Copyright © 2003 - All rights reserved. U.S. Library of Congress Copyright Registration # TXu-146-800
SECTION THREE:
SOCIAL STUDIES
Part Two
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
Dade
County lies
in the southeast area of
the State of
Florida. It is
the county
within which
the city of
Miami is
located.
Introduction
American government bears the responsibility of representing, serving and
protecting the American people, whether they happen to be on American soil, or in
foreign countries.
Government, in dispensing its service to the people, is responsible for
accommodating the entire spectrum of needs that arise in society: From an
individual town dweller’s appeal for a stop-light on a busy street intersection that
currently does not have one; to the enactment of a national foreign policy that has
the potential to affect the lives of the entire country’s population.
In order to effectively govern the populace; from America’s towns and cities to the
whole nation, the system of American government administers its duties on four
different levels;
City Government;
County Government;
State Government and
Federal Government.
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The smallest level of government, being of course, the city government, whose administration is confined
to the fewest number of constituents; (people within the community who are served by that government),
and the largest being the Federal government, whose administration serves the entire country’s
population
The arrangement in running the government at all levels; from city hall to Capitol Hill, serves to provide
access for all the public to have its concerns voiced and its vote counted.
In this section, we will explain the fundamental workings of government at each of the four levels. However,
before we begin, it is important to understand the meaning of three terms that are given to the branches of
government:
The Legislative Branch: Elected officials responsible for making the laws.
The Judicial Branch: Appointed judges whose job it is to interpret the laws.
The Executive Branch: Elected official/s charged with the duty of implementing, or enforcing the laws.
City Government
The smallest form of government is rightfully allocated the least amount of tax dollars, as its responsibilities
and the scope of the services it renders are to a limited extent; the smallest constituency, or population.
City governments are also referred to as Municipalities, or Municipal governments.
Municipal governments provide services for a specific concentration of population within a defined area.
The services provided by them are in addition to those provided by Counties and Special Districts.
In order for an area of population that dwells in a geographic concentration to elect its own government,
certain criteria; such as minimum population, or density have to be met before that community is eligible for
incorporation (city hood).
The criteria vary from state to state: for example, Alabama sets a minimum 300 person population, Florida
requires an average 1.5 persons per acre and Georgia requires that any community must be at least 3
miles from an existing municipality.
There are three basic systems by which a municipal government can operate:
Mayor - Council
/
Council - Manager
/
Commission
In the first system, mayor - council, both the mayor and the members of council are elected. The Mayor
assumes the executive powers and the council acts In a legislative capacity. Most municipalities in the U.S.
use this system.
In the council - manager form, council members are elected and then a professional city manger is hired
by unanimous decision by the members of the council. The council decides on the budget, establishes the
tax rate and sets policy, which the city manger is then charged with the responsibility of implementing.
About 2,500 municipalities across the country use this system.
The commission form of municipal government is used in less than 5 percent of all municipalities. This
system involves a non-partisan elected commission of between three and five members who jointly share
both legislative and executive duties.
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County Government
At the birth of our nation’s government, the framers of the United States constitution made no provision for
local government, leaving that matter up to each state. As a result, early state constitutions considered
themselves as “arms” or extensions of the federal government; adopting a similar premise as the national
constitution.
After World War I, with the nation’s population migration to the suburbs from the cities and the government
reform movement, more responsibility fell upon local government and strengthened the role of county
governments. The counties began to provide increasingly more services and the scope of these services
continued to widen as each state’s economy grew. It continues to keep pace with growth and the
subsequent needs to this day.
For those of you who live in what is called “unincorporated” areas of your county, it means that because
there is no city government tending to the needs of your community, the county shoulders the entire
responsibility, providing police and fire department services, trash collection as well as various other
essential services.
There are three different types of county government:
Commission
/
Commission - Administrator
/
Council - Executive
In the commission form of government, a board of supervisors is elected to the commission. These
officials jointly exercise both legislative and executive authority. Legislative duties include the enactment of
ordinances and setting of budgets; and executive duties include administering policies and appointing
county employees.
In the form of county government known as commission - administrator, the commission comprises
members who are popularly elected and serve as the legislative arm of county government. The members
of the commission appoint and Administrator in whom a broad range of powers may be vested. Essentially,
the Administrator serves in an executive capacity and his powers may include the ability to hire and fire
department heads as well as put together a budget.
In the third system of county government; council - executive, the council bestows upon the executive the
responsibilities of Chief Administrative Officer, who has the power to veto, (rule out, or dismiss) any
ordinance put forward by the county board. The executive also has the power to hire and fire department
heads.
48 out of the fifty states in the union have functioning county governments. The two exceptions are
Connecticut and Rhode Island. Although these two states each have defined geographical regions that are
designated as counties, there are no county governments and each state provides all services and
accommodates the needs of their individual populaces.
State Government
State governments have considerable power and exert much control over the lives of their residents. At
this level of government, people can clearly feel the noticeable effects that state governments can have on
their lives. The budgets required to operate state governments is proportional to its number of residents.
Among the powers at this level includes property taxes, state income taxes and even sales taxes. This
much power is necessary in order for the state to provide the many programs that is incumbent upon it to
do so. You may already be aware of many state funded programs and institutions that are in place in your
state and which provide for assistance in many areas concerning day-to-day living for individuals and
families.
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There are various essential needs of the state’s population that are catered to by the state government;
from public education and housing to welfare, roads and medical care - which together make up only a
small percentage of the state governments responsibilities.
With the exception of the State of Nebraska, every state in the union maintains a government that
operates, for the most part in a similar way. Each state maintains its own legislative body, comprising
publicly elected officials who serve in either the state’s House of Representatives, or in the state’s
Senate. The two chamber system; called the bi-cameral system, makes up the state’s legislature.
Nebraska differs from the rest of the states in that it is uni-cameral. Nebraska only maintains a Senate,
and not a House of Representatives.
When a budget is presented to the state legislature for consideration of approval, in every case, with the
exception of the state of California, a majority vote ensures its passage, or approval. California is the only
state among the fifty to require a two-thirds, or “super-majority” before the budget can pass.
Aside from these differences in the make up of a state’s legislature and the standards of approval by which
each state’s legislature abides, all states operate their governments in the same manner, delegating the
burden of the state’s responsibilities upon the three branches of their governments.
The State Legislature comprising elected officials who hold seats in either the state’s House of
Representatives or the state’s Senate.
The state’s judicial branch takes the form of a Supreme Court, which consists of individual judges who
are appointed to the bench. They are referred to as Justices and the appointed leader of the Justices of
the State Supreme Court is called the Chief Justice.
The Executive powers of the state lie in the hands of the state’s Governor. He or she assumes the
position of State Governor through statewide popular election. This differs from the way that the members
of the state’s House of Representatives and the state’s Senate are elected. The officials elected to the
state’s legislature come from various districts within the state and it is the residents of those districts that
vote them into power.
You may have heard of the term Gubernatorial, particularly when the time came for elections to decide
who would be the governor of your state. The term simply refers to Governor and the elections to decide
upon who will assume that position is called Gubernatorial elections.
Before we leave the first three tiers of American Government and begin to cover the largest and most
powerful of the four levels, it is worthwhile mentioning the fact that in recent political history, many US
Presidents, held the position of State Governor at the time of their election into the White House.
The Federal Government
Before we begin to explain the functions of the branches of the Federal Government, it is useful to again,
recap the three branches and place them in their perspective within the framework of the United States
Government.
The Legislative body is the United States Congress which, following the bi-cameral system, comprises
the elected members of the House of Representatives and the House of Senate.
The Judicial arm of the Federal Government is called the United States Supreme Court.
The Executive branch of the nation’s government is the United States President, who serves as the
country’s Chief Executive Officer and Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Military.
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The Presidency
WHITE HOUSE AND EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
Economic
Advisors
Office of
Management
and Budget
Office of the
President
Office of the
Vice President
THE PRESIDENT
U.S. Trade
Representatives
Office of
Administration
Executive
Residence
Policy Development Offices
National
Security
Council
National
Economic
Council
Domestic
Policy
Council
Environmental
Policy
Science,
Technology
and Space
National
Drug
Council
In the united States there are primarily two major political parties’ each with their own political ideologies,
and agendas, although, there currently exists additional parties that have emerged, however they have not
yet made a significant enough of an impact to change the political arena that has existed for some time
now. The two major political parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
The President of the United States is elected by popular vote and can serve no more than two terms in
office, if re-elected for a second term, a term being four years in length. The President appoints individuals
to represent his Cabinet. The function of the Cabinet members is to head up the various departments that
cover all the needs of the country’s population.
The Cabinet currently consists of the following departments:








Agriculture
Defense
Energy
Homeland Security
Interior
Labor
Transportation
Veterans’ Affairs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Commerce
Education
Health and Human Services
Housing and Urban Development
Justice
State
Treasury
- 5-
With the exception of the Department of Justice, where the appointed leader is referred to as the Attorney
General, the Cabinet members who head up each of these departments are referred to as Secretaries.
Although the President selects the individual members of his cabinet, the Senate must confirm each
appointee. This process of confirmation by the US Senate is basically a method of approval that must take
place before the President’s appointee can serve as a member of his Cabinet. Normally, the process of
Senate Confirmation goes smoothly without much incident and the newly appointed Cabinet member
receives his/her approval. However, from time to time, there are always exceptions.
Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution defines the power of the president. In the following
text, the duties are summarized and the language is edited for easier understanding.
1. The President is Commander-in-Chief of the Military.
2. The President has the power to make treaties, which must be confirmed by a two-thirds vote of
the Senate.
3. The President appoints ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the
Supreme Court and all other officers of the United States. These appointees are subject to
Senate confirmation by a simple majority vote.
4. The President shall, from time to time, give Congress information on the State of the Union. (The
President delivers the State of the Union Address to Congress on an annual basis).
5. On extraordinary occasions, the President may convene both houses of Congress.
Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution specifies that no bill may be passed into law until it receives the
signature of the President. Should he so choose, the President may also veto that bill which Congress can
then override by a two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Congress.
Before a United States President is elected, he must receive the approval of the majority of his political
party who serve in Congress. As early as two years before the Presidential elections, more than one person
from either of the two major parties can be a contender for nomination to represent that party in the
Presidential elections.
The official confirmation of the individual selected by his party occurs during that party’s National
Convention. Such an event has grown in magnitude over recent years and is now very highly publicized.
Once the Presidential candidate has been nominated by his party to represent it in the elections, he selects
his running mate or Vice Presidential candidate. Again, the official declaration of such usually occurs
during the party’s national political convention.
In the event that the President is incapacitated, either through death or injury, or in the event that the
President is impeached, the Vice President then assumes the role of United States President.
United States Congress
The United States Congress functions in the capacity of the nation’s legislative body. It is divided into the
House of Representatives and the House of Senate.
As directed by the Constitution, there are 100 members in the House of Senate; two from each of the fifty
states, organized into the higher of the two congressional houses. The lower house being the House of
Representatives has 435 members.
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Unlike the House of Senate, where each of the states is equally represented, the number of
Representatives from each state depends on the state’s population. The most populous state, California,
has 45 members serving in the House of Representatives, whereas Alaska and Vermont each have one
Representative.
A common misleading phrase “members of Congress” or the equally misleading terms; “Congressman” or
“Congresswoman” are confusing in that they directly imply any official from either the US House of
Representatives or the US House of Senate. However, this is not the case, which is what is so misleading
about these terms. A “member of Congress, Congressman and Congresswoman”, each refer to a member
of the House of Representatives.
Although each of the houses of Congress enjoys special powers separate from each other, Article I,
Section 8 of the Constitution specifies the duties of Congress as a joint legislative body. These are
summarized here:
To establish a federal tax and provide for the collection of taxes
To regulate foreign and domestic trade and commerce
To establish the rules for citizenship and naturalization
To coin money, and regulate its value
To establish the federal court system
To establish Post Offices
To set standards for weights and measures
To grant patents and copyrights for the protection of intellectual property, and promote the
advancement of science
To raise and support the armed forces
To declare war
The Senate
th
Prior to May 13 , 1912, United States Senators were chosen by their own home state’s legislature. It was
th
on this day that Congress offered the 17 Amendment to the Constitution, which among other things,
specified that Senators would be elected by a vote of the people. This change came about after much
deliberation that began around the turn of the century, when reformers argued that the current system of
selecting Senators was inherently corrupt.
It is fairly typical for an elected member of the House of Representatives who is ambitious enough to attain
a higher position, to seek election as a Senator. For career politicians, it is considered a natural progression
to advance to the Senate from the House of Representatives.
The members of the Senate designate an individual to represent each of the two major political parties. He,
(as there has not yet been a woman in this position), is referred to as either the Senate Majority leader, or,
the Senate Minority leader; depending on which of the two parties has more members serving as Senators.
- 7-
However, presiding over the entire US Senate is the US Vice President. On occasion, when a vote is tied
in the Senate, the Vice President’s vote will serve as the tiebreaker, so that a majority vote can then allow
the passage of whichever measure was being considered. Each Senator has one vote and, only when there
is a deadlocked tie in the Senate, is the President of the Senate; the official senatorial title given to the US
Vice-President permitted to vote, in order to break the tie.
When a US Senator has been elected, he or she serves a term of six years The US Constitution specifies
the requirements for a Senator are that the candidate be a United States Citizen for at least nine years; be
at least thirty years of age; and be a resident of the state from which election is sought.
The special powers granted to the Senate are as follows:
To approve or deny treaties made by the President with foreign countries
To approve or deny appointments to the judicial and executive branches of government made by
the President
To sit as the jury in impeachment cases brought against federal officials by the House of
Representatives
To select the US Vice-President in the event that no candidate receives a majority of the electoral
college vote during the presidential elections.
The House of Representatives
The House of Representatives is considered the lower of the two congressional houses and presently has a
total of 435 members. Members of the House of Representatives have always been chosen by a vote of the
people. The debates that occur in the House of Representatives are always far more lively, spirited and
sometimes rowdy in comparison to the more deliberating House of Senate. This was the intent of the
Constitution.
As opposed to Senators, House Representatives are elected to serve a term of two years. Because of its
sheer number of representatives, spanning a wide cross section of cultures, these members of Congress
represent ethnicity and other varied interests in urban America.
Whereas a Senator represents his or her entire state, a member of the House of Representatives is elected
by and to represent a comparatively small section of the state’s population referred to as a district.
Members of the first House of Representatives were elected on the basis of 1 representative per every
30,000 inhabitants within a given state. Currently, each member represents approximately 570,000 people
within his or her state.
The Officer who presides over the House of Representatives is called the Speaker of the House, and is
the next person in line after the Vice-President to take over the office of Presidency in the event that
neither the President nor Vice-President is unable to perform that duty.
A member of the House of Representatives, upon election, will serve a term of two years. The requirements
for a member of the House of Representatives is that the candidate be at least twenty-five years of age; a
United States Citizen for at least seven years and a resident of the state from which election is sought,
though not necessarily of the district for which he or she is running.
- 8-
The Special powers granted to the House of Representatives are as follows:
To raise revenue; initiating all tax bills that go through Congress
To bring forward any impeachment charges against a federal official, including the United States
President, however, the authority to remove an official from office upon being found guilty of
treason or high crimes and misdemeanor lies with a two-thirds majority vote of the Senate
To select a United States President, when no candidate receives the majority vote of the electoral
college
The Supreme Court
Article III, Section I of the United States constitution states that; “The judicial power of the United States
shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish”.
The Constitution deliberately set up a system of checks and balances to ensure that none of the three
branches of government could hold a monopoly on power. Though the Supreme Court does not make
legislation, its role in the legislative process is vital in that provision is made in the Constitution for the
Supreme Court to exercise a judicial review of any legislature that controverts or conflicts with the
Constitution.
The lives of American people, both citizens and residents are highly impacted by the rulings and decisions
of the Supreme Court: For example; Civil Rights, Abortion Rights, and Affirmative Action all result from
Supreme Court rulings.
Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution specifies “the judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and
equity, arising under this Constitution…” Article VI of the Constitution proclaims the Constitution as the
“Supreme Law of the Land”.
Therefore, the role that the Supreme Court is vested with is to determine how the Constitution is to be
interpreted. Upon deciding on a case where constitutionality is in question, or upon which, the basis lies on
constitutional grounds, the ruling made by the Supreme Court provides guidance to all the lower courts;
federal as well as state, and Congress to follow.
The US President appoints Supreme Court Justices, however, they are subject to Senate Confirmation
upon nomination by the President and before their Appointment to the Supreme Court. Once confirmed, or
approved, A Supreme Court Justice may keep his or her position for life, if he or she so wishes. However,
the Constitution stipulates that the appointments to the Supreme Court are indefinite, providing “good
behavior” is maintained on the part of the Supreme Court Justice.
With the exception of the years surrounding the Civil War; 1863-1869, the Supreme Court has maintained
a body of nine Justices since 1837. Most Supreme Court Justices retire due to advanced age. However,
as mentioned before; as a federal official, Supreme Court Justices can be subject to the removal from
office if tried in impeachment cases and found guilty of treason, bribery, or high crimes and
misdemeanors.
- 9-
Supreme Court Procedure
Upon submission to the Supreme Court Justices, a case is individually reviewed and then the Justices meet
to discuss the merits of the case before deciding one of three courses to take:

Schedule the case for oral argument

Decide upon the case without the need for oral argument

Dismiss the case
In the event that at least four Justices agree, a case will then be accepted by the Supreme Court for a
decision, either with or without oral argument. If a case is to be accepted by the Supreme Court and oral
argument is heard, each party is given an hour to state their case and respond to questions from the
Justices.
Decisions, or rulings by the Supreme Court can occur with a minimum of six of the nine Justices voting. In
the event of a tie, when either one or three of the Justices abstain from voting, the ruling held by the inferior
court will stand.
Below is a list of the Nine Justices currently serving in the Supreme Court; along with their dates of birth
and the year they began their service.
Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr.: Born January 27, 1955; Serving since 2005
Justice John Paul Stevens, III: Born April 20th, 1920; Serving since 1975
Justice Samuel Alito: Born April 1st, 1950; Serving since 2006
Justice Antonin Scalia: Born March 11th, 1936; Serving since 1986
Justice Anthony M. Kennedy: Born July 23rd, 1936; Serving since 1988
Justice David H. Souter: Born September 17th, 1939; Serving since 1990
Justice Clarence Thomas: Born June 23rd, 1948; Serving since 1991
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg: Born March 15th, 1933; Serving since 1995
Justice Stephen G. Breyer: Born August 15th, 1938; Serving since 1994
- 10 -
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
#
TITLE
TERM IN
OFFICE
NAME
POLITICAL
PARTY
None
LIFE
DATES
1. President
Vice Pres.
1789-1797
1789-1797
George Washington
John Adams
1732-1799
1735-1826
2. President
Vice Pres.
1797-1801
1797-1801
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Federalist
Democratic-Republican
1735-1826
1743-1826
3. President
Vice Pres.
Vice Pres.
1801-1809
1801-1805
1805-1809
Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
George Clinton
Democratic-Republican
1743-1826
1756-1836
1739-1812
4. President
Vice Pres.
Vice Pres.
1809-1817
1809-1812
1813-1814
James Madison
George Clinton
Elbridge Gerry
Democratic-Republican
1751-1836
1739-1812
1744-1814
5. President
Vice Pres.
1817-1825
1817-1825
James Monroe
Democratic-Republican
Daniel D. Thompkins
1758-1831
1774-1825
6. President
Vice Pres.
1825-1829
1825-1829
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
John C. Calhoun
1767-1848
1782-1850
7. President
Vice Pres.
Vice Pres.
1829-1837
1829-1832
1833-1837
Andrew Jackson
John C. Calhoun
Martin Van Buren
Democrat
1767-1845
1782-1850
1782-1862
8. President
Vice Pres.
1837-1841
1837-1841
Martin Van Buren
Democrat
Richard M. Johnson
1782-1862
1780-1850
9. President
Vice Pres.
1841
1841
William H. Harrison Whig
John Tyler
1773-1841
1790-1862
10. President
1841-1845
John Tyler
(no vice president)
Whig
1790-1862
11. President
Vice Pres.
1845-1849
1845-1849
James Knox Polk
George M. Dallas
Democrat
1795-1849
1792-1864
12. President
Vice Pres.
1849-1850
1849-1850
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
Whig
1784-1850
1800-1874
13. President
1850-1853
Millard Fillmore
(no vice president)
Whig
1800-1874
14. President
Vice Pres.
1853-1857
1853
Franklin Pierce
William R. King
Democrat
1804-1869
1786-1853
- 11 -
#
TITLE
TERM IN
OFFICE
NAME
POLITICAL
PARTY
15. President
Vice Pres.
1857-1861
1857-1861
James Buchanan
John C. Breckinridge
16. President
Vice Pres.
Vice Pres.
1861-1865
1861-1865
1865
Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Hannibal Hamlin
Andrew Johnson
Democrat
(Nominated vice pres. By Republicans)
1809-1865
1809-1891
1808-1875
17. President
1865-1869
Andrew Johnson
(no vice president)
Democrat
1808-1875
18. President
Vice Pres.
Vice Pres.
1869-1877
1869-1873
1873-1875
Ulysses S. Grant
Schuyler Colfax
Henry Wilson
Republican
1822-1885
1823-1885
1812-1875
19. President
Vice Pres.
1877-1881
1877-1881
Rutherford B. Hayes
William A. Wheeler
Republican
1822-1893
1819-1887
20. President
Vice Pres.
1881
1881
James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
Republican
1831-1881
1829-1886
21. President
1881-1885
Chester A. Arthur
(no vice president)
Republican
1829-1886
22. President
Vice Pres.
1885-1889
1885
Grover Cleveland
Thomas A. Hendricks
Democrat
1837-1908
1819-1885
23. President
Vice Pres.
1889-1893
1889-1893
Benjamin Harrison
Levi P. Morton
Republican
1833-1901
1824-1920
24. President
Vice Pres.
1893-1897
1893-1897
Grover Cleveland
Adlai E. Stevenson
Democrat
25. President
Vice Pres.
Vice Pres.
1897-1901
1897-1899
1901
William P. McKinley
Garret A. Hobart
Theodore Roosevelt
Republican
1843-1901
1844-1899
1858-1919
26. President
Vice Pres.
1901-1909
1905-1909
Theodore Roosevelt
Charles W. Fairbanks
Republican
1858-1919
1852-1918
27. President
Vice Pres.
1909-1913
1909-1912
William H. Taft
James Sherman
Republican
1857-1930
1855-1912
28. President
Vice Pres.
1913-1921
1913-1921
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas R. Marshall
Democrat
1856-1924
1854-1925
29. President
Vice Pres.
1921-1923
1921-1923
Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
Republican
1865-1923
1872-1933
- 12 -
Democrat
LIFE DATES
1791-1868
1821-1875
1837-1908
1835-1914
#
TITLE
TERM IN
OFFICE
NAME
POLITICAL
PARTY
LIFE DATES
30. President
Vice Pres.
1923-1929
1925-1929
Calvin Coolidge
Charles G. Dawes
Republican
1872-1933
1865-1951
31. President
Vice Pres.
1929-1933
1929-1933
Herbert C. Hoover
Charles Curtis
Republican
1874-1964
1860-1936
32. President
Vice Pres.
Vice Pres.
Vice Pres.
1933-1945
1933-1941
1941-1945
1945
Franklin D. Roosevelt
John N. Garner
Henry A. Wallace
Harry S. Truman
Democrat
1882-1945
1868-1967
1888-1965
1884-1972
33. President
Vice Pres.
1945-1953
1949-1953
Harry S. Truman
Alben W. Barkley
Democrat
1884-1972
1877-1956
34. President
Vice Pres.
1953-1961
1953-1961
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Richard M. Nixon
Republican
1890-1969
1913-1994
35. President
Vice Pres.
1961-1963
1961-1963
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Democrat
1917-1963
1908-1973
36. President
Vice Pres.
1963-1969
1965-1969
Lyndon B. Johnson
Hubert Humphrey
Democrat
1963-1969
1911-1978
37. President
Vice Pres.
Vice Pres.
1969-1974
1969-1973
1974
Richard M. Nixon
Spiro T. Agnew
Gerald R. Ford
Republican
1913-1994
1918-1996
1913-2007
38. President
Vice Pres.
1974-1977
1974-1977
Gerald R. Ford
Nelson A. Rockefeller
Republican
1913-2007
1908-1979
39. President
Vice Pres.
1977-1981
1977-1981
James Earl Carter
Walter F. Mondale
Democrat
19241928-
40. President
Vice Pres.
1981-1989
1981-1989
Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
Republican
1911-2005
1924-
41. President
Vice Pres.
1989-1993
1989-1993
George H. W. Bush
Dan Quayle
Republican
19241947-
42. President
Vice Pres.
1993-2001
1993-2001
William J. Clinton
Albert Gore
Democrat
19461948-
43. President
Vice Pres.
2001- 2008
2001- 2008
George W. Bush
Richard M. Cheney
Republican
19461941-
44. President
Vice Pres.
2008 2008 -
Barack Husein Obama
Joseph Biden
Democrat
19611942-
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