bfhL{lnªdf
g]kfnL hflt /
hghftLo lrgf/Lsf
gof c*fgx¿
s'df/ k|wfg
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
;f];n ;fOG; axfMåf/f 18 cu:6 2004 df sdnkf]v/Ll:yt ¿;L ;f+:s[lts
s]Gb|, sf7df8f}dF f cfof]lht ;efdf 8f= s'df/ k|wfgåf/f lbOPsf] JofVofgsf]
k"0f{ kf7 .
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k|yd ;+:s/0f M ;g\
2005
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;f];n ;fOG; axfM
lxdfn P;f]l;P;g
kf]=a=g+= 166, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/, g]kfn
kmf]g M 5542544 / 5548142 • ˆofS; M 5541196
Od]n M [email protected]
j]a;fO6 M www.himalassociation.org/baha
ISBN 99933 43 68 4
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
dx]zrGb| /]UdL JofVofgdfnf
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx?
;j{ky| d d s[t1tf k|s6 u5{' o; JofVofgsf cfof]hs ;f];n ;fOG;
axfM, lxdfn P;f]l;P;gnfO{, o;/L bf];f| ] dx]zrGb| /]UdL JofVofg lbg]
;Ddfg lbP/ lbjª\ut /]UdLHo"kl| t >4f~hnL ck{0f ug]{ cj;/ lbg'ePsf]df .
cy{gl} ts Oltxf; n]vgsf] ;"qkft ub}{ :juL{o /]UdLHo" cfˆg} ljlzi6tf;Fu
Pp6f j}1flgs b[li6 lnP/ g]kfnsf] Oltxf; n]vgdf Ps klys[t g}
aGg'eof] . Oltxf;sf] ljBfyL{sf] gftfn] d}n] zf]wsfo{ ;'? ubf{ Ps
cg';Gwfg]T;'ssf ¿kdf d}n] u/]sf] g]kfnsf] tLy{ofqfx¿df Oltxf; lz/f]dl0f
afa'/fd cfrfo{, kl08t gog/fh kGt, wgjh| jh|frfo{, dx]zrGb| /]UdLHo"sf]
bz{g / pxfFx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ug]{ lgwf] u/]sf] lyPF .
g]kfnsf] k/Dk/fut Oltxf; n]vgaf6 5'§} eP/ Oltxf; s]jn …v'8F f /
v's/' Lsf] tdf;fÚ xf]Og, of] s]jn dxfk'?ifx¿sf] hLjgL xf]Og / Oltxf;sf]
k|lqmofdf cy{gLlt s;/L sf/stŒj aGb5 eGg] dxt\ sfo{ g]kfnsf]
Oltxf; n]vg k4ltdf dx]zrGb| /]UdLHo"n] u/]/ b]vfOlbg'ePsf] Pp6f
sLlt{dfg 5 . sf7df8f}s
F f] nflhDkf6df pxfFnfO{ e]6g\ uPsf] / pxfFn]
lbg'ePsf] ;do clg pxfF klxnf]kN6 bfhL{lnª cfpg'x'Fbf d]/f] jf;:yfgdf
kfpsi6 ul/lbg'ePsf] ;D‰gf c‰ cfn} 5 .
…;dfhzf:qÚ ljifos} 5fq geO{ cfk"m Oltxf;sf] 5fq ePsf]n] clg
cfˆgf] ljz]if cWoogsf] ljifo u/L …o'/f]ksf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;Ú eP klg
cfˆg} ynf] bfhL{lnªsf] Oltxf;, ljz]if ToxfF xfdL g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]af;,
ToxfF p7\g] dfux¿df xfd|f] cfzf / cfsfª\Iffsf k|ltlaDax¿ tyf ltgsf
sf/0f d]/f] zf]wsf] ljifo ag]sf] :gftssf] ljBfyL{ x'Fbfb]lv g} xf] .
ef/tdf g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]af; w]/} 7fpFdf eP klg bfhL{lnª kxf8nfO{ d"n
u9 egL ;a}n] :jLsf/]sf] tYo xf] .
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
1
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnLx¿sf b'O{ d'Vo dfux¿ ePsf] d}n] v'6o\ fPsf] lyPF .
Pp6f 5'§} hflt ePsf] cfwf/df :jfoQ zf;g jf :jzf;gsf] clwsf/
clg csf]{ ljleGg :t/df g]kfnL efiffsf] dfGotfsf] dfu . clg of] lgSof}n{
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hfltTj ljsf;sf] k[i7e"ldsf ¿kdf d]/f] lh1f;fsf]
ljifo aGof] . Toltn] ePg . d}n] d"nd} hfg] lgZro u/]F clg g]kfnL hflt
a'´g g]kfnsf] Oltxf; ga'‰L gx'g] 7fg]F .
ToltGh]n g]kfnsf] Oltxf; g]kfnL ePsf] gftfn] d]/f nflu Pp6f
;txL ?lrsf] ljifo dfq lyof] . t/ k/Dk/fut Oltxf; n]vgeGbf 5'§}
dx]zrGb| /]UdLHo"sf s[ltx¿af6 d k|efljt gePsf] xf]Og . d]/f] zf]wsfo{df
pxfFsf s]xL ljrf/;Fu dtleGgtf ePsf] pNn]v ul/P klg pxfFsf
s[ltx¿af6 p4/0f /flvPsf 5g\ / pxfFsf] k|efj d]/f] zf]wsfo{df :ki6
kl/nlIft 5 . g]kfnL hftLotfsf] hGd / ljsf;df g]kfnsf] slyt /fli6«o
PsLs/0fsf] e"ldsf d}n] ljBfjfl/lwsf] lglDt zf]wsfo{sf] ljifo 5fg]F .
snsQf ljZjljBfnoåf/f ;g\ 1984 df :jLs[t d]/f] zf]wsfo{sf] ;ª\lIfKt
¿k Gorkha Conquests: The Process and Consequences of the Unification of Nepal with Particular Reference to Eastern Nepal sf] k|sfzg ;g\
1991 df ePsf] lyof] .
Tof] k':tssf] clGtdeGbf Ps cl3Nnf] k[i7df 5flkPsf] 5 M
... it will not be amiss to mention that in India the Nepali
language has helped to bring about a closer integration of
the Kirats, Magars, Gurungs, Tamangs, Newars, Brahmans,
Chhetris and others. The Nepali language is spoken there
as the first language or ‘the mother tongue.’ There are other
socio-economic factors behind the use of a feeling of identity
among the Indian Nepalis … But that is different story which
receives a detailed treatment in a separate study. Footnote:
Author’s work on Darjeeling in the context of the birth and
growth of the nationality feeling among the Nepalese of the
place, unpublished.
of] sfd ck"0f{ / ck|sflzt g} 5 . kl08tx¿sf] efiffdf g]kfndf
2
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
;ldl;|t cg]stfsf] (pluralist) ;xcl:tTj w]/} kfOG5 eg] ef/tdf ;fdGjlos
(syncretic) PsLejg kfOG5 . g]kfndf sldnf k|lqmof 5 eg] xfd|f]
bfhL{lnªdf df}/L k|lqmof 5 g]kfnL hfltsf] ;+/rgfdf .
t/ cfˆgf] k':ts kxf8 / vf]nf x¿df OGb|axfb'/ /fO{n] Ps 7fpFdf
n]Vg'ePsf] 5 M
p;n] cfˆgf bfHo"–efOx¿nfO{ x]¥of] M
æTof]eGbf d uf]/f] 5', d leGb} x'F . Tof]eGbf d ;fFjnf] 5', d
leGb} x'F . d]/f] gfs To;sf] eGbf ;dtn t/ To;sf] eGbf 8fF8],
d leGb} x'F . ====Æ
p;nfO{ d'v afpFbf] Pp6f zª\sfn] ;nSs lgN5 M xfdL xf}F
s] Ps} hftLo ;Gtfg < xf}F s] xfdL Pp6} hflt <
lat]sf s]xL jif{x¿b]lv bfhL{lnªlt/ klg g]kfnL hfltleq} cfˆgf] 5'§}
lrgf/Lsf] k|Zg p7fpg yflnPsfn] d]/f] vf]hLdf Pp6f gofF cfofd
hf]l8Psf] h:tf] nfU5 . k|Zg ug'k{ g],{ ;f]Rg'kg]{ / o; ljifoaf/] ljzb /
uxg rrf{ ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{ nfu]sf] 5 . log} ljifod} d]/f] of] JofVofg
5 M Pp6f dxt\ lh1f;fsf ¿kdf .
oxfF cªu|h] L efiffdf k|oS' t kfl/eflifs zAbfjnLn] hGdfpg] u/]sf
sl7gfOx¿k|lt ;r]t /xg'kg]{ klg cg'ej ub{5' . o'/f]ksf w]/}h;f] /fi6«x¿
PsefifL (mono-lingual) ePsfn] xf]nf Pp6f efiff / cGo ;f‰f
tŒjx¿sf] cfwf/df ljsl;t hguf]i7L a'‰fpg pgLx¿ nation, nationality
h:tf zAbx¿ k|of]u u5{g\ . g]kfnsf s'g} gful/sn] ltgsf] nationality
af/] ul/Psf] k|Zgsf] pQ/df g]kfnL eGg jf n]Vg'k5{ . ef/tdf xfdLn]
To;/L n]Vof}F eg] xfdL ljb]zL dflgG5f}F, xfd|f] nationality xf] ef/tLo cyjf
Indian . ef/tsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnLefifLsf] s'/f p7\bf sub-nationality k|of]u
ug'{kg]{ ePsf] kfpF5f}, clg efiffaf/]sf] k|Zgdf g]kfnL n]v]/ ;Gt'i6 x'G5f}F .
cGtlg{lxt /fhg}lts ;ª\st] nfO{ Tofu]/ hfltTjsf] cy{df nationality
zAbn] /fi6« jf /fhg}lts ;Ldfx¿ gf£g] u/]sf] cr]n /fhgLlts l;4fGtx¿n]
dfGg yfn]sf 5g\ . km]l/ ePg u|Ls efiffdf pagan, heathen cy{ nfUg]
ethnikos af6 Jo'TkGg / ;g\ 1953 df cd]l/sL ;dfhj}1flgs David
Reisman åf/f klxnf]kN6 pkof]u ul/Psf] ethnicity, ethnic zAb nationbfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
3
ality s}
kof{ojfrL‰}F k|of]u ul/Psf] klg kfOG5 . pbfx/0ffy{, ef/tsf w]/}
/fli6«o kqklqsfn] bfhL{lnªsf g]kfnLx¿sf ljleGg dfux¿nfO{ ethnic
demands egL n]Vg] u5{g\ clg g]kfnL hfltleq ls/fFt, tfdfª, du/,
g]jf/, ;'g'jf/ cflb hguf]i7Lsf k|;ª\u p7fpFbf klg ethnic zAb g}
rnfPsf] b]lvG5 . cfk}m cK7Øf/fdf k/]/ xf]nf oL hguf]i7Lx¿sf lglDt
sub-ethnic zAb k|of]u u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 .
…g]kfnLÚ zAbn] Pp6f efiff, /fhg}lts cy{df g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf clg
;f+:s[lts cy{df /fhg}lts jf /fli6«o ;Ldf gf3]/ w]/} sf/0fn] Psa4
ePsf] hguf]i7L a'‰fpF5 .
To;}n] o; rrf{df d}n] …g]kfnLÚ zAb g]kfn clw/fHoleq o;sf ;a}
gful/sx¿sf lglDt k|oQ' m x'g] cy{df k|of]u gu/L cyjf /fli6«o / /fhg}lts
cy{df geO{ ;f+:s[lts cy{df k|of]u u/]sf] 5' . clg ls/fFt, tfdfª, u'?ª,
g]jf/, ;'gj' f/ cflbsf] lglDt hghflt zAb pkof]u u/]sf] 5' .
v|Li6fAb pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf k|yd b'O{ bzsleq jt{dfg g]kfn clw/fHosf]
lgdf{0f jf /fhgLlts PsLs/0fsf] k|lqmof jf g]kfnn] jt{dfg /fhg}lts
cfsf/ k|fKt ug]{ k|qmd k"0f{ ePsf] lyof] . of] k|lqmof / o;sf
kl/0ffdx¿sf] ljZn]if0f k|sflzt zf]wsfo{df ul/;s]sf] 5' h;sf] clGtd
b'O{ jfSo ;f/f+zsf] ¿kdf k|:t't 5 M
“Scholars of Nepal invariably praise the cohesive role of the
Hindu religion, but what is overlooked is the fact the culture
and religion often assume the role of political ideology. If
the theoretical rationale of the politically unified kingdom
of Nepal was expressed by the Brahmanical Hindu religion,
its pragmatic basis was represented in the class of
tagadhari high castes who enjoyed a monopoly of power.”
-g]kfnsf ljåfg\x¿ lxGb" wd{sf] ;+zlStzLn e"ldsfsf] k|z+;f
ub{5g\, t/ ;+:s[lt / wd{n] /fhg}lts l;4fGtsf] e"ldsf u|x0f
u5{g\ eGg] tYosf] eg] pk]Iff u5{g\ . /fhg}lts PsLs/0f ePsf]
g]kfn clw/fHosf] j}rfl/s d"nwf/ a|fXd0fjfbL lxGb" wd{n] cleJoQm
uYof]{ eg] To;sf] oyfly{s cfwf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ;Qfsf] Psflwsf/
pkef]u ug]{ tfufwf/L pRr hftx¿df x'GYof] ._
4
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
uf]vf{sf] ljho cleofgsf] kmn:j¿k g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts PsLs/0f ePs}
xf/fxf/Ldf ef/tdf lkFmlhO/x]sf] la|l6; ;Qfsf] cfFvf l;lSsdsf] To;
e"efudf kg{ yfn]sf] lyof] h'g e"efu / kl5 ef]6fªaf6 uflePsf Onfsf
ldnfP/ ;g\ 1866 df jt{dfg bfhL{lnª lhNnf aGof] .
la|l6; ef/tsf] Pp6f lhNnfdf bfhL{lnªsf] kl/0flt / To;kl5 3gf
b]lvg] u/L g]kfnLx¿ ;ª\Voful/i7 lsg / s;/L x'g k'u] ;f]sf] cg';Gwfg
cfjZos 7fg]/} d]/f] zf]wsfo{ a9]sf] lyof] . oL ljifodf s] tYox¿ k|:t't
ug{ ;lsG5 <
jt{dfg bfhL{lnª lhNnfsf] If]qkmn 1256.6 ju{dfOn 5 . ;g\ 1835
df cª\uh]| nfO{ slyt ¿kdf e]6 r9fOPsf] 138 ju{dfOn If]qdf ;g\ 1839
;Dddf s]jn Ps ;o hg;ª\Vof lyof] . ToxL jif{ sf7df8f}aF f6 ;?jf
eO{ bfhL{lnªsf k|yd k|zf;s lgo'St x'g] 8f= P= SofDka]n -g]kfnsf
b:tfj]hdf lsldn ;fxa_ n] b; jif{kl5 ;g\ 1849 df Tof] ;ª\Vof b;
xhf/ k'Uof] elg n]v]sf 5g\ . w]/}n] SofDka]nnfO{ p4[t u/]sf 5g\ .
bf]hl{] nª jf bfhL{lnªsf] h] g} cy{ nufOP klg o; gfpFn] ;'?df jt{dfg
dxfsfn 8fF8f / jl/kl/sf] ;Lldt e"v08 dfq hgfpFYof] . of] s'/f xfdL
;dsflns b:tfj]hx¿af6 hfGg ;S5f}F . plNnlvt Onfsfaflx/ /x]sf
dfgj a:tLx¿af/] ;dsflns pNn]v kfOG5g\ . To;afx]s ;g\ 1835 df
l;lSsdn] lbPsf] e"efudf g]kfn ;Ldfglur kg]{ k'nahf/, ;'sk] f]v/L,
ldl/s If]qx¿ clg ;dtndf l;nLu'8L / ltgtfs ef]6fªsf] Onfsf
sfn]aª' k/]sf] lyPg . oL hDd} efu lgh{g lyP egL dfGg ;lsFbg} .
;g\ 1848 df bfhL{lnª, l;lSsd / k"jL{ g]kfn e|d0f u/L lxdfnog
hg{N; n]Vg] k|l;4 pb\lebzf:qL hf];k] m 8fN6g x"s/n] ToxfF pNn]v u/]sf
5g\, æclxn] c?0fsf] klZrdlt/ ;Lldt eP klg du/x¿ l;lSsdsf
cflbjf;L lyP, hxfFaf6 ltgLx¿nfO{ klZrdlt/ clxn]sf] lnDa"x¿sf] b]zdf
nfKr]x¿n] nv]6] clg lnDa"x¿n] ltgLx¿nfO{ c‰ klZrdlt/ nv]6] .Æ
ltAat e|d0fdf hfFbf z/trGb| bf;n] s~rghª\ufsf] klZrdkl§ sf+ukfr]g
pkTosfdf du/x¿sf lsNnf / eUgfjz]if b]v]sf] pNn]v cfˆgf] e|d0f
j[QfGt Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet, 1902 df u/]sf 5g\ . ltgn]
ToxfF ;'g]sf] df}lvs k/Dk/fcg';f/ du/x¿nfO{ ef]6]x¿ cfP/ ToxfFaf6
nv]6s
] f lyP . gf]b{] / dl/;sf] egfOdf bf;sf] To; s'/fdf s]xL ;Totf
5 . sf/0f, g]kfnsf] ;'b/" k"j{ -jf bfhL{lnª;Fu l;dfgf ufFl;Psf] If]q_ df
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
5
klg du/ a:tLx¿ / du/ af]nLsf] k|rng kfOG5 .
l;lSsdsf /fhf y'6f]a gfdUofn / /fgL of]z] 8f]Ndfn] ;g\ 1908 df
ltAatLdf …k|frLg b:tfj]hx¿sf] cfwf/dfÚ n]v]sf1 l;lSsdsf] Oltxf;df
klg ;qf}F ztfAbLdf -;g\ 1641_ ltAatLx¿n] l;lSsd k;L cfˆgf] zf;g
sfod ubf{ ToxfF nfKr] / du/ ufpFx¿ lhTg'k/]sf] pNn]v 5 . bfhL{lnªdf
du/h'ª -du/hf]ªÖdu/sf] lsNnf <_ gfpF ePsf] 7fpF 5 . l;lSsdsf]
of] Oltxf;cg';f/ …kxfl8of -lnDa" / du/_ d'lvofx¿nfO{ aflx/ lxF8b\ f
cfˆgf] bhf{ / ;Ddfg k|bz{gsf lglDt /fHoaf6 /]zdsf] j:q nufpg] /
guf/f lk6fpg] clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf ;gbx¿ tL k'/fgf kl/jf/x¿;Fu c‰
b]Vg kfOG5 .
cª\uh]| n] ;g\ 1850 ;Dd jt{dfg bfhL{lnª lhNnfsf bfhL{lnª ;b/,
v/;fª / l;nLu'8L oL tLg dxs'df ufEgcl3 o; e"efudf g]kfnL
hfltleq kg]{ hghflt uf]i7Lx¿sf] a;f]af; lyPg eGg ;lsFbg} . ;g\
1789 b]lv 1815 ;Dd uf]vf{x¿n] sfn]aª
' dxs'dfafx]s bfhL{lnª lhNnfsf
kxf8 / ;dtndf l6:6f gbL;Dd l;lSsdnfO{ lht]/ ufe]sf lyP .
To;kl5 g]kfn / l;lSsddf‰ l;dfgf ‰u8f ldnfpg O:6 OlG8of
sDkgLsf b'O{ clwsf/L SofK6]g nf]o8\ / u|fG6 ;g\ 1829 df bfhL{lnª
eP/ l;lSsd k'u]sf lyP . nf]o8\n] To; a]nf To; 7fpFnfO{ ‘the
old Goorkha Station of Dorjeling’ eGb} ToxfF 5 lbg latfPsf] ljj/0f
lbPsf lyP .
bfhL{lnªsf] xfjfkfgL / o; 7fpFsf] pkof]lutf a'´g cªu|h] ujg{/–
hg/nn] pxL SofK6]g nf]o8\ / csf{ Ps hgf RofkDofgnfO{ ;g\ 183637 df v6fPsf lyP . Tof] zLtsfn pgLx¿n] bfhL{lnªd} latfP . ltgtfs
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnaf6 dflg;x¿sf] cfphfp x'GYof] eGg] ;ª\st] kfOG5 .
cª\uh]| x¿sf] lqmofsnfksf] lrof] ug{ g]kfnn] la/fPsf] lyPg . a;tjf/l;+x
e08f/Ln] lbPsf] l/kf]6s
{ f] Pp6f c+z b|i6Jo 5 M
æ=== ;'lifdsf] bf]Ho]{ln+df c+u/]hn] 5fpgL xfnL al;/x]5 eGof s'/f
;'lgg nflu/x]5 O{ s'/f ;fFrf] ‰"6f] Sof /x]5 ceL+t/ u/L kfsf
hfGof dflg; k7fO{ h:tfsf] t:tf] ifj/ a'l‰ xh"/df laGtL u/L
1
6
of] k':ts nfdf bfjf ;f08'kåf/f cª\u|]hLdf
History of Sikkim
egL cg"lbt 5 -ck|sflzt_ .
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
k7f === egL d]x/ e} alS; k7fofsf] nfndf]x/ cfOk'UofYof] ===
;'lifd wdf{ t/kmsf] aft laxf]/f hfGof a'‰Gof 4 hgf dflg;
k7fof+Yof+ ;'lifdsf] af6f] u/L g+u]n'rf bf]Ho]{ln+ k'uL l;+kflnb]lif
lt:6f k'uL dw]; lg:sL wdf{ bflndsf]6;d]tsf] xfn;'/t a'‰L
kmSof{5 === ;'lifdfsf] bf]h{ln+ eGofsf] hufdf ;'lifDofn] c+u/]hnfO{
sf]l7 /f;g elg huf lbofsf] /x]5 t]xL bf]h{ln+df c+u/]hsf] 1
;fx]k 1 Hdfbf/ 24 gfn l;kfxL;d]t 5fpgL xfnL a:ofsf] 14
d}Gxf eo]5 === l;+kflnb]lif bf]h]{ln+ ;+yL/ a;L uofsf] 8f8f] 20/25
sf]; /x]5 t];} l;+kflnb]lif bf]hl{] n+;Dd ;6s agfpg egL dª\l;/b]lv
dw];af6 a]nbf/ l‰sfO{ /fif]5 60/50 a]nbf/ xfdLn] klg b]io'+ c‰
c¿ klg cfpF5 e+5+ egL o]xL lj:tf/sf] ifj/ Nofof+5 === ;+jt\
1894 ;fn ldlt kf]if ;'lb 12 /f]h 1 d'sfd wgs'6f z'ed\ ===Æ
nIfjL/ zfxL / x]dbn yfkf n]V5g\ M
æ=== xfdLx¿sf] ift\ / c+u|]hL ift\lb kfxf8sf] af6f], bf]h]{lnª l;kfxL
k7f`f} === sf]xL /o]tx¿ ;'lifd t/km hfg nfUof eGof hfg x'Fb}g
egL ha/h:t u/L yfd\Gof sfd\ gug'{ ;'lifd t/kmsf /o]t\
o];\t/km cfof eGbf klg jfxfFaf6 ha/h:t u/L yfd\Gof 5}gg\ of]
s'/f `fxf xfh;g ;fx]a;Fu e} pg\af6 5f]6f ;fx]anfO{ kgL n]vL
hfGof5 egL xs'd cfofsf cy{ l;jfgfl;jfgfsf] hufdf of]
aGbf]a:t rflxGo} s'/f xf] of] s'/fsf] aGbf]a:t eo]5 al9of eof]
xf]nf lsldn\ -SofDka]n_ ;fx]a af6 hfFxfF rflxGof xf] jfxf
l;jfgfsf] lg;fgf /fifL tqmfl/ hldg\ xfdLx]¿nfO{ ;k't{ u¥of kl5
=== cfpGof sfd u/f}Fnf .Æ
ltgtfs slt g]kfnLx¿ bfhL{lnª If]qdf lyP 7Ls cfFs8f kfpg g;lsP
klg g]kfnLx¿sf] cfphfpaf/] cGo s]xL ;dsfnLg pNn]v kfOG5g\ .
;g\ 1839 df SofDka]n bfhL{lnªsf zf;s eP/ cfPkl5 o; If]qsf]
ljsf; x'g yfNof] . gf]e]Da/ 1840 df lszguGhaf6 Ps hgf cª\uh]|
clwsf/Ln] SofDka]nnfO{ n]vs
] f] lr7Ldf 25 xhf/ sDkgL ?lkofF lhDdf
nufO{ lzj/fh yfkf ;'ab] f/nfO{ bfhL{lnª k7fPsf] ;"rgf kfOG5 . bfhL{lnª
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
7
srx/Ldf ;g\ 1841 ;Dd rn]sf] clwlgoddf cª\uh]| L zAb …s'NnLÚ sf]
;f6f] g]kfnL zAb …el/ofÚ (bharriahs) sf] k|of]u ljrf/0fLo 5 .
bfhL{lnªsf] ;'/Iff / af6f]3f6f] d/Ddtsf] lglDt ;g\ 1839 df Sebundy
Sappers gfds sfo{an u7g ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ 1862 df k|sflzt
bfhL{lnªsf] Pp6f e|d0f j[QfGtdf To; sfo{anaf/] ‘It is composed
almost entirely of Nepalese’ n]lvPsf] 5 . ;g\ 1848 df x"s/sf] e|d0fdf
ltgL;Fu lxF8g\ ] bndf yf]/d} f Ps hgf uf]vf{ ePsf] / cª\uh]| x¿n] ;g\
1864 df ef]6fªdfly wfjf af]Nbf la|l6; ;]gfdf uf]vf{x¿ klg ePsf]
pNn]v kfOG5g\ . ;dsfnLg 36gfjnLx¿af6 cª\uh]| x¿n] bfhL{lnª lnPsf]
;do o; Onfsfdf w]/yf]/ g]kfnL af]Ng]x¿ ;dflxt eO;s]sf] k|df0f nfU5 .
cª\uh]| L zf;g;Fu} O;fO{ wd{kr
| f/sx¿ klg bfhL{lnª cfpg yfn] .
hd{gLsf] df]/fljofaf6 cfPsf] df]/fljog ld;gn] ;g\ 1840 b]lv 1860
;Ddsf] cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf nfKr] / g]kfnL efiffdf sf]zx¿ tof/
kfl//x]sf] / wd{k|rf/sf s]xL krf{x¿ oL b'O{ efiffdf afF8\g] u/]sf] pNn]vn]
otf g]kfnL af]Ng] / a'´g]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof al9/x]sf] ;ª\st] lbG5 .
;'?df g]kfnL hg;ª\Vof cjZo w]/} lyPg . g]kfndf ;fdGtL k|yfcGtu{tsf]
zf]if0f k|an ljsif{0f zlQmsf] ¿kdf al9/x]s} ;do bfhL{lnªdf cª\uh]| L
zf;g ;'? ePkl5 v'Ng yfn]sf sfdwGwf / ljz]if u/L lrof pBf]usf] b|t'
ljsf; cfsif{0f zlQm aGof] . …lrofsf] af]6df k};f kmN5Ú eGg] ;'g/]
g]kfnaf6 lgu{dgsf] kl/df0f w]/} a9\g uPsf] bfhL{lnªsf hgu0fgfx¿sf]
ljZn]if0fn] k|dfl0ft u5{ .
x"s/n] ;g\ 1848 df Ps 7fpF n]v]sf 5g\ M
bfhL{lnªdf la|l6;sf] k|hf eO{ w]/} g]kfnLx¿ a:5g\, ltgLx¿df
w]/}h;f] cfˆg} b]zaf6 efUg]x¿ 5g\ hxfF kms]{/ uP hldgbf/x¿n]
k]ml/ kqmg]5g\ egL ltgLx¿ q:t 5g\ . (The Nepalese, of
whom there were many residing as British subjects in
Dorjiling, were mostly runaways from their own country, and
afraid of being claimed, should they return to it, by the lords of
the soil)
hª\uaxfb'/n] 3/nf}/L u/L 6 xhf/ lnDa"nfO{ sf7df8f}F
nfFbf ToxfF x}hf rnL slt ;o dbf{ 3/nf}/Lb]lv afFr]sfx¿
hxfg};Fu efu]/ bfhL{lnª uPsf] klg ltgn] n]v]sf 5g\ . (Jung
8
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
Bahadur levied a force of 6000 of them, who were contoned
at Kathmandoo, where the cholera breaking out, carried off
some hundreds, causing many families who dreaded conscription to flock to Darjeeling).
;g\ 1835 df cª\uh]| x¿n] l;lSsdaf6 slyt ¿kdf e]6:j¿k kfPsf]
138 ju{dfOnsf] bfhL{lnª e"efudf ;g\ 1869 df ul/Psf] hgu0fgfcg';f/
] f] lyof] . To;df lxGb" egL b]vfOPsf] 9,889
hg;ª\Vof 22,607 k'us
hgfdf clwsf+z g]kfnLx¿ ePsf cg'dfg To;sf] tLg jif{kl5 ePsf]
bfhL{lnª lhNnfsf] klxnf] hgu0fgfsf] cfwf/df ;xh} nufpg ;lsG5 .
ef/tdf klxnf] cflwsfl/s hgu0fgf ;g\ 1871 df ePsf] lyof] .
bfhL{lnªsf] lglDt 5'§} ;ª\sng ;L=Pkm= dufy{n] u/]sf lyP . ltgn] u/]sf]
;ª\sngcg';f/ ;g\ 1872 df bfhL{lnª lhNnfsf] df]7 hg;ª\Vof 94,712
lyof] . ltgdf g]kfnL slt lyP pQ/ vf]Hg] k|of; u/f}F .
dufy{sf] hgu0fgf l/kf]6d{ f hg;ª\VofnfO{ hfltx¿df juL{s/0f ul/Psf]
5, t/ Tof] j}1flgs 5}g . ltgsf] tkl;ndf …g]kfnLÚ zLif{sdf PsrfnL;
hft / hfltx¿ 5g\, t/ k]mxl/:tdf a|fXd0f / Iflqo -afx'g–5]qL_ x¿
5}gg\ . o; ljifodf ljzb ljZn]if0f d}n] Pp6f n]vdf ul/;s]sf] 5' .
oxfF To;nfO{ gbf]xf]¥ofO{ olt g} eG5' dufy{n] df]7 hg;ª\Vofsf] 34
k|ltzt g]kfnL b]vfPsf lyP eg] ltgsf] e"nnfO{ ;Rofpg] hdsf]{ ubf{ Tof]
k|ltzt 38.4 lgsfNg ;lsG5 . cyjf 94,712 df]7 ;ª\Vofdf 35,380
g]kfnL lyP . dufy{sf] cfFs8fdf g]kfnL zLif{saflx/ b]vfOPsf a|fXd0f /
/fhk'tnfO{ kxf8sf afl;Gbf g]kfnL afx'g–5]qL dfGof}F eg] clg tyfslyt
;fgf] hftx¿sf] ;ª\Vof hf]8b\ f k|foM rf/ xhf/ lg:sG5 . cyjf g]kfnL
g} cfˆgf] d"n efiff ePsfx¿ rf/ xhf/ lyP eg] /xn 31 xhf/
ef]6ad]{nL efiffuf]i7Lsf cyjf dtjfnLx¿ lyP .
æPs lbg g]kfnLx¿n] ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf g} 9fSg]5g\,Æ bfhL{lnªsf tTsfnLg
cª\uh]| lhNnfkfnn] Pp6f l6Kk0fL n]vs
] f lyP . Tof] l/kf]6d{ } n]lvPsf] 5,
æbfhL{lnªdf cfP/ a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf clwsf+z g]kfnL lhNnfdf :yfoL
eO{ a:5g\ .Æ g]kfnLafx]s bfhL{lnªdf cfP/ a:g] ;dtnjf;Lx¿af/]
n]lvPsf] 5, æltgLx¿ :yfoL a:b}gg\ .Æ clg 8An'=8An'= x06/cg';f/
lhNnfdf a;'Gh]n pgLx¿ oxfFsf hg;fwf/0faf6 leGg} 5'6]/ a:5g\ .
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
9
k|To]s bzssf] hgu0fgf ljZn]if0flt/ guO{ ;f/f+zdf b'Oc{ f]6f s'/f
/fvf}F — Pp6f xf] lrofaf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof j[l4;Fu} bfhL{lnª kxf8df hg;ª\Vof
j[l4 clg bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnLx¿ :yfoL afl;Gbf ePkl5 ToxfF g]kfndf
hGdg]x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf sdL .
;g\ 1856 b]lv bfhL{lnªdf lrofsdfgx¿ vf]lnFb} uP . ;g\ 1872 df 74
cf]6f lrofsdfg lyP eg] ;g\ 1890 df lrofsdfgx¿sf] ;ª\Vof 177
k'Uof] . ;g\ 1905 b]lv 1935 ;Ddsf] cjlwdf 148 cf]6f lrofsdfgx¿
lyP . ;g\ 1872 sf] df]7 hg;ª\Vof 94,712 lyof] . ;g\ 1891 df of]
] f] lyof] h;df 88,000 n] cfk"m g]kfndf
;ª\Vof a9]/ 223,314 k'us
hGd]sf] egL btf{ u/fPsf lyP . ;g\ 1901 df df]7 hg;ª\Vof 249,117
lyof] eg] ltgdf g]kfnLsf] hg;ª\Vof 134,000 k'u]sf] lyof] . ;g\ 1931
df lhNnfsf] hg;ª\Vof 319,635 lyof] h;df 161,308 g]kfnLx¿ lyP
clg pgLx¿df s]jn 59 xhf/ g]kfndf hGd]sf lyP . ;g\ 1951 df df]7
hg;ª\Vof 445,260 df 223,088 hgf g]kfnL lyP, h;df s]jn 749 hgf
g]kfndf hGd]sf lyP . clg g]kfnL hg;ª\Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f lrofsdfgdf
lyof] . pbfx/0ffy{, ;g\ 1941 df lhNnfsf] df]7 hg;ª\Vof 376,369 lyof]
h;sf] 67.6 k|ltzt jf 254,608 hgf g]kfnL lyP clg To; ;ª\Vofdf
114,738 -45.6 k|ltzt_ g]kfnL lrofsdfgdf lyP .
o; g]kfnL hg;ª\Vofdf w]/h} ;f] ;'?df ef]6ad]n{ L kl/jf/sf cfˆg}
af]nLx¿ af]Ng] uf]i7L jf dtjfnLx¿ lyP . ;g\ 1941 s} cfFs8f x]/f},F
254,608 g]kfnLdf 57,619 /fO{, To;kl5 43,114 tfdfª, 17,803 lnDa",
17,262 du/, 15,455 u'?ª lyP . ;ª\If]kdf tfufwf/L -afx'g–5]qL_ sf]
;ª\Vof 34,940 clg slyt ;fgf] hftsf] ;ª\Vof 31,480 lyP cyjf
g]kfnL g} d"n efiffsf] ¿kdf af]Ng]x¿ 66,420 lyof] eg] k|f/Dedf
ef]6ad]n{ L af]Ng] dtjfnLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof nueu 190,000 xhf/ lyof] . ;g\
1872 sf] hgu0fgf -klxnf] cflwsfl/s hgu0fgf_ x]/f}F . lhNnfsf] df]7
hg;ª\Vof 94,712 df 33,258 g]kfnL b]lvG5g\ . o; g]kfnL hg;ª\Vofdf
5]qL Ps} hgf btf{ 5}g, 7s'/L 56, uf]vf{ 51, kxfl8of 92, kj{ltof 21
nfO{ 5]qL dfGof}F eg] of]ukmn 220 k'U5 . a|fXd0f btf{ ug]{ 904 ;a}
g]kfnL afx'g gx'g klg ;S5g\ . slyt ;fgf] hftdf hDdf 2,466 -bdfO{+
252, sfdL 1,886, ;fsL{ 328_ 5g\ . ef]6ad]{nL kl/jf/sf efiff af]Ng]x¿sf]
;ª\Vofdf ;aeGbf w]/} /fO{ -6,754_, To;kl5 tfdfª -6,567_, lnDa"
10
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
-4,663_, u'?ª -3,687_, du/ -3,020_, 3tL{ -1,419_, g]jf/ -1,120_ ub}{
df]7 hg;ª\Vof 27,982 k'U5 .
cfk"mleq eflifs, ;fdflhs, ;+f:s[lts j}ljWo af]ss
] f] o; hguf]i7Ldf
PsTj / hftLotfsf] efjgf knfP/ la:tf/} k|v/ / ;zSt x'g'df s'g
sf/stŒjx¿ pQ/bfoL lyP To; s'/fn] ljZn]if0f vf]H5 .
bfhL{lnªdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿ k|foM ;a} ;j{xf/fju{sf lyP . k|foM ;a} g}
>dhLjL lyP . g]kfnL hguf]i7Lleq Pp6f ju{sf] csf]{ ju{dfly cTofrf/
/ zf]if0f lyPg . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] z]if efu;Dd lgDg dWoljQ >]0fL
knfpg nfu]sf] ;dfhdf kF'hLklt / hldgbf/ sf]xL lyPgg\ . To;
hguf]i7Lleq zf;s / zfl;t lyPgg\, ;a} c¿åf/f zfl;t lyP .
cª\uh]| x¿ ;j];{ jf{ dflns lyP, lrofpBf]u pgLx¿s} lyof] . 7"n7"nf kbdf
pgLx¿ lyP eg] ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L bˆt/x¿lt/ lgDg kbdf
;dtnjf;L cg]kfnL lyP . dWod / ;;fgf Jofkf/ ug]{ tyf sf7ld:qL,
gflkt, h'Qf agfpg] / l;nfpg]x¿ l5d]sL laxf/ Pj+ /fh:yfgsf lyP .
>d a]r/] hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ g]kfnLx¿ cy{gl} ts zf]if0fsf l;sf/ lyP .
g]kfndf /x]sf] ;fdGtL k|yfsf] cTofrf/af6 pDs]/ d'Unfg k:g]x¿ s'g}
/fd/fHodf k'u]gg\ . ;fdGtL Joj:yfsf] zf]if0faf6 pgLx¿ la|l6; ef/tsf]
cf}klgj]lzs zf;gsf] 3fgdf k/] . 5fpgL / ;x/lt/ l;kfxL tyf
>lds x'g], a:tLlt/ ;;fgf ls;fg aGg], s'ng} af/L / ljz]if u/L
lrofaf/Ldf xhf/f}s
F f] ;ª\Vofdf >dhLjL aGg] bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf
hftLo efjgf kl/of]lht u/L hufpg' s'g} dWoljQLo jf k'FhLjfbL juL{o
:jfy{ lyPg .
t/ o;k|sf/n] zf]lift, kLl8t ag]sf g]kfnLx¿df c¿sf] cJoj:yfsf]
t'ngfn] …xfdLÚ eGbf …pgLx¿Ú leGb} eGg] efjgf a9\g' c:jfefljs lyPg .
cy{gl} ts -cfly{s_ dfq xf]Og ;fdflhs b[li6n] klg …xfdLÚ x]o ePsf] nfUg]
sf/0f lyP . cª\uh]| x¿sf] s'/} 5fl8lbpFm, ;dtnaf6 cfpg] lzlIft ls/fgf
/ kljqtfjfbL lxGb"x¿ klg klxnf hflt, wd{, ;+:s[lt, af]nLsf] cg'k:| y
lje]bdf dfq afFl8Psf], t/ kl5 tfufwf/L jr{:jsf] :yfkgfsf] kmn:j¿k hft
k|yfsf] cg'nDa ljefhgdf k/]sf clwsf+z dtjfnL hghfltn] ag]sf] g]kfnL
;dfhnfO{ …Dn]R5Ú ePsf]n] x]o 7fGg] u/]sf] tYo 5 . lzlIft …afa'Ú /
dxfhg vfnx¿ >dhLjL g]kfnLnfO{ …s'NnLÚ afx]s c¿ s] 7fGy] xf]nfg\ .
…ltgLx¿Ú agfd …xfdLÚ sf] tLj| r]tgfsf] pT; To; cj:yfdf kfOG5 .
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
11
bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnLdf PsTjsf] r]tgf a9\g] sf/0f g]kfndf h:tf]
/fli6«o Pstf lyPg, of] r]tgf g]kfnLleqs} juL{o :jfy{n] psf;]g . a?
of] r]tgf zf]lift / zfl;t ju{sf] ;d"x r]tgfsf] cf8df a9]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnL efiffdf otf kqklqsf lg:sg yfn]kl5 ltgdf k|sflzt ;of}F
n]vx¿sf] ljifoj:t' ljZn]if0f (content analysis) ubf{ lg:s]sf] lgisif{n]
o; ljrf/nfO{ yk k'li6 lbPsf] xf] .
hftLo PsTjsf] efjgf a9\g] o; k|lqmofdf bf];f| ] k|an sf/stŒj
ag]sf] lyof] g]kfnL efiff . g]kfndf cfˆgf d"nynf] lsk6lt/ ef]6ad]n{ L
kl/jf/sf af]nLx¿ af]lnP klg ;a}n] geP klg w]/}n] g]kfnL a'´y] jf af]Ng
klg ;Sy] xf]nfg\ . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fkl5 /fhsfhsf] efiff ag]sfn]
g]kfnLsf] k|;f/ a9]sf] lyof] .
ljleGg ef]6ad]{nL af]nLx¿ cfˆgf] k|fylds jf df[tefiff ePsf dflg;x¿
xhf/f}s
F f] ;ª\Vofdf d'Unfg k;]kl5 leGgleGg efiffuf]i7Lsf ;d"xx¿ k[ys\ky[ s\
a:g ;Sg] ;Defjgf w]/} lyPg . xf6ahf/, ;x/, lrofaf/Lsf w'/f, 5fpgL
/ uf/blt/ 5Øf;ld; eP/ sfd ubf{ / a:g kbf{ tL cfuGt'sx¿n] cfk"mn]
bf];|f] efiffsf] ¿kdf hfg]sf] g]kfnL efiffsf dxŒj a9\g yfNof] . To;/L
cfpg] sltko tfdfª / g]jf/x¿n] bfhL{lnªd} g]kfnL efiff l;s]sf klg
a"9fkfsfx¿ atfpFy] . a;fOF ;/]/ otf :yfoL ¿kdf a:g yfNg]x¿sf]
bf];f| –] t];f| ] k':tfn] cfˆgf afa'afh]sf af]nLx¿ e'n/] g]kfnLnfO{ g} klxnf]
efiff dfGg] k|lqmof ;'? eO;s]sf] lyof] .
cª\uh]| sf] zf;g ;'? ePkl5 bfhL{lnª e]sdf vf]lng yfn]sf lzIffnox¿df
st} g]kfnL k9fOFbg} lyof] . lzIffsf] dfWod lyof] lxGbL, n]Krf, cª\uh]| L,
pb"{ / kmf/;L . g]kfnaf6 lg:s]/ d'Unfg k:g]x¿ ;lhn} lxGbLefifL x'g
;Sy], t/ To;f] ePg . w]/} k|lts"n cj:yfdf klg g]kfnL efiff bfhL{lnªdf
;'/lIft af]nL dfq eP/ afFrg] , o; efiffn] w]/} k|ult klg u¥of] . lzIffdf
k5f}6] / w]/h} ;f] dhb'/L ug]{ hg;d'bfon] o;nfO{ ljrf/ ljlgdo ug]{ tyf
cfˆgf efj / efjgf cleJoQm ug]{ ;fwg agfP/ hf]xf] gu/]sf] eP
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt x'g] lyPg .
hgu0fgfcg';f/ bfhL{lnªdf af]lng] o:tf ef]6ad]n{ L kl/jf/sf efiffx¿sf]
;ª\Vof 19 lyof] . ;g\ 1907 df k|sflzt bfhL{lnª u]hl] 6o/ eG5,
æbfhL{lnªsf] afl;Gbf ePsf ltAatL jf ef]l6ofx¿ cfˆg} hfltcg';f/sf]
l;lSsd], ef]6fgL jf ltAatL efiff rnfpF5g\, cflbjf;L nfKr]x¿ c‰} s]xL
12
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
dfqfdf cfˆg} nfKr] efiff af]N5g\ === kxf8df lnDa" k|foM ;fdfGo csf]{
efiff xf] clg t/fO{df lwdfn cflbjf;Lsf ;Gtfg c‰} cfˆg} lwdfn efiff
k|of]u u5{g\ . bfhL{lnªsf g]kfnLx¿df vDa' -lhDbf/_, d'dL{ / dª\u/ hftLo
efiffx¿df v'a} k|rlnt 5g\ . t/ g]jf/, u'?ª, ;'g'jf/ / ofvf klg
af]lnG5g\ . hg;ª\Vofsf] kfFr efudf Ps efu v; jf g]kfnL lxGbL
af]N5g\ h;nfO{ ;fw/0ftM kxfl8of jf kj{ltof klg elgG5 . === ljleGg
hghfltsf efiffnfO{ o;n] qmdzM df:b}5 clg of] bfhL{lnªsf] ax'efifL
lhNnfdf Pp6f ;f‰] efiff (lingua franca) eO{ k|rlnt 5 .Æ
cfˆgf] ljlzi6 lrgf/Lsf] d"n 6]jf g]kfnL efiff ePs}n] xf]nf lxGbLdf
lzlIft x'g yfn]kl5 bfhL{lnªsf lzlIft g]kfnLx¿n] k|fylds lzIffsf]
dfWod g]kfnL x'g'k5{ eGg] dfu ug{ yfn] . g]kfnL efiffsf dfGotfsf
lglDt ePsf qmlds dfux¿ xfdL csf/0f p7]sf kfpFb}gf}F .
klxnf g]kfnLnfO{ k|fylds lzIffsf] dfWod agfpg] dfu, g]kfnLnfO{
dfWolds :t/df Pp6f ljifo agfpg'kg]{ dfu, lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL
agfpg'kg]{ dfu, :gfts :t/;Dd g]kfnLnfO{ lzIffsf] dfWod agfpg'kg]{
dfu, g]kfnL ljifodf cg;{ / Pd=P=sf] k9fO ;'? ug'{kg]{ dfu, clg ;g\
1961 df klZrd aª\ufn ;/sf/n] afx'g–5]qL, sfdL, bdfO+,{ ;fsL{nfO{ dfq
g]kfnLefifL dfgL bfhL{lnª lhNnfdf pgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof 19 k|ltzt dfq
/x]sf] s}lkmot lbFb} aª\ufnL efiffnfO{ Ps dfq ;/sf/L efiff agfpg] P]g
kfl/t ul/Fbf bfhL{lnª lhNnfdf clwsf+z hgtf g]kfnL ePsf] / pgLx¿sf]
dft[efiff g]kfnL ePsfn] g]kfnL efiff klg Pp6f ;/sf/L efiff x'g'k5{ eGb}
rs]s
{ f] ;kmn hgcfGbf]ng .
/fHo k'gu{7g cfof]un] cfˆgf] l/kf]6{df s'g} c~rndf Pp6f efiff
ljz]if af]Ng]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof 70 k|ltzt jf clws 5 eg] ;f] efiffnfO{
To; c~rnsf] Pp6f /fhsLo efiffsf] dfGotf lbg ;lsG5 egL
u/]sf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ bfhL{lnª kfj{To c~rndf g]kfnL Pp6f ;/sf/L
efiff aGof] .
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnLn] ;/sf/L efiffsf] dfGotf kfPkl5 …efiff xfd|f]
k|f0f xf]Ú eGb} ;g\ 1972 b]lv bfhL{lnªaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] / ef/tJofkL
ag]sf] g]kfnL efiffn] ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}F cg';"rLdf 7fpF kfpg'k5{ eGg]
dfu ;g\ 1992 df ;kmn eof] . o;k|sf/ bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hfltTj jf
g]kfnLsf] ljlzi6 hftLo lrgf/Lsf] k|Zg;Fu g]kfnL efiffsf] ;DaGw
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
13
gª–df;'sf] /x]sf] b]V5f}F .
;g\ 1924 df bfhL{lnªdf …g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngÚ :yflkt ug]{
p2]Zon] 8flsPsf] klxnf] ;efsf ;efklt xl/k|;fb k|wfgsf] efif0fsf] Ps
c+z x]/f}F M
æo; ;Dd]ngsf] gfpF …g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngÚ /fVg'knf{ eGg] xfd|f]
ljrf/ 5 lsgeg] …g]kfnLÚ zAbsf] lj:t[t cy{ x'G5 . o; zAbn]
g]kfn b]zsf ;a} hflt h:t}— du/, u'?ª, ls/fFtL, g]jf/, lnDa"
OToflb ;asf] af]w x'G5 cf} o;åf/f dfly elgPsf tyf c¿c¿
ofjt\ hfltx¿ Pp6} dxfg\ g]kfnL /fi6«sf cª\u /x]5g\ eGg] klg
hfx]/ x'G5 .
s;}s;}sf dgdf of] ;Dd]ngn] t uf]vf{nLx¿sf] efiffsf] kf]
pGglt ug{ cfF6]sf] /x]5 eGg] zª\sf pTkGg xf]nf t/ To:tf] t
zª\sf ug'{ plrt 5}g lsgeg] g]kfnL efiff cfhsn lxdfnrn
k|b]zsf] ligua franca -;a}n] a'´g] efiff_ h:tf] eO{ /x]5 . o;
k|b]zdf a:g] dflg;n] k[ys\k[ys\ af]nL af]n] klg g]kfnL efiffnfO{
g a'´g] sf]xL 5}gg\ . === cf} s'g} Pp6f hfltn] o; efiffnfO{ of]
d]/} efiff dfq xf] eGg ;'xfpFb}g .Æ
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hfltsf] ljsf; k|lqmof ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; hfltdf
;dflxt x'g] cnu tŒjx¿sf] ljno dxŒjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTo
;Dd]ngsf cf7 p2]Zodf Pp6f lyof] M
æg]kfnsf leGgleGg efiff tyf ;flxTo cWoog ug]{ tyf tT;DaGwL
pQdpQd ;flxTo k|sflzt ug]{ .Æ ;efkltsf] efif0fdf xl/k|;fb
k|wfgn] eg]sf lyP, æ;Dd]ngsf] Pp6f csf]{ p2]Zo g]kfnsf
k|frLg efiffx¿ tyf ;flxTosf] vf]hL ug]{ klg 5 . tkfO{+x¿
;a}nfO{ g]jf/L efiffsf] 7"nf] k|frLg ;flxTo 5 eGg] s'/f tf yfxf
g} 5 . o; efiffnfO{ cr]n g]jf/x¿n] t la;L{;s] eg] c¿sf] t
s] s'/f < === o;} u/L n]krf efiff klg cr]n n'Kt x'g nflu/x]5 .
O{ efiffx¿ cWoog u/L Ogsf k|frLg u|Gyx¿ k|sflzt u/L
OgnfO{ n'Kt x'g glbg' egL ;Dd]ngn] 7"nf] pBf]u ug]{5 .Æ
14
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
…g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngÚ gfds Pp6f ;+:yf :yflkt xj;\ eGb} k|:tfj
/fVbf oxfF ljj]Ro ljifodfly kf/;dl0f k|wfgsf] syg lyof] M
æxfdL g]kfnL xf}F . g]kfnL eGgfn] xfdL w]/} hftsfx¿ oxfF ;dfj]z
5f}F . g]jf/, u'?ª, /fO{, lnDa", tfdfª, ef]6], nfKr], yf¿, ;'g'jf/
;d:t hfltx¿ g]kfnL x'g\ . k|To]s hfltsf] :jtGq efiff 5, t/
;a}n] af]Ng ;Sg] / a'´g ;Sg] efiff g]kfnL x'gfn] xfdLn] klxn]
g]kfnL efiffsf] pGglt ug'{k/]sf] xf] . === ;Hhgu0f Û g]kfnL efiff
dfq pGglt ug'{k5{ eGg] d]/f] clek|fo xf]Og . cfˆgf–cfˆgf
efiffnfO{ klg ca o;/L e'n]/ x'Fb}g . g]jf/L af]nLsf], u'?ª
af]nLsf], /fO{ af]nLsf], lnDa" af]nLsf], tfdfª af]nLsf], ef]6], nfKr]
;d:t af]nLx¿sf] klg vf]hL u/f}F, lstfax¿ n]vL hxfF;Dd x'g
;s]sf] gjLg hfu[lt u/fO{ pGglt ug'{k5{ .Æ
t/ To;f] slxn] ePg, ;don] To:tf] dfu u/]g .
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hftLotfsf] efjgf a9\gd' f g]kfnsf] kxf8 v08af6
;dfg ;fdflhs Joj:yfaf6 lg:s]/ cfPsf] cg'ej, ;f‰f j]ze"iff
-bf}/f;'?jfn_ / xltof/ -v's'/L_ sf] e"ldsf klg dflglnpFm . ljåfg\x¿n]
cGo sf/stŒjx¿ klg atfPsf 5g\, h;df …hft k|yfÚ nfO{ k|dv
' tf
lbOPsf] kfOG5 . æbfhL{lnªsf] ;dfh d'VotM lxGb" ;dfh ePsf]n] g}
o;åf/f JofKt x'Fb}5 . t/ tL ju{ :t/Ls/0f ePsf klg x'G5g\ .
w]/}h;f]nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;dfh ;'b[9 agfpgdf g]kfnLnfO{ dft[efiffsf] ¿k
lbg] sfo{eGbf hft k|yfsf] k|efj w]/} sfo{s/ lyof] . hft k|yfnfO{
x6fOlbg' xf];\ clg ;ª\36sx¿ k[ys\ky[ s\ eP/ 9Ng]5g\ .Æ (The Nepali
society of Darjeeling, being a predominantly Hindu society, the caste system automatically forms the basis of their social organization and almost
every aspect of the society is pervaded by the same. But they are also class
stratified. The influence of the caste system, rather than the adoption of
‘Nepali’ as their mother tongue for many, was instrumental in making their
society an organic whole. Remove the caste system and the constituent
parts will fall apart.)
g]kfnL efiffeGbf hft k|yfsf] e"ldsf bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hftLotfsf]
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
15
ljsf;df w]/ dxŒjsf] 5 eGg] ljrf/;Fu k"0f{ ;xdlt hgfpg g;lsg] s]xL
sf/0f k|:t't ub{5' . bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL hg;ª\Vofdf ;'?b]lv ef]6ad]n{ L
kl/jf/sf efiff af]Ng] dtjfnLx¿sf] k|e'Tj ePsf] rrf{ cl3 g} eO;Sof] .
ltgdf g]jf/x¿afx]s cGo hfltleq cfˆg} hft k|yfsf] k/Dk/f lyPg .
7"nf hftx¿sf] ;fdflhs jr{:j gePsf] / clwsf+z dtjfnLx¿åf/f ul7t
bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf hft k|yfsf lgodx¿ s7f]/tf;Fu kfng ePsf]
gb]lvPsf] Psfw ljb]zL ko{jI] fsx¿n] pNn]v klg u/]sf 5g\ . cGt/hft
/ cGt/hghftLo lax]jf/Lx¿n] ;'?b]lv ;fdflhs :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf
pbfx/0f kfOG5g\ . bfhL{lnª d'Unfg k:g]x¿ hftkftsf] cfwf/df g]kfndf
rNg] …d'n'sL P]gÚ b]lv d'Qm lyP .
csf]{ s'/f, bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnLx¿sf] a:tL a:g yfn]bl] v hft k|yflj/f]wL
wfld{s cfGbf]ngx¿sf] k|efj JofKt lyof] . ;g\ 1883 df bfhL{lnª
;x/b]lv s]xL 6f9f /+ua'ndf cfk"måf/f :yflkt wfddf hf];dlg ;Dk|bfosf
ljb|fx] L ;Gt slj 1fglbnn] …pbonx/LÚ /rgf k"0f{ u/] . ljleGg hft /
hghfltsf w]/} hgf dflg; ltgsf lzio ePsf / bfhL{lnª e]sdf Tof]
;Dk|bfo Jofks ePsf] nf]sk/Dk/f 5 .
To;eGbf s]xLcl3 g} ;g\ 1875 df ef/tsf] Pp6f ;'wf/jfbL cfGbf]ng
…cfo{;dfhÚ sf] zfvf bfhL{lnªdf vf]lnPsf] lyof] . klxnf hf];dlg ;Dk|bfodf
k|lji6 eP/ kl5 cfo{;dfhdf k|dv
' e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ cfo{;dfhsf ;+:yfks
bofgGb ;/:jtLsf] ;Tofy{ k|sfz sf] g]kfnL pNyf ug]{ k+= lbn'l;+x /fO{n]
;g\ 1899 sf] …bfhL{lnªsf] klx/f]Ú sf] ;jfO{ /r]sf lyP .
la|l6; zf;g;Fu;Fu} ;'? ePsf] O;fO{ wd{ k|rf/af6 cfslif{t eP/ s]xL
g]kfnLx¿ O;fO{ ePsf lyP . hft k|yf gdfGg] hf];dlg, cfo{;dfhL tyf
O;fO{x¿sf sf/0f g]kfnL hfltTjnfO{ rf]6 k'us
] f] b]lvFbg} . a? pgLx¿n]
klg To; hfltTjsf] cfwf/ g} alg;s]sf] g]kfnL efiff Tofu]gg\ . o;
e]sdf g]kfnL kf7Øk':ts n]Vg], afn;flxTo pNyf u/L 5kfpg], uf]vf{kqsf]
xf/fxf/L uf]v]{ va/ sfut lgsfn]/ g]kfnLdf kqsfl/tf ;'? ug]{ Ps hgf
O;fO{ kfb/L uª\ufk|;fb k|wfg lyP .
o;/L hft, hflt, wd{nfO{ pl5g]/ g]kfnL efiff bfhL{lnªdf hftLo
tfbfTDotfsf] alnof] ;"q ag]sf] Oltxf; s]nfpg ;lsG5 .
g]kfnL hftLo efjgfsf] ljsf; k|lqmofs} kmn:j¿k bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL
efiff;DaGwL dfux¿;Fu} la:tf/} hftLo cfwf/df /fhg}lts dfux¿ p7\g
16
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
yfn] . ut lv|i6Lo ztfAbLsf] ;'?b]lv uf]vf{ gfpF u/]sf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿
cfP . /fhg}lts eGg ;lsg] :yfgLo ;ª\u7g …lxnd]G; P;f]l;P;gÚ
-1917_ / g]kfnL, e'l6of, nfKr]nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ …g]a'nfÚ -1936_ eP
klg uf]vf{ jf g]kfnL hfltTjsf] cfwf/df ;g\ 1943 df 8Da/l;+x u'?ªsf]
g]t[Tjdf uf]vf{ lnu :yflkt eof] . clg o;n] k|foM cfwf ztfAbL g}
bfhL{lnªsf] /fhgLltdf cflwkTo hdfof] . k|foM ;Fu;Fu} ef/tsf] sDo'lg:6
kf6L{sf] bfhL{lnª zfvf vf]lnof] . efiffsf] cfwf/df k|fGt u7g ug]{
sª\u|];sf] k'/fgf] k|:tfj lyof] . ;DejtM To;s} cfwf/df sDo'lg:6
kf6L{sf] bfhL{lnª zfvfsf] kIfdf /tgnfn a|fXd0f -dfOnf afh]_ /
u0f]znfn ;'Aafn] x:tfIf/ u/L cGo eflifs k|fGt;/x …uf]vf{:yfgÚ sf]
dfu ub}{ ef/t :jfwLg x'g] a]nf ul7t cGtl/d ;/sf/sf b'O{ s0f{wf/
hjfx/nfn g]x¿ / lnofst cnL vfgnfO{ 1fkgkq r9fPsf lyP . kl5
To; kf6L{n] k|fGtsf] dfu 5f8]/ g]kfnLefifL ax';ª\Vof ePsf] bfhL{lnªsf
lglDt cf~rlns :jfoQ zf;gsf] dfu ug{ yfNof] .
To;kl5sf] d'Vo 36gf ;'jf; l3l;ªsf] g]tT[ jdf ;g\ 1980 df uf]vf{
/fli6«o d'lSt df]rf{sf] u7g, 5'§} k|fGt -/fHo_ uf]vf{Nof08sf] dfu /
lx+;fTds cfGbf]ngkl5 ;g\ 1988 df bfhL{lnª uf]vf{ :jfoQ kfj{To
kl/ifb\sf] u7g xf] .
g]kfnL efiff ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}F cg';"rLdf cGte'{St x'g'k5{ eGg]
dfu 22 cu:t 1992 df ;kmn eof] . ef/tsf] cflwsfl/s ;jf]R{ r
;flxlTos ;+:yfg ;flxTo csfbdL, lbNnLn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;g\ 1975 d}
dfGotf lbO;s]sf] lyof] .
bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL hflt To; uf]i7Lleqsf] s'g} zlQmzfnL ju{ jf hft
jf hghfltsf] :jfy{ of bafadf geO{ ;dfgtfsf] clg To;nfO{ lbuf]
agfpg] ;"q g]kfnL efiff ePsf] cfwf/df ul7t ePsf] nfU5 .
ptf bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnsf ;a} /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] g]tT[ j tfufwf/L
ljz]if u/L afx'gx¿s} xftdf ePsf] rrf{ ul/G5 . To;sf] t'ngfdf ;'?b]lv
g} bfhL{lnªn] leGg} lrq k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . egf}F eg] ToxfFsf] /fhg}lts
g]t[Tj dtjfnLju{df kg]{ JolQmx¿s} xftdf b]lvG5 . uf]vf{ lnusf ;+:yfks
/ cGo g]tfx¿df 8Da/l;+x u'?ª, cl/axfb'/ u'?ª, cf/=8L.= ;'Aaf, 6L=
dg]g, lzjs'df/ /fO{, b]jk|sfz /fO{ clg ut b'O{ bzsb]lv To; e]sdf
/fhg}lts k|e'Tj sfod ug]{ ;'jf; l3l;ª s]xL To:tf gfpF x'g\ .
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
17
/fhgLltafx]s ;fdflhs ;flxlTos If]qdf klg To:t} cj:yf 5 .
cf}krfl/s ;flxTo n]vg ;'? x'gc' l3 ;jfO{ / nx/L n]Vg], g]kfnLdf gf6s
n]Vg] / v]Ng], afnsyf, kf7Øk':ts / va/ sfut lgsfNg] clg kl5
g]kfnL ;flxTodf cg]sf}F c;n s[lt /Rg] clwsf+z gfpF dtjfnLju{df kg]{
JolQmx¿s} 5g\ .
g]kfnLx¿sf b'O{cf]6f dxŒjk"0f{ dfu -Pp6f /fhg}lts / csf]{ eflifs_
;g\ 1988 / ;g\ 1992 df k"/f ePs} ;dolt/ x7ft\ bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL
hfltleq hghftLo lrgf/Lsf c8fgx¿ k|s6 x'g yfn] . w]/n} ] JofVofltt
7fg]sf], 36gfsf] ;"qkfq eof] / hfthft, hflthfltsf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿
;lqmo x'g ;'? eP .
bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL hfltdf lrlgPsf] ;dGjofTds (syncretic) PsLejg
s] Pp6f e|d dfq xf] < macro Identity -ef/tsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL hfltsf]
ljlzi6 lrgf/L_ sf] ;f6f] g]kfnL hfltcGtu{t k[ys\ hghfltx¿sf] micro
identity sf lglDt pRrl/t x'g yfn]sf :j/x¿n] w]/} ;r]t JolQmx¿nfO{
lrlGtt agfPsf] b]lvG5 . s]xL ef/tLo g]kfnL ;ª\u7gx¿n] ef/tsf] Ps
c/aeGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vofdf g]kfnLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof Ps s/f]8 ePsf] bfaL ub}{
cfP klg cflwsfl/s jf ;/sf/L lx;fadf g]kfnLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof k|foM aL;
nfvhlt dfq 5 . Ps c/adf Ps s/f]8 Ps k|ltzt xf]nf t/ hgu0fgf
l/kf]6{cg';f/ aL; nfvsf] lx;fadf 0.04 k|ltzt aG5 clg To;df klg
g]kfnL hfltsf ;ª\u7s tŒjx¿n] cfˆgf] hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[ltsf
cfwf/df cfˆg} 5'§} lrgf/Lsf] cfjfh p7fpg yfn]kl5 / g]kfnLsf] ;f6f]
cfˆgf] k[ys\ hfltsf] gfpFdf cfk"mnfO{ btf{ ug{ yfn] eg] ef/tsf]
kl/k|I] odf c0f'ljIf0f oGqn] dfq b]Vg ;lsg] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnL k'Ug] dfq
xf]Og To;sf ;ª\36s dfGo hghflt jf hguf]i7Lx¿ ljn'Kt x'g]
cfzª\sfn] u|:t 5g\ ;r]tx¿ . ef/tLo g]kfnL Pp6f ;ª\s6sf] 38Ldf
k/]sf] ljrf/ kf]V5g\ w]/} .
k|Zg p7\5 M oyfy{df s] hftLo cl:tTjdf hghftLo lrgf/Lsf
c8fgx¿kl5 g]kfnL hflt ljgfzsf/L xfFs x'g g;Snf <
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL hfltleq} ;a} If]qdf tfufwf/L jr{:j /
tfufwf/Lsf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb klg gx'g] dtjfnL jf ef]6ad]n{ L / cGo
hfltx¿df lje]b alienation sf] Pp6f d'2f 5 . ;g\ 1990 df ePsf]
k|hftflGqs qmflGt g} g]kfndf hghftLo lrgf/L klxNofpg] /fhgLltsf]
18
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
lglDt Pp6f gofF uf]/]6f] dflgG5 . ;dfhj}1flgsx¿n] ;g\ 1990 sf]
hgcfGbf]ng qmflGtkl5sf] g]kfnn] hghftLo lrgf/L Jojl:yt kfg]{ ;d:ofx¿
ef]Ug'kg]{ eljiojf0fL ul/;s]sf] 8]lj8 u]Ng/n] 6«fG;kmf]d;{] g\ ckm b g]KnLh
:6]6 df n]v]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] lglDt of] ;d:of hLjGt ePsf] / x'g] sf/0fx¿ xfdL a'´5f}F .
oxfF hftLo÷hghftLo ;Gt'ng / ;fdGh:o gePsf] b]V5f}F . clg kf]xf]/sf]
…b dx]zrGb| /]UdL n]Sr/Ú lbg] 8f= xs{ u'?ªn] …lqz"n / bf]hÚ{] df g]kfnL
/fhgLltsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]zaf/] Pp6f k|;ª\u p7fpFb} eGg'ePsf] lyof] M
æof] ljutsf] lxGb" g]kfnsf] cjz]if xf] eg] d]rL gbL k"j{ x]/]df
eljiodf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] k|f¿k b]Vg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf d'n'sL
P]gsf kl08tx¿ k/Dk/fut sd{sf08 / rfs8Ldf Jo:t /x] eg]
l;lSsd / bfhL{lnªsf g]kfnLefifLx¿n] g]kfnL Oltxf;, ;flxTo,
snf / /fhgLltnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ sfddf dfu{bz{g lbP . g]kfnL
/fhgLltdf tfufwf/Lx¿sf] Psflwsf/ oyfjt\ 5 eg] d'n'sL P]gaf6
:jtGq l;lSsd / bfhL{lnªdf ;a} hft÷hfltx¿ ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df
v'nf k|lt:kwf{ ub{5g\ .Æ -k[= 4_
cj:yf To:tf] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg / hftLo Pstfs} cfwf/df s]xL dxŒjk"0f{
pknlAwx¿ ;Dej x'g ;s] klg jt{dfgdf pRrl/t x'g yfn]sf 5'§}
:jhftLo lrgf/Lsf k|Zgx¿ ljrf/0fLo 5g\ .
8f= u'?ª eGg'xG' 5, æg]kfndf hftLo efjgf gf}nf] cg'el" t xf]Og, ;'if'Kt
/x]sf] efjgfsf] cleJolQm xf] .Æ clg k]ml/, æclxn]sf] g]kfndf b]vfk/]sf
;fdflhs ;hLjtfcl3sf zf;gsfndf ePsf bdgx¿sf] kl/0flt xf] .Æ
jt{dfg bfhL{lnªsf] ;Gbe{df o:t} ljrf/ JoQm ug{ ;lsFbg} .
bfhL{lnª e]sdf dfly plNnlvt g]kfnL hfltTj ;'b9[ x'g] k|lqmof
rln/x]sf] ;do o;df ;ª\36s x'g] ljleGg hghfltsf lghL ljlzi6tf
nf]k eP/ uOxfn]sf] klg lyPg . /fO{, lnDa', u'?ª, g]jf/, tfdfª cflbn]
g]kfnL efiffnfO{ k|foM dft[efiffsf] ¿kdf cª\uLsf/ u/] klg ;fOgf] zAbx¿
eg] c‰} klg k|fozM cfˆgf] hghftLo af]nLs} k|of]u u5{g\ . g]jf/x¿
lbbLnfO{ ttf, efph"nfO{ ttfh", dfdfnfO{ kfh', dfOh"nfO{ dn]h," k'mk"nfO{
gLgL, afh]–af]h"nfO{ chf–chL eG5g\ eg] tfdfªx¿ lbbLnfO{ gfgf,
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
19
afh]nfO{ Dx]Dx], af]hn" fO{ dfd, sfsfnfO{ cfu', k'mkfnfO{ k';fO{ eG5g\ .
;fOgf] zAbx¿sf] k|of]uafx]s w]/h} ;f]n] hGd, ljjfx / d[To'df cfˆgf]
sd{sf08 e'ns
] f lyPgg\ . o:tf sd{sf08 Psfkl§ afx'g k'/f]lxtn] u/]
klg ;Fu;Fu} cfˆgf] k'Vof}n{ L b:t'/cg';f/ ;DkGg ul/GYof], c‰} ul/G5 .
cl3 eg]‰}F d}n] ethnicity nfO{ hghflt cy{df lnPsf] 5' . clg o;/L
ljifonfO{ a'´g vf]Hbf …PlYgl;6LÚ af/] ljleGg wf/0ffx¿ pkof]uL aGb5g\ .
g]kfnL efiffnfO{ cª\uLsf/ ub}{ cfk"m g]kfnL hfltsf] eGg] cg'ej
ug]{x¿n] cfˆgf afa'–afh]sf] s'/f ;D‰]/ cflbd÷cfB:j¿kLo -primordial_
efjgf ;fFRg' c:jfefljs xf]Og .
/utsf] ;fOgf]n] cleefjL efjgfTds cfzlSt / lgi7f hGdfpg] u5{
clg of] s'g} Pp6f ;d"xdf hGdg]x¿sf] ;f‰f ;DklQ x'G5 . cfw'lgs
ljZjdf o:tf] hftLo÷hghftLo cfzlSt / Tof];uF 6fFl;Psf efjgfx¿
To;} sf/0f b]lvG5g\, dflg;x¿n] cfk"mnfO{ cfˆg} cflbdtf jf cfBtfsf]
sfFrn' Laf6 d'St kfg{ ;Sb}gg\, ;dfhj}1flgsx¿df Psy/Lsf] /fo 5 .
cfw'lgstflt/ cu|;/ eO/x]sf] ax'hftLo ax'efifL b]zx¿df ljlzi6
hftLotfsf d'2fx¿ af}/L p7\g] 36gfkl5 b'O{ ;zSt t/ k/:k/f>oL tyflk
:jtGq / ljk/Lt p2]Zo ePsf tŒj pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ eGb} klxnf] tŒj
lrgf/Lsf] vf]hL / bf];|f] ljsf; / k|ultsf] dfu xf] dfG5g\ .2
bfhL{lnªdf w]/} sf/0fx¿n] Pp6f l;ª\uf] g]kfnL hfltTjsf] ljsf;df
ljleGg cflbd cfzlStx¿ Uff}0f eP/ uP klg lgld6ØfGg} eP/ n'Kt
eOxfn]sf] b]lvFbg} . g]kfnL hfltTj ljsf;sf] k|lqmof sfo{/t eO/x]sf]
;do ;g\ 1924 df g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ngsf] :yfkgf x'Fbf lbPsf
efif0fx¿ xfdLn] x]l/;Sof}F .
lzIffsf] ljsf;n] ;fdflhs r]tgfx¿ NofPkl5 ut lv|i6Lo ztfAbLsf]
k|f/lDes bzslt/ g]kfnL hfltleqsf hghfltx¿df s'g}s'g}n] cfˆg}
;fdflhs ;ª\u7g vf]Ng] sfd gu/]sf klg xf]Ogg\ .
;g\ 1922 df …g]kfnL tfdfª a'l4i6 P;f]l;P;gÚ :yflkt ePsf]
b]lvG5 . tyflk of] lyof] af}4 wd{sf] k|rf/ / k|;f/ clg ;dfhdf g}lts
;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zo lnP/ :yflkt ;+:yf . w]/}kl5 o; ;+:yfsf] gfpFaf6
2
Cliifford Geertz, ‘The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in New
States’, in John Hutchison & others (ed), Nationalism : Critical Concepts in Political Science,
vol.I, Routedge, London, 2000, p. 111.
20
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
…g]kfnLÚ x6]/ …clvn ef/tLoÚ eof] . p2]Zo leGg} eP .
of] ;+:yf :yflkt ePs} ;dolt/ …g]jf/ ;dfhÚ, …ls/fFt ;dfhÚ h:tf
;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿ klg :yflkt eP . tyflk pgLx¿ w]/} k|efjsf/L ePsf]
kfOFbg} . t/ lv|i6fAb gAa]sf] bzs ;'? x'g] a]nfb]lv bfhL{lnªdf ljleGg
hfthfltsf cg]sf}F ;ª\u7gx¿ :yflkt x'g yfn] . lgliqmo eO;s]sf k'/fgf
;+:yfx¿ k]ml/ ;lqmo x'g yfn] .
tfdfªx¿sf] clvn ef/tLo tfdfª af}4 ;ª\u7g clg tfdfª 3]b'ª,
ls/fFt ofsy'ª r'dn'ª / ofof]Svfsf] 5q5fofdf v'ns
] f /fO{ / lnDa"x¿sf
;ª\u7g, ls/fFt /fO{ vf]Da' ;ª\u7g, ofSvf -b]jfg_ ;ª\u7g, u'?ªx¿sf]
td' 5f]h+ wL+, du/x¿sf] du/ nfkmf ;ª\3, g]jf/ ;dfh, cg';l" rt hftsf
;ª\u7gx¿, ;'g'jf/x¿sf] ls/fFtj+zL ;'g'jf/ -d'lvof_ sf]OFr\a' OToflb .
clg cr]n afx'g–5]qLx¿sf] >L lxtsf/L tfufwf/L ;Dd]ngsf zfvfx¿
vf]lnPsf va/x¿ 5fkfdf lgs} b]lvFb}5g\ .
o:tf ;+:yfx¿ /fhg}lts lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg 5}gg\ . pgLx¿sf] d"n
p2]Zo cfˆgf] ;dfh / ;+:s[lt arfpg' ePsf] atfpF5g\ . o:tf ;ª\u7gx¿nfO{
cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] uf]i7Lsf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] ;dy{g k|fKt gePsfn] k|foM
ljjfbx¿ klg pl7/xG5g\ .
;a hguf]i7Lx¿sf nf]sw'g, afhfufhf ;f‰f ;DklQ agfP/ Pp6f
cs]:6«n P]So (orchestral unity) sf] /rgf g} g]kfnL ;ª\uLt xf] eGb}
g]kfnL ;flxTosf Ps Vofltk|fKt slj dgk|;fb ;'Aaf n]V5g\, æg]kfn
/fi6«leqsf ljleGg hft / hfltnfO{ …g]kfnL /fli6«otfÚ n] Ps ;"qdf
afFws
] f] 5 eg] ef/tdf g]kfnL hflt–uf]i7Lleq kg]{ ljleGg hftnfO{ …g]kfnL
hfltTjÚ n] Psd'i7 kf/L ;an t'NofPsf] 5, h'g ;antf lnP/ xfdLn]
Psb'O{ /fli6«o clwsf/x¿ xfl;n ul/;s]sf 5f},F c‰ s]xL d"n clwsf/x¿
xfl;n ug{ afFsL g} 5 . t/ g]kfnL jf uf]vf{ hfltsf] of] d'7\7L 5'§f5'§}
cf}nF f / cfFVnfx¿df ljeflht eP/ uP s]xL xfl;n ug'{ t k/} hfcf];,\
xfd|f] klxrfg g} nf]k eP/ hfg] l:ylt dfq xft nfUg]5 . xfd|f]
hfltleqsf hftkftsf PsfOx¿ ljlR5Gg ePkl5 …g]kfnL hfltÚ / …g]kfnL
;+:s[ltÚ gfdsf] cl:tTj g} sxfF /xG5 .Æ3
o:tf] csf]{ Pp6f n]vsf] clGtd cg'R5]b oxfF /fVb5' M
3
dgk|;fb ;'Aaf, …g]kfnL hflt / ;+:s[lt ;d;fdlos kl/k|]Iodf .Ú
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
21
æs;}sf] ts{ cs}{ ;'G5' . s]/fh:tf] ufFlhPsf] uf]vf{ PstfnfO{ tf]8\g
g} d}bfg]x¿n] of] hft–hftsf] rfn rn]sf] eG5g\ . …afF8 clg
zf;g u/Ú eGg] gLlt . o:t} xf] eg] klg l;sfpg] / d"ndGq;d]t
lbg] t xfd|}x¿ x'g'k5{ . k]ml/ sf]xL eG5g\, …xfd|f] hftn] hghfltsf]
bhf{ kfP w]/} ;x'lnot / cf/If0fx¿ kfpg]5f}F . eljiodf xfd|f
hftsfx¿ cfOPP;, cfOkLP; eP/ lg:sg]5g\ .Ú s'/f 7Ls} xf] /
/fd|f] klg . t/ hghfltsf] bhf{ xfl;n ug]{ xf]8df cb"/bzL{
tl/sfn] x:ofª–km:ofª ubf{ clxn]sf] uf]vf{ hflt g} 6'qmf–6'qmf eof]
eg] xfdLdfly lyrf]ldrf] ug{ vlKk; d}bfg]x¿n] oxfF ;lhn}
cltqmd0f unf{g\ . To; ;do xfd|f cfOPP;, cfOkLP; ug]{x¿
g]kfnsf] z/0ffyL{ lzlj/df k'Ug gknf{ < clxn] ef]6fªsf] ;jf]{Rr
cf]xbfdf k'Ug] >L 6]sgfy l/hfn g]kfndf z/0ffyL{ hLjg
latfO/xg'ePsf] 5 . z/0ffyL{ lzlj/lt/ x]¥of}F eg] w]/} ef]6fª
;/sf/sf k|yd bhf{sf kbflwsf/L /lx;s]sfx¿ e]l6G5g\ . casf]
50-60 jif{df To:tf] l:ylt t xfdLdf gcfpnf < vf; s'/f] s] xf] <
of] s] eO/x]5 < 7Ls} x'Fb}5 ls a]7Ls x'Fb}5 < oL k|Zgx¿sf] 7Ls
pQ/ xfdLn] cfh} vf]Hgk5{ h:tf] nfU5 .4
efiff / hftLotfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf dfudf bfhL{lnªsf clwsf+z
g]kfnLx¿ Psa4 x'g] u/]sf] b]v/] g]kfnL hfltnfO{ k'm6fpg hft–hftsf]
;+:yf vf]Ng] if8oGq ul/Psf] eGg] ljrf/ af]Sg]x¿ yf]/} 5}gg\ .
csf]y{ /Lsf] ljrf/cg';f/ bfhL{lnªdf ljleGg hfthfltn] cfˆgf ljlzi6
lrgf/Lx¿sf k|Zg p7fpg yfNg' g]kfndf ;g\ 1990 sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5
;'if'Kt hftLo efjgfx¿ cleJoQm x'g yfn]sf 36gfx¿s} k|ltWjlg xf] .
t/ bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hfltTjsf] ljsf; h;/L ePsf] lyof] To;sf]
ljZn]if0f ubf{ pSt JofVof lrQa'´bf] nfUb}g .
dnfO{ hxfF;Dd nfU5 bfhL{lnªsf g]kfnLx¿df k[ys\ hfthfltsf] lrgf/L
w]/} d'v/ ePsf] Pp6f d'Vo sf/0f 8 cu:t 1990 sf] lbg tTsfnLg
k|wfgdGqL ljZjgfy k|tfk l;+xåf/f w]/} ;dob]lv yfGsf]df /flvPsf] d08n
cfof]usf] l/kf]6n{ fO{ x7ft\ lqmoflGjt ug]{ ljjfbf:kb 3f]if0ff xf] . g]kfndf
4
;Gt /fO{, …5/kl:6Psf ;+:d/0fleq hfthftsf lqmofsnfkÚ, ;'gr/L ;dfrf/,
22
29
h'nfO{,
2004
.
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
;g\ 1990 sf] hgcfGbf]ngs} ;dsfndf ePsf] of] 3f]if0ff jL=kL= l;+xn]
cGo sf/0fn] pQ]lht eO{ u/]sf] c:jLsf/ u/] klg lzIffno / gf]s/Lrfs/Ldf
…cGo k5f}6] ju{Ú (Other Backward Classes) sf] lglDt 27 k|ltzt :yfg
cf/If0f s'g} c¿ sf/0fn] g;f]rL, ga'‰L, s'g} /fli6«o ;xdlt gagfO{
u/]sf] sfd eg]/ w]/}n] cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . cg';"lrt hft / hghfltsf]
lglDt jiff}{+b]lv 22.5 k|ltzt :yfg cf/lIft lyof] eg] o; gofF ju{nfO{
lbOPsf] 27 k|ltzt hf]8b\ f cf/If0fsf] k|ltzt 49.5 k'Ug] eof] . kmn:j¿k
o;n] k|lts"n k|ltlqmofx¿ hGdfof] .
k|Voft ;dfhj}1flgsx¿ ;a}n] …d08n l/kf]6Ú{ sf] s6' cfnf]rgf u/]sf
5g\ . o;df k5f}6] ju{ jf hftx¿ lrlGxt ug]{ dfkb08x¿ e|dfTds,
k'/fgf yf]qf / b'a{n cfFs8fx¿df cfwfl/t lyP . of] l/kf]6{n] :jfwLgtfkl5
ef/tLo ;dfh ;+/rgfdf cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] Wofgdf g/fv]sf] /
d08nLs/0fn] ef/tLo ;dfhdf hft / hfltsf] cfwf/df cgfjZos lje]b
/ ljefhgx¿ NofPsf] ;dfhj}1flgsx¿ atfpF5g\ .5
h]xf];,\ x'g] x'gfdL eOxfNof] / To;sf] k|efj bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL hfltdf
kg{ u¥of] . cfˆgf] 5'§} lrgf/Lsf] xf]8afhLkl5 gf]s/Lrfs/Ldf cf/If0fsf]
cfsif{0f sfo{/t 5 . d]/f k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/df ;a} o:tf hfthfltsf]
k|ltlglwTj ug]{x¿n] …cf]aL;LÚ sf] ;'ljwfs} s'/f lgsfN5g\ . tfufwf/L
;ª\u7gsf ;lqmo ;b:ox¿sf] klg pQ/ Pp6} kfOPsf] 5 .
cGo k5f}6] ju{nfO{ gf]s/Lrfs/L cflbdf cf/If0f lbg] /fhgLltsf]
;/f]sf/ cf]xf]bf, kb jf Ifdtf afF8r'F8 kf/]/ pkef]u ug]{ ljlw;Fu a9L
ul/g] x'G5, ;fdflhs Gofosf] lglDt ;ª\3if{;uF xf]Og . ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgdf
cg';"lrt hftsf lglDt cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] rfnL;aofnL;
jif{kl5 ;fdflhs Gofosf] lglDt Tof] /0fgLltsf] cf}lrToaf/] uxg ts{ljts{
/ cg'ejfl>t (empirical) hfFr x'g'kYof]{ clg dfq Tof] ;'ljwf cGoq
lj:tf/ ul/g' plrt x'g] lyof] . cf/If0f gLlt jf:tjdf jl~rtx¿sf]
:jfy{df geO{ cf/If0fsf] nfe kfpg] hftsf >]i7hg (elites) sf] :jfy{df
x'g] u/]sf] k|foM ;j{ljlbt 5 . hflthft lrgf/Lsf] /fhgLltn] o; k|yfsf]
s'ke| fjdf kg]x{ ¿ jf To;sf l;sf/ x'gx] ¿nfO{ nfe k'¥ofPsf] x'bF g} ,
g]tfx¿n] nfe pkef]u ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . clg ;fdflhs Gofo :yflkt ug]{
5
M.N. Srinivas, ed, Caste : Its Twentieth Century Avatar, Viking, New Delhi, 1996.
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
23
/0fgLlt s]jn cf/If0f xf] < ls o;n] c‰ c;n geP klg ;dfg cGo
/0fgLlt jf pkfox¿dfly /f]s dfq nufO/x]5 < oL ljifox¿df uxg
ts{ljts{ cfjZos lyof] t/ ;Lldt /fhgLlts :jfy{n] o:tf] s'/fdf ljrf/
gubf]{ /x]5 .
hgljrf/ glnO{ jf To;nfO{ Wofg glbO{ k|wfgdGqL kb cf]u6\g] Ps
hgf JolQmn] lnPsf] ck‰{6 lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd ;j{q b]lvof] eg] bfhL{lnªsf]
g]kfnL hfltdf klg To;sf] :jfutof]Uo eGg} g;lsg] k|efj k/]sf] 5 .
o;/L 5'§} lrgf/Laf6 ltgLx¿nfO{ k|fKt x'g ;Sg] nfesf] k|nf]egdf
;DalGwt hghftLo uf]i7Lsf >]i7hgx¿ (elites) jf c‰ egf}F pgLx¿sf]
u'Kt if8oGqsf/L bn (elite cabal) cflbd efjgfx¿ psf;]/ To;s}
cfwf/df /fhgLlt ug]{ To:tf] cfB efjgfnfO{ /fhg}lts lqmofsnfkdf
kl/0ft u/L cfˆgf] g]t[Tj :yflkt ug{ nfluk/]sf x'G5g\ . o; s'/fdf
bfhL{lnª klg ckjfb b]lvFb}g . clg w]/} o:tf cu'jfO;Fu 6fFl;Psf
;ª\u7gx¿df nfe / ;'ljwfx¿sf lglDt ljjfbx¿ kl/:k'm6 gePsf klg
xf]Ogg\ .
elgG5, Pp6f hftLo l:ylt (ethnic situation) ljsl;t x'g ToxfF Pp6f
:ki6 zq' x'g'k5{, clg /fd|f] zq'sf] cefjdf w]/} cfGbf]ngx¿ ;"qkftlag}
;]nfP/ uPsf 5g\ .6 zq'sf] ¿kdf ;Qf, Joj:yf, lje]b / alxisf/,
pTkL8g, zf]if0f cflb x'g ;S5 eg] bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL ;dfhleq s'g}
;ª\36s hguf]i7Ln] hfltleq To:tf] cfGtl/s l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug'k{ /]sf]
cj:yf lyPg / 5}g . s'g} jfXoLs tŒj zq'sf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 eg] Tof]
ljz]if s'g} hghftLo uf]i7Lsf] dfq geO{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hfltsf] a}/L x'g]
u5{ . o:tf] l:yltsf] kl/0ffd hftLo cGts{nx xf]Og t/ hftLo Psa4tf
g} x'G5 .
s'g} hghfltsf] ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ s]jn To; ;d"xsf] k|of; geP/
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hfltsf] x'g] u/]sf] ;fdflhs k|j[lQ pbfx/0f:j¿k 5g\ .
cr]n g]kfnL hfltdf ;dflji6 ljleGg hft / hghflt ;ª\36s ;d"xsf
nf]suLt, nf]sg[To, nf]sk/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt g]kfnL÷uf]vf{
;f+:s[lts d~rx¿ lgs} ;lqmo b]lvG5g\ . ;a}sf] ;dfgtf, ;dfg efuLbf/Lsf]
38]/Ldf bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL hftLotf km:6fO/xg] cfzf u/f}F . s]xL hft
6
Dipankar Gupta, ‘The Content of Ethnicity: Sikh Identity in a Comparative Prespective’, OUP,
Delhi, 1996, p. 1.
24
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
-hflt_ nfO{ cGo k5Øf}6] ju{df btf{, l;lSsd / klZrd aª\ufndf tfdfª
/ lnDa"nfO{ cg';l" rt hghfltsf] dfGotf clg o;af6 k|l] /t eP/ ca
cGox¿n] xfdL 5'§} hflt xfd|f] wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt 5'§} eGg] c8fgx¿sf]
hflt layf]Ng] sfd t gunf{ eGg] k|Zg cgfjZos xf]Og .
tyflk bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL hflt 6'lqmP/ ljn'Kt gxf]nf eGg] d]/f] cfˆgf]
wf/0ff s]jn efjgf dfq geP/ s]xL tYox¿df cfwfl/t 5 h'g tYox¿
7f]; / ;an 5g\ .
Ps, clxn];Dd bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hftLotfsf] ljsf;af/] h'g rrf{
u¥of}F To;df o; hfltleqs} Pp6f ju{n] csf]{ ju{dfly lyrf]ldrf] u/]sf]
jf Pp6f ljz]if hft jf hfltsf] jr{:j / k|e'Tjdf c¿ jl~rt x'g'k/]sf]
cj:yf kfPgf}F .
b'O{, sltko sf/0fjz g]kfnL hfltsf ;ª\36s hflt / efiff
uf]i7Lx¿n] ;do;dodf cfˆgf] 5'§} lrgf/Lsf] k|Zg p7fP klg Tof] s]jn
cfGtl/s ljifo ePh:tf] nfU5 . cfˆg} 3/ jf ef}uf]lns Onfsfaflx/
;a}n] cfˆgf] kl/ro uf]vf{ jf g]kfnL -ef/tLo g]kfnL_ g} lbG5g\ . k/Dk/f
To:t} xf] Sof/ . >L % a8fdxf/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hLjgdf k9]sf]
lyPF . jf/f0fzL uO/x]sf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] rf}aL;L kj{tsf /fhfsf
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;Fu} ofqf u/f}F eGbf pgLx¿n] eg]sf lyP /], ækxf8df /xFbf
kf] uf]vf{ kj{t kfNkf lkp7fgf o]:tf] lyof] dw]zdf cfofkl5 t xfdL
kxfl8of Ps} x'5F f}F . xh'nf{O{ 5fl8 dlw:oflt/ lsg nfu'nF f .Æ
tLg, ljleGg hghftLo uf]i7Ln] 5'§} lrgf/Lsf s'/f p7fpFb} lxGb" rf8
eg]/ b;}F–ltxf/ gdfGg] lgwf] u/L cfˆgf] ;ª\u7gaf6 kmtjf hf/L ug]{ sfd
u/] klg w]/h} ;f]n] To;nfO{ 6]/g] g\ . tfdfªx¿ df‰ kf]xf]/ b;}s
F f] 6Lsf
nfpg] gnfpg] ljjfb lgs} rls{Psf] lyof] . clvn ef/tLo tfdfª af}4
;ª\u7gsf] km/dfgsf] tfdfª 3]bª' åf/f lj/f]wn] kl/j]z s]xL pQKt ePsf]
lyof] . k|fKt l/kf]6x{ ¿cg';f/ clwsf+z tfdfª, /fO{, lnDa", u'?ª, du/
cflbn] b;}F dgfP . dgfpg]x¿sf] ts{ lyof] — xfd|f] wd{ cs}{ eP klg
k/Dk/fb]lv dgfP/ cfPsf] b;}F–ltxf/ wfld{seGbf w]/} g]kfnL÷uf]vf{sf]
;f+:s[lts rf8kj{ xf] .
cg';"lrt jf cf]aL;L sf] bhf{ kfpFbf ;DalGwt hguf]i7Lsf ;a} jf
clwsf+znfO{ s'g} nfe jf ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g] xf]Og, o:tf nfe / ;'ljwf
klg Tof] ljz]if hguf]i7Ldf >]i7hgsf] cr]n k|rlnt creamy layer jf
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
25
b"wsf] dfly t/ nfUg] :t/n] g} pkef]u ug]{ x'g\ . cg'ejsf] cfwf/df o:tf]
cj:yfk|lt w]/}h;f] g} ;r]t ePsf 5g\ .
cfˆgf] 5'§} lrgf/Lsf] s'/f ug]{x¿n] c‰;Dd cfk"m g]kfnL jf uf]vf{
ePsf] v'nf v08g u/]sf 5}gg\, a? To;sf] ljk/Lt leGg} eP klg ;a}
g]kfnL jf uf]vf{ sxnfOg] Pp6} ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfsf] 5q5fofdf ePsf]
:jLsf/ u/]sf] oL ljleGg hghftLo ;ª\u7gåf/f k|sflzt ;flxTodf :ki6
pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . tyflk slxn]sfxLF o:tf ;ª\u7gsf sfo{stf{n] cfk"m
5'§} ePsf] c8fg lnFbf ToxL ;d'bfosfx¿n] ljk/Lt ts{ k|:t't u/]sf] klg
w]/} pbfx/0f kfOG5g\ .
;ª\36s hft, hflt, hghfltn] cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] lrgf/Lsf c8fgx¿
lnFb}df bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL hflt ljgi6 gxf]nf . bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL
hfltTjnfO{ Ifo x'g glbg] d"n 6]jf g]]kfnL efiffsf] Jofks pkof]u g} x'g]
k|foM lglZrt b]lvG5 . clxn] ljleGg hfltuf]i7Lsf ;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf]
c8fgx¿ ljifodf h]hlt k|rf/ ;flxTo k|sflzt ub}{5g\ tL Psb'O{
kftfafx]s ;a} g]kfnLd} ub}{5g\ . sf/0f cfˆgf k'Vof}{nL af]nL pgLx¿
g} a'´b}gg\ .
PsefifL g} eO;s]sf] bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL hflt 5 . clg o;/L PsefifL
ePsf] sf/0f s'g} :jfy{uf]i7Ln] cfˆgf] efiff c¿dfly yf]k/]sf]n] xf]Og t/
;do / kl/l:yltn] :jtM To:tf] cj:yf ;[li6 u/]sfn] xf] . hghftLo gofF
c8fg lng]x¿n] cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] af]nL÷efiffsf] k'g?4f/ ug'{kg]{ / k|rngdf
Nofpg'kg]{ s'/f u/] klg of] sfd ;fx|} ;Dej xf]nfh:tf] 5}g clg o;sf
sf/0f w]/} 5g\ .
efiff hGdFb} s;}n] lnP/ cfpFb}g . efiff Pp6f ;fdflhs ;+j[lQ xf] .
bfhL{lnªdf x/]s hft, hflt, efiffuf]i7Lsf] cfˆgf] 5'§} If]qLotf (territoriality) 5}g / knkndf cGox¿;Fu ;Dks{df cfpg'kg]{ x'Fbf ;f‰f efiffsf]
¿kdf g]kfnL efiff clgjfo{ aGb5 .
bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;ª\36s hghfltsf efiff pkefiffx¿
d[tk|foM eO;s]sf] jf:tljstf 5 . clg ck|rlnt s'g} efiff jf af]nLnfO{
af}/L p7fP/ hLljt agfpg ;s]sf] 36gfsf] pbfx/0f dfgj Oltxf;df
b'n{e ePsf] ljåfg\x¿ dfG5g\ .
o;afx]s s]jn efjgfdf cfP/ s'/f p7fpg]x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] eflifsf
-af]nL_ sf slt pkeflifsf 5g\ clg s'gnfO{ :t/Lo dfg]/ :jLsf/ ug]{
26
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
eGg] k|Zg ubf{ o;af/] pgLx¿sf] cgle1tf :ki6 ‰NsG5 .
bfhL{lnª] g]kfnL ;flxTosf d"n :tDex¿ w]/h} ;f] JolQmx¿ dtjfnLju{sf
5g\ . Jofks ;ª\Vofdf kf7s, /fli6«ob]lv /fHo / :yfgLo :t/;Dd ;du|
g]kfnLx¿sf] ;Ddfg k|flKtsf] 7fpFdf cfˆgf] k'Vof}{nL af]nL l;s]/ ;flxTo
/rgf u/L ;Lldt kf7s / dfGotfsf] ljsNk cfsif{s x'g ;Qm}g .
g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt g]kfnL ;flxToaf/]sf u|Gyx¿df g]kfnL cfˆgf] dft[efiff
geP/ klg g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTonfO{ 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]x¿ egL
lzjs'df/ /fO{, OGb|axfb'/ /fO{ / cGo /fO{, kfb/L uª\ufk|;fb k|wfg,
kf/;dl0f k|wfg, efOrGb k|wfg / cGo g]jf/ tyf To;/L c¿ uf]i7Lsf
g]kfnL efiff;]jL / ;flxTosf/x¿sf] juL{s/0f ug]{ k|yfn] bfhL{lnªsf
g]kfnLx¿ slt /fFlsg] u5{g\ To;af/] g]kfnsf oxfFx¿ w]/} cjut x'g' x'Gg .
bfhL{lnªaf6 g]kfnL efiff x6\of] eg] ToxfF g]kfnL g]kfnL hflt /xg]5g} .
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hftLotfaf/] rrf{ ubf{ o; JofVofgsf] ;'?df ToxfF
Pp6f ljlzi6 g]kfnL hflt lgdf{0fdf g]kfnLsf] ;f‰f efUo -cj:yf_ /
g]kfnL efiffn] lgjf{x u/]sf] ljifonfO{ dxŒj lbPsf] lyPF . cfh slyt
¿kn] of] hfltcGtu{t ljlR5Ggtfsf cfjfhx¿ p7] klg ;'b/" eljio;Dd
bfhL{lnªdf of] hfltTj÷hftLotfsf] d"n cfwf/ jf 38]/L ;f‰f efUo /
;f‰f g]kfnL efiff g} x'g] nfUb5 .
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
27
kl/lzi6
Details from Mr.C.F. Magrath's
Darjeeling District Census Compilation, 1872
;L=Pkm= dufy{sf] ;ª\sng
;g\ 1872 df bfhL{lnª lhNnfdf g]kfnL hg;ª\Vof
bfhL{lnª lhNnfsf] df]7 hg;ª\Vof M ;g\ 1901 b]lv 2001 ;Dd
bfhL{lnª lhNnfsf] g]kfnL hg;ª\Vof ;g\ 1872–1951 hfthfltcg';f/
hgu0fgf l/kf]6{ M ;g\ 1951
g]kfnL efiff ;xfos efiffsf ¿kdf af]Ng]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof
bfhL{lnª lhNnfsf] df]7 hg;ª\Vof M ;g\ 1901 b]lv 2001 ;Dd
;g\ 1901 df 249,117
;g\ 1911 df 265,550
;g\ 1921 df 282,748
;g\ 1931 df 319,635
;g\ 1941 df 376,369
;g\ 1951 df 445,260
;g\ 1961 df 624,640
;g\ 1971 df 781,777
;g\ 1981 df 1,024,269
;g\ 1991 df 1,335,618
;g\ 2001 df 1,605,900
28
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
Details from Mr. C.F. Magrath’s
Darjeeling District Census Compilation, 1872
ETHNICAL DIVISION OF THE POPULATION
Name of Nationality, Tribe or Caste
I. NON-ASIATICS
Eurpeon
English
Irish
Scotch
French
German
Italian
Prussian
Total
American
TOTAL OF NON-ASIATICS
Name of Nationality, Tribe or Caste
II. MIXED RACES
Eurasian
Number
207
97
42
19
43
6
5
419
1
420
Number
32
III. ASIATICS
A.Other than Natives of India and British Burmah Nepali, vizAle
Basnet
Chibing
Damai
Diwan
Dilpali
Durlami
Gain
Ghalia
Gharti
Ghatwal
Gurung
Gurkha
Hatwali
Iyakha
Jamadar
Jimi
Jirel
Kami
Khamba
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
9
2
15
252
7
4
26
28
537
1,419
47
3,150
51
7
235
331
99
2
1,886
3,919
29
Khawa
Limbu
Magar
Manjhi
Moktan
Newar
Pahariya
Parbatiya
Parel
Pradhan
Rai
Risingia
Sengten
Sarki
Suchikar
Sunawar
Tamang
Thakur
Thami
Thapa
Unspecified
310
4,663
3,011
275
3
1,087
92
21
3
30
1,814
6
3
328
5
1,192
4
56
13
447
398
Total
25,781
B. Natives of India and Burmah
I. Aboriginal Tribes
Aka
Dhimal
Lepcha
Mech
Murmi
Uraon
Total
30
165
873
3,952
893
6,557
1,648
14,088
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
;L=Pkm= dufyf{sf] ;ª\sng M ;g\ 1872 df bfhL{lnª lhNnfdf g]kfnL hg;ª\Vof
g]kfnL
;ª\Vof g]kfnL
;ª\Vof
cfn]
9
vfjf
310
a:g]t
2
lnDa"
4,633
lrljª
15
du/
3,011
bdfO{+
252
df‰L
275
lbjfg
7
df]Stfg
3
lbNkfnL
4
g]jf/
1,087
b'nfdL{
26
kxfl8of
92
ufOg\ -ufOg]_
28
kj{ltof
21
3lnof -3n]_
537
k/]n
3
3tL{
1,419
k|wfg
30
36jfn -s6'jfn <_
47
/fO{
1,814
u'?ª
3,150
l/l;ª\u]
6
u'vf{
51
;]ªt]g
3
xftjfnL - <_
7
;fsL{
328
Oofvf -ofvf_
235
;"rLsf/
5
hdfbf/ -lhDbf/, /fO{_
331
7fs'/ -7s'/L <_
56
lhdL
99
yfdL
13
lh/]n
2
yfkf
447
sfdL
1,886
clglb{i6
398
vDaf -vDa', /fO{_
3,913
s'n
25,781
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
31
bfhL{lnª lhNnfdf g]kfnL hg;ª\Vof ;g\ 1872-1951 hft–hfltcg';f/
;g\ 1872 ;g\ 1901 ;g\ 1911 ;g\ 1921 ;g\ 1931 ;g\ 1941 ;g\ 1951
/fO{
6,754
33,133
40,409
41,236
47,431 56,794
64,745
5]qL
11,597
12,599
25,941
30,463
;Gof;L 267
1151
1,060
1,085
a|fXd0f 904
6,470
6,195
8,174
8,719
8,999
11,317
e'hn]
5,816
5,745
of]uL
454
474
du/
3,020
11,912
12,451
14,934
16,299 17,262
19,413
g]jf/
1,120
5,770
6,927
8,751
10,235 12,242
14,827
tfdfª 6,567 24,465 27,226 30,450 33,481 43,114 49,890
u'?ª
3,687
8,378
9,268
9,575
11,154 15,455
17,864
lnDa"
4,663
14,305
13,804
14,191
16,288 17,803
19,835
;'g'jf/ 11,94 4,428 3,820
3,691
4,055
4,822
4,803
ofvf
242
1,143
1,119
850
825
btf{ ul/Pg
bdfO{+
252
4,643
4,453
5,781
5,551
8,162
9,116
sfdL
1,186
9,826
10,939
11,779
11,331 16,272
19,432
;fsL{
328
1,823
1,992
2,036
2,432
2,778
2,932
3tL{
1,419
3,448
3,584
2,053
496
998
df‰L
275
327
yfdL
13
475
7s'/L
56
804
yfkf
447
uf]vf{
51
kxfl8of 92
kj{ltof 21
-
32
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
;dk"/s
n]vssf] klxnf] kx/, bfhL{lnª 1982, df klxnf] n]v …bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnL
hflt M Pp6f P]ltxfl;s cWoogÚ af6 Ps p4/0f k[i7 40-42 .
:jfwLgtfkl5 klxnf] hgu0fgf ;g\ 1951 df eof] . o;df bfhL{lnªdf
g]kfnL hfltsf] ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ b[li6df g/fvL /fO{, lnDa", tfdfª,
g]jf/, u'?ª, du/ k|j[lQnfO{ leGg} b]vfpg] r]i6f eof] . ljZn]if0fsf] lglDt
cfFs8f cfjZos aG5 . ;g\ 1951 sf] hgu0fgfn] s]jn afx'g, 5]qL,
;Gof;L, sfdL, bdfO{+ / ;fsL{sf] dft[efiff 7fg]/ lhNnfdf g]kfnLefifLsf]
;ª\Vof 88,958 lbof] . c¿nfO{ g]kfnL dft[efiff xf]Og t/ cfˆg} af]nL
dft[efiff af]Ng] clg g]kfnL bf];|f] af]Ng] b]vfOof] . l/kf]6{sf dft[efiffsf]
tflnsf (1.9) / dfWolds jf ;xfos -;j\l;8\ol/_ efiffsf] tflnsf
(1.10) ldnfP/ oxfF /flvG5 M
s=
dft[efiff
/fO{
tfdfª
lnDa"
du/
u'?ª
g]jf/
;'g'jf/
yfdL
v=
af]Ng]sf] ;ª\Vof
u=
v–df g]kfnL efiff ;xfos efiff
ePsf] egL b]vfOPsf] ;ª\Vof
64,730
58,875
49,780
44,929
20,092
17,833
19,413
17,423
17,864
15,595
14,827
13,412
4,803
4,339
457
420
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
33
;g\ 1951 df bfhL{lnªdf oL ljleGg af]nL hfGg] / af]Ng]sf] ;ª\Vof
sbflk Tolt w]/} lyPg, To; a]nf xfdL 5fq cj:yfdf x'g]x¿nfO{ yfxf 5,
g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng :yflkt x'Fbfsf efif0fx¿n] cs}{ s'/f tL; jif{cl3
g} eg]sf lyP . lhNnfdf ljleGg hDdf 64 dft[efiff af]Ng]df bf];|f] efiff
g]kfnLn] af]Ng]x¿ 210,030 b]vfOP .
oxL k|;ª\udf s]xL tYox¿lt/ ;ª\st] ug{ Psb'O{ s'/f Wofgdf /fVg
of]Uo 5 . tflnsf x]bf{ :ki6 b]lvG5 kxf8jf;L ef]6,] nfKr], ;]kf{x¿ hDd}n]
g]kfnL bf];f| ] efiff n]vfP, c¿n] Tolt n]vfPgg\, s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ M
s=
dft[efiff
*
v=
af]Ng]sf] ;ª\Vof
u=
v–df g]kfnL efiff ;xfos efiff
ePsf] egL b]vfOPsf] ;ª\Vof
aª\ufnL
64,446
2,431
0.3%
lxGbL
30,240
3,372
11%
nfKr]
13,394
12,075*
99%
;]kf{
8,989
8,126*
98%
ef]l6of
7,063
6,335*
88%
pb"{
2,980
634
0.2%
cª\u|]hL
2,665
698
2.6%
ltAatL
1,436
1,275*
89%
8'Skf
1,121
986*
88%
/fh:yfgL
714
–
00%
lrlgofF
509
14
3.4%
sfut]
350
314*
90%
df/jf8L
267
11
4.1%
c¿sf] t'ngfdf kxf8jf;L hfltx¿sf] g]kfnL efiff;Fu cfTdLotf b]lvG5 .
bfhL{lnªsf] ;dfhsf ulx/fOdf a:g] cGtwf{/fdf k|jfx / k|ltk|jfx
rfvnfUbf] ;dfhzf:qLo cWoogsf] ljifo 5 .
;g\ 1951 sf] hgu0fgfdf csf]{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifo klg 5 . ;g\
1872 df ;dtnjf;Ldf aª\ufnLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof Ps;o klg b]lvFbg
} . ;g\
1953 sf] k|foM 320,000 hg;ª\Vofdf 37,444 aª\ufnL lyP egL
b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;DejtM aª\ufnLefifL /fhj+zLh:t} c¿ klg To;df 5g\ .
hflt, hft / hghfltsf] cfwf/df ;g\ 1941 df aª\ufnLsf] ;ª\Vof
34
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
lhNnfdf 15,830 lyof] eg] lxGbL efifLsf] ;ª\Vof 21,996 lyof] . ;g\
1951 df aª\ufnL efifL 64,446 / lxGbL efifL 30,240 /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
aª\ufn ljefhgkl5 l;nLu'8L oftfoftsf] s]Gb| eO{ o;sf] dxŒj
a9]sf] Pp6f sf/0f lyof] . k|z:t ;ª\Vofdf k"j{ aª\ufnaf6 cfPsf
z/0ffyL{nfO{ klZrd aª\ufn ;/sf/n] ToxfF a;f]af;sf] k|aGw ldnfPsf]n]
bfhL{lnªdf hg;fª\lVosLo kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ 1907 sf] u]hl] 6o/df
cf]dn] Ln] l;nLu'8LnfO{ kxf8sf] k]mbdf 784 hg;ª\Vof / bnbn ePsf]
cf}nf] nfUg] ufpF eg]sf lyP . ;g\ 1941 df o;sf] hg;ª\Vof 10,487
jf 73 k|ltzt w]/} lyof] eg] b; jif{df o; ;x/sf] hg;ª\Vofdf 209.7
k|ltzt j[l4 eO{ ;g\ 1951 df 32,480 k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
;g\ 1931-41 df tLg kfj{To dxs'dfsf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x/b/ 17.8
k|ltzt ;dt'No 18 k|ltzt j[l4 l;nLu'8Ldf ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ 1941-51
df kfj{To dxs'dfsf] j[l4 x/b/ 14.2 k|ltztsf] kfFr u'0ffeGbf a9L 61.2
k|ltzt j[l4 l;nLu'8L dxs'dfsf] eof] . ;g\ 1951 sf] hg;ª\Vof
445,260 df lhNnfd} hGdg]x¿ 338,161 lyP . g]kfnaf6 cfpg] 749
lyP, kfls:tfgaf6 cfpg] 5,355 b]vfOPsf] 5 . ef/tb]lv aflx/ Pl;ofsf
c¿ b]zdf hGd]sfx¿ -g]kfnnufot_ ca 2,939 dfq b]lvG5g\ . aª\ufnsf
c¿ lhNnfdf hGd]sfx¿ 6,788 lyP . aª\ufnb]lv aflx/ ef/td} hGd]sfx¿
40,846 lyP .
;g\ 1947 sf] u]hl] 6o/df P=h]= 8\of;n] :ki6 eg]sf 5g\, æc¿
kxf8jf;LeGbf g]kfnLsf] afx'No 5 . clg oL kxf8jf;L hfltx¿ lhNnfsf]
df]7 hg;ª\Vofdf 94 k|ltzt 5g\ . of] s'/f ;g\ 1941 sf] hgu0fgfdf
;Dk|bfox¿nfO{ ;fk]lIfs u'?Tj lbg] k4ltn] n'sfPsf] 5 .Æ
;g\ 1951 df afx'g, 5]qL, sfdL, bdfO+,{ ;fsL{nfO{ dfq g]kfnLefifL ug]/
of] efiff af]Ng]sf] k|ltzt dfq b]vfOof] . …g]kfnLÚ egL /fO{, tfdfª, du/,
lnDa", u'?ª, g]jf/ ;a}nfO{ ug]/ ;g\ 1941 df 67.7 k|ltzt lhNnfsf]
hg;ª\Vofdf b]vfOPsf] lyof] eg] ;g\ 1951 df g]kfnL hfltsf] k|ltzt
36]/ 59 df k'U5 . ;g\ 1941 df ;Dk"0f{ kxf8jf;L lhNnfsf] hg;ª\Vofsf]
94 k|ltzt lyP, h'g ;g\ 1951 df 36]/ 66.3 k'U5 .
vf]lhPsf tYox¿ cg]s 5g\, hf] cs}{ u|Gysf] ljifo aGg ;S5g\ .
;ª\If]kdf oxfF olt g} k|z:t dflgG5 . ;g\ 1951 kl5 g} b'O{ k|d'v 36gf
36] . Pp6f, /fHo k'gu{7g cfof]u u7g eof] . efiffsf] cfwf/df k|fb]lzs
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
35
sfª\u;]| sldl6 :jfwLgtfcl3 ul7t lyP . ;g\ 1947 kl5 ;Qf?9
/fhgLlts bnsf] of]hgf klg efiffs} cfwf/df :jfwLg ef/tdf k|b]z jf
/fHo u7g ug]{ ePsfn] b]zsf /fhgLlts cj:yf / dfux¿ Wofgdf /fvL
of] cfof]u u7g ul/of] .
hgu0fgfsf] lx;fadf g]kfnLefifL s]jn 20 k|ltzt b]vfOPsf]n]
bfhL{lnª;DaGwL s'g} k/fdz{ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf /x]g . bf];f| ,] oxL
cfFs8fsf] cfwf/df bfhL{lnªdf 20 k|ltzt g]kfnLefifL b]vfP/ ;g\ 1961
df klZrd aª\ufn /fhsLo efiff ljw]os kfl/t u/L lhNnfsf ljlzi6tf
gljrf/L oxfF klg aª\ufnsf c¿ Onfsfdf ‰}F aª\ufnLnfO{ Ps dfq
/fhsLo efiff agfpg] r]i6f ul/of] .
;g\ 1961 df bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hftLo Pstfsf] efjgf k|v/ eof],
Pp6f xfFs kfP/ . a[xt\ ¿kdf :jtM:k"mt{ hgcfGbf]ng k|an eP/ dfq
uPg t/ /fhgLlts bnsf] csd{0otfn] ;f‰f d~r clgjfo{ agfof] . of]
kl/kf6L c‰ rln/x]s} 5 .
;g\ 1961 csf]{ hgu0fgfsf] jif{ klg lyof] . gofF hgu0fgfn] g]kfnL
af]Ng] hguf]i7Lsf] g]kfnL efiffdf cfw[t hftLo efjgf w]/}cl3b]lv tLI0f
x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] cg'dfgnfO{ k'li6 lbG5 . o; hgu0fgfdf k|foM hDd}
g]kfnLn] cfˆgf] dft[efiff g]kfnL n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 . b; jif{b]lv xhf/f}Fsf]
;ª\Vofn] cfˆgf] dft[efiff /fO{, tfdfª, du/, lnDa", u'?ª, g]jf/L OToflb
n]vfPsf] eP b; jif{kl5 x7ft\ of] kl/jt{g b]lvg] lyPg . lg0f{odf cfpg
s/ nfU5, ;g\ 1951 df bfhL{lnªsf] g]kfnLsf] P]ltXo ;fdflhs ljsf;
k|lqmofnfO{ a'‰/] jf ga'‰/] t/ Pp6f jf:tljstfnfO{ Pp6f lg:kflbt
;TonfO{ ljs[t kfg]{ if8oGq s'g} :t/df ePsf] lyof] .
] f] 5 624,640 . hDdf
ca ;g\ 1961 df lhNnfsf] hg;ª\Vof k'us
dft[efiffx¿ ulgPsf 5g\ 119 clg hDd} dft[efiff af]Ng]sf] ;ª\Vof
624,676 b]vfOG5 ltgdf sdfg a:tLdf g]kfnLefifLsf] ;ª\Vof 306,806 /
;x/df 62,624 u/L hDdf 369,130 5 . k|ltztsf] lx;fadf lhNnfdf
g]kfnLefifL b; jif{ klxnfsf] 66.3 af6 36]/ 59 k|ltzt k'U5 .
To; jif{ /fO{ af]nL af]N5' eGg] dfq 233, du/ af]Ng] 58, g]jf/L
n]vfpg] 19, tfdfª n]vfpg] 761, u'?ª 4, lnDa" af]Ng] 260, ;'g'jf/ 214,
uf]vf{nL n]vfpg] 22 hgf 5g\ . o:tf k|foM sdfg a:tL Onfsf / ljz]if
sflnDkf]ª dxs'dfdf b]lvG5g\ . ;a} hf]8b\ f g]kfnLsf] ;ª\Vof 371,142
36
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
x'G5 . k|ltztdf Tolt b'O{ xhf/sf] s]xL x]/k]m/ 5}g . df]7df ;g\ 1941
df 94 k|ltzt ePsf] kxf8jf;L b; jif{kl5 66.3 lyP eg] ;g\ 1971 df
62.8 k|ltzt aG5 . ;g\ 1951 df aª\ufnLefifL 64,446 lyP, ;g\ 1961
df ;ª\Vof 115,172 5 . j[l4 k|foM 56 k|ltzt 5 . b; jif{cl3 lxGbLefifL
30,240 lyP, ;g\ 1961 df 47,812 5 . j[l4 k|ltzt 63.2 5 .
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿
37
;ª\s]t lrGx
bfhL{lnªdf g]kfnL hflt / hghftLo lrgf/Lsf gofF c8fgx¿