Brief Contents
To the Student xiii
1 American Government and Politics in a Racially Divided World 2 The Constitution: Rights and Race Intertwined 27
3Federalism: Balancing Power, Balancing Rights 57
4 Civil Liberties: Freedom and Government Authority in Tension 5 Civil Rights: Inequality and Equality 1
99
131
6Congress: Representation and Lawmaking 171
7 The Presidency: Conventional Wisdom Redefined 205
8 The Bureaucracy: Career Government Employees, Accountability,
and Race 243
9 The Judiciary: Blending Law and Politics 10 Public Opinion: Divided by Race? 269
297
11 The Media: Reinforcing Racial Stereotypes? 331
12 Social Movements: Civil Rights as a Movement Model 359
13 Interest Groups: Good Outcomes with Few Resources 405
14 Political Parties: Linking Voters and Governing Institutions 15 Voting and Elections: From Obama to Clinton 16 The Making of Domestic and Foreign Policy Appendix I: The Declaration of Independence Appendix II: The Constitution Glossary Notes Credits Index 437
465
519
543
546
566
579
616
620
v
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Contents
To the Student xiii
The Road to Revolution 29
Declaring Independence 31
Chapter 1
American Government
and Politics in a Racially
Divided World 1
The Nature of Government 4
The Functions of Government 5
The Types of Government 6
Principles of Constitutional
Democracies 7
First Attempt at National Government: The
Articles of Confederation 35
A Limited National Government 35
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation 36
Our Voices: Prince Hall (1748–1807) 37
Second Attempt at National Government:
The Constitution 37
The Convention Delegates 38
Forming a New Government 38
The Rule of Law 8
Measuring Equality: Whom Did the Framers
Represent? 39
Natural Law 8
The Great Compromise 41
Natural Rights 9
Debate over Ratification 43
Foundations of American Government 9
Classical Liberalism 9
Evaluating Equality: The Effect of the Three-Fifths
Compromise on the Political Power of the South 44
Classical Republicanism 12
The Bill of Rights 45
Tradition of Exclusion (Inegalitarianism) 15
Our Voices: Lemuel Haynes—Republicanism
and Slavery 17
Evaluating Equality: Thomas Jefferson
and Sally Hemings 19
Exclusion and the Founding 20
Measuring Equality: Who Was Eligible to Be
Included in “We The People”? 22
Conclusion 24
Review Questions 24
Key Terms 24
Additional Readings 25
National Government Under the
Constitution 47
National Supremacy 47
The Legislative Branch 47
The Executive Branch 49
The Judicial Branch 49
Liberalized Amendment Rules 49
Planning for Potential Pitfalls 50
Separating Powers 50
Varying Terms of Office 50
Selecting National Government Officials 52
Chapter 2
Qualifying for National Office 53
The Constitution: Rights and Race
Intertwined 27
Instituting Checks and Balances 53
A Revolution for Independence 29
Conclusion 54
Review Questions 54
Key Terms 54
Additional Readings 55
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Contents
Chapter 3
Pornography and Offensive Speech 106
Federalism: Balancing Power,
Balancing Rights 57
Freedom of the Press 108
Federalism and State and Local
Governments 60
vii
Freedom of Religion 110
Establishment of Religion 110
Free Exercise of Religion 111
Criminal Justice 112
State Legislatures 62
Governors 63
Investigation 112
Measuring Equality: Black and Latino Representation
in State Legislatures 64
Our Voices: The Right to Practice Nontraditional
Religions (Employment Division v. Smith) 114
State Courts 66
Trial 116
Local Governments 69
Evaluating Equality: Recognizing Values in Political
Cartoons on Racial Profiling in Fighting Terrorism 117
Federalism and the Constitution 70
The Constitution and National Government Power 72
Constitutional Amendments and National Power 74
The Constitution and State Power 74
The Evolution of American Federalism 75
Punishment 120
Privacy 122
Measuring Equality: Discrimination, Death Row
Population, and Executions in States with the Death
Penalty 122
Federalism in the Early Republic and Industrialization 75
Personal Autonomy 125
Dual Federalism and the Ascendency of State
Autonomy 78
Reproductive Freedom 126
Our Voices: John Marshall and the Status of Indian
Tribes 79
Conclusion 128
Review Questions 129
Key Terms 129
Additional Readings 130
Cooperative Federalism and the Growth of the National
Government 82
Evaluating Equality: Shelby County (AL) v. Holder and
Section 4 of Voting Rights Act 87
The Era of Devolution 89
Conclusion 94
Review Questions 96
Key Terms 96
Additional Readings 96
Chapter 5
Civil Rights: Inequality
and Equality 131
Civil Rights Terms and Concepts 134
Group Designation 134
Forms of Inequality 136
Segregation 136
Chapter 4
Civil Liberties: Freedom
and Government Authority
in Tension 99
The Bill of Rights 103
Origins of the Bill of Rights 103
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 103
Freedom of Expression 105
Political Dissent 105
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Race, Ethnicity, and Civil Rights 137
Blacks 138
Our Voices: South Carolina’s Black Codes 141
Measuring Equality: Voter Registration and the Voting
Rights Act of 1965 147
Latinos 151
Evaluating Equality: Terminology and Support for
Illegal Immigration Reform 156
Asian Americans 158
American Indians 159
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viii Contents
Nonracial and Ethnic Struggles for Civil
Rights 161
Measuring Equality: The Influence of Race and Political
Party on Congressional Voting 198
Women 162
Interest Groups 200
Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and the Transgendered 164
Staff 201
Elderly and Disabled 167
Conclusion 167
Review Questions 169
Key Terms 169
Additional Readings 169
Conclusion 201
Review Questions 202
Key Terms 202
Additional Readings 203
Chapter 7
Chapter 6
Congress: Representation
and Lawmaking 171
The Nature of Congressional
Representation 174
The Unrepresented 174
Our Voices: Nonvoting Delegate Eleanor Holmes
Norton and Representation for Washington, DC 176
Districts 177
Members of Congress 178
Evaluating Equality: Should the Race or Ethnicity
of a Representative Matter? 181
Congressional Organization
and Leadership 182
Leadership in the House 184
The Presidency: Conventional
Wisdom Redefined 205
Becoming President 208
Diversity 208
The Presidential Selection Process 209
Our Voices: Barack Obama’s First Inaugural Address,
January 20, 2009 210
Financing Presidential Campaigns 212
Measuring Equality: Scatterplots of Obama Vote
and Clinton Vote with Minority Populations 213
Presidential Power 216
Administrative Powers of the President 218
Foreign Powers of the President 221
Domestic Powers of the President 223
Executive Branch Organization 225
Leadership in the Senate 185
The Vice President 226
Committees 186
The President’s Spouse 227
Informal Organizations 189
The Cabinet 228
The Lawmaking Process 190
Activity on the House Floor 191
Action on the Senate Floor 192
Reconciling Differences Between House and Senate
Bills 193
Nonlawmaking Functions of Congress 193
Influences on Congressional
Decision-Making 195
Constituents 195
Party Leaders 197
Colleagues 197
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The Executive Office of the President 231
The White House Staff 233
Presidents and Congress 234
Negotiating with Congress 234
Evaluating Equality: Racial and Ethnic Representation
in the Executive Branch 235
Presidents and the Public 237
Congressional Investigations of the Executive Branch 239
Conclusion 240
Review Questions 241
Key Terms 241
Additional Readings 241
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Contents
Judicial Powers and Limitations 275
Chapter 8
The Bureaucracy: Career
Government Employees,
Accountability, and Race ix
The Origins and Development of Judicial Review 275
Judicial Review and Constitutional Interpretation 276
243
Bureaucratic Organization 246
Cabinet Departments 246
Judicial Review and Civil Rights 277
Evaluating Equality: Judicial Review, Legal
Interpretation, and Civil Rights 278
Limitations on the Courts 278
Independent Regulatory Commissions 249
Independent Executive Agencies 250
Our Voices: The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
and the Controversy over Florida and the 2000
Election 252
Government Corporations 253
The Bureaucrats 253
Politics versus Merit 253
Diversity 255
Evaluating Equality: Diversity in the Bureaucracy:
The Case of the Bureau of Indian Affairs 256
Bureaucratic Policymaking
and Power 257
Implementation 257
Measuring Equality: Minority Representation in the
Federal Civilian Workforce 259
Sources of Bureaucratic Power 261
Controlling Bureaucracies 262
Judicial Selection 280
Nominating Judges 281
Confirming Judges 282
Race and Ethnicity and Judicial Nominations 286
Measuring Equality: Presidents’ Records of
Minority Judicial Appointments to the Lower Federal
Courts 287
Decision-Making on the Supreme
Court 290
Decision-Making Procedures 290
The Influence of a Judge’s Background on Judicial
Decision-Making 291
Attorney Influence on Court Decision-Making 292
Our Voices: Opinions of African American Supreme
Court Justices 293
Conclusion 294
Review Questions 296
Key Terms 296
Additional Readings 296
Executive Control over Bureaucracies 262
Legislative Control over Bureaucracies 264
Judicial Control over Bureaucracies 266
Conclusion 266
Review Questions 267
Key Terms 268
Additional Readings 268
Chapter 10
Public Opinion: Divided by
Race? 297
Public Opinion Overview 299
Chapter 9
The Judiciary: Blending Law
and Politics 269
Law and Courts 272
Dimensions of Law 272
Organization of the Federal Judiciary 273
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Our Voices: Transcript of Conversation between
Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Governor
Ross Barnett of Mississippi (Sunday, September 20,
1962) 301
Political Culture and Public Opinion 302
Political Socialization 303
Expressions of Public Opinion 304
Measuring Public Opinion 305
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Contents
The Mechanics of Polling 306
How the Sample Is Drawn 306
How a Question Is Worded 308
When a Question Is Asked within the Survey 309
When Data Are Gathered 310
How Data Are Gathered 311
Race, Gender, and Public Opinion 312
Race 313
Coverage of Government Officials
and Institutions 352
Government Regulation 353
Conclusion 355
Evaluating Equality: Racial Bias in the Press
Coverage of Hurricane Katrina? 355
Review Questions 357
Key Terms 357
Additional Readings 358
Evaluating Equality: Differences in Perception of
Discrimination Against Black Americans 314
Gender 316
Chapter 12
Measuring Equality: Donald Trump, Barack Obama
and the “Birthers” 320
Social Movements: Civil Rights
as a Movement Model 359
Demographic Factors 321
A Social Movement Defined 361
Partisan Identification 323
Conditions That Give Rise to Social Movements 362
The Media 324
The Bradley Effect 326
Public Opinion and Politics 327
Conclusion 329
Review Questions 329
Key Terms 329
Additional Readings 330
Social Movements and Democracy 364
Successful American Social Movements 367
The Civil Rights Movement 367
Our Voices: Excerpt from Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter
from Birmingham Jail 372
The Women’s Suffrage and Women’s Rights
Movements 373
Chapter 11
The Media: Reinforcing Racial
Stereotypes? 331
A History of Media and Politics 334
Evaluating Equality: What Arguments Did Supporters
and Opponents of the ERA Put Forth? 378
The Labor Movement 379
Measuring Equality: Unions and Wages 382
The Environmental Movement 383
Print Media 334
The Anti–Vietnam War Movement 384
Our Voices: The Liberator and Abolitionism 337
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Movement 387
Broadcast Radio and Television 338
Cable and Satellite 340
The Internet and Social Media 342
The Media Industry 345
Other Important U.S. Social
Movements 393
The Chicano Civil Rights Movement 393
American Indian Movement 394
The Media Business 346
Asian American Movement 394
Media Personnel 346
The Antinuclear Movement 395
Press Coverage of Politics and Government Officials
and Institutions 347
Religious Fundamentalist Movement 395
Measuring Equality: Racial and Ethnic Minority
Representation in the Media 348
Reporting of Elections 350
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Why Some Social Movements Decline
and Some Fail 396
Factors That Contribute to Social Movement
Decline 396
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Contents
Factors That Contribute to Social Movement
Failure 397
Social Movement or Political
Activism? 399
Black Lives Matter 399
Conclusion 402
Review Questions 403
Key Terms 404
Additional Readings 404
xi
Chapter 14
Political Parties: Linking Voters
and Governing Institutions 437
The Development of the Two-Party
System 439
The Early Parties 439
Realignment and Republican Party Dominance 442
The New Deal Coalition and Democratic Party
Dominance 444
Chapter 13
Interest Groups: Good Outcomes
with Few Resources 405
Interest Groups and Their
Functions 407
The End of Party Dominance and the Rise of Party
Competition 445
Minor Parties 447
Party Organization 447
Evaluating Equality: Minor Parties and Racial
and Ethnic Minorities 448
Our Voices: Ida B. Wells-Barnett 408
National Party Conventions 449
A Group-Based View of American
Politics 409
National Party Committees 452
Pluralism 409
Our Voices: Political Party Platforms and Civil
Rights 453
State and Local Organization 454
Criticisms of Pluralism 410
Interest Group Formation 411
Types of Interest Groups 412
Economic Interest groups 414
Evaluating Equality: The AMA Apologizes
to Black Physicians 418
Noneconomic Interest Groups 419
Techniques of Interest Groups 423
Parties and Voters 456
Party Identification 456
Parties and Group Attachments 457
Measuring Equality: Latinos, Religious Preference,
and Party Support 461
Conclusion 463
Review Questions 464
Key Terms 464
Additional Readings 464
Lobbying 424
Electioneering 425
Education 427
Chapter 15
Litigation 428
Media Campaigns 429
Factors That Make Interest Groups Effective 431
Political and Financial Inequalities 432
Measuring Equality: Selected Racial
and Ethnic Interest Groups and Their
Resources 433
Conclusion 435
Review Questions 436
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Key Terms 436
Additional Readings 436
Voting and Elections: From Obama
to Clinton 465
The Electoral Process: Nominating a
Candidate 468
Caucuses 468
Primary Elections 471
Measuring Equality: Obama’s Attention to Caucus
States in the 2008 Presidential Election 473
Party Conventions 475
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General Elections 480
Chapter 16
Electing the President: How the Electoral College
Works 480
Campaigning for Elections 483
Developing a Campaign Strategy 484
Financing a Campaign 487
The Making of Domestic and
Foreign Policy: Summing Up
American Government in Black
and White 519
Agenda-Setting 521
Running a Campaign 490
Winning the Election: How Elections Are
Decided 495
Voting 496
Factors That Affect Voter Participation 496
Why Americans Do Not Vote 498
Evaluating Equality: Calculating Voting Turnout
Rates 499
Voter ID Laws 500
Demographics and Voting 502
Race 502
Social Movements, Interest Groups, and
Agenda-Setting 522
The Media and Agenda-Setting 524
Policy Enactment 525
Our Voices: President Obama’s 2009 Cairo Speech 526
Policy Formulation 528
Policy Adoption 531
Evaluating Equality: Racism and the Public Debate
over the Adoption of Health Care Reform Policies 534
Postenactment Stages 535
Gender 505
Policy Implementation 535
Age 505
Policy Evaluation 538
Marital Status 505
Measuring Equality: Racial Disparities in the
Punishment of Drug Offenders 539
Socioeconomic Status 506
Region 506
The 2016 Presidential Election 507
Our Voices: Excerpts from Hillary Clinton’s Speech
on Donald Trump, the “Alt-Right” Movement, and
Mainstreaming Racism 514
Conclusion 516
Review Questions 517
Key Terms 517
Additional Readings 518
Conclusion 541
Review Questions 542
Key Terms 542
Additional Readings 542
Appendix I: The Declaration of Independence 543
Appendix II: The Constitution 546
Glossary 566
Notes 579
Credits 616
Index 620
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