.305
Potassium
19
Calcium
20
3B
3
Scandium
21
4B
4
Titanium
22
5B
5
Vanadium
23
6B
6
Chromium
24
7B
7
Manganese
25
8B
8
Iron
26
9
Cobalt
27
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
39.098
40.078
44.956
47.867
50.942
51.996
54.938
55.845
58.933
Rubidium
37
Strontium
38
Yttrium
39
Zirconium
40
Niobium
41
Molybdenum
42
Technetium
43
Ruthenium
44
Rhodium
45
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
85.468
87.62
88.906
91.224
92.906
95.94
(98)
101.07
102.906
Cesium
55
Barium
56
Lanthanum
57
Hafnium
72
Tantalum
73
Tungsten
74
Rhenium
75
Osmium
76
Iridium
77
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
132.905
137.327
138.906
178.49
180.948
183.84
186.207
190.23
192.217
Francium
87
Radium
88
Actinium
89
Rutherfordium
104
Dubnium
105
Seaborgium
106
Bohrium
107
Hassium
108
Meitnerium
109
Fr
Ra
Ac
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
(223)
(226)
(227)
(261)
(262)
(266)
(264)
(277)
(268)
The number in parentheses is the mass number of the longest lived isotope for that element.
Lanthanide series
Actinide series
566
STUDENT RESOURCES
Cerium
58
Praseodymium
59
Neodymium
60
Promethium
61
Samarium
62
Europium
63
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
140.116
140.908
144.24
(145)
150.36
151.964
Thorium
90
Protactinium
91
Uranium
92
Neptunium
93
Plutonium
94
Americium
95
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
232.038
231.036
238.029
(237)
(244)
(243)
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK B
Visit the Glencoe Science
Web site at
tx.science.glencoe.com
for updates to the periodic
table.
Metal
Metalloid
8A
18
Nonmetal
3A
13
Recently
discovered
4A
14
2B
12
Copper
29
Nickel
28
Helium
2
7A
17
He
Zinc
30
Carbon
6
Nitrogen
7
Oxygen
8
Neon
10
Fluorine
9
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
10.811
12.011
14.007
15.999
18.998
20.180
Aluminum
13
Silicon
14
Phosphorus
15
Sulfur
16
Chlorine
17
Argon
18
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
26.982
28.086
30.974
32.065
35.453
39.948
Gallium
31
Germanium
32
Arsenic
33
Selenium
34
Bromine
35
Krypton
36
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
58.693
63.546
65.39
69.723
72.64
74.922
78.96
79.904
83.80
Palladium
46
Silver
47
Cadmium
48
Indium
49
Tin
50
Antimony
51
Tellurium
52
Iodine
53
Xenon
54
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
106.42
107.868
112.411
114.818
118.710
121.760
127.60
126.904
131.293
Platinum
78
Gold
79
Mercury
80
Thallium
81
Lead
82
Bismuth
83
Polonium
84
Astatine
85
Radon
86
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
195.078
196.967
200.59
204.383
207.2
208.980
(209)
(210)
(222)
Ununnilium
110
Unununium
111
Ununbium
112
Ununquadium
114
Uub
Uuq
* Uuh
(289)
(289)
*
Uun
(281)
*
Uuu
(272)
*
*
(285)
Ununhexium
116
Reference
Handbook
10
6A
16
4.003
Boron
5
1B
11
5A
15
Ununoctium
118
*
Uuo
(293)
* Names not officially assigned. Discovery of elements 114, 116, and 118 recently reported. Further information not yet available.
Gadolinium
64
Terbium
65
Dysprosium
66
Holmium
67
Erbium
68
Thulium
69
Ytterbium
70
Lutetium
71
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
157.25
158.925
162.50
164.930
167.259
168.934
173.04
174.967
Curium
96
Berkelium
97
Californium
98
Einsteinium
99
Fermium
100
Mendelevium
101
Nobelium
102
Lawrencium
103
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
(257)
(258)
(259)
(262)
STUDENT RESOURCES
567
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK C
Reference
Handbook
SI—Metric/English, English/Metric Conversions
When you want
to convert:
To:
Length
inches
centimeters
yards
meters
miles
kilometers
centimeters
inches
meters
yards
kilometers
miles
Mass
and
Weight*
ounces
grams
pounds
kilograms
tons (short)
tonnes (metric tons)
pounds
newtons
grams
ounces
kilograms
pounds
tonnes (metric tons)
tons (short)
newtons
pounds
28.35
0.04
0.45
2.2
0.91
1.10
4.45
0.22
Volume
cubic inches
cubic centimeters
liters
quarts
gallons
cubic centimeters
cubic inches
quarts
liters
liters
16.39
0.06
1.06
0.95
3.78
Area
square inches
square centimeters
square yards
square meters
square miles
square kilometers
hectares
acres
square centimeters
square inches
square meters
square yards
square kilometers
square miles
acres
hectares
6.45
0.16
0.83
1.19
2.59
0.39
2.47
0.40
Temperature
To convert °Celsius to °Fahrenheit
To convert °Fahrenheit to °Celsius
*Weight is measured in standard Earth gravity.
568
STUDENT RESOURCES
Multiply by:
2.54
0.39
0.91
1.09
1.61
0.62
°C 9/5 32
5/9 (°F 32)
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK D
Care and Use of a Microscope
Eyepiece Contains magnifying lenses you
look through.
Body tube Connects the eyepiece to the
revolving nosepiece.
Arm Supports the body tube.
Revolving nosepiece Holds and turns
the objectives into viewing position.
Low-power objective Contains the lens
with the lowest power magnification.
High-power objective Contains the
lens with the highest magnification.
Stage Supports the microscope slide.
Fine adjustment Sharpens the image
under high magnification.
Light source Provides light that
passes upward through the diaphragm,
the specimen, and the lenses.
Coarse adjustment Focuses the image
under low power.
Base Provides support for the
microscope.
Caring for a Microscope
1. Always carry the microscope holding the arm
with one hand and supporting the base with
the other hand.
2. Don’t touch the lenses with your fingers.
Reference
Handbook
Stage clips Hold the microscope slide
in place.
4. Always focus with the coarse adjustment
and the low-power objective lens first. After
the object is in focus on low power, turn the
nosepiece until the high-power objective is
in place. Use ONLY the fine adjustment to
focus with the high-power objective lens.
3. The coarse adjustment knob is used only
when looking through the lowest-power
objective lens. The fine adjustment knob is used
when the high-power objective is in place.
4. Cover the microscope when you store it.
Using a Microscope
1. Place the microscope on a flat surface that is
clear of objects. The arm should be toward you.
2. Look through the eyepiece. Adjust the
diaphragm so light comes through the opening
in the stage.
3. Place a slide on the stage so the specimen is in
the field of view. Hold it firmly in place by using
the stage clips.
Making a Wet-Mount Slide
1. Carefully place the item you want to look at in
the center of a clean, glass slide. Make sure the
sample is thin enough for light to pass through.
2. Use a dropper to place one or two drops of
water on the sample.
3. Hold a clean coverslip by the edges and
place it at one edge of the water. Slowly
lower the coverslip onto the water until it
lies flat.
4. If you have too much water or a lot of air bubbles, touch the edge of a paper towel to the
edge of the coverslip to draw off extra water
and draw out unwanted air.
STUDENT RESOURCES
569
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK E
Diversity of Life:
Classification of Living Organisms
six-kingdom system of classification of organisms is used today. Two kingdoms—Kingdom
Archaebacteria and Kingdom Eubacteria—contain organisms that do not have a nucleus and that lack
membrane-bound structures in the cytoplasm of their cells. The members of the other four kingdoms have a cell
or cells that contain a nucleus and structures in the cytoplasm, some of which are surrounded by membranes.
These kingdoms are Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.
Reference
Handbook
A
Kingdom Archaebacteria
one-celled; some absorb food from their surroundings; some are photosynthetic; some are
chemosynthetic; many found in extremely harsh
environments including salt ponds, hot springs,
swamps, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Kingdom Eubacteria
one-celled; most absorb food from their surroundings; some are photosynthetic; some are chemosynthetic; many are parasites; many are round,
spiral, or rod-shaped; some form colonies
Phylum Bacillariophyta one-celled; photosynthetic; have unique double shells made of
silica; diatoms
Phylum Dinoflagellata one-celled; photosynthetic; contain red pigments; have two flagella;
dinoflagellates
Phylum Chlorophyta one-celled, many-celled,
or colonies; photosynthetic; contain chlorophyll; live
on land, in freshwater, or salt water; green algae
Phylum Rhodophyta most are many-celled;
photosynthetic; contain red pigments; most live in
deep, saltwater environments; red algae
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Phaeophyta most are many-celled;
Phylum Euglenophyta one-celled; photosynthetic or take in food; most have one flagellum;
euglenoids
photosynthetic; contain brown pigments; most live
in saltwater environments; brown algae
Kingdom Eubacteria
Phylum Rhizopoda one-celled; take in food;
are free-living or parasitic; move by means of
pseudopods; amoebas
Bacillus anthracis
Phylum Chlorophyta
Desmids
Amoeba
570
STUDENT RESOURCES
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK E
Phylum Zoomastigina one-celled; take in
Phyla Myxomycota and Acrasiomycota
food; free-living or parasitic; have one or more
flagella; zoomastigotes
one- or many-celled; absorb food; change form during life cycle; cellular and plasmodial slime molds
Phylum Ciliophora one-celled; take in food;
Phylum Oomycota many-celled; are either
have large numbers of cilia; ciliates
parasites or decomposers; live in freshwater or salt
water; water molds, rusts and downy mildews
Phylum Sporozoa one-celled; take in food;
have no means of movement; are parasites in
animals; sporozoans
Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Zygomycota many-celled; absorb
Phylum Ascomycota one- and many-celled;
absorb food; spores produced in asci; sac fungi; yeast
Reference
Handbook
food; spores are produced in sporangia; zygote
fungi; bread mold
Phylum Basidiomycota many-celled;
absorb food; spores produced in basidia; club
fungi; mushrooms
Phylum Deuteromycota members with
Phylum Myxomycota
Slime mold
unknown reproductive structures; imperfect
fungi; Penicillium
Mycophycota organisms formed by symbiotic
relationship between an ascomycote or a basidiomycote and green alga or cyanobacterium; lichens
Phylum Oomycota
Phytophthora infestans
Lichens
STUDENT RESOURCES
571
Reference
Handbook
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK E
Kingdom Plantae
Division Gnetophyta shrubs or woody vines;
Divisions Bryophyta (mosses),
Anthocerophyta (hornworts),
Hepatophytal (liverworts), Psilophytal
seeds are produced in cones; division contains only
three genera; gnetum
Division Anthophyta dominant group of
(whisk ferns) many-celled nonvascular plants;
reproduce by spores produced in capsules; green;
grow in moist, land environments
plants; flowering plants; have fruits with seeds
Division Lycophyta many-celled vascular
plants; spores are produced in conelike structures;
live on land; are photosynthetic; club mosses
Phylum Porifera aquatic organisms that lack
true tissues and organs; are asymmetrical and
sessile; sponges
Division Sphenophyta vascular plants; ribbed
Phylum Cnidaria radially symmetrical
and jointed stems; scalelike leaves; spores produced in conelike structures; horsetails
organisms; have a digestive cavity with one
opening; most have tentacles armed with
stinging cells; live in aquatic environments singly
or in colonies; includes jellyfish, corals, hydra,
and sea anemones
Division Pterophyta vascular plants; leaves
called fronds; spores produced in clusters of sporangia called sori; live on land or in water; ferns
Division Ginkgophyta deciduous trees; only
one living species; have fan-shaped leaves with
branching veins and fleshy cones with seeds; ginkgoes
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes bilaterally
symmetrical worms; have flattened bodies;
digestive system has one opening; parasitic and
free-living species; flatworms
Division Cycadophyta palmlike plants;
have large, featherlike leaves; produces seeds in
cones; cycads
Division Coniferophyta deciduous or evergreen; trees or shrubs; have needlelike or scalelike
leaves; seeds produced in cones; conifers
Division Anthophyta
Tomato plant
Division Bryophyta
Liverwort
Phylum
Platyhelminthes
Flatworm
572
STUDENT RESOURCES
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK E
Reference
Handbook
Phylum Chordata
Phylum Nematoda round, bilaterally
Phylum Arthropoda largest animal group;
symmetrical body; have digestive system with two
openings; free-living forms and parasitic forms;
roundworms
have hard exoskeletons, segmented bodies, and
pairs of jointed appendages; land and aquatic
species; includes insects, crustaceans, and spiders
Phylum Mollusca soft-bodied animals,
Phylum Echinodermata marine organisms;
many with a hard shell and soft foot or footlike
appendage; a mantle covers the soft body; aquatic
and terrestrial species; includes clams, snails, squid,
and octopuses
have spiny or leathery skin and a water-vascular
system with tube feet; are radially symmetrical;
includes sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins
Phylum Annelida bilaterally symmetrical
skeletons and specialized body systems; most
have paired appendages; all at some time have
a notochord, nerve cord, gill slits, and a postanal
tail; include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
and mammals
worms; have round, segmented bodies; terrestrial
and aquatic species; includes earthworms, leeches,
and marine polychaetes
Phylum Chordata organisms with internal
STUDENT RESOURCES
573
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK F
Weather Map Symbols
Sample Station Model
Location of
weather station
Type of high clouds
Barometric pressure in
millibars with initial
9 or 10 omitted (1,024.7)
Type of middle clouds
247
Temperature (°F)
Type of
precipitation
Reference
Handbook
28
31
**
Wind speed
and direction
Change in barometric
pressure in last 3 h
Total percentage of
sky covered by clouds
Type of low clouds
30
Dew point temperature (°F)
Sample Plotted Report at Each Station
Precipitation
Wind Speed
and Direction
Sky Coverage
Some Types of High Clouds
Fog
0 calm
No cover
Scattered cirrus
Snow
1-2 knots
1/10 or less
Dense cirrus in patches
●
Rain
3-7 knots
2/10 to 3/10
Veil of cirrus covering entire sky
Thunderstorm
8-12 knots
4/10
Cirrus not covering entire sky
Drizzle
13-17 knots
–
Showers
18-22 knots
6/10
23-27 knots
7/10
48-52 knots
Overcast with
openings
,
1 knot = 1.852 km/h
Some Types of Middle Clouds
Completely
overcast
Some Types of Low Clouds
Fronts and Pressure Systems
(H) or High Center of high- or
(L) or Low low-pressure system
Thin altostratus
layer
Cumulus of fair
weather
Thick altostratus
layer
Stratocumulus
Cold front
Thin altostratus
in patches
Fractocumulus of
bad weather
Warm front
Thin altostratus
in bands
Stratus of
fair weather
Occluded front
Stationary front
574
STUDENT RESOURCES
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK G
Topographic Map Symbols
Primary highway, hard surface
Index contour
Secondary highway, hard surface
Supplementary contour
Light-duty road, hard or improved surface
Intermediate contour
Unimproved road
Depression contours
Railroad: single track
Railroad: multiple track
Boundaries: national
Railroads in juxtaposition
State
Buildings
Civil township, precinct, town, barrio
Schools, church, and cemetery
Incorporated city, village, town, hamlet
Buildings (barn, warehouse, etc)
Reservation, national or state
Wells other than water (labeled as to type)
Small park, cemetery, airport, etc.
Tanks: oil, water, etc. (labeled only if water)
Land grant
Located or landmark object; windmill
Township or range line,
U.S. land survey
Open pit, mine, or quarry; prospect
Reference
Handbook
County, parish, municipal
Township or range line,
approximate location
Marsh (swamp)
Wooded marsh
Perennial streams
Woods or brushwood
Elevated aqueduct
Vineyard
Water well and spring
Land subject to controlled inundation
Small rapids
Submerged marsh
Large rapids
Mangrove
Intermittent lake
Orchard
Intermittent stream
Scrub
Aqueduct tunnel
Urban area
Glacier
Small falls
x7369
670
Spot elevation
Large falls
Water elevation
Dry lake bed
STUDENT RESOURCES
575
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK H
Reference
Handbook
Minerals
576
Mineral
(formula)
Color
Streak
Hardness
Breakage
Pattern
Uses and Other
Properties
Graphite
(C)
black to
gray
black to
gray
1–1.5
basal
cleavage
(scales)
pencil lead, lubricants for
locks, rods to control some
small nuclear reactions,
battery poles
Galena
(PbS)
gray
gray to
black
2.5
cubic
cleavage
perfect
source of lead, used for pipes,
shields for X rays, fishing
equipment sinkers
Hematite
(Fe2O3)
black or
reddishbrown
reddishbrown
5.5– 6.5
irregular
fracture
source of iron; converted to
pig iron, made into steel
Magnetite
(Fe3O4)
black
black
6
conchoidal
fracture
source of iron,
attracts a magnet
Pyrite
(FeS2)
light,
brassy,
yellow
greenishblack
6– 6.5
uneven
fracture
fool’s gold
Talc
(Mg3Si4O10
(OH)2)
white,
greenish
white
1
cleavage in
one
direction
used for talcum powder,
sculptures, paper,
and tabletops
Gypsum
(CaS04•2H20)
colorless,
gray,
white,
brown
white
2
basal
cleavage
used in plaster of paris
and dry wall for
building construction
Sphalerite
(ZnS)
brown,
reddishbrown,
greenish
light to
dark
brown
3.5– 4
cleavage in
six
directions
main ore of zinc; used in
paints, dyes, and medicine
Muscovite
(KAl3Si3
O10(OH)2)
white,
light gray,
yellow,
rose,
green
colorless
2–2.5
basal
cleavage
occurs in large, flexible
plates; used as an insulator
in electrical equipment,
lubricant
Biotite
(K(Mg,Fe)3
(AlSi3O10)
(OH)2)
black to
dark
brown
colorless
2.5–3
basal
cleavage
occurs in large,
flexible plates
Halite
(NaCl)
colorless,
red,
white,
blue
colorless
2.5
cubic
cleavage
salt; soluble in water;
a preservative
STUDENT RESOURCES
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK H
Minerals
Color
Streak
Hardness
Breakage
Pattern
Uses and Other
Properties
Calcite
(CaCO3)
colorless,
white,
pale
blue
colorless,
white
3
cleavage in
three
directions
fizzes when HCI is added;
used in cements and other
building materials
Dolomite
(CaMg (CO3)2)
colorless,
white,
pink,
green,
gray,
black
white
3.5–4
cleavage in
three
directions
concrete and cement;
used as an ornamental
building stone
Fluorite
(CaF2)
colorless,
white,
blue,
green,
red, yellow,
purple
colorless
4
cleavage in
four
directions
used in the manufacture
of optical equipment;
glows under
ultraviolet light
Hornblende
((CaNa)2-3
(Mg,Al,
Fe)5-(Al,Si)2
Si6O22
(OH)2)
green to
black
gray to
white
5– 6
cleavage in
two
directions
will transmit light on
thin edges; 6-sided
cross section
Feldspar
(KAlSi3O8)
(NaAl
Si3O8),
(CaAl2Si2
O8)
colorless,
white to
gray,
green
colorless
6
two cleavage
planes meet
at 90° angle
used in the manufacture
of ceramics
Augite
((Ca,Na)
(Mg,Fe,Al)
(Al,Si)2 O6)
black
colorless
6
cleavage in
two
directions
square or 8-sided
cross section
Olivine
((Mg,Fe)2
SiO4)
olive,
green
none
6.5–7
conchoidal
fracture
gemstones,
refractory sand
Quartz
(SiO2)
colorless,
various
colors
none
7
conchoidal
fracture
used in glass manufacture,
electronic equipment,
radios, computers,
watches, gemstones
STUDENT RESOURCES
Reference
Handbook
Mineral
(formula)
577
REFERENCE
HANDBOOK I
Reference
Handbook
Rocks
Rock Type
Rock Name
Characteristics
Igneous
(intrusive)
Granite
Large mineral grains of quartz, feldspar,
hornblende, and mica. Usually light in color.
Diorite
Large mineral grains of feldspar, hornblende, and mica.
Less quartz than granite. Intermediate in color.
Gabbro
Large mineral grains of feldspar, augite, and olivine.
No quartz. Dark in color.
Rhyolite
Small mineral grains of quartz, feldspar, hornblende,
and mica, or no visible grains. Light in color.
Andesite
Small mineral grains of feldspar, hornblende, and mica
or no visible grains. Intermediate in color.
Basalt
Small mineral grains of feldspar, augite, and olivine
or no visible grains. No quartz. Dark in color.
Obsidian
Glassy texture. No visible grains. Volcanic glass.
Fracture looks like broken glass.
Pumice
Frothy texture. Floats in water. Usually light in color.
Conglomerate
Coarse grained. Gravel or pebble size grains.
Sandstone
Sand-sized grains 1/16 to 2 mm.
Siltstone
Grains are smaller than sand but larger than clay.
Shale
Smallest grains. Often dark in color. Usually platy.
Limestone
Major mineral is calcite. Usually forms in oceans,
lakes, and caves. Often contains fossils.
Coal
Occurs in swampy areas. Compacted layers of organic
material, mainly plant remains.
Sedimentary
(chemical)
Rock Salt
Commonly forms by the evaporation of seawater.
Metamorphic
(foliated)
Gneiss
Banding due to alternate layers of different minerals,
of different colors. Parent rock often is granite.
Schist
Parallel arrangement of sheetlike minerals, mainly
micas. Forms from different parent rocks.
Phyllite
Shiny or silky appearance. May look wrinkled.
Common parent rocks are shale and slate.
Slate
Harder, denser, and shinier than shale. Common
parent rock is shale.
Marble
Calcite or dolomite. Common parent rock is limestone.
Soapstone
Mainly of talc. Soft with greasy feel.
Quartzite
Hard with interlocking quartz crystals. Common
parent rock is sandstone.
Igneous
(extrusive)
Sedimentary
(detrital)
Sedimentary
(chemical or organic)
Metamorphic
(non-foliated)
578
STUDENT RESOURCES