Paper 2: Question 4: Development Gap
Contrasts in development means that the
world can be divided up in many ways.
Contrasts using different measures of
development to include GNP (Gross National
Product) (Goods and Service/Person), GNI
(Gross National Income) per head, Human
Development Index (HDI), birth and death
rates, infant mortality, people per doctor,
literacy rate (how many people can read and
write), access to safe water and life expectancy.
GNP – Gross National Product
GNI/head – gross national income per person
HDI (Human Development Index) –a measure of life expectancy, adult literacy and GNI on a scale 0 to 1. In UK =
0.92, Sierra Leone = 0.254
Birth Rate - Per 1000 per year numbers of babies, UK 11
Death Rate - Number of people died per 1000 per year
Infant Mortality - Number of babies died under age of one per 1000 per year
People per Doctor - Number of people per doctor
Literacy rate - % of population who can read and write.
Life expectancy – how long a person is expected to live for.
Correlation between measures 
Correlation between the different measures.
Limitations/ways of using a single development
measure.
Only using one indicator hides variations within countries, only looks at one aspect of development
(social/economic./political) HDI is good as it combines three indicators.
Different ways of classifying different parts
of the world.
North South Divide  majority of MEDCs in Northern hemisphere, majority of LEDCs in Southern hemisphere.
BRIC - Brazil, Russia, India and China
5 fold division  rich industrialising, oil-exporting, newly industrialising, former communist states, heavily indebted.
LEDC - Ethiopia and Sudan
MEDC – UK
The relationship between quality of life and
standard of living.
Standard of Living – measure of basic needs. Water, clothing, shelter, food.
Quality of life - Health, happiness, friendship and fitness.
Different perceptions of acceptable quality of
life in different parts of the world.
Some people 'feel' they have is harder than others - wrong perception  Affluenza clip. Relative to those
Attempts made by people in the poorer part of
the world to improve their own quality of life =
Self-help schemes.
Pit toilets ( stop diarrhoea deaths 3 die per minute,)
Bottles through the roof - lets light in (Dharavi, Mumbai, India).
Recycling to reduce waste and earn money
Pee poo bags – biodegradable and prevent water supplies being contaminated. Creates fertiliser.
Global inequalities are exacerbated (made
worse) by physical and human factors.
Environmental factors – the impact of natural
hazards. A case study of a natural hazard. Eg
Haiti
Haiti earthquake – 2010, 230 000 dead, slum housing destroyed, rats and over 8000 deaths from cholera which reentered the country so death rates rose. GDP affected as factories damaged and closed e.g Palm Apparel. Half of
schools in the capital Port-au-Prince were destroyed so literacy rates declined.
Economic factors – global imbalance of trade
between different parts of the world.
Trade is mainly between rich countries (G8)
Poor countries – primary products, grow things (bananas), mine raw materials
Rich countries – manufactured products, outsource manufacturing to LEDCs but profits leak back to MEDCs as rich
countries own the companies so receive the income. Large service industry e.g advertising.
Social factors – differences in the quantity and
quality of water available on peoples’ standards
of living.
Poor quality and quantity of water – e.g. Ethiopia, little agriculture, women and children unable to work/go to
school as spend days finding water, dirty water and also river blindness (children then unable to attend school as
looking after parents).
We have washing machines and running water, poor countries use rivers and walk to hours. E,g 57% of people in
Ethiopia do not have access to safe water.
Political influences – the impact of unstable
governments.
around you. Compared to what your life has been like in the past. Child labour.
Pests - Tsetse Fly, Sub-saharan Africa
Civil war – less investment in infrastructure and services like schools and hospitals, increases death rate
Sanctions by other countries – unable to trade and therefore GDP drops
Negative image – reduced tourism, less aid given
Corruption – money not spent to help the population.
E.G. Zimbabwe – land seizures so farmland unproductive, little money spend to provide medicines, inflation, little
international trade.
Paper 2: Question 4: Development Gap
The reduction of global inequalities will require
international efforts.
The imbalance in the pattern of world trade and
the attempts to reduce it.
Most trade is between rich countries.
The contributions of Fair Trade and Trading
Groups (WTO).
WTO - Promote world unity and lower taxes
Fairtrade - the person who grows the produce gets the money rather than the supermarket.
Trading group e.g.EU - looks after countries within it. Quotas (restriction on the amount of a certain product that
can be imported from outside the group) Tariffs (taxes on produces imported from outside the group). Encourages
trade between members of the group.
The reduction in debt repayments through debt
abolition (getting rid of debt) and conservation
swaps.
Debt for conservation swaps - USA cancelling Peru’s debt if they protect their rainforest & pink dolphin.
The advantages and disadvantages of different
types of aid for donor and recipient countries.
The role of international aid donors in
encouraging sustainable development.
A case study of one development project.
The countries of the enlarged EU show
contrasting levels of development which have
led to a number of political initiatives aimed
at reducing inequalities.
Conditions leading to different levels of
development in two contrasting countries of the
EU.
The attempts by the EU to reduce these
different levels of development.
Millennium development goals - End poverty (United Nations), Promote equality for women, Education
Donor country = country giving aid. Receiving country = country getting aid from another.
Bilateral aid = one country to another e.g. Malaysia and Britain
Multi-lateral aid = groups of countries giving aid e.g. through the UN in Kibera, Kenya.
Top down aid = for governments to use e.g. for building roads
Bottom up = aid for local communities e.g. water pump
Tied aid = aid given with conditions - Pergau Dam, Malaysia. We gave them money to build the dams, GB gave them
money conditions attached - they could only buy aeroplanes from the GB.
Self sufficient / sustainable = goat aid as benefits last into the future when goats breed.
Long Term = aid over a long period of time to improve a country’s development e.g. rebuilding, counselling
Short Term = in response to a disaster e.g. medical help, food, shelter, water
Large Scale = long Term projects affecting a large area Pergau Dam, Malaysia
Small Scale = affecting a local area e.g Goat Aid in Tanzania, biogas in Sudan (Used for cooking)
Core = Rich= France and Germany. Most have been part of the EU for decades.
Periphery = Poor = Poland joined the EU in 2004.
Historical factors such as communist rule in Poland until 1990. Rapid industrialisation under communist rule but
with little environmental controls or regulations. Drop in industrial productivity after the fall of communism so
low GDP. Conflict and political unrest leading to war, loss of trade and little investment
Geographical factors such as the Transylvanian Alps in Romania dividing the country making transportation
difficult.
Solutions: in Poland
European regional Development fund - improvement to infrastructure, new motorways improve travel
and trade especially North-South, East-West.
European Social Fund - training and job creation, Dream schools in rural areas, training to help boost
employment, funding for research centres and business parks.
Cohesion fund - environmental projects, improvements to sewage plants, building wind turbines.