Page 14 Massena, N.Y. Observer, Tuesday, November 7,1972
Crew Emblems Trace Apollo History
WASHINGTON — Apollo,
the Greek god of the Sun,
dominates the emblem designed for the final lunar
landing mission which bears
his name.
The Apollo 17 crew, in selecting their mission emblem,
have chosen not to emphasize
finality but rather the beginning of the golden age of
space flight that their flight
will usher in. In the emblem,
Apollo gazes toward Saturn
and a galaxy which symbolizes man's goals in space will
someday include the planets
and perhaps even the stars.
Like their predecessors in
the Mercury and Gemini programs, each Apollo crew has
selected an emblem that symbolically depicts some particular aspect of their flight.
The emblem for ths first
manned Apollo flight in October, 1968, shows the Apollo
7 command and service moduje passing over the Western
Hemisphere in Earth orbit.
The Roman numeral VII is
superimposed on the Pacific
Ocean with the surnames of
Walter Schirra, Don Eisele,
and Walt Cunningham circling the Earth. The Apollo
7 spacecraft performed flawlessly through more than 780
hours in orbit.
THE*APOLLO 8 EMBLEM
SYMBOLIZES the major feature of the mission with the
loops of a figure "8j*' encom
passing both Earth! and the
Moon. On this flight, men
first flew to another body in
the solar system circling the
Moon ten times. The crew of
Frank Bowman, James Lovell, and William Anders—
whose names appear on the
lower half of the "8"—covered 800,000 kilometers (500,000 miles) in 147 hours.
Astronauts James McDivitt, David Scott, and Russsll
Schweickart chose an emblem
for their March, 1969, flight
which exemplified its major
objectives—the first manned
flight of the complete Saturn
V/Apollo complex. The emblem features a Saturn V.
rocket encircled by an orbiting command/service module
station keeping with a lunar
module. On this flight, the
crew executed rendezvous
and docking exercises in
Earth orbit and the first
Apollo walk-in-space was
performed.
With Earth in the background, The Apollo 10 emblem shows the lunar module
sweeping low over the "lunar
surface while the command/
service module monitors from
lunar orbit. This mission
flown in May 1969 by Tom
Stafford, John Young and
Eugene Cernan tested the
lunar module in the Moon's
environment for the first
time and was a dress rehearsal for the lunar landing.
THE FIRST
LUNAR
LANDING mission emblem
depicts an American eagle
with w i n g s spread . and
clutching an olive branch
about to descend to the
Moon's surfacfe. Earth can
be seen in the distance.
Apollo 11 is the only lettering on the emblem selected
by astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and
Michael Collins for their July
1969 mission.
The Apollo 12 emblem has
a nautical theme appropriate
li to the mission's all-Navy
crew: Astronauts Charles
Conrad, Richard F. Gordon,and Alan L. Bean. The dominant figure of the emblem is
a Yankee clipper ship approaching the Moon. In keeping with this theme for the
second lunar landing in November 1969, the crew named
their command/service module Yankee Clipper and the
lunar module Intrepid.
THE THEME OF THE
APOLLO 13 emblem is the
first to be based on the myth
of Apollo. Three horses pull
the Sun chariot from Earth.
' to the Moon. The Latin
phrase to the left of the
horses, "Ex Luna, Scientia,"
translates to "From the
Moon, "knowledge." Scheduled for a lunar landing in
April, 1970, a service module
oxygen tank ruptured when
the spacecraft was 320,000
kilometers (200,000 miles) on
its outbound leg to the Moon
which prevented the landing.
Astronauts Jim LovellfJaek
Swigert, and Fred Haise used
the lunar module (named
Aquarius) as the command
post and living quarters for
the remainder of the flightaround the Moon and back to
Earth.
Astronauts Alan Shepard,
Stuart Roosa, and Edgar
Mitchell designed the Apollo
14 emblem which features
the gold astronaut lape^pin
approaching the Moon ar.d
leaving a cosmic trail from,
the Earth. Astronauts who
have flown in space wear
gold pins while those who
have not wear silver ones.
Launched in January 1971,
Apollo 14 was the third manned lunar exploration mission..
The surnames of astronauts David. Scott, Alfred
Worden, and James Irwin are
centered in the white band at
the bottom of the Apollo 15
mission emblem^ The large
disc in the center of the emblem has red, white and blue
symbols of flight, superimposed over an artist's concept
of the Hadley-Apennine landing site. The fourth lunar
landing mission, Apollo 15
launched .in July 1971.
THE APOLLO 16 MISSION emblem is dominated
by an eagle perched atop a
red, white and-_i>lue. shield
superimposed. on a lunar
scene. The emblem is surrounded by a blue circle of 4
16 stars with the crew's
surnames completing the bottom of the circle." Across the
•face of the shield is a gold
symbol of flight, similar to
that on the official NASA
seal. Apollo 16, the fifth
lunar landing mission, was
conducted in April 1972. by
a s t r o n a u t s John Young,
Charles Duke and Ken Mat- ,;tingly.
*.
Apollo 17, with astronauts Eugene Cernan, .Ron Evans
and Harrison H. Schmitt Suspended behind the images
aboard is scheduled f o r
of Apollo in the mission "emlawch-oTrDecembei-67 m * - ^ t e m p o r a r y design. Four
blem is an American eagle of
NASA Wind Tunnels at Ames: Biggest, Fastest
MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif.
—NASA's Ames Research
Center has the biggest, the
fastest, and a unique combination of wind tunnels of
any known place in the world.
The largest tunnel has a.
test chamber of 12x24 meters
(40x80 feet I, is 0.8 kilometer
(.05 mile) in total length,
holds 815 metric tons (900
tons) of air, and circulates
it at a maximum'rate of 36
metric tons (40 tons) per
second. The •• fastest tunnel
can develop test velocities
of up to Mach 50 (50 times
the speed of sound) by
Carolinas
— t o —
This montage of nine
pictures was compiled
from two ' passes on
consecutive days by
NASA's E a r t h Res o u r c e s Technology
Satellite ( E R T S - 1 ) ,
from an altitude of 915
kilometers (569 miles).
The picture was made
by infrared sunlight
measured' w i t h the
multispectral•- scanner,
and it extends from
Georgetown, S.C., ~ttf
the Florida Keys. On
this type of imagerywater areas are characteristically dark, and
vegetated areas are
very light, depending
on the type and density
of the vegetation.
Aircraft from helicopters to Space Shuttle
tested — SO times speed of sound
means of hydrogen explosions.' And Ames' 21 tunnels
make it a more varied collection than any similar facility.'
THE T U N N E L S AT
AMES are used to test all
kinds of aircraft from helicopters to models of the hew
Space Shuttle -vehicle. Almost all commercial airplane
models from the early T1C-4
t.n t.hp Tnodprn 747 have been
tested in an Ames wind tunnel, as well as numerous experimental aircraft such us
vertical/short take-off and
landing.
Great savings in money
and oftentimes human life
are achieved by perfecting
aircraft in wind tunnels.
Aeronautical research engineer, Tony Cook, says that
finding a significant flaw in
an aircraft test could save
enough money to pay for an
entire wind tunnel. Of course
a wind tunnel is priceless
when it dects a fault that,
could lake a test pilot's life.
• A maximum power input
of about 240 million watts,
about enough to run the entire city of San Jose, may be
used for wind tunnel operations at Ames, • while all
other facilities at this center
combined use no -more than
10 million. watts.
THE ELECTRIC POWER,
already owned by the government, is obtained through
Pacific Gas and Electric- Company, whosie transmission
lines supply Ames from government owned and operated
power plants.
,
. 'For reasons of. economy^
three of the wind tunnels use
a common drive system. One
of these, a 3-meter (lTTfoot)~~
"transonic," which operates
from Mach 0.5 to 1.2, is being
"sound proofed" to minimize
noise which, under certain
weather conditions, may be
detected insurrounding communities.
The tunnels at Ames are,
of two structural types: the
"Prandtl," or conventional
air recycling type, and the
"flow through," or straight,
nonrecycling type.
... Conventional tunnels at
Ames range in size from the
12x24 m (40x80 f t ) , alredy
mentioned, to the smallest, a
0.6x.6 m (2x2 ft.) "hypersonic," which functions at
well over the speed of sound.
The size of the wind tunnel
is always noted in terms of
its chamber dimensions with"
faster tunnels generally being "smaller.
Since 90 percent of a tunnel's power is used in over-'
coming air friction against
its walls, the tunnels are developed so' that' air flows
quickly through the y test
chamber only. This is done
' by a "venturi" which funnels
air into the constricted test
chamber thus "sqeezing" it
To" a greater ~ veTocftj^fheiT
letting, it slow itself in a
wider chamber afterwards.
Conventional tunnels operate with speeds ranging from
the - subsonic *" level - to well
over the speed of sound. They
are not nearly as fast as
flowthrough models though,
which work by hydrogen-explosions at both ends, or by a
pressure vessel which shoots
- air from one ' end. Velocities
reach Mach 24 in the former,
•and Mach 50 in the latter.
OPEN END PRESSURE
vessel tunnels range from
0.3X.9 m (1x3 ft.), to l x l m
(3.5x3.5 ft.) to a 106 centimeter (4? inch) "shock" tunnel.
Other flowthrough tunnels
Flight Directors Revive Spacecraft
From Distance of 194 Million Miles
WASHINGTON — Flight away from the Sun. •
Directors for the Pioneer 7
"BECAUSE TRACKING
spacecraft have set a long TIME on the country's most
distance record for finding powerful deep space antenna,
and reviving a spacecraft the 64 meter (210 foot) dish
that had turned itself off.
at Goldstone, Calif., is needed
The spacecraft was on the for a number of spacecraft
other side of the Sun, 312 we don't track Pioneer. 7
million kilometers (194- mil- every day," explained Norm
lion miles) fronyithe -Earth, Martin, Pioneer Flight Operwhen its -radio fell silent a ations Director, at NASA's
• mes Research Center, Mounmonth "ago.
Ames R e s e a r c h Center,
C O N T R O L L E R S RE- Mountain View, Calif.
ACQUIRED Pioneer 7 "in
the blind." Though they
"Some time between July
could estimate, they did not 25 and August 6, Pioneer 7
know the exact position of stopped sending radio signals
the spacecraft nor the exact that could be heard by the
frequency of its radio re- Goldstone antenna.
ceiver. Pioneer 7 was so far
"WE RECOGNIZE that
away that round trip time
at its farthest distance from
for radio communication to
the Sun electrical power outthe spacecraft and back to
put from the spacecraft's
Earth was 35 minutes at the
solar cells had fallen below
speed of light.
the level required to operate
In addition, controllers had the spacecraft and its scito solve a puzzle: Which entific instruments.
combination of a variety of
"When power output falls
possible malfunctions h-a d
below demands for power,
caused the spacecraft radio
the spacecraft automatically
to stop transmitting?
turns off the instruments and
Pioneer 7 has operated ef- the power tube for the radio
fectively in solar orbit since
1966. It now is directly op- transmitter, which s e n d s
posite Earth, outside Earth's data to Earth.
orbit, at its farthest point
"If, as we thought, this
had happened .when solar
radiation was weakest, we
expected .that turn-on of the
radio' transmitter powertube
would be possible if the
power requirements were reduced by leaving the instruments temporarily, off."
"WE D E T E R M I N E D
where Pioneer 7 should be
from past tracking data. We
also calculated the frequency
for the spacecraft radio receiver. If we were right, frequency would be different
from normal because with
the high-power transmitter
off, the receiver would have
cooled down to about 50°
Fahrenheit, changing its frequency.
STOL
are "hyper-velocity ballistic
free-flight ranges," in which
.test velocities are doubled by
accelerating the test objects
into an oncoming wind. These
tunnels, composed of large
bore gun barrels linked end
to end, are housed in bunkers,
and employ the double explosion.
Results of tests in these
tunnels are meticulously re-
corded with high speed can
era equipment. Conventiona
tunnels record data on filn
also, but rely more on elec
tronic measuring equipment
Mission to Venus Planned
WASHINGTON ' , - NASA
has let study contracts for •
the design of spacecraft to
go to Venus in 197.7.
(840 pounds) when launched.,
Cruise from earth to Venus
will last about 125 days and
will include two.or three midcourse maneuvers to control
The Pioneer Venus mis- the.trajectory.
sions would include entry
THE PROBES will be sepprobes and orbiting spacearated from the bus 10 to 20
craft and would study the
days before entry. From sepnature and composition of
aration until the end of the
Venus' atmosphere from high
mission, all probe events will
altitudes to " the surface.
be determined by an onboard
NASA believes a comparison .
sequencer. The large probe
of the planet's atmosphere
will carry about 22 kilograms
with that of Earth and Mars
(60 pounds) of science instruwill lead to better predictions
mentation. Descent through
of . atmospheric changes on
the atmosphere on parachute .
Earth, including both longterm changes in climate and
short-term effects of environB A R
mental contamination.
"All these e s t i m a t e s
proved out," Martin said,
"after we sent the turn-on
command from Goldstone—
35 minutes, and 388 million
round - trip
communication
miles, later—back from the
other side of the Sun came a
solid signal from. Pioneer 7
with data on its condition."
"Needless to say, we were
pleased."
I « W P I ' I » W ~ ' — "J 1 Vi*
• i m i n wwiii-im)""**-TW"*""""'
Tested
An OV-10A Bronco equipped with experimental propulsive-lift devices called rotating cylinder flaps is prepared for testing in NASA's 40x80-foot wind tunnel at the
Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. This is one of a number of propulsive-,
lift concepts being investigated for short takeoff and landing aircraft. The test chamber
is 0.8 kilometer (0.5 miles) long, holds 815 metric tons (900 tons) of air, and circulates
it at a maximum rate of 36 metric tons (40 tons) per second.
~
will take about 1V4 houn
from entry. The small probei
will be identical and each wil
carry about LJ4-kiloftranu4L-—
pounds) of instrumentation
The small probes will fal
free to the surface. Theii
mission is designed to en<
when they reach the surface
about 75 minutes after entry
,The bus will be targeted t<
•enter the Venus atmosphew
at a shallow entry angle anc
transmit data to Earth until
burn-up. The bus experimenti
will weigh about 11 kilograms (25 pounds).
.•
B S
By, PHIL PASTORET
V E N U S IS EARTH'S
closest neighbor in the solar
system. Although it is similar
to Earth in size, and probably
in origin, its low rotation
rate, apparently complete
cloud cover, extremely dense
atmosphere and high surface
temperature make Venus the
object of intense scientific
interest.
People who don't consider
anything impossible haven't
lived anywhere near the kid
next door to us.
©
1
o
a
»
»
The hamburgers aren't
getting any larger—they're
The spacecraft for this
mission will consist of a bus,
a large probe, and three
small probes. The spacecraft
will be spin stabilized, use
solar power and will weigh
approximately 378 kilograms
' - M ^ ^ W " ^
s
The office wolf always
collects his play check a
day ahead of time.
Just putting 'em into smaller
buns.
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