Doolittle Raid
1
Doolittle Raid
The Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942, was the first air raid by the
United States to strike the Japanese Home Islands (specifically
Honshu) during World War II. By demonstrating that Japan itself was
vulnerable to American air attack, it provided a vital morale boost and
opportunity for U.S. retaliation after the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor on 7 December 1941. The raid was planned and led by
Lieutenant Colonel James "Jimmy" Doolittle, U.S. Army Air Forces.
Doolittle would later recount in his autobiography that the raid was
intended to bolster American morale and to cause the Japanese to begin
doubting their leadership:
The Japanese people had been told they were
invulnerable ... An attack on the Japanese homeland would
cause confusion in the minds of the Japanese people and
sow doubt about the reliability of their leaders. There was
a second, and equally important, psychological reason for
this attack ... Americans badly needed a morale boost.[1]
18 April 1942: Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle (second
from left) and his crew pose in front of a B-25 on
the deck of the USS Hornet {Doolittle Tokyo
Raiders, Crew No. 1 (B-25 #40-2344, target
Tokyo): 34th Bombardment Squadron, Lt. Col.
James H. Doolittle, pilot; Lt. Richard E. Cole,
copilot; Lt. Henry A. Potter, navigator; SSgt.
Fred A. Braemer, bombardier; SSgt. Paul J.
Leonard, flight engineer/gunner. (U.S. Air Force
photo)}
Sixteen U.S. Army Air Forces B-25B Mitchell medium bombers were
launched from the U.S. Navy's aircraft carrier USS Hornet deep in the
Western Pacific Ocean. The plan called for them to bomb military targets in Japan, and to continue westward to land
in China—landing a medium bomber on the Hornet was impossible. All the aircraft involved in the bombing were
lost and 11 crewmen were either killed or captured—with three of the captured men executed by the Japanese Army
in China. One of the B-25s landed in the Soviet Union at Vladivostok, where it was confiscated and its crew interned
for more than a year. Thirteen entire crews, and all but one crewman of a 14th, returned either to the United States or
to American forces.[2][3]
The raid caused negligible material damage to Japan, but it succeeded in its goal of helping American morale, and
casting doubt in Japan on the ability of the Japanese military leaders. It also caused Japan to withdraw its powerful
aircraft carrier force from the Indian Ocean to defend their Home Islands, and the raid contributed to Admiral
Isoroku Yamamoto's decision to attack Midway—an attack that turned into a decisive rout of the Imperial Japanese
Navy (IJN) by the U.S. Navy near Midway Island in the Central Pacific.
Approximately 250,000 Chinese civilians were massacred by the Japanese Army in eastern China in retaliation for
helping the attacking American aviators escape capture.[4]
Origins
The raid had its start in a desire by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, expressed to Joint Chiefs of Staff in a meeting at
the White House on 21 December 1941, that Japan be bombed as soon as possible to boost public morale after the
disaster at Pearl Harbor.[5]
The concept for the attack came from Navy Captain Francis Low, Assistant Chief of Staff for anti-submarine
warfare, who reported to Admiral Ernest J. King on 10 January 1942 that he thought that twin-engine Army bombers
could be launched from an aircraft carrier after observing several at a naval airfield in Norfolk, Virginia, where the
runway was painted with the outline of a carrier deck for landing practice.[6] It was subsequently planned and led by
Doolittle, a famous civilian aviator and aeronautical engineer before the war.
Doolittle Raid
Requirements for the aircraft for a cruising range of 2,400 nautical miles (4,400 km) with a 2,000-pound (910 kg)
bomb load resulted in the selection of the B-25B Mitchell to carry out the mission. The Martin B-26 Marauder,
Douglas B-18 Bolo and Douglas B-23 Dragon were also considered,[7] but the B-26 had questionable takeoff
characteristics from a carrier deck and the B-23's wingspan was nearly 50% greater than the B-25's, reducing the
number that could be taken aboard a carrier and posing risks to the ship's island (superstructure). The B-18, one of
the final two types considered by Doolittle, was rejected for the same reason.[8]
The B-25 had yet to be tested in combat,[9][10] but subsequent tests with B-25s indicated they could fulfill the
mission's requirements. Doolittle's first report on the plan suggested that the bombers might land in Vladivostok,
shortening the flight by 600 nautical miles (1,000 km) on the basis of turning over the B-25s as Lend-Lease.[11]
Negotiations with the Soviet Union (which had signed a neutrality pact with Japan in April 1941) for permission,
however, were fruitless.[12]
Preparation
When planning indicated that the B-25 was the aircraft best meeting all
specifications of the mission, two were loaded aboard the aircraft
carrier USS Hornet at Norfolk, Virginia, and subsequently flown off
the deck without difficulty on 3 February 1942.[13] The raid was
immediately approved and the 17th Bomb Group (Medium) chosen to
provide the pool of crews from which volunteers would be recruited.
The 17th BG had been the first group to receive B-25s, with all four of
its squadrons equipped with the bomber by September 1941. The 17th
not only was the first medium bomb group of the Army Air Corps, but
in the spring of 1942 also had the most experienced B-25 crews. Its
first assignment following the entry of the United States into the war
was to the U.S. Eighth Air Force.[14]
The 17th BG, then flying antisubmarine patrols from Pendleton,
Oregon, was immediately moved cross-country to Lexington County
Army Air Base at Columbia, South Carolina, ostensibly to fly similar
patrols off the East Coast of the United States but in actuality to
Lt. Col. Doolittle wires a Japanese medal to a
prepare for the mission against Japan. The group officially transferred
bomb, for "return" to its originators.
effective 9 February to Columbia, where its combat crews were offered
the opportunity to volunteer for an "extremely hazardous" but
unspecified mission. On 17 February the group was detached from the Eighth Air Force.
Initial planning called for 20 aircraft to fly the mission,[15] and 24 of the group's B-25B Mitchell bombers were
diverted to the Mid-Continent Airlines modification center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, because with the support
provided by the two senior managers of Mid-Continent Airlines, Wold-Chamberlain Field (Operations Manager and
Chief Pilot Mr. Robert P. Harris; District Sales Manager Mr. Veryl Chase Wason, Navy commander, USNR), a
modification center quickly setup inside their maintenance hangar was the first to become operational. From nearby
Fort Snelling, the 710th Military Police Battalion (commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George William Eggerss)
provided tight security around this hangar. Modifications included:
• Removal of the lower gun turret
• Installation of de-icers and anti-icers
• Steel blast plates mounted on the fuselage around the upper turret
• Removal of the liaison radio set (a weight impediment)
2
Doolittle Raid
3
• Installation of a 160-gallon collapsible neoprene auxiliary fuel tank fixed to the top of the bomb bay, and support
mounts for additional fuel cells in the bomb bay, crawlway and lower turret area to increase fuel capacity from
646 to 1,141 U.S. gallons (538–950 imperial gallons; 2,445–4,319 L)
• Mock gun barrels installed in the tail cone, and
• Replacement of their Norden bombsight with a makeshift aiming sight devised by pilot Capt. C. Ross Greening
and called the "Mark Twain". The materials for the bombsight cost only 20 cents.[14]
Two bombers also had cameras mounted to record the results of bombing.[12] The 24 crews selected picked up the
modified bombers in Minneapolis and flew them to Eglin Field, Florida, beginning 1 March 1942. There the crews
received intensive training for three weeks in simulated carrier deck takeoffs, low-level and night flying, low-altitude
bombing and over-water navigation, primarily out of Wagner Field, Auxiliary Field 1. Lieutenant Henry Miller,
USN, from nearby Naval Air Station Pensacola supervised their takeoff training and accompanied the crews to the
launch. For his efforts, Lt. Miller is considered an honorary member of the Raider group.[16] Lt. Col. Doolittle stated
in his after-action report that an operational level of training was reached despite several days when flying was not
possible because of rain and fog. One aircraft was heavily damaged in a takeoff accident and another scratched from
the mission because of a nose wheel shimmy that could not be repaired quickly enough.[12]
On 25 March 1942, the remaining 22 B-25s took off from Eglin for McClellan Field, California. They arrived two
days later at the Sacramento Air Depot for final modifications. A total of 16 B-25s were subsequently flown to NAS
Alameda, California, on 31 March. Fifteen raiders would be the mission force and a 16th aircraft, by last-minute
agreement with the Navy, would be squeezed onto the deck to be flown off shortly after departure from San
Francisco to provide feedback to the Army pilots about takeoff characteristics. The 16th bomber was made part of
the mission force instead.
Participating aircraft
In order of launching, the 16 aircraft were:[16]
Detailed map portraying the bombing and crash
sites of the Doolittle Raiders.
Doolittle Raid
4
AAF serial #
Nickname
Sqdn
Target
Pilot
Disposition
40-2344
Tokyo
40-2292
37th BS Tokyo
Lt. Travis Hoover
crashed Ningpo, China
95th BS Tokyo
Lt. Robert M. Gray
crashed SE Chuchow, China
40-2282
95th BS Tokyo
Lt. Everett W. Holstrom
crashed SE Shangjao, China
40-2283
95th BS Tokyo
Capt. David M. Jones
crashed SW Chuchow, China
40-2270
Whiskey Pete
Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle crashed N Chuchow, China
40-2298
The Green Hornet
95th BS Tokyo
Lt. Dean E. Hallmark
ditched at sea Wenchu, China
40-2261
The Ruptured Duck
95th BS Tokyo
Lt. Ted W. Lawson
ditched at sea Shangchow, China
95th BS Tokyo
Capt. Edward J. York
interned Primorsky Krai, Siberia
34th BS Tokyo
Lt. Harold F. Watson
crashed S Nanchang, China
89th RS Tokyo
Lt. Richard O. Joyce
crashed NE Chuchow, China
40-2242
40-2303
Whirling Dervish
40-2250
40-2249
Hari Kari-er
40-2278
Fickle Finger of Fate 37th BS Yokohama Lt. William M. Bower
crashed NE Chuchow, China
40-2247
The Avenger
40-2297
89th RS Yokohama Capt. C. Ross Greening
crashed NE Chuchow, China
37th BS Yokosuka
Lt. Edgar E. McElroy
crashed N Nanchang, China
89th RS Nagoya
Maj. John A. Hilger
crashed SE Shangjao, China
40-2267
TNT
89th RS Kobe
Lt. Donald G. Smith
ditched at sea Shangchow, China
40-2268
Bat Out of Hell
34th BS Nagoya
Lt. William G. Farrow
crashed S Ningpo, China
Mission
On 1 April 1942, the 16 modified bombers, their five-man crews and
Army maintenance personnel, totaling 71 officers and 130 enlisted
men,[15] were loaded onto the USS Hornet at Alameda. Each aircraft
carried four specially constructed 500-pound (225 kg) bombs. Three of
these were high-explosive munitions and one was a bundle of
incendiaries. The incendiaries were long tubes, wrapped together in
order to be carried in the bomb bay but designed to separate and scatter
over a wide area after release. Five bombs had Japanese "friendship"
medals wired to them—medals awarded by the Japanese government
to U.S. servicemen before the war.[17] The bombers' armament was
B-25Bs on the USS Hornet en route to Japan
reduced to decrease weight (and thus increase range). Each bomber
launched with two .50-caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns in an upper turret and a .30-caliber (7.62 mm) machine gun
in the nose. The simulated gun barrels mounted in the tail cones, intended to discourage Japanese air attacks from
behind, were cited afterward by Doolittle as being particularly effective.[12] The aircraft were clustered closely and
tied down on the Hornet's flight deck in the order of their expected launch.
Doolittle Raid
5
The Hornet and Task Force 18 left the port of Alameda at 10:00 on 2
April and a few days later rendezvoused with Task Force 16,
commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr.—the carrier
USS Enterprise and her escort of cruisers and destroyers in the
mid-Pacific Ocean north of Hawaii. The Enterprise's fighters and scout
planes would provide protection for the entire task force in the event of
a Japanese air attack since the Hornet's fighters were stowed below
decks to allow the B-25s to use the flight deck. The combined force
was two carriers, three heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, eight
Orders in hand, Navy Capt. Marc A. Mitscher,
destroyers and two fleet oilers. The escort ships—the Salt Lake City,
skipper of the USS Hornet, chats with Lt. Col.
James Doolittle.
Northampton, Vincennes, Nashville, Balch, Fanning, Benham, Ellet,
Gwin, Meredith, Grayson, Monssen, Cimarron and Sabine—then
proceeded in radio silence. On the afternoon of 17 April the slow oilers refueled the task force, then withdrew with
the destroyers to the east while the carriers and cruisers dashed west at 20 knots towards their intended launch point
in enemy-controlled waters east of Japan.[18]
At 07:38 on the morning of 18 April, while the task force was still
about 650 nautical miles (1,200 km) from Japan, it was sighted by the
Japanese picket boat No.23 Nittō Maru, a 70-ton patrol craft, which
radioed an attack warning to Japan.[19] The boat was sunk by gunfire
from USS Nashville;[20] the chief petty officer who captained the boat
committed suicide rather than be captured, but five of the eleven crew
survived when they were picked up by Nashville.[21] Doolittle and
Hornet skipper Captain Marc Mitscher decided to launch the B-25s
immediately—10 hours earlier and 170 nautical miles (310 km) farther
from Japan than planned.[22] After respotting to allow for engine start
and runups, Doolittle's aircraft had 467 feet (142 m) of takeoff
distance.[23] Despite the fact that none of the B-25 pilots, including
Doolittle, had ever taken off from a carrier before, all 16 aircraft
launched safely between 08:20 and 09:19. (The 16th B-25 had been
included only as a reserve, intended to fly along as an observation and
photographic platform, but when surprise was compromised, Doolittle
decided to use all 16 aircraft in the attack.)[24] This was the only time
that United States Army Air Forces bombers were launched from a
U.S. Navy aircraft carrier on a combat mission.
No.23 Nittō Maru sinking by USS Nashville
The B-25s then flew towards Japan, most in groups of two to four
aircraft before flying single file at wave-top level to avoid detection.[25]
The aircraft began arriving over Japan about noon (Tokyo time; six
hours after launch) and bombed 10 military and industrial targets in
Tokyo, two in Yokohama and one each in Yokosuka, Nagoya, Kobe
and Osaka. Although some B-25s encountered light antiaircraft fire
and a few enemy fighters over Japan, no bomber was shot down. Only
the B-25 of Lt. Richard O. Joyce received any battle damage, minor
hits from antiaircraft fire.[23] B-25 No. 4, piloted by Lt. Everett W.
Holstrom, jettisoned its bombs before reaching its target when it came
Doolittle's B-25 at launching, April 18, 1942.
Doolittle Raid
under attack by fighters after its gun turret malfunctioned.[26] At least one Japanese fighter was shot down by the
gunners of the Whirling Dervish, piloted by Lieutenant Harold Watson. Many military targets were strafed by the
bombers' nose gunners.
Fifteen of the sixteen aircraft then proceeded southwest along the southern coast of Japan and across the East China
Sea towards eastern China, where several fields in Zhejiang province were supposed to be ready to guide them in
using homing beacons, then recover and refuel them for continuing on to Chongqing, the wartime Kuomintang
capital.[15] The primary base was at Zhuzhou, toward which all the aircraft navigated, but Halsey never sent the
planned signal to alert them, apparently because of a possible threat to the task force. One B-25, piloted by Capt.
Edward J. York, was extremely low on fuel, and headed instead for the closer Soviet Union.
The raiders faced several unforeseen challenges during their flight to China: night was approaching, the aircraft were
running low on fuel and the weather was rapidly deteriorating. None would have reached China if not for a tail wind
as they came off the target that increased their ground speed by 25 knots for seven hours.[27] As a result of these
problems, the crews realized they would probably not be able to reach their intended bases in China, leaving them
the option of either bailing out over eastern China or crash landing along the Chinese coast.[12][28] Fifteen aircraft
reached the Chinese coast after thirteen hours of flight and crash landed or bailed out; the crew who flew to the
Soviet Union landed 40 miles (65 km) beyond Vladivostok, where their B-25 was confiscated and the crew interned.
It was the longest combat mission ever flown by the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber, averaging approximately 2,250
nautical miles (4,170 km). Although York and others were well-treated, diplomatic attempts to return them to the
United States ultimately failed. Eventually they were relocated to Ashgabat (20 miles (32 km) from the Iranian
border), and York managed to "bribe" a smuggler, who helped them cross the border and reach a nearby British
consulate on 11 May 1943.[2][3] The smuggling was actually staged by the NKVD, according to declassified Soviet
archives, because the Soviet government was unable to repatriate them legally in the face of the neutrality pact with
Japan.[29]
Doolittle and his crew, after parachuting into China, received assistance from Chinese soldiers and civilians as well
as John Birch, an American missionary in China. As did the others who participated in the mission, Doolittle had to
bail out but fortunately landed in a heap of dung (saving a previously injured ankle from breaking) in a paddy in
China near Quzhou. Doolittle thought that the raid had been a terrible failure because the aircraft were lost, and that
he would be court-martialed upon his return.[30] Doolittle subsequently recommended Birch for intelligence work
with Claire Chennault's Flying Tigers.
6
Doolittle Raid
7
Aftermath
Fate of the missing crewmen
Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 crews that came down
in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians
and soldiers. Of the 80 airmen that participated in the raid, 67 escaped
capture and death. When the Chinese helped the Americans escape, the
grateful Americans in turn gave them whatever they had on hand. The
Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering
the Americans.
The Japanese military began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to
intimidate the Chinese from helping downed American airmen. All
airfields in a range of some 20,000 square miles (50,000 km2) in the
areas where the Raiders had landed were torn up.[31] The use of germ
warfare as well as other atrocities were committed and those who had
American items were targeted. The Japanese killed an estimated
250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle's men.[32][33]
Lt. Col. Doolittle with members of his flight crew
and Chinese officials in China after the attack.
From left to right: Staff Sgt. Fred A. Braemer,
bombardier; Staff Sgt. Paul J. Leonard, flight
engineer/gunner; General Ho, director of the
Branch Government of Western Chekiang
Province; Lt. Richard E. Cole, copilot; Doolittle;
Henry H. Shen, bank manager; Lt. Henry A.
Potter, navigator; Chao Foo Ki, secretary of the
Western Chekiang Province Branch Government.
The crews of two aircraft (ten men in total) were unaccounted for:
Hallmark's crew (sixth off) and Farrow's crew (last off). On 15 August
1942, the United States learned from the Swiss Consulate General in
Shanghai that eight of the missing crew members were prisoners of the
Japanese at Police Headquarters in that city (two crewmen had
drowned after the crash landing of their aircraft). On 19 October 1942, the Japanese announced that they had tried
the eight men and sentenced them to death, but that several of them had received commutation of their sentences to
life imprisonment. No names or details were included in the broadcast.
After the war, the complete story of the two missing crews was uncovered in a war crimes trial held in Shanghai. The
trial opened in February 1946 to try four Japanese officers for mistreatment of the eight captured crewmen. Two of
the missing crewmen, Staff Sgt. William J. Dieter and Sgt. Donald E. Fitzmaurice, had drowned when their B-25
crashed off the coast of China. The other eight, Lieutenants Dean E. Hallmark, Robert J. Meder, Chase Nielsen,
William G. Farrow, Robert L. Hite, and George Barr; and Corporals Harold A. Spatz and Jacob DeShazer were
captured. On 28 August 1942, pilot Hallmark, pilot Farrow and gunner Spatz were given a war crime trial by the
Japanese because of their purported strafing of civilians. On 14 October 1942, these three crewmen were advised that
they were to be executed the next day. At 16:30 on 15 October 1942, the three were taken by truck to Public
Cemetery Number 1 outside of Shanghai and executed by a firing squad.
The other five captured airmen remained in military confinement on a starvation diet, their health rapidly
deteriorating. In April 1943, they were moved to Nanking where, on 1 December 1943, Meder died. The remaining
four men (Nielsen, Hite, Barr and DeShazer) eventually began receiving slightly better treatment from their captors
and were even given a copy of the Bible and a few other books. They survived until they were freed by American
troops in August 1945. The four Japanese officers who were tried for war crimes against the eight Doolittle Raiders
were all found guilty. Three of them were sentenced to hard labor for five years and the fourth to a nine-year
sentence. DeShazer eventually became a missionary and returned to Japan in 1948, where he served in that capacity
for over 30 years.[34]
Of the group, only Hite is alive. Barr died of heart failure in 1967, Nielsen in 2007 and Jacob DeShazer died 15
March 2008. One other Doolittle Raid crewman was lost on the mission. Corporal Leland D. Faktor (flight
engineer/gunner with Gray) was killed during his bailout attempt over China, the only man on his crew to be lost.
Doolittle Raid
Service of the returning crewmen
Immediately following the raid, Doolittle told his crew that he believed the loss of all 16 aircraft, coupled with the
relatively minor damage the aircraft had inflicted on their targets, had rendered the attack a failure, and that he
expected a court-martial upon his return to the United States. Instead, the raid bolstered American morale to such an
extent that Doolittle was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Roosevelt, and was promoted two grades to
brigadier general, skipping the rank of colonel. When General Doolittle toured the growing Eglin Field facility in
July 1942 with commanding officer Col. Grandison Gardner, the local paper of record, the Okaloosa News-Journal,
Crestview, Florida, while reporting his presence, made no mention of his still-secret recent training at Eglin. He went
on to command the Twelfth Air Force in North Africa, the Fifteenth Air Force in the Mediterranean, and the Eighth
Air Force in England during the next three years.
Corporal David J. Thatcher (a flight engineer/gunner on Lawson's crew) and 1st Lt. Thomas R. White (flight
surgeon/gunner with Smith) each received the Silver Star for their efforts in helping the wounded crew members of
Lt. Lawson's crew evade Japanese troops in China. All 80 Raiders received the Distinguished Flying Cross and those
who were killed, wounded or injured as a result of the raid also received the Purple Heart. In addition, every
Doolittle Raider received a decoration from the Chinese government.
Twenty-eight of the crewmen remained in the China Burma India theater flying missions, most for more than a year.
Five were killed in action. Nineteen crew members flew combat missions from North Africa after returning to the
United States, with four killed in action and four becoming prisoners of war. Nine crew members served in the
European Theater of Operations, one killed in action. Altogether 12 of the survivors died in air crashes within 15
months of the raid. Two survivors were separated from the USAAF in 1944 due to the severity of their injuries.[2]
The 17th Bomb Group, from which the Doolittle Raiders had been recruited, received replacement crews and
transferred to Barksdale Army Air Field in June 1942, where it converted to B-26 Marauder medium bombers. In
November 1942, it deployed overseas to North Africa, where it operated in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations
with the Twelfth Air Force for the remainder of the war.
Impact
Compared with the future devastating Boeing B-29 Superfortress attacks against Japan, the Doolittle raid did little
material damage, and all of that readily repaired. Eight primary and five secondary targets were struck. In Tokyo, the
targets included an oil tank farm, a steel mill, and several power plants. In Yokosuka, at least one bomb from the
B-25 piloted by Lt. Edgar E. McElroy struck the nearly completed IJN aircraft carrier Ryūhō,[23] delaying her launch
until November. Six schools and an army hospital were also hit. Japanese officials reported that the two aircraft
whose crews were captured had struck their targets.[35]
For years before Pearl Harbor, there had been mock air raid drills in every Japanese city,[36] although China's air
force was almost nonexistent. Such may have been part of the process of keeping warlike emotion at a high pitch.
The Japanese press was told how to convey the news. The attack was depicted as a cruel, indiscriminate bombing
targeted at civilians, women and children.[37]
Despite the minimal damage inflicted, American morale soared when news of the raid was released. Still reeling
from the attack on Pearl Harbor and Japan's subsequent territorial gains, the American public appreciated knowing
that a successful military response had been undertaken.[38]
The Japanese attempted to locate and pursue the American task force. The Second Fleet, its main striking force, was
near Taiwan, returning from the Indian Ocean Raid to refit and replace its air losses. Spearheaded by five aircraft
carriers and its best naval aircraft and aircrews, the Second Fleet was immediately ordered to intercept the
anticipated raid, and then locate and destroy the U.S. carrier force, but was unable to accomplish either task.[39][40]
The Imperial Japanese Navy also bore a special responsibility for allowing an American aircraft carrier force to
approach the Japanese Home Islands in a manner similar to that of the IJN fleet to Hawaii in 1941, and likewise
8
Doolittle Raid
9
permit it to escape undamaged.[41] The fact that rather large twin-engine land-based bombers carried out the attack
served to confuse the IJN's high command about the source of the attack. This confusion and the conclusion that
Japan itself was vulnerable to air attack strengthened Yamamoto's resolve to capture Midway Island, with the
attempt to do so resulting in the decisive Japanese loss at the Battle of Midway.[42][43][44]
"It was hoped that the damage done would be both material and psychological. Material damage was to
be the destruction of specific targets with ensuing confusion and retardation of production. The
psychological results, it was hoped, would be the recalling of combat equipment from other theaters for
home defense thus effecting relief in those theaters, the development of a fear complex in Japan,
improved relationships with our Allies, and a favorable reaction on the American people." —General
James H. Doolittle, 9 July 1942[12][45]
Postwar
The Doolittle Raiders have held an annual reunion almost every year
since the late 1940s. The high point of each reunion is a solemn,
private ceremony in which the surviving Raiders perform a roll call,
then toast their fellow Raiders who passed away during the previous
year. Specially engraved silver goblets, one for each of the 80 Raiders,
are used for this toast. The goblets of those who have died are inverted.
So that each crewmember can be recognized, whether dead or alive,
their names are engraved on the goblets twice, right side up and upside
down. When only two Raiders remain alive, they will drink a final
toast using the vintage 1896 bottle of Hennessy cognac which has
accompanied the goblets to each Raider reunion since 1960. The
vintage was chosen because it was the year of Jimmy Doolittle's birth.
The bottle of cognac and the goblets had been maintained by the
United States Air Force Academy on display in Arnold Hall, the cadet
social center, until 2006. On 19 April 2006, the memorabilia were
transferred to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.[46]
WWII Army vet George A. McCalpin (right)
speaking with Lt. Col. Richard E. Cole (seated)
about McCalpin's cousin, Raider Sgt. William
'Billy Jack' Dieter, at the 66th anniversary event
at the University of Texas at Dallas in April 2008.
Surviving airmen
1. Colonel Richard E. Cole, copilot of aircraft No. 1 [47]
2. Major Thomas C. Griffin, navigator of aircraft No. 9[48]
3. Lieutenant Colonel Robert L. Hite, copilot of aircraft No. 16[49]
4. Major Edward Joseph Saylor, engineer of aircraft No. 15[50]
[51]
5. Staff Sergeant David J. Thatcher, gunner of aircraft No. 7
Maj Tom Griffin's signature on a B-25 operated
by the TriState Warbird Museum
As of 12 October 2012, five Raiders are still alive. All except Hite
attended the 70th anniversary reunion at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.[52]
There are also seven individuals, such as Lt. Miller and raider historian Col. C.V. Glines, who are considered
honorary Raiders for their respective efforts for the mission.[53]
The last of the surviving Doolittle raider pilots (i.e., aircraft commanders, not co-pilots), Bill Bower, died on 10
January 2011 at age 93 in Boulder, Colorado.[54][55][56]
Doolittle Raid
10
Legacy
The United States Navy named one of its aircraft carriers after the fictional location, USS Shangri-La, as a reference
to the Doolittle Raid. President Roosevelt had answered a reporter's question by saying that the raid had come from
"Shangri-La", which was the name of the mysterious place of perpetual youth in the Himalayas in the popular book
and movie of the time, Lost Horizon.[57][58]
Doolittle Raiders exhibit
The most extensive display of Doolittle Raid memorabilia can be seen
at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (on
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base) in Dayton, Ohio. The centerpiece is
a like-new B-25, which is painted and marked as Doolittle's aircraft,
40-2344, (although built as an F-10D photo reconnaissance version of
the B-25D). The bomber, which North American Aviation presented to
the Raiders in 1958, rests on a reproduction of the USS Hornet's flight
deck. The scene is made even more realistic through the use of several
authentically dressed mannequins surrounding the aircraft; these
NMUSAF Doolittle Raid exhibit. The engine
include representations of Doolittle, USS Hornet, Captain Marc
shrouds cover the dissimilar engine exhausts of
the 'D' model which varied from the 'B' models
Mitscher, and groups of Army and Navy men loading the bomber's
flown on the raid.
bombs and ammunition. Other highlights of the exhibit are the silver
goblets used by the Raiders at each of their annual reunions; pieces of
flight clothing and personal equipment; a parachute used by one of the Raiders in his bailout over China; and group
photographs of all 16 crews. Many other interesting items are also included in this unique collection.
A fragment of the wreckage of one of the aircraft as well as the medals
awarded to Doolittle are on display at the Smithsonian National Air
and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
The last B-25 to be retired from the U.S. Air Force inventory is
displayed at the Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin AFB in the
markings of Gen. Doolittle's aircraft.
Raiders' goblets
The recently opened Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor on Ford
Island, Oahu, Hawaii also features a 1942 exhibit in which the
centerpiece is a restored B-25 in the markings of "The Ruptured Duck"
used on the Doolittle Raid.[59]
The San Marcos, Texas, chapter of the Commemorative Air Force has in its museum the armor plate from the pilot
seat of the B-25 Doolittle flew in the raid.
Doolittle Raid
11
Doolittle Raiders re-creation
On 21 April 1992, in harmony with other World War II 50th
Anniversary festivities, USS Ranger participated in the
commemorative re-enactment of the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, Japan.
Two World War II–era B-25 bombers were craned on board and over
1,500 guests (including national, local and military media) were
embarked to witness the two vintage aircraft take off.
List of the participating crewmen
Aircraft No.1
• Pilot Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle
•
•
•
•
Co-pilot Lt. Richard E. Cole
Navigator Lt Henry A. Potter
Bombardier Sgt. Fred A. Braemer
Gunner Sgt. Paul J. Leonard
Aircraft No.2 Crew from 37th Squadron, 17th Group
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Lt. Travis Hoover
Co-pilot Lt. William N. Fitzhugh
Navigator Lt. Carl R. Wildner
Bombardier Lt. Richard E. Miller
Gunner Sgt. Douglas V. Radney
Aircraft No.3 Crew from 95th Squadron, 17th Group
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Lt. Robert M. Gray
Co-pilot Lt. Jacob E. Manch
Navigator Lt. Charles J. Ozuk
Bombardier Sgt. Aden E. Jones
Gunner Cpl. Leland D. Faktor
Aircraft No.4 Crew from 95th Squadron, 17th Group
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Lt. Everett W. Holstrom
Co-pilot Lt. Lucien N. Youngblood
Navigator Lt. Harry C. McCool
Bombardier Sgt Robert J. Stephens
Gunner Cpl. Bert M. Jordan
Aircraft No.5 Crew from 95th Squadron, 17th Group
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Capt. David M. Jones
Co-pilot Lt. Rodney R. Wilder
Navigator Lt. Eugene F. McGurl
Bombardier Lt. Denver V. Trulove
Gunner Sgt. Joseph W. Manske
Aircraft No.6 Crew from 95th Squadron, 17th Group
• Pilot Lt. Dean E. Hallmark
• Co-pilot Lt. Robert J. Meder
The restored World War II B-25 "Heavenly
Body" takes off from the deck of the USS Ranger
Doolittle Raid
• Navigator Lt. Chase J. Nielsen
• Bombardier Sgt. William J. Dieter
• Gunner Sgt Donald E. Fitzmaurice
Aircraft No.7 Crew from 95th Squadron, 17th Group
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Lt. Ted W. Lawson
Co-pilot Lt. Dean Davenport
Navigator Lt. Charles L. McClure
Bombardier Lt. Robert S. Clever
Gunner Sgt. David J. Thatcher
Aircraft No.8 Crew from 95th Squadron, 17th Group
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Capt. Edward J. York
Co-pilot Lt. Robert G. Emmens
Navigator/Bombardier Lt. Nolan A. Herndon
Engineer S/Sgt. Theodore H. Laban
Gunner Sgt. David W. Pohl
Aircraft No. 9 Crew from 34th Squadron, 17th Group
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Lt. Harold F. Watson
Co-pilot Lt. James N. Parker
Navigator Lt. Thomas C. Griffin
Bombardier Sgt. Wayne M. Bissell
Gunner S/Sgt. Eldred V. Scott
Aircraft No.10 Crew from 89th Recon Squadron
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Lt. Richard O. Joyce
Co-pilot Lt. J. Royden Stork
Navigtor/Baombardier Lt. Horace E. Crouch
Bombardier Sgt. George E. Larkin, Jr.
Gunner S/Sgt. Edwin W. Horton, Jr.
Aircraft No.11 Crow from 89th Recon Squadron
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Capt. C. Ross Greening
Co-pilot Lt. Kenneth E. Reddy
Navigator Lt. Frank A. Kappeler
Bombardier S/Sgt. William L. Birch
Engineer Sgt Melvin J. Gardner
Aircraft No.12 Crow from 37th Squadron, 17th Group
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Lt. William M. Bower
Co-pilot Lt. Thadd H. Blanton
Navigator Lt. William R. Pound
Bombardier Sgt. Waldo J. Bither
Gunner Sgt. Omer A. Duquette
Aircraft No.13 Crew from 37th Squadron, 17th Group
• Pilot Lt. Edgar E. McElroy
• Co-pilot Lt. Richard A. Knobloch
• Navigator Lt. Clayton J. Campbell
• Bombardier Sgt. Robert C. Bourgeois
12
Doolittle Raid
13
• Gunner Sgt. Adam R. Williams
Aircraft No.14 Crew from 89th Recon. Squadron
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Maj. John A. Hilger
Co-pilot Lt. Jack A. Sims
Navigator/Bombardier Lt. James H. Macia, Jr.
Engineer S/Sgt Jacob Eierman
Gunner Sgt. Edwin V. Bain
Aircraft No.15 Crew from 89th Recon. Squadron
•
•
•
•
•
Pilot Lt. Donald G. Smith
Co-pilot Lt. Griffith P. Williams
Navigator/Bombardier Lt. Howard A. Sessler
Engineer Sgt. Edward J. Saylor
Gunner Lt. Thomas R. White
Aircraft No.16 Crew from 34th Squadron, 17th Group
• Pilot Lt. William G. Farrow
• Co-pilot Lt. Robert L. Hite
• Navigator Lt. George Barr
• Bombardier Cpl. Jacob D. DeShazer
• Engineer/Gunner Sgt. Harold A. Spatz
18 April 1942. Crew No. 1 Crew
No. 1 (B-25 #40-2344, target
Tokyo): 34th Bombardment
Squadron, Lt. Col. James H.
Doolittle, pilot; Lt. Richard E.
Cole, copilot; Lt. Henry A.
Potter, navigator; SSgt. Fred A.
Braemer, bombardier; SSgt. Paul
J. Leonard, flight
engineer/gunner. (U.S. Air Force
photo)
Doolittle Tokyo Raiders, Crew
No. 5: Crew No. 5 (B-25
#40-2283, target Tokyo): 95th
Bombardment Squadron, front
row: Capt. David M. Jones,
pilot; and Lt. Ross R. Wilder,
copilot; back row: Lt. Eugene F.
McGurl, navigator; Lt. Denver
V. Truelove, bombardier; and
Sgt. Joseph W. Manske, flight
engineer/gunner.
18 April 1942. As part of Crew
No. 6, 95th Bombardment
Squadron, they flew B-25
#40-2298 "The Green Hornet" to
bomb targets in Tokyo. (Left to
right) Lt. Chase J. Nielsen
(navigator), Lt. Dean E.
Hallmark (pilot), Sgt. Donald E.
Fitzmaurice (engineer-gunner),
Lt. Robert J. Meder (co-pilot),
Sgt. William J Dieter
(bombardier). (U.S. Air Force
photo)
Crew of "The Ruptured Duck"
(B-25 Doolittle Raider) Crew
No. 7 (B-25 #40-2261: target
Tokyo) Front Row L-R, Lt. Ted
W. Lawson, pilot; Lt. Dean
Davenport, copilot; Back Row
L-R, Lt. Charles L. McClure,
navigator; Lt. Robert S. Clever,
bombardier and Sgt. David J.
Thatcher, flight engineer/gunner.
(U.S. Air Force photo)
Popular culture
The Doolittle Raid was the subject of the 1944 feature film, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo. This was based on a book of
the same title by Doolittle Raider pilot Captain Ted W. Lawson, who lost a leg and had other serious injuries as a
result of a crash landing off the coast of China. Spencer Tracy played Doolittle and Van Johnson portrayed Lawson.
The movie is considered to be a reasonably accurate and unsensationalized depiction of the mission. The movie has
the general approval of the Raiders. Footage from the film was later used for the opening scenes of Midway and in
the TV miniseries War and Remembrance.
Doolittle Raid
The raid also inspired two other films. One was the 1943 RKO film Bombardier starring Randolph Scott and Pat
O'Brien. The climax of this movie is an attack on Japan by a group of B-17s. The other film, The Purple Heart, made
in 1944, starring Dana Andrews, was a fictional depiction based on a Japanese court martial of captured American
airmen, from the Doolittle Raid.
The 2001 film Pearl Harbor (with Alec Baldwin playing Doolittle) presented a heavily fictionalized version of the
raid. The film's portrayal of the planning of the raid, the air raid itself, and the raid's aftermath, is inaccurate,
portraying the bombing as a devastatingly effective strike against an entire industrial area. Additionally, the film
includes a completely fictionalized shootout between Japanese soldiers in China and American airmen, resulting in
the deaths of several Americans, many Japanese, and the rescue of the surviving airmen by Chinese soldiers.
A highly fictionalized film in 1943, Destination Tokyo starring Cary Grant, tangentially involved the raid,
concentrating on the fictional submarine USS Copperfin. The submarine's mission is to enter Tokyo Bay undetected
and place a landing party ashore to obtain weather information vital to the upcoming Doolittle raid. The film
suggests the raid did not launch until up-to-the-minute data was received. However, all the after-action reports
indicated the raid launched without time for weather briefings because of the encounter with the picket ships.[12]
Many books were written about the Doolittle Raid after the war. Doolittle's Tokyo Raiders, by C.V. Glines, tells the
complete story of the raid, including the unique experiences of each B-25 crew. Guests of the Kremlin, written by
copilot Bob Emmens, describes his crew's adventures as internees in The Soviet Union after their landing in that
country following the raid. Four Came Home, also by C.V. Glines, tells the story of Nielsen, Hite, Barr, and
DeShazer, the Raiders who were held in POW camps for over three years. The First Heroes by Craig Nelson, goes
into great detail of the events leading up to the raid and the aftermath for all the pilots and their families.
A related VHS video with contemporary footage of Doolittle and the flight preparations, along with the B-25s
launching, is DeShazer, the story of missionary Sergeant Jake DeShazer of B-25 No. 16 (the last to launch from the
Hornet). The video is based on "The Amazing Story of Sergeant Jacob De Shazer: The Doolittle Raider Who Turned
Missionary by C. Hoyt Watson. At the end of both the video and the book, DeShazer after the war meets Mitsuo
Fuchida, the commander and lead pilot of the Pearl Harbor attack.
References
Notes
[1] Doolittle and Glines 1991, pp. 1–2.
[2] "Eighty Brave Men." (http:/ / www. doolittleraider. com/ 80_brave_men. htm) Doolittle Tokyo Raiders, Memorial site of Richard O. Joyce.
Retrieved: 17 February 2008.
[3] Glines 1998, pp. 166–168.
[4] Craig 2004, p. 162.
[5] Glines 1998, p. 10.
[6] Glines 1998, p. 13.
[7] Glines 1998, p. 19.
[8] Glines 1998, pp. 19–20.
[9] The first bombing mission by B-25s preceded the Doolittle Raid by only 12 days. On 6 April 1942, six Mitchells of the 3rd Bomb Group
bombed Gasmata, New Britain, followed on 12 and 13 April by two days of sorties against Cebu City and Davao in the Philippines. The Third
Bomb Group staged 10 Mitchells through Darwin, Australia to Mindanao for the latter.
[10] Martin and Stephenson 2008, pp. 174, 182–183.
[11] Glines 1998, p. 27.
[12] "General Doolittle's report on raid, 9 July 1942." (http:/ / www. ibiblio. org/ hyperwar/ AAF/ rep/ Doolittle/ Report. html) Hyper War.
Retrieved: 19 June 2007.
[13] Glines 1998, p. 22.
[14] Craven and Cate 1948, p. 439.
[15] Craven and Cate 1948, p. 440.
[16] "Memorial site of Richard O. Joyce." (http:/ / www. doolittleraider. com/ ) Doolittle Tokyo Raiders. Retrieved: 23 October 2010.
[17] Coletta 1993, pp. 73–86.
14
Doolittle Raid
[18] Glines 1998, p. 63.
[19] Chun 2006, p. 45.
[20] The order to the Nashville did not go out until 07:52. Heavy seas made hitting the picket boat difficult even with rapid fire, and it was not
sunk until 08:23 (Glines, p. 70).
[21] Glines 1998, p. 71.
[22] Doolittle, first off, was 610 nautical miles (1,100 km) from Tokyo at launch, while Farrow, last off, was 600 nautical miles (1,100 km) from
landfall (Glines, p. 71).
[23] Craven and Cate 1948, p. 442.
[24] Watson 1950, p. 17.
[25] Watson 1950, p. 20.
[26] Glines 1998, p. 94.
[27] Glines 1998, pp. 81, 91.
[28] Doolittle's after-action report stated that some B-25s were heard overflying the bases but, because the Chinese had not been alerted to the
attack, they assumed it was a Japanese air raid.
[29] Roshchupkin, Vladimir. "Секретная миссия подполковника Дулиттла" (in Russian). (http:/ / union. psj. ru/ saver_magazins/ detail.
php?ID=5266) NRC Magazine: The Guardian, 6 February 2011. Retrieved: 21 August 2012.
[30] Doolittle and Glines 1991, p. 12.
[31] Chang 1997, p. 189.
[32] "The Perilous Fight." (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ perilousfight/ ) PBS. Retrieved: 22 November 2011.
[33] Nelson 2002, pp. 226–228.
[34] DeShazer Dixon, Carol Aiko. " Return of the Raider: A Doolittle Raider's Story of War and Forgiveness." (http:/ / www. jacobdeshazer.
com/ ) jacobdeshazer.com, 2010.
[35] Shepherd, Joel. "USS Enterprise CV-6 The Most Decorated Ship of the Second World War." (http:/ / www. cv6. org/ 1942/ doolittle/
doolittle_2. htm) cv6.org. Retrieved: 19 April 2010.
[36] An air raid drill took place in Tokyo on the morning of the raid. (Glines 1988, p. 77)
[37] Chun 2006, p. 84.
[38] Glines 1998, p. 219.
[39] Glines 1988, pp. 75-76
[40] Craven and Cate 1948, p. 441
[41] The Japanese, through a small amount of intercepted radio traffic between Halsey and Mitscher, were aware that an American carrier force
was at large in the Western Pacific Ocean and could possibly attack Japan. Glines 1998, pp. 60–62
[42] Glines 1998, p. 218.
[43] Prange et al. 1982, pp. 22–26.
[44] Gill 1968, p. 24
[45] Glines 1998, pp. 215–216.
[46] " 'Doolittle Goblets' Find New Home." (http:/ / www. defenselink. mil/ news/ newsarticle. aspx?id=15406) Department of Defense News.
Retrieved: 24 April 2010.
[47] Joyce, Todd. "Richard E. Cole, 0-421602, Colonel, Co-Pilot Crew 1." (http:/ / www. doolittleraider. com/ raiders/ cole. htm)
doolittleraider.com, 2012. Retrieved: 11 October 2012.
[48] Joyce, Todd. "Thomas Carson Griffin, 0-377848, Major, Navigator Crew 9." (http:/ / www. doolittleraider. com/ raiders/ griffin. htm)
doolittleraider.com, 2012. Retrieved: 11 October 2012.
[49] Joyce, Todd. "Robert L. Hite, 0-417960, Lieutenant Colonel, Co-Pilot Crew 16." (http:/ / www. doolittleraider. com/ raiders/ hite. htm)
doolittleraider.com, 2012. Retrieved: 11 October 2012.
[50] Joyce, Todd. "Edward Joseph Saylor, 6569707, Major, Engineer Crew 15." (http:/ / www. doolittleraider. com/ raiders/ saylor. htm)
doolittleraider.com, 2012. Retrieved: 11 October 2012.
[51] Joyce, Todd. "David J. Thatcher, 19019573, Staff Sergeant, Engineer-Gunner Crew 7." (http:/ / www. doolittleraider. com/ raiders/ thatcher.
htm) doolittleraider.com, 2012. Retrieved: 11 October 2012.
[52] "Twenty B-25 bombers turn museum runway into WWII squadron." (http:/ / www. daytondailynews. com/ news/ dayton-news/
twenty-b-25-bombers-turn-museum-runway-into-wwii-squadron--1361061. html) Dayton Daily News. Retrieved: 18 April 2012.
[53] Joyce, Todd. "80 Brave Men: The Doolittle Tokyo Raiders Roster." (http:/ / www. doolittleraider. com/ 80_brave_men. htm) The Doolittle
Tokyo Raiders, 10 December 2008. Retrieved: 12 May 2009.
[54] "Ravenna WWII hero Colonel Bill Bower, 'Doolittle Raider,' dies." (http:/ / www. recordpub. com/ news/ article/ 4962565) Ravenna Record
Courier, 12 January 2011. Retrieved: 30 January 2011.
[55] "Col. William Marsh 'Bill' Bower, February 13, 1917 – January 10, 2011." (http:/ / www. dailycamera. com/ obits/
ci_17057961?source=most_emailed) Camera (newspaper), 12 January 2011. Retrieved: 30 January 2011.
[56] Rees Shapiro, T. "Bill Bower, last surviving bomber pilot of WWII Doolittle Raid, dies at 93." (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/
content/ article/ 2011/ 01/ 13/ AR2011011306740. html) Washington Post, 15 January 2011. Retrieved: 30 January 2011.
[57] "A Short History." (http:/ / www. uss-shangri-la. com/ history. html) U.S.S. Shangri-La. Retrieved: 23 October 2010.
15
Doolittle Raid
[58] "He Flew From 'Shangri-La' to Bomb Tokyo." (http:/ / www. thewarillustrated. info/ 160/ he-flew-from-shangri-la-to-bomb-tokyo. asp) The
War Illustrated, 6 August 1943.
[59] "B-25 Mitchell." (http:/ / www. pacificaviationmuseum. org/ exhibits/ aircrafts. html) Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor. Retrieved: 14
November 2010.
Citations
Bibliography
• Chang, Iris. The Rape of Nanking. New York: Basic Books, 1997. ISBN 0-465-06835-9.
• Chun, Clayton K.S. The Doolittle Raid 1942: America's First Strike Back at Japan (Campaign: 16). Botley,
Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2006. ISBN 1-84176-918-5.
• Coletta, Paolo. "Launching the Doolittle Raid on Japan, April 18, 1942". The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 63,
No. 1, February 1993.
• Craig, John S. Peculiar Liaisons: In War, Espionage, and Terrorism in the Twentieth Century. (http://books.
google.co.nz/books?id=xNMVVsHEm5cC&pg=PR5&dq="Peculiar+Liaisons:+In+War,+Espionage,+and+
Terrorism+in+the+Twentieth+Century."&hl=en&ei=oDZSTqHzJY34mAXKm6zHBg&sa=X&
oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) New York: Algora
Publishing, 2004. ISBN 978-0-87586-331-3.
• Craven, Wesley Frank and James Lea Cate, series editors. "Chapter 12: Drawing the Battle Line in the Pacific".
Army Air Forces in World War II, Vol. I: Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942 . (http://
www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101105-005.pdf) Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1948. (Air Force Historical Studies Office internet edition.)
• Doolittle, James H. and Carroll V. Glines. I Could Never Be So Lucky Again: An Autobiography. New York:
Bantam Books, 1991. ISBN 0-553-58464-2.
• Emmens, Robert G. Guests of the Kremlin. San Rafael, California: Ishi Press International, 2007. ISBN
0-923891-81-1.
• Gill, G. Hermon. Volume II – Royal Australian Navy, 1942–1945 (http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.
asp?volume=25). Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1968. Retrieved 14
October 2012.
• Glines, Carroll V. The Doolittle Raid: America's Daring First Strike Against Japan. New York: Orion Books,
1988. ISBN 0-88740-347-6
• ———— Doolittle's Tokyo Raiders. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981, First edition 1968. ISBN
978-0-44202-726-1.
• ———— Four Came Home: The Gripping Story of the Survivors of Jimmy Doolittle's Two Lost Crews . New
York: Van Nostrad Reinhold, 1981, First edition 1966. ISBN 978-1-57510-007-4.
• Glover, Charles E. "Jimmy Doolittle's One Moment in Time." The Palm Beach Post, 18 April 1992.
• Hasley, Edward. "War Stories: Heroism in the Pacific". 18 February 1996.
• Hayostek, Cindy. "Exploits of a Doolittle Raider". (http://www.thehistorynet.com/MilitaryHistory/articles/
0396_text.htm) thehistorynet.com, 21 July 1998. Retrieved: 10 March 2008.
• Lawson, Ted W. and Robert Considine, ed.Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo. New York: Random House, Inc., 1943.
• Martin, Adrian R., and Larry W. Stephenson. Operation Plum: The Ill-fated 27th Bombardment Group and the
Fight For the Western Pacific. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2008. ISBN 1-60344-019-4.
• Nelson, Craig. The First Heroes: The Extraordinary Story of the Doolittle Raid—America's First World War II
Victory. London: Penguin Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-14-200341-1.
• Oxford, Edward. "Against All Odds: B-25 Bombers Strike Japan in 1942." American History Illustrated,
March–April 1992.
• Prange, Gordon W., Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon. Miracle at Midway. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1982. ISBN 0-07-050672-8.
16
Doolittle Raid
• Watson, Charles Hoyt. DeShazer: The Doolittle Raider Who Turned Missionary. Winona Lake, Indiana: The
Light and Life Press, 1950.
External links
• Doolittle Tokyo Raiders, Memorial site of Richard O. Joyce, Official Site of the Doolittle Raiders as of 2009
(http://www.doolittleraider.com/)
• Doolittle Raider Reunion Information (http://www.doolittlereunion.com/)
• Remembering the Doolittle Raid. An oral history featuring Jimmy Doolittle (http://www.usni.org/
navalinstitutepress/MidwayIslandBattleofMidway.asp)
• Profile image of Doolittle's aircraft (http://www.doolittleraid.com/B25profile1.jpg)
• Former Official Doolittle Raiders site (http://www.doolittletokyoraiders.com/)
• Wright Patterson site (http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=476)
• "Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo" The Halsey-Doolittle Raid (http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/TideTurns/
index.html)
• "Animated History of Doolittle Raid" (http://www.historyanimated.com/Doolittle.html)
• Naval Historical Center site (http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/misc-42/dooltl.htm)
• After action report of Col. Doolittle (http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/rep/Doolittle/Report.html)
• MaritimeQuest Doolittle Raid Photo Gallery (http://www.maritimequest.com/misc_pages/
doolittle_raid_april_1942_page_1.htm)
• American Heritage article on the Doolittle Raid (http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/
20070418-tokyo-doolittle-raid-jimmy-doolittle-pearl-harbor-battle-of-midway-world-war-II-japan.shtml)
• www.doolittleraid.com – A fan site on things related to the Doolittle Raid and the Raiders (http://www.
doolittleraid.com/)
• Jimmy Doolittle and the Tokyo Raiders Strike Japan During World War II (http://www.historynet.com/
magazines/american_history/3031641.html) article by Edward Oxford
• A memorial site for Doolittle Raider Jacob DeShazer, including his story as written by daughter, Carol Aiko
DeShazer Dixon (http://www.jacobdeshazer.com)
• Official historian of the Doolittle raid, Carroll V. Glines talks about the raid (http://feeds.radioamerica.org/
rd-bin/rdfeed.mp3?Veterans&cast_id=1002)
• A film clip of Doolittle Raid (http://archive.org/details/Doolittle_Raid_Launch_Footage_1942) is available for
free download at the Internet Archive [more]
• POW (http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/shogenarchives/jpnews/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001300510_00000&
seg_number=001), Nippon News, No. 125. in the official website of NHK.
• USS Hornet
17
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:Dolittle Raider, Plane 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dolittle_Raider,_Plane_1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: US Army Air Force
Image:James H Doolittle medal bomb.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:James_H_Doolittle_medal_bomb.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: BrokenSphere,
Get It, Historicair, Nobunaga24, PMG, Rmhermen, SoLando, 1 anonymous edits
File:Doolittle Raid Final.pdf Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Doolittle_Raid_Final.pdf License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Warrenb
Image:060415-F-0000G-022.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:060415-F-0000G-022.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Signaleer at
en.wikipedia, 2006-12-13 (original upload date)
Image:020903-o-9999b-080.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:020903-o-9999b-080.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Signaleer at
en.wikipedia
Image:No.23-NittoMaru-1942.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:No.23-NittoMaru-1942.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: ja: ア メ リ カ 海 軍en: United
States Navy
Image:Doolittle takeoff Hornet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Doolittle_takeoff_Hornet.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown photographer
Image:DoolittleRaiders China h97502.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DoolittleRaiders_China_h97502.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader
was ERcheck at en.wikipedia
Image:McCalpin and Cole 66th anniversary.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:McCalpin_and_Cole_66th_anniversary.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: William J. 'Bill' McCalpin. Original uploader was Mccalpin at en.wikipedia
Image:Tom Griffin's signature on the "Axis Nightmare".jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tom_Griffin's_signature_on_the_"Axis_Nightmare".jpg License:
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Killfile
Image:DoolittleRaidDisplayAtAFMuseum.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DoolittleRaidDisplayAtAFMuseum.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bukk,
PMG, PeterWD, Rogerd
Image:Goblets from Doolittle Raid.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Goblets_from_Doolittle_Raid.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Flodadolf
Image:USS Ranger (CV-61) B-25 Mitchell Doolittle reenactment.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Ranger_(CV-61)_B-25_Mitchell_Doolittle_reenactment.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: Camera Operator: PHCM TERRY MITCHELL
File:Dolittle Raider, Plane 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dolittle_Raider,_Plane_1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: US Army Air Force
File:DoolittleRaiders Crew5 060217-F-1234P-113 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DoolittleRaiders_Crew5_060217-F-1234P-113_1.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: U.S. Air Force photo
File:Doolittle Raid Crew 6.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Doolittle_Raid_Crew_6.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: US Air Force
File:Ruptured Duck Crew.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ruptured_Duck_Crew.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: photographer on USS Hornet
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
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